Daya Dan Gerakan II

BAB
Daya dan Gerakan II

1 Force and Motion II
1.1 Daya Paduan

Resultant force Teorem Pythagoras
Pythagoras’ Theorem
1. jumlah semua daya, daya tunggal
sum of all forces, single force 5. (a)
2. (a) keadaan rehat, halaju malar
stationary, constant velocity FR
10 N
(i) pegun
stationary
(ii) halaju seragam
constant velocity θ
24 N
25 N 25 N – 15 N = 10 N
Daya paduan, FR = 102 + 242 = 26 N
= F1 10
tan θ = = = 0.4167
F2 24
(b) besar, 10 N
5N greater, 10 N θ = tan−1 0.4167 = 22.62°
= 15 N – 5 N = 10 N
(b)
θ
12 N

(c) (i) kecil, 10 N
smaller, 10 N 16 N FR
3. (a)
16 N + 12 N = 28 N
=
(b)
16 N – 12 N = 4N Daya paduan, FR = 162 + 122 = 20 N
= tan θ =
F1
=
16
= 1.333
F2 12
4. θ = tan−1 1.333 = 53.13°
6. kaedah, segi empat selari daya, kaedah
FR segi tiga daya
F1 the parallelogram of forces method, triangle of forces
method
θ
F2
1 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
7. (a) A F2 B

F1 F

Daya paduan, F = F1 + F2
Resultant force
A (b) A C
F1 F

B O B
F2
Daya paduan, F = F1 + F2
Resultant force
8. (a)
F = 6.1 cm = 24.4 N
F2 = 4 cm = 16 N
O 60°
F1 = 3 cm = 12 N
(b)
F = 6.1 cm = 24.4 N
F2 = 4 cm = 16 N
60°
O
F1 = 3 cm = 12 N
© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2

9. (a) Skala 1 cm : 1 N
Scale 1 cm = 1 N
13 cm
8 cm
45°
26°
6 cm
Magnitud daya paduan 10. (a)

Magnitude of resultant force Daya ke atas
= 13 × 1 = 13 N Upward force
Arah daya paduan ialah 26° dengan
arah daya mengufuk. Daya ke kiri Daya ke kanan
The direction of the resultant force is 26° with the Leftward force Rightward force
direction of the horizontal force.
(b) Skala 1 cm : 1 N Daya ke bawah

Scale 1 cm = 1 N Downward force
(b) Tindak balas normal, R

Normal reaction, R
8.8 cm
10 cm
Berat, W
Weight, W
120°
11. (a) ✓ (b) ✓
83° 12. (a) Daya paduan, F = 0 N
Resultant force, F = 0 N
6 cm
Berat = Tindak balas normal
Magnitud daya paduan Weight = Normal reaction
Magnitude of resultant force Pecutan, a = 0 m s–2
= 8.8 × 1 = 8.8 N Acceleration, a = 0 m s–2
Arah daya paduan ialah 83° dengan (b) Daya paduan, F = 0 N
arah daya mengufuk. Resultant force, F = 0 N
The direction of the resultant force is 83° with the Berat = Tindak balas normal
direction of the horizontal force. Weight = Normal reaction
Tujahan Enjin = Daya geseran
Engine thrust = Frictional force
Pecutan, a = 0 m s–2
Acceleration, a = 0 m s–2

(c) Daya paduan F ≠ 0 N (iii)
Resultant force, F ≠ 0 N F = ma
Objek dalam pecutan R – mg = m × 0
Oject in acceleration (halaju seragam, pecutan
Berat = Tindak balas normal sifar)
Weight = Normal reaction (constant velocity, zero
Tujahan Enjin > Daya geseran acceleration)
Engine thrust > Frictional force 4 m s–1 R R = mg
Pecutan, a ≠ 0 m s–2 = 50 × 10
Acceleration, a ≠ 0 m s–2
= 500 N
3.
1 (a) F = ma mg Bacaan penimbang
12 = 3a Reading of the weighing machine
a = 4 m s−2 = 500 N
(b) F = ma (f ) (i) R
37 – 12 = 5a
a = 5 m s−2 T
(c) F – FR = ma FR
6 kg
F–6=4×2 T
F = 14 N
(d) F – FR = ma W
4 kg
25 – 5 = m × 4
m = 5 kg
(e) (i) Lif itu bergerak ke atas
B
The lift moves upwards
(ii) Blok 6 kg / 6 kg block
F = ma T – FR = 6a
R – mg = ma T – 10 = 6a
R = ma + mg T = 6a + 10 ....... (1)
= 50 × 4 + 50 × 10 Beban 4 kg / 4 kg load
a = 4 m s–2 R = 700 N B – T = 4a
Bacaan penimbang 40 – T = 4a
Reading of the weighing
T = 40 – 4a ..... (2)
machine
mg Menggantikan (1) ke dalam (2
= 700 N Replace (1) into (2)
(ii) Lif itu turun ke bawah
6a + 10 = 40 – 4a
The lift goes down

