2021/2022

University of Soran
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Department
SIM (4)

Transport Phenomena (Lab4)

(Reynolds number)

Supervised by: Mr. Ali Hosin

Lab supervisors:
Miss.Arezoo Shakir
Miss.Maryam
Prepared by: Ramez Alali
Zheer Fareeh
Roya Sabah
Husian Salman
Lab Date:5/Apr/2022
Chemical Engineering Transport Phenomena

Table of Contents
Aim: ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Introduction:............................................................................................................................................ 3
Material:.................................................................................................................................................. 4
Procedure: ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Data: ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Calculation: ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Result & discussion: ................................................................................................................................ 8
Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................................. 8
References............................................................................................................................................... 9

List of figure:
Figure 1/Reynolds Experiment................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 2/funnel exist . .............................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 3/graduated cylinder . ................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 4/Reynold apparatus. .................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 5/bowl with scale . ........................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 6/electronic thermometer & stopwatch. ......................................................................................... 4
Figure 7/blue ink. .................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 8/bowl scale. ................................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 9/stopwatch. ................................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 10/ink valve ................................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 11/Transfer the liquid . ................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 12/Water –Chart of dynamic viscosity and density over temperature . .......................................... 6

Tables
Table 1/Data. ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Table 2/result from calculation. ............................................................................................................... 7

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Chemical Engineering Transport Phenomena

Aim:
in this experiment we will learn how to finding and measuring Reynolds number and to illustrate
laminar, transitional, and fully turbulent pipe flows, and to determine the condition under which
these types of flow occur.

Introduction:
In this experiment we will learn how to calculate the Reynolds number in a simple way using the
Reynold apparatus. Here is some information about the Reynolds number:
Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that there are two distinctly different types of flow by injecting a
very thin stream of colored fluid having the same density of water into a large transparent tube
through which water is flowing.
The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. The Reynolds number is a
dimensionless number used to categorize the fluids systems in which the effect of viscosity is
important in controlling the velocities or the flow pattern of a fluid. Mathematically the Reynolds
𝝆𝒖𝒅 𝑽 𝑸
number is 𝑹𝒆 = and volume is 𝑸 = and discharge or flow rate is 𝒖 = The flow of real
𝝁 𝒕 𝑨
fluids can basically occur under two very different regimes, namely laminar and turbulent flow, A
flow is considered laminar if the Reynolds number is up to 2000, A flow is considered turbulent
if the Reynolds number is greater than 4000,and if the Reynolds number is between them it’s called
Transition.
In many cases, it is difficult to find laminar flow sources for this one the Reynold apparatus has
got shape of funnel exist fig (2) in the bottom of the storage tank help to get laminar flow in low
flow rate.

Figure 2/funnel exist . Figure 1/Reynolds Experiment.

In the figure (1) we see that the deference between the Laminar and Transition and turbulent due
the experiment.

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Chemical Engineering Transport Phenomena

Material:
Reynold apparatus: The apparatus consists of a glass tube with one end having bell mouth
entrance connected to a constant head water tank and at the other end a valve is provided to
vary the flow rate. The tank is of sufficient capacity to store water for conducting the test, and
is connected to an ink tank (for visibility). Fig (4)
bowl with scale Fig (5)
graduated cylinder Fig (3)
stopwatch and electronic thermometer Fig (6)

Figure 5/electronic thermometer & stopwatch. Figure 6/bowl with Figure 4/Reynold Figure 3/graduated
scale . apparatus. cylinder .

Chemicals:
Water & blue ink Fig (7)

Figure 7/blue ink.

Procedure:
∎ Ensure that the Reynolds appliance is filled with water.
∎ Fill the ink tank with blue ink.
∎ Open the valve at the end of the Reynolds apparatus tube.
∎ The ink valve must be opened in order to know the type of flow (Laminar or Transition or
turbulent)
∎ If the required flow rate is reached, place the bowl scale at the end of the tube that comes from
the Reynolds apparatus tube Fig (8).

Figure 8/bowl scale.

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Chemical Engineering Transport Phenomena

∎ Turn on the stopwatch and when the desired volume is reached, stop the stopwatch, (t for
measuring the Q)

Figure 9/stopwatch.

∎ Close the ink valve and the Reynolds valve Fig (10).

∎ Transfer the liquid from the bowl to graduated cylinder for getting the exact
Figure 10/ink valve
Volume Fig (11). .

∎ Repeat the test 3 times at different flow rate for the flow of the mixture.

Figure 11/Transfer
the liquid .

