Lec # 3 NC, CNC and Its Programing

Department Of Mechatronics
Engg
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MTS-419 Manufacturing
Automation
Lecture # 3
Numerical Control (NC), CNC
and its Programming
Nasir Rashid, PhD (Department of Mechtronics Engg)
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Automation
Part – I Numerical Control (NC), CNC
Part - II Part Programming

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Automation
Part – I Numerical Control (NC), CNC

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MTS-419 Manufacturing Automation
• Numerical Control
• Form of programmable automation in which the mechanical
actions of a machine tool or other equipment are controlled
by a program containing coded alphanumeric data
• The alphanumeric data represent relative positions
between a workhead (e.g., cutting tool) and a workpart
• When the current job is completed, a new program can be
entered for the next job
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• Numerical Control
• It can be applied to wide variety of Processes
• Machine tool applications such as drilling, milling, turning
and other metal work
• Non-machine tool applications such as assembly, drafting
and inspection
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• Basic Concept of a NC System

• Program of instructions
• Part program in machining
• Machine control unit
• Controls the process
• Processing equipment
• Performs the process
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• Basic Concept of a NC System
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• NC Coordinate System
• For flat and prismatic (block-like) parts
• Milling and drilling operations
• Conventional Cartesian coordinate system
• Rotational axes about each linear axis
• Right hand rule
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• For rotational parts
• Turning operations
• Conventional Cartesian coordinate system, but only x- and z-axes
• y-axis not needed in turning
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• 3 Axis Mill
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• 5 Axis Mill
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• 5 Axis Milling Machine
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• Reading Assignment
• How many axes the conventional lathe machine has?
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• Motion Control System

• Point-to-Point systems
• Also called position systems
• System moves to a location and performs an operation at that
location (e.g., drilling)
• Also applicable in robotics
• Continuous path systems
• Also called contouring systems in machining
• System performs an operation during movement (e.g., milling and
turning)
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• Point-to-Point systems
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• Continuous path systems
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• Interpolation Methods
• Linear interpolation
• Straight line between two points in space
• Circular interpolation
• Circular arc defined by starting point, end point, center or radius,
and direction
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• Absolute and Incremental Positioning

• Absolute positioning
• Locations defined relative to origin of axis system
• Incremental positioning
• Locations defined relative to previous position
• Example: drilling
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• Absolute and Incremental Positioning

The workhead is presently at
point (20, 20) and is to be
moved to point (40, 50)
▪ In absolute positioning, the
move is specified by x = 40, y
= 50
▪ In incremental positioning,
the move is specified by x =
20, y = 30.
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• Computer Numerical Control

• CNC is defined as an NC system whose Machine
Control Unit (MCU) is based on dedicated
microcomputer rather than a hard wired controller
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• Additional Features of Computer Numerical Control
Machines
• Storage of more than one part program
• Various forms of program input
• Program editing at the machine tool
• Fixed cycles and programming subroutines
• Interpolation
• Acceleration and deceleration computations
• Communications interface
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• Computer Numerical Control
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• CNC Machining Operations

• Turning
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• CNC Machining Operations

• Drilling •Milling
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• Reading Assignment
• 7.3.1 Machine Tool Applications
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• CNC Application Characteristics

•Where NC is most appropriate
•Batch production
•Repeat orders
•Complex part geometries
• Much metal needs to be removed from the starting
workpart
•Many separate machining operations on the part
•The part is expensive
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• Advantages of CNC
• Nonproductive time is reduced
• Greater accuracy and repeatability
• Lower scrap rates
• Inspection requirements are reduced
• More complex part geometries are possible
• Engineering changes are easier to make
• Simpler fixtures
• Shorter lead times
• Operator skill-level requirements are reduced
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• Disadvantages of CNC
• Higher investment cost
• CNC machines are more expensive
• Higher maintenance effort
• CNC machines are more technologically sophisticated
• Part programming issues
• Need for skilled programmers
• Time investment for each new part
• Higher utilization is required
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Automation
Part - II Part Programming