10a = 30
F = ma a = 3.0 m s–2

mg – R = ma
Maka, / Hence,
R = mg – ma Tegangan tali / Tension of string
= 50 × 10 – 50 × 4 T = 6a + 10, T = 6(3) + 10 = 28 N
a = 4 m s–2 R = 300 N
Bacaan penimbang
Reading of the weighing Kuasai SPM 1.1
machine
mg = 300 N D

1.2 Leraian Daya FY = F kos 40°
Resolution of Forces = 25(0.766)
1. (a) memecahkan suatu daya = 19.15 N ke bawah / downward
breaking up a force FX
(b)
40°
F F F = 25 N
FY FY
θ
FX

2. (a) 4. (a) 80 N
F
FY
30 N 30°
θ
30°
FX
FX 80 N
(b) kos θ = (i) Jumlah daya ke kanan
F
FX = F kos θ Total force to the right
= jumlah komponen mengufuk
FY Sum of horizontal component
(c) sin θ = = 80 kos 30° + 80 kos 30° – 30
F
FY = F sin θ = 80(0.866) + 80(0.866) – 30
= 69.28 + 69.28 – 30
3. (a) Komponen mengufuk: = 108.56 N
Horizontal component (ii) F = ma
FX = F kos 30° 108.56
= 50(0.866) a = = 7.24 m s–2
15
= 43.3 N ke kanan / to the right (b) Daya ke kanan / Force to the right
Komponen menegak: = 20 kos 60°
Vertical component = 20(0.5) = 10 N
FY = F sin 30° Daya bersih / Nett force = 10 – 8 = 2 N
= 50(0.5) F = ma
= 25 N ke atas / upward F 2
a= = = 0.04 m s–2
m 50
FY
F = 50 N (c) (i) Tindak balas normal
Normal reaction
5N
30°
FX
(b) Komponen mengufuk:
Horizontal component 30° WX
FX = F sin 40° WY
= 25(0.6428) 30°
= 16.07 N ke kiri / to the left (ii) Wx = 50 sin 30°
Komponen menegak: = 25 N
Vertical component

WY = 50 kos 30° 4. sifar / zero
= 43.3N
Geseran Tindak balas normal
Daya-daya paduan yang Normal reaction
Friction
serenjang dengan satah condong
= 43.3 + (–43.3) = 0 N
Resultant of the forces perpendicular to the
inclined plane = 43.3 + (–43.3) = 0 N
Daya-daya paduan yang selari
dengan satah condong = 25 + θ
(–5) = 20 N
W sin θ
Resultant of the forces parallel to the Berat, W
inclined plane = 25 + (–5) = 20 N W kos θ
Weight, W
(iii) Daya paduan, / Resultant force, θ
F = 20 N
Jisim bongkah / Mass of block, Pada keseimbangan :
m = 5 kg At equilibrium :
F = ma (a) Tindak balas normal = W kos θ
Pecutan bongkah / Acceleration of Normal Reaction = W cos θ
block (b) Geseran = W sin θ
Friction = W sin θ
F 20
a = = = 4 m s–2
m 5
5. (a)
Kuasai SPM 1.2 9N 9N
=
A
6N 18 N 18 N – 6 N = 12 N
O
1.3 Keseimbangan Daya 9N
Equilibrium of Forces F
=
1. daya paduan sifar
12 N
zero resultant force
2. Magnitud daya paduan

Resultant force magnitude
Apabila = F = 92 + 122 = 15 N
keseimbangan daya
(b)
berlaku, jumlah
semua komponen- tidak sifar
komponen daya not zero
mengufuk dan
menegak ialah sifar
zero T 60° 60° T
When all the forces are in
equilibrium, then the sum
of all horizontal and vertical
components of the forces are
5N
3. (a) berat / weight
(b) bertentangan / opposite directions Jumlah komponen menegak = 0,
Sum of vertical component = 0,
(c) sifar, keseimbangan / zero, equilibrium
T kos 60° + T kos 60° = 5 N

T(0.5) + T(0.5) = 5 N FR = 50(0.7071)
T=5N = 35.36 N
(c) (i) Berat objek = 6 × 10 = 60 N
Weight of object
(e)
(ii) 40 N 40 N
T
T 30° T 30°
P
30° 60°
20 N
2 kg
6N
Jumlah komponen mengufuk Jumlah komponen mengufuk = 0,
= 0, Sum of horizontal component = 0,
Sum of horizontal component = 0, T = 40 kos 30°
T kos 60° = P kos 30° T = 40 (0.866) = 34.64 N
T(0.5) = P(0.866)
T = 1.732P …………. 1 Kuasai SPM 1.3
Jumlah komponen menegak = 0,
Sum of vertical component = 0, 1. (a) Rajah 1,1 / Diagram 1.1:
60 = P sin 30 + T sin 60° 2T1 sin 60° = 30 N,
60 = 0.5P + 0.866T …………. 2 30
T1 =
Persamaan 1 dalam 2 (2 × 0.866)
Equation 1 in 2 = 17.32N
60 = 0.5P + 0.866(1.732P) Rajah 1.2 / Diagram 1.2:
60 = 0.5P + 1.5P 2T1 sin 30° = 30 N,
2P = 60 30
P = 30 N T1 =
(2 × 0.500)
Maka T = 1.732P = 1.732(30) =
= 30 N
51.96 N
(b) Cara yang paling sesuai untuk
(d) menggantung cermin itu adalah
FR seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.1.
Tegangan tali T1 yang ditunjukkan
5
kg dalam Rajah 1.1 adalah kurang
daripada tegangan tali T2 dalam
45° Rajah 1.2.
The most suitable method of hanging the mirror
is as shown in Diagram 1.1. The tension of the
string, T1, shown in Diagram 1.1 is less than the
50 N tension of the string, T2, shown in Diagram1.2.
45°
1.4 Kekenyalan
Jumlah komponen mengufuk untuk Elasticity
landasan condong = 0, 1. (a) asalnya, dialihkan
Sum of horizontal component for inclined
original, removed.
plane = 0
(b) (i) dialihkan / removed
FR = 50 sin 45

(ii) dialihkan / removed Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
(iii) regangan / Stretching berkadar terus / directly proportional
(iv) mampatan / Compression
3. berkadar terus, had kekenyalan
2. Inferens / Inference: directly proportional, limit of elasticity
Pemanjangan / extension 4. x = Pemanjangan spring
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: Extension of the spring
besar, besar / greater, longer k = Pemalar spring / Spring constant
Tujuan / Aim:
5. daya maksimum / maximum force
pemanjangan / extension
Pemboleh ubah / Variables: 6. F/ N Kawasan tak kenyal
Inelastic region
(a) Daya / Berat beban, F B
A
Force / Weight of load, F Kawasan kenyal
Elastic region Had kekenyalan
(b) Pemanjangan spring / Extension of spring Elastic limit
(c) Jenis spring / Type of spring
Keputusan / Results:
Jisim, m (g) O x / cm
Mass, m (g)
0 50 100 150 200 250
7. Pemalar spring, k = F mempunyai unit
Daya, F (N) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 N m–1 atau N cm–1. x
Force, F (N)
EP
Panjang, L (cm) 6.0 7.5 9.20 10.5 12.0 13.5 F
Spring constant, k = with units N m–1 or N cm–1.
Length, l (cm) x
8. (a) Pemalar spring = kecerunan graf =
Pemanjangan, 20 N = 2.5 N cm–1
x (cm) 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5
Extension, x (cm)
8 cm
The spring constant = gradient of the graph =
Pemanjangan, x (cm) 20 N
Extension, x (cm) = 2.5 N cm–1
8 cm
(b) 2.5 N, 1 cm / 2.5 N, 1 cm
8
9. (a) Pemanjangan / Extension,
7 x = 12 cm – 10 cm = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Pemalar spring / Spring constant,
6
F 0.4 × 10 N
k= = = 200 N m–1
5 x 0.02 m
(b) Pemanjangan / Extension
4
F 0.6 × 10
x= = = 0.03 m = 3 cm
3 k 200
Panjang spring / Length of the spring
2
= 13 cm
1 10. Dengan membandingkan Rajah (b) dan
Daya, F (N)
Rajah (c), / Comparing Diagram (b) and
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Force, F (N) Diagram (c)
Beban sebanyak 20 g (30 g – 10 g)
Perbincangan / Discussion: memanjangkan spring sebanya 4 cm
berkadar terus, x α F / directly proportional, x α F (16 cm – 12 cm)
Load of 20 g (30 g – 10 g ) extends the spring by 4 cm
(16 cm – 12 cm)
F 0.02 × 10 N 16. (a) Spring lebih
Pemalar spring, k =
= x / cm panjang
Spring constant
x 0.04 m Longer spring
= 5 N m–1 Spring lebih
F pendek
Pemanjangan untuk Rajah (a), x = = Shorter spring
0.01 × 10 k
= 0.02 m = 2 cm
5
Extension in Diagram (a)
Panjang asal = l = (12 – 2) cm = 10 cm
Initial length
11. dipanjangkan, dimampatkan O F/N

lengthened, compressed
12. Tenaga keupayaan kenyal (b) Diameter gegelung yang

x / cm lebih besar
Elastic potential energy: Larger diameter of coil
1 x / cm Diameter gegelung yang
EP = Fx lebih kecil
2 Smaller diameter of coil
Jika / If F = kx
1
EP = (kx)x
2
1
EP = kx2
2
O F/ N
0 F/N
3. Pemampatan spring / Spring compression, x

1 (c) Diameter dawai yang
= 15 cm – 12 cm = 3 cm = 0.03 m x / cm lebih halus
Smaller diameter of wire
Pemalar spring / Spring constant,
F 0.5 × 10 N Diameter dawai yang
k= = = 166.67 N m–1 lebih besar
x 0.03 m Bigger diameter of wire
Tenaga keupayaan kenyal,
Elastic potential energy
1 2
EP = kx
2
1
EP = (166.67)0.032
2 O F/N
EP = 0.075 J

14. Tenaga keupayaan kenyal, EP (d) x / cm Kuprum
Elastic potential energy Copper
1 1
= Fx = (20)(0.08) = 0.8 J Keluli
2 2 Steel
1
15. (a) EP = Fx
2
1
4.0 = (100) x
2
x = 0.04 m = 4 cm
(b) F = kx O F/N
F 100
k= = = 2500 N m–1
x 0.04

17. Bersiri / Series, nx
x
Selari / Parallel,
n x
18. (a) (i) Pemanjangan sistem spring cm
2
Extension of system of springs
= 2 × 6 = 12 cm
Jumlah panjang sistem spring
Total length of the spring system x cm
= 10 + 10 + 12 = 32 cm 0.4 kg

(iv) Pemanjangan sistem spring
x cm 6 6
= + = 6 cm
2 2
Total length of the spring system
x cm
= 10 + 10 + 6 = 26 cm
0.4 kg

(ii) Pemanjangan sistem spring
Extension of system of springs x
cm
2
6
= = 3 cm
2
Jumlah panjang sistem spring x
cm
Total length of the spring system 2
= 10 + 3 = 13 cm
0.4 kg

(b) Jisim 300 g memanjang spring = 6 cm
Mass of 300 g extension of spring
Jisim 450 g memanjang spring
Mass of 450 g extension of spring
x
cm 6 × 450
2 = = 9 cm
300
0.4 kg

(iii) Pemanjangan sistem spring x
cm
Extension of system of springs 2
6
=6+ = 9 cm
2
Total length of the spring system x cm
= 10 + 10 + 9 = 29 cm 450 g

Pemanjangan sistem spring
9
= + 9 = 13.5 cm
2

Kuasai SPM 1.4 (ii) F = kx
5 N = 50 (x)
B x = 0.1 m = 10 cm
(iii) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
pemanjangan spring berdasarkan
MODUL SPM Rajah 2.2(a):
Factors affecting the extension of spring
Kertas 1 based on Diagram 2.2(a):
Panjang spring – Semakin
Bahagian A panjang suatu spring, semakin
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. C besar pemanjangan spring
6. D 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. C (semakin lembut spring).
Length of the spring – The longer the
spring, the longer the extension (softer
Kertas 2 spring).

Bahagian A Daya / Force spring pendek
1. (a) Rajah 1.1 / Diagram 1.1 Shorter spring
(b) Tindak balas normal, R spring panjang

Normal reaction, R longer spring
Pemanjangan / Extension
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi

Berat, W
Weight, W pemanjangan spring berdasarkan
(c) (i) 500 N Rajah 2.2(b).
Factors affecting the extension of spring
(ii) W – R = 50(3) based on Diagram 2.2(b):
500 – 15 = R Diamater lilitan spring – Semakin
R = 350 N besar diameter lilitan spring,
(d) 0 N semakin besar pemanjangan
(e) R – W = 50(2) spring (spring lembut).
R = 500 + 100 = 600 N Diameter of coil – The bigger the diameter,
the longer the extension of spring (softer
Bahagian B spring).
2. (a)
(i) Hukum Hooke menyatakan Daya / Force diameter kecil
bahawa pemanjangan suatu smaller diameter
spring berkadar terus dengan

diameter besar
daya regangan yang bertindak bigger diameter
ke atasnya dengan syarat
pemanjangan itu tidak melebihi
had kekenyalan spring itu.
Hooke’s law states that the extension of a
spring is directly proportional to the force
applied on the spring provided the elastic
Pemanjangan / Extension
limit of the spring not exceeded.

(b) (i) Spring C adalah yang paling Force that acts against the motion of two contact
sesuai kerana: surfaces.
Spring C is the most suitable because: (b) (i)
(i) Spring C adalah terpendek
Spring C is the shortest spring
Spring pendek lebih keras
dan mampu menyerap
hentakan dengan lebih baik.
Shortest spring is stiffer and able to
absorb impact better
(ii) Spring C memiliki diameter WX = 300 cos 45° = 299.3 N
dawai spring yang terbesar. (ii) Daya paduan = (daya ke bawah
Spring C has the biggest diameter of selari dengan landasan curam)
wire
– (daya ke atas selari dengan
Semakin tebal dawai spring, landasan curam)
semakin keras spring. Resultant force = (downward force parallel
The thicker the wire, the stiffer the with the slope) – (upward force parallel
spring. with the slope)
(iii) Spring C memiliki diameter = WX – Daya Geseran
lilitan spring yang terkecil. Frictional Force
Spring C has the smallest diameter of = 299.3 – 100
the coil. = 199.3 N
Semakin kecil diameter lilitan (iii) F = ma
spring, semakin keras spring. 199.3 = 30(a)
The smaller the diameter of coil, the a = 6.64 m s–2
stiffer the spring.
(c) • Objek boleh meluncur turun
(ii) • Spring A tidak sesuai kerana
pada sudut condong 45° kerana
terlalu panjang.
Spring A is not suitable because the komponen daya ke bawah yang
length is too long. selari dengan landasan curam lebih
• Semakin panjang sesuatu spring, besar dari daya geseran.
semakin lembut spring tersebut. The object can slide downwards at an
The longer the spring, the softer the inclination angle of 45° because the downward
spring. force component parallel to the inclined plane
is greater than the frictional force.
• Spring B tidak sesuai kerana
• Maka objek itu memecut ke bawah.
diameter dawai spring terlalu Therefore, the object accelerates downwards.
kecil. • Objek itu pegun pada sudut
Spring B is not suitable because of the
small diameter of the wire. condonga 15° kerana komponen
• Diameter dawai yang kecil daya ke bawah yang selari dengan
menghasilkan spring yang landasan curam adalah kurang dari
lembut. daya geseran.
The smaller diameter of wire in the Object stays stationary at angle of inclination
spring, the softer the spring. 15° because the downward force component
parallel to the inclined plane is smaller than the
frictional force.
Bahagian C (d) (i) Mesin penanda garisan ditolak
3. (a) Daya yang bertindak menentang supaya ia boleh mengenakan
pergerakan antara dua permukaan daya ke bawah yang lebih besar.
Line painter machine is pushed so that it
yang bersentuhan.
can mark the line with greater force.