Data:
This data collected form the experiments
Inside Diameter: 1.4 cm
T℃ =18.5℃ (temperature of water in the tank)

Test 1 2 3
Knowns
t (s) 30.31 10.87 6.87

V(ml) 162 338 280

Observation Laminar Transition Turbulent

Table 1/Data.

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Chemical Engineering Transport Phenomena

And we need to find the Dyn. Viscosity [mPa.s] and density [ρ] at the required
temperature18.5℃ from the following chart:

Figure 12/Water –Chart of dynamic viscosity and density over temperature .

(Anon., 2008)

We find Dyn. Viscosity [mPa.s] at 18.5℃ =≫1.0356 × 10−3 Pa.s

𝑔 𝑔 𝑘𝑔
We find density [ ] at 18.5℃ =≫0.9985 =≫998.5
𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3 𝑚3

𝝅
𝑨 = (𝒅)𝟐 d=1.4cm =≫0.014m
𝟒
𝝅
𝑨 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐
𝟒

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Chemical Engineering Transport Phenomena

Calculation:

Unknowns: Flow rate (Q ) & Velocity (u) & Reynolds number (Re)
The equation we need it for calculation:
𝑽
𝑸=
𝒕
𝑸
𝒖=
𝑨
𝝆𝒖𝒅
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁

Test No 1 2 3
Required
t (s) 30.31 10.87 6.87

V(ml , 𝒄𝒎𝟑) 162 338 280

V(𝒎𝟑) 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝟑. 𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝟐. 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
Observation Laminar Transition Turbulent

Volumetric flow rate

𝑽 𝒎𝟑 𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝟒. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝑸= ( )
𝒕 𝒔
Velocity
𝑸 𝒎 𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
𝒖= ( ) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟓
𝒔 𝒔 𝒔
𝑨 𝒔
𝝆𝒖𝒅 𝟒𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟓 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟓. 𝟓 𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟑
𝑹𝒆 = 𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 < 𝑹𝒆 < 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒆 < 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝝁

Table 2/result from calculation.

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Chemical Engineering Transport Phenomena

Result & discussion:

In the previous calculations, we calculated the Reynolds number after performing several steps,
and we concluded that the volumetric flow rate must be calculated ,so that the velocity can be
𝑸
calculated through 𝒖 = then it can be substituted in Reynolds number.
𝑨

There were some other data that depended on the temperature (viscosity and density) we bring
them from the chart Fig (12).
As we know the flow is laminar when 𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 and transition when 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 < 𝑹𝒆 < 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
and turbulent when 𝑹𝒆 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎, but we noticed that the flow test number (3)was turbulent
(visually)but in our calculation the 𝑹𝒆 was under 4000 ,so we can’t decide IF the flow is it
laminar or transition or turbulent jut by what we see ,it’s very hard, Especially during the low
volumetric flow rate.
[sometimes the reason behind error is the human wrong due the incorrect time and volume]

Conclusion:
In this experiment, we learned how to measure the Reynolds number for cylindrical tubes at
different times and sizes, and we discovered that there are three main types of flows:
first (laminar) 𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎, second (turbulent) 𝑹𝒆 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎, third (transition) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 < 𝑹𝒆 <
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎, it’s very important to bring the data like viscosity and density from table cues they are
non-constant In every temperature. And the experiment shows the range practically, as we know
the Reynolds number very important for engineering and designing the pip, this is important,
because increased mixing and shearing occur in turbulent flow, this results in increased viscous
losses which affects the efficiency of hydraulic machines. And don’t forget more viscos mean
need more energy required to transporting and more cost.

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Chemical Engineering Transport Phenomena

References
Aerospace, M. &. M. E. 2., 2019. [Online]
Available at: http://www-
mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/aerothermal_dvd_only/aero/fprops/pipeflow/node8.html
[Accessed 6 Apr 2022].

anton-paar., 2008. Viscosity of Water – viscosity table and viscosity chart :: Anton Paar Wiki. [Online]
Available at: https://wiki.anton-paar.com/be-en/water/
[Accessed 6 Apr 2022].

Anon., 2016. Reynold's Apparatus - Aimil Ltd. (Civil Engineering) - Aimil.com. [Online]
Available at: https://www.aimil.com/products/reynolds-apparatus-aim-656-r
[Accessed 6 Apr 2022].

Anon., n.d. www.alibaba.com. [Online]

Available at: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/300C-High-Temperature-Laboratory-Digital-
Thermometer_60764180618.html
[Accessed 6 Apr 2022].