INTRODUCTION

TO COMPUTER AIDED
MANUFACTURING [CAM]

NC/CNC MACHINES AND

OPERATIONS
MODULE -1

19-12-2022
Why we need computers for design and
manufacturing ?
• We are dealing with 20,000 parts in a car
With digital assist
Computer Aided Manufacturing method
COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING [CAM]
• In the early 1950s, shortly after the World War II, the need for
complex parts led to the invention of the Numerical Control (NC) that
substituted the requirements for skilled human machine operators
• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer
systems to plan, manage, and control the operations of
manufacturing plants through either direct or indirect computer
interface with plant’s production process.
• CAM utilize computer-based software tools that assist engineers
and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product
components.
• CAM – use computers in process planning , scheduling, shop floor
control, work study, quality control .. etc.
 Benefits of CAM
• The application of CAM in the production offers advantages to an
industry to develop capabilities by combining traditional economies of
scale with economies of scope resulting in the desired flexibility and
efficiency
• Greater supervision of the production
• Fast response to changes in market demand
• Greater flexibility
• Product variety
• Small lot-sizes
• Distributed processing capability (multiple individual CPU’s work on the same
programs, functions or systems to provide more capability for a computer or other device)
• Reduced waste
TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO CAM

There are several constituent technologies in (CAM). Some of

them are:
• (i) Computer Numerical Control
• (ii) CAM software
• (iii) Robotics
• (iv) Flexible manufacturing
• (v) Computer Aided Process Planning
• (vi) Enterprise resource planning
• (vii) Product life cycle management
NC/CNC Machines
• Numerical control (NC) systems are hardware controls in which most of
functions are carried out by electronic hardware based upon digital circuit
technology.
• Numerical Control is a technique for controlling machine tools or
processes using coded command instructions.
• NC programming involve coded commands which are interpreted and
converted by NC controller into two types of signals namely; motion
control signals and miscellaneous control signals.
• Similarly, CNC controls are soft-wired NC systems as control functions
are controlled by software programs.
• In, Computer Numerical Control dedicated, stored program
microprocessors are built into the control to perform basic and advanced
NC functions.
 BLU – Basic Length Unit
A typical CNC machine
CNC operations
Tasks in CNC machine operations
1. Setting up of the workhold devices
2. Loading the NC program
3. Loading necessary tools
4. Measuring and entering work coordinate offset and compensation values
Apart from these a trial run is made to ensure the smooth operation of the
machine.
Any CNC system consists of following elements:
a. Part program
b. Program input device
c. Machine control unit
d. Drive system
e. Machine tool
f. Feedback system
Part Programming
Standard G and M Codes
• During programming of NC machines tools G-codes (preparatory
functions), and M codes (miscellaneous functions) are most common
codes used.
• Other codes such as F, S, D, and T are used for machine functions
such as feed, speed, cutter diameter offset, tool number, etc.
• G-codes are sometimes called cycle codes because they refer to
some action occurring on the X, Y, and/or Z-axis of a machine tool.
• G-Codes are classified as G00, G01, G02 and G03 and the total
numbers of these codes are 100
Some Important G codes
M-Codes (Miscellaneous Functions)
• M or miscellaneous codes are used to either turn ON or OFF different
functions, which control certain machine tool operations.
• M codes are grouped into M03, M04, and M05, which control the
machine tool spindle.
Program Input Device
The main components of program input devices are:
• Punch tape recorder
• Magnetic tape recorder
• Computer via RS-232-C (one type of interface) communication
• NIC (Network Interface Card) card for network communication
CNC Drive Systems
• Open loop systems
• The open loop control
system does not provide
positioning feedback to
the control unit. Since
this control system only
counts tool movement
pulses and cannot
identify discrepancies in
positioning, it is slightly
inaccurate.
CNC Drive Systems
• Closed loop systems

In closed loop control system, the electronic movement pulses are sent from the control to the servomotor,
enabling the motor movement. Movements are detected by a feedback device (transducer), which can send a
signal to the control for checking after each step.
TYPES OF CNC MACHINES
In every aspects of manufacturing CNC machines are used. It
can be mainly classified in eight classes.
1. Mills and Machining centers
2. Lathes and Turning centers
3. EDM Machines
4. Grinding machines
5. Cutting Machines
6. Fabrication Machines
7. Welding Machines
8. Coordinate Measuring Machines
Various popular CNC control systems
1. ECS
2. LECS
3. NUM
4. SELCA
5. MARPOSS
6. Z-16
7. FANUC
8. FAGOR
A CNC Milling center by DECKEL
9. FIDIA
10. DECKEL
11. SINUMERIC
12. HINUMERIC
13. HEIDENHAIN
14. GILDEMEISTER
A Semi-automatic FANCU CNC Machine
Problems with Conventional NC
1.Part programming mistakes
2.Nonoptimal speeds and feeds
3.Punched tape (damage)
4.Tape reader (incomplete information, discontinous)
5.Controller
6.Management information
NC, CNC and DNC
THREE MAIN PARTS OF A CNC PROGRAM
Part 1- Program Setup
• N5 G90 G21 (Absolute units, metric)
• N10 M06 T2 (Stop for tool change, use tool # 2)
• N15 M03 S1200 (Turn the spindle on CW to 1200 rpm)
Part 2- Chip Removal
• N20 G00 X1 Y1 (Rapid to X1,Y1 from origin point)
• N25 Z0.125 (Rapid down to Z0.125)
• N30 G01 Z-0.125 F100 (Feed down to Z-0.125 at 100 mm/min)
• N35 G01 X2 Y2 (Feed diagonally to X2,Y2)
• N40 G00 Z1 (Rapid up to Z1)
• N45 X0 Y0 (Rapid to X0,Y0)
THREE MAIN PARTS OF A CNC PROGRAM
Part 3- System Shutdown
• N50 M05 (Turn the spindle off)
• N55 M00 (Program stop)
DEFINITIONS OF DIGITAL MANUFACTURING
DIGITAL MANUFACTURING