(ii) Jisim mesin penanda garisan FOKUS KBAT
lebih besar supaya mesin
penanda garisan lebih stabil. 1. (a) Daya Normal
Larger mass of the line painter machines Normal Force
to make the line painter machines more 10
stable. kg
(iii) Saiz bekas cat lebih besar untuk Berat
menanda garis yang lebih Weight
panjang dan lama 30°

The size of the paint container is larger to
mark longer line and last longer. (b)
(iv) Sudut antara pemegang dengan
garis tegak lebih kecil untuk F kos 30°
10
menghasilkan daya ke bawah kg
yang lebih besar. 30°
F
Smaller angle between the handle and the
30°
vertical line to produce bigger downward
WX = 100 sin 30°
force. 30°
• Mesin penanda garisan yang W = 100 N
paling sesuai ialah P sebab
mesin penanda garisan P lebih Komponen ke bawah berat selari
berat, ditolak pada sudut antara dengan satah condong = Komponen
pemegang dengan garis tegak ke atas daya (F) selari satah condong
yang lebih kecil dan saiz bekas Component downwards for weight parallel to
inclined plane = Component upwards force (F)
cat yang besar. parallel to inclined plane
The most suitable line painter machine is
P because the P line marking machine is W sin 30° = F kos 30°
heavier, it is pushed at an angle between 100(0.5) = F (0.866)
the handle with a smaller angle with F = 57.74 N
vertical line and a large paint container (c) F = ma
size.
100 sin 30° = (10)a
a = 5 m s–2

BAB
20 1.47
Tekanan
2 Pressure
30
40
2.21
2.94
50 3.68
2.1 Tekanan Cecair
Pressure in Liquids 60 4.41
1. (a) besar, dalam / greater, deeper Analisa Data / Analysis of Data:
(b) sama, sama / same, same h / cm
5
2. (a) beratnya / weight
4.5
(b) Ah, ρAh, ρAhg
4
ρAhg
(c) = hρg 3.5
A
3
P = Tekanan cecair
2.5
Pressure of a liquid
2
h = Kedalaman
The depth 1.5
ρ = Ketumpatan cecair 1
Density of the liquid 0.5
g = Pecutan graviti x / cm
0
Gravitational acceleration 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
3. (a) Air memancut keluar dengan paling Kesimpulan / Conclusion:

jauh dari lubang manakala jarak bertambah / increases
terpendek direkodkan untuk air yang
5. (a) berbeza / different
memancut keluar dari lubang X.
The water gushing out of the hole farthest from (b) cepat, perlahan / faster, slower
Z and recorded the shortest distance to the water (c) Ketumpatan air adalah lebih tinggi
gushing out of the hole X. daripada minyak. Oleh itu, semakin
(b) rendah, jauh / lower, greater tinggi ketumpatan cecair, semakin
Inferens / Inference: tinggi tekanan dalam cecair pada titik
kedalaman, depth yang sama dan kedalaman yang sama.
The density of water is higher than that of oil.
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: Therefore, the higher the density of the liquid, the
meningkat / increase higher the pressure in the liquid at the same point
Pemboleh ubah / Variables: and the same depth.
(a) Kedalaman cecair / Depth of liquid 6. Hipotesis / Hypothsis:
(b) Tekanan dalam cecair / Pressure in liquid tinggi / higher
(c) Jenis cecair / Type of liquid Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
Keputusan / Results: (a) Ketumpatan cecair / Density of liquid
x / cm h / cm (b) Tekanan cecair / Pressure in liquid
(c) Kedalaman cecair / Depth of liquid
10 0.74

Keputusan / Results: 9. (a) Kedalaman air / Depth of water
ρ / kg m–3 h / cm (b) P = hρg
P = 2(1000) (10) = 20 000 Pa
800 2.94 (c) Kedalaman Y lebih tinggi daripada
1 000 3.68 kedalaman X. Tekanan air di Y lebih
1 300 4.78 tinggi daripada tekanan air di X.
Analisa data / Analysis of data: The depth at Y is higher than the depth at X.
The water pressure at Y is higher than the water
h/m
pressure at X.
6
5 Kuasai SPM 2.1