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• NC Part Programming
• Manual part programming
• Computer-assisted part programming
• Part programming using CAD/CAM
• Manual data input
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• Block Format
• Also known as tape format because the original formats were
designed for punched tape
• Word address format - used on all modern CNC controllers
• Uses a letter prefix to identify each type of word
• Spaces to separate words within the block
• Allows any order of words in a block
• Words can be omitted if their values do not change from the
previous block
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• Types of Words
• N - sequence number prefix
• G - preparatory words
• Example: G00 = Rapid traverse move
• X, Y, Z - prefixes for x, y, and z-axes
• F - feed rate prefix
• S - spindle speed
• T - tool selection
• M - miscellaneous command
• Example: M07 = Turn cutting fluid on
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• Word Address Format
N001 G90 G00 X070.0 Y030.0 M03 T01
N002 Y060.0
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• Manual Part Programming
•Linear interpolation
G01 G94 X050.0 Y086.5 Z100.0 F40 S800
•Circular interpolation
G02 G17 X088.0 Y040.0 R028.0 F30
•Cutter offset
G42 G01 X100.0 Y040.0 D05
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•Circular interpolation
G02 G17 X088.0 Y040.0 R028.0 F30
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•Cutter offset
G42 G01 X100.0 Y040.0 D05
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• Example
Three holes to be drilled in the part shown. Part is
gripped and placed in mill machine such that its top
surface is 40 mm above the surface of machine tool
surface. x, y and z axes are defined as Cartesian
coordinate system. A 7.0 mm drill corresponding to the
hole dia has will be used. The drill will be operated at a
feed of 0.05 mm/rev and a spindle speed of 1000
rev/min. At the beginning of job, the drill point will be
positioned at a target point located at x=0, y= -50, and
z=10 (axis units are in mm). The programme begins with
tool positioned at this target point.
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• Example
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NC Part Program Code Comments
N001 G21 G90 G92 X0 Y-050.0 Z010.0; Define origin of axes
N002 G00 X070.0 Y030.0 Rapid move to first hole location
N003 G01 G95 Z-15.0 F0.05 S1000 M03; Drill first hole
N004 G01 Z010.0; Retract drill from hole
N005 G00 Y060.0; Rapid move to second hole location
N006 G01 G95 Z-15.0 F0.05; Drill second hole
N008 G00 X120.0 Y030.0; Rapid move to third hole location
N009 G01 G95 Z-15.0 F0.05; Drill third hole
N011 G00 X0 Y-050.0 M05; Rapid move to target point and spindle stop
N012 M30; End of program and machine stop
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• Example
The part is fixed so that its top surface is 40 mm above the surface of the machine tool
table. Thus, the origin of the axis system will be 40 mm above the table surface. A 200
mm end mill with four teeth will be used. The cutter has as side tooth engagement length
of 40 mm. Throughout the machining sequence, the bottom tip of the cutter will be
positioned 25 mm below the part top surface, which corresponds to z = -25mm. Since the
part of 10 mm thick, this z-position will allow the side cutting edges of the milling cutter
to cut the full thinness of the part during profile milling. The cutter will be operated at
spindle speed = 1000 rev/min and feed rate = 50 mm/min. The tool path to be followed
by the cutter is shown in the figure.
Cutter diameter data has been manually entered into offset register 05. At the beginning
of the job, the cutter will be positioned so that its center tip is at a target point located at
x = 0, y = -50, and z = 10. The program begins with tool positioned at this location.
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• Example
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NC Part Program Code Comments

N001 G21 G90 G92 X0 Y-050.0 Z010.0; Define origin of axes
N002 G00 Z-025.0 S1000 M03; Rapid move cutter to depth and spindle ON
N003 G01 G94 G42 Y0 D05 F50; Engage part start cutter offset
N004 G01 X160.0; Mill Lower part edge
N005 G01 Y060.0; Mill right straight edge
N006 G17 G03 X130.0 Y090.0 R030.0; Circular interpolation around arc
N007 G01 X035.0; Mill upper part edge
N008 G01 X0 Y0; Mill left part edge
N009 G40 G00 X-40.0 M05; Rapid exit from part, cancel offset
N010 G00 X0 Y-50.0; Rapid move to target point
N011 M30; End of program, stop machine
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Thank You
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Lec # 3 NC, CNC and Its Programing

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Department Of Mechatronics

Part – I Numerical Control (NC), CNC

Part - II Part Programming

Nasir Rashid, PhD (Department of Mechtronics Engg)

Part – I Numerical Control (NC), CNC

Nasir Rashid, PhD (Department of Mechtronics Engg)

• Basic Concept of a NC System

• Basic Concept of a NC System

• 5 Axis Milling Machine

• Motion Control System

• Motion Control System

• Motion Control System

• Absolute and Incremental Positioning

• Absolute and Incremental Positioning

• Computer Numerical Control

• Computer Numerical Control

• CNC Machining Operations

• CNC Machining Operations

• CNC Application Characteristics

Part - II Part Programming

Nasir Rashid, PhD (Department of Mechtronics Engg)

NC Part Program Code Comments

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