4
3 D
2
1 2.2 Tekanan Atmosfera

ρ / kg m–3 Atmospheric Pressure
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
1. Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh berat
Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
lapisan udara di atmosfera yang bertindak
meningkat / increases
ke atas permukaan bumi.
7. (a) Kedalaman cecair The pressure caused by the weight of the layer of air in
Depth of liquid the atmosphere acts on the Earth’s surface.
= 25 – 5 = 20 cm = 0.2 m 2.
Tekanan / Pressure , P = hρg
• kemek / dented • kekal / remains
= 0.2 × (1 300) × 10 = 2 600 Pa
• tinggi, semua arah / • menolak / pushes
(b) Tekanan / Pressure, P = hρg high, all directions
= 15 × (1 040) × 10 = 156 000 Pa
(c) P 3. (a)
Nilai tekanan atmosfera boleh
ditentukan menggunakan barometer
merkuri. Sebuah barometer merkuri
terdiri daripada sebatang tiub kaca
kira-kira 1 meter panjang yang
mengandungi merkuri.
The value of atmospheric pressure can be
measured by using a mercury barometer. A
mercury barometer consists of a 1 metre long
glass tube containing mercury.
0 h (b) Pada aras laut, tekanan atmosfera
(d) A = Minyak / Oil boleh menyokong sebuah turus
B = Air / Water merkuri sehingga ketinggian 76 cm.
hA ρA g = hB ρB g Pada altitud yang lebih tinggi,
hA ρA = hB ρB ketinggian turus merkuri adalah lebih
8(ρB) = (6)(1) rendah daripada 76 cm.
At sea level, atmospheric pressure can support a
ρA = 0.75 g cm–3 mercury column to a height of 76 cm. At higher
altitudes, the height of mercury column is lower
8. (a) tinggi, tinggi / high, high
than 76 cm.
(b) lebih tinggi, tekanan / higher, pressure
(c) Patm = hρg
(c) hidroelektrik, bekalan air, lebih nipis,
h = ketinggian turus merkuri
lebih tebal, tinggi the height of mercury column
hydroelectric, water supply, thinner, thicker, high

ρ = ketumpatan merkuri • meningkat / increases
the density of mercury
g = pecutan graviti 8. • Peningkatan / Increased
the acceleration due to gravity • melarut / dissolves
• tinggi / High
4. • nitrogen, sakit dada, kematian
nitrogen, chest pain, death
Kuasai SPM 2.2

Barometer Aneroid Barometer Fortin
Aneroid barometer Fortin barometer D
5. (a) Betul / True

2.3 Tekanan Gas
(b) Betul / True
Gas Pressure
(c) Salah / False
6. (a) (i) P = 106 – 30 1. daya yang dikenakan pada dinding suatu
= 76 cm Hg bekas oleh zarah gas per unit luas dinding
(ii) P = hρg itu.
= 0.76 × 1.36 × 104 × 10 force exerted on the wall of a container by gas particles
per unit area of the wall.
= 103360 Pa
(iii) PA = 76 cm Hg 2. (a) ✓ (b) ✗ (c) ✓
(iv) PB = 106 cm Hg 3. (a) Pgas = Patm + hρg
PB = hρg = 103360 + 0.14(13600)10
= 1.06 × 1.36 × 104 × 10 = 103360 + 19 040
= 144,160 Pa = 122 400 Pa
(b) (i) Patm + 4 = 78 (b) (i) PHg = 39 – 15 = 24 cm Hg
Patm = 78 – 4 = 74 cm Hg Pgas = Patm + PHg
Patm = hρg = 76 + 24
= 0.74 × 1.36 × 104 × 10 = 100 cm Hg
= 100 640 Pa (ii) Pgas = hρg =1(13600) (10)
(ii) Patm = 76 cm Hg = 136 000 Pa
Patm = hρg
= 0.76 × 1.36 × 104 × 10
= 103360 Pa Kuasai SPM 2.3
(iii) 73 + 4 = Patm
Patm = 77 cm Hg B
Patm = hρg
= 0.77 × 1.36 × 104 × 10 2.4 Prinsip Pascal
= 104720 Pa Pascal’s Principle
7. (a) bertambah, rendah, rendah 1. (a) semua arah

increases, lower, lower all directions
(b) tinggi, berat / high, heavy (b) dipindahkan secara seragam ke semua
(c) • lebih cepat / faster arah dalam bendalir itu
• kekurangan / Decreased the pressure applied on an enclosed fluid is
• jelas / clearly transmitted uniformly in all directions in the fluid
• makan, dehidrasi / appetite, dehydrated 2. (a) pengganda daya
force multiplier

(b) kecil, besar F2 A2
small, large (d) (e) F2 = F1 ×
(c) sama A2 A1
equal F2 = 100 × 10 = 1000 N
3. Beban
Load Pemegang
Handle
Omboh besar, A
Big piston, A
Omboh
kecil, B
Silinder besar Small piston, B
Big cylinder
Silinder kecil Takungan minyak
Small cyllinder Oil reservoir
Minyak
Oil
Injap B
Injap A Valve B
Valve A
Injap pelepas
Release valve
4.
(a)
Ketika pemegang dinaikkan, (b) Tekanan atmosfera menolak minyak dari
omboh kecil, A dinaikkan, injap A takungan minyak untuk mengalir
masih tertutup tetapi injap B dari takungan minyak ke silinder kecil.
dibuka . Atmospheric pressure pushes oil from the
When the handle is raised, the small piston, oil reservoir to flow from the oil reservoir
A is raised, valve A is still closed but into a small cylinder.
valve B is open .
(c) Ketika pemegang ditolak ke bawah, (d)

Tekanan yang dikenakan akan
omboh kecil B digerakkan ke bawah, disebarkan secara seragam dari
injap A terbuka tetapi injap B omboh kecil B ke omboh besar A
adalah tertutup sekarang. melalui minyak.
When the handle is pushed down, the The applied pressure will be uniformly
piston small B is moved down, valve A is distributed from small piston B to large piston A
open but valve B is closed through the oil.
now.
(e) Daya yang besar (f ) Dengan mengulangi langkah-langkah ini, beban

kemudian bertindak pada yang berat dapat diangkat ke kedudukan yang
omboh besar A yang lebih tinggi. Selepas habis kerja pembaikan kereta,
injap pelepas dibuka untuk menurunkan
menaikkan beban berat.
A large force then acts objek ke kedudukan asal.
on a large piston A which raises a By repeating these steps, a heavy load can be lifted to a
heavy load. higher position. After completion of the car repair work, the
release valve is opened to lower the object to its original
position.

5.
Spring
Spring
Brek cakera
Pedal brek Brake disc
Brake pedal
Silinder induk
Master cylinder
Kasut brek Pad brek

Brake pads
Brake shoes
Bendalir brek
Brake fluid
Brek cakera
Spring
Silinder hamba Brake disc
Spring
Slave cylinder
Tayar belakang Tayar depan

Rear tyres Front tyres
6.
(a) Apabila pedal brek ditekan, tekanan (b) Tekanan ini kemudian dihantar sama
dikenakan pada omboh di rata melalui bendalir brek ke silinder
dalam silinder induk. hamba untuk roda depan dan roda
When the brake pedal is pressed, pressure belakang.
is applied to the piston inside the This pressure is then transmitted evenly through the
master cylinder. brake fluid to the slave cylinders for the
front and rear wheels.
(c) Silinder hamba kemudian ditolak (d) Pergerakan kereta ini lambat kerana
ke depan, menyebabkannya geseran antara pad brek (atau kasut
menolak pad brek dan kasut brek) dengan brek cakera (atau brek
brek ke brek cakera dan brek gelendong).
gelendong masing-masing. The movement of this car then slowed down due to
friction between the pads brakes (or brake
The slave cylinder is then pushed forward,
causing it to push the brake pads shoes) with brakes disc (or spindle brake).
and brake shoes onto the disc brakes and
spindle brakes, respectively.
(e) Apabila pedal brek dilepaskan, (f ) Pad geseran di roda depan dan roda
omboh dalam silinder induk belakang kembali ke kedudukan
ditolak kembali ke kedudukan asalnya oleh tindakan spring.
asalnya oleh spring. Sliding pads on the front wheels and back wheels
When the brake pedal is released, are returned to their original position by
the piston in the master cylinder is spring action
pushed back to its original position by
the spring.

F1 50 (iii) Daya pada omboh B akan
7. (a) (i) P = = = 1 000 Pa berkurang.
A2 0.05 The force on piston B will decrease.
(ii) PA = PB
FB Kuasai SPM 2.4
PA = F 100
AB (a) P = = = 5000 N m–2
A 0.02
FB F
1000 = (b) P = , F = PA = 5000 × 0.5 = 2500 N
1.5 A
FB = 1500 N
(iii) Pergerakan isi padu pada omboh 2.5 Prinsip Archimedes
Archimedes’ Principle
A = Pergerakan isi padu pada
omboh B 1. (a) daya apungan yang bertindak pada
Volume movement on piston A = Volume kapal tersebut
movement on piston B buoyant force acting on the vessel
VA = VB (b) daya yang bertindak ke atas apabila
(0.05)(1) = (1.5) h terdapat perbezaan tekanan antara
h = 0.033 m = 3.3 cm permukaan atas dengan permukaaan
P1 = P2
(iv) bawah suatu objek yang terendam di
F1 F2 dalam suatu cecair.
= the force acting upwards on an object immersed
A1 A2 in a liquid when there is pressure difference
between the lower surface and upper surface of
F1 2 500 the object.
=
0.05 1.5 (c) daya apungan yang sama dengan
FA = 83.3 N berat bendalir yang disesarkan
buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid
(b) (i) Tekanan A = Tekanan B (Prinsip displaced
Pascal) (d)
F
P = Daya apungan = Berat sebenar – Berat ketara
A Buoyant force = Actual weight — Apparent weight
30 cm2 = 30 × 10–4 m2 = 3 × 10–3 =7N–4N
= 0.003 m2 =3N
F 150
P = = = 50 000 Pa 2. Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
A 0.003
(a) Berat air yang disesarkan
(ii) P1 = P2 Weight of water displaced
F2 (b) Daya apungan / Buoyant force
50000 = (c) Ketumpatan air / Density of water
A2
F2 = 50000 × 1.2 = 60 000 N
Berat di udara / N Berat dalam air / N Berat air disesarkan

Daya apungan / N
(WA) (WB) / N (WS) Buoyant force / N
Weight of water displaced (FB = WA – WB)
Weight in the air / N (WA) Weight in water / N (WB)
/N (WS)
1 0.9 0.1 0.1

2 1.8 0.2 0.2
3 2.7 0.3 0.3
4 3.6 0.4 0.4
5 4.5 0.5 0.5
Analisis data / Data analysis:
WD
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 FB
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
sama / equal
3.
Objek terendam separa dalam Objek terendam sepenuh Objek tenggelam ke dalam
cecair dalam cecair cecair
The object is partially immersed in a The object is completely immersed in
The object sinks into the liquid
liquid the liquid
FB
FB FB
W
W W
Berat objek = Daya apungan Berat objek = Daya apungan Berat objek > Daya apungan
Object weight = Buoyant force Object weight = Buoyant force Object weight > Buoyant force
Isi padu objek > Isi padu air Isi padu objek = Isi padu air Isi padu objek = Isi padu air
tersesar tersesar tersesar
Volume of the object > Volume of water Volume of the object = Volume of water Volume of the object = Volume of water
displaced displaced displaced
Ketumpatan cecair > Ketumpatan cecair = Ketumpatan cecair <

Ketumpatan objek Ketumpatan objek Ketumpatan objek
Liquid density > Object density Liquid density = Object density Liquid density < Object density

4. (a)
A
B
C
D
(a) Isi padu air tersesar (berat air) bertambah
The volume of water displaced (water weight) increased
(a) Ketumpatan / Density: ρA < ρB < ρC = ρD < ρE

E
5. (a) (i) tangki balast / ballast tank (iii) Belon itu akan naik ke atas kerana
(ii) memasukinya, meningkat, lebih daya apungan adalah lebih besar
besar / enter it, increased, increase daripada jumlah berat belon itu.
The balloon will rise upwards because the
(iii) keluar / out
buoyant force is greater than the total
(iv) menurun, menurun weight of the balloon.
decrease, decrease
(c) (i) V = p × l × t
(b) (i) rendah / lower 3000 = p × 25 × 15
(ii) lebih besar / greater p = 8 cm
(c) (i) sama / equal (ii) Daya apungan = Berat air
(ii) berongga, kurang, daya apungan disesarkan = ρVg
hollow, buoyant force, less Buoyant force = Weight of water displaced
(iii) kedalaman, had selamat = ρVg
depths, safe limits = 1000 (2000 × 10–6) 10
(d) (i) ketumpatan / density of liquids, density = 20 N
of liquids (iii) Berat blok kayu = Berat air
(ii) pegun / stationary tersesar = 20 N
(iii) naik ke atas, tenggelam lebih ke Weight of wooden block = Weight of water
bawah / upwards, sink further down displaced
6. (a) (i) Berat air disesarkan = Daya apungan Jisim blok kayu / Mass of wooden
Weight of water displaced = Buoyant force block = 2 kg
= 5-3.5 = 1.5 N m 2
(ii) Daya apungan / Buoyant force = ρVg ρ = = = 666.7 kg m–3
V 0.005
1.5 = 1000(V)10
(iv) Isi padu bahagian blok kayu yang
V = 0.00015 m3 = 150 cm3
tidak terendam
(b) (i) Jumlah berat belon = Berat belon The volume of the wood blocks that are not
+ berat helium submerged
Total weight of balloon = Weight of balloon = 0.05 × 0.25 × 0.08 = 0.01 m3
+ weight of helium
Berat air disesarkan
Berat helium / Helium weight Water weight displaced
= ρVg = 0.5(8)(10) = 40 N = ρVg = 1000 × 0.01 × 10 = 100 N
Jumlah berat belon Beban maksimum yang boleh
Total weight of balloon
diletakkan di atas blok kayu
= 40 + 50 = 90 N The maximum load that can be placed on
(ii) Berat udara / Air weight a wooden block
= ρVg = 1.5(8)(10) =120 N = 100 N

Kuasai SPM 2.5 Airflow at the top of the wing with high velocity
produces an area of low pressure. The airflow
(a) Daya Apungan / Bouyant force at the bottom of the wing is slower, resulting in
(b) Daya apungan dalam Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah a higher-pressure area. The pressure difference
1.2 adalah berbeza. between the two areas produces lift force.
Bouyant forces in Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 are (b) (i) Halaju udara di A = Halaju udara di
different. C < Halaju udara di B
m m 0.5 Velocity of air at A = Velocity of air at C < Velocity
(c) Air / Water: ρ = ,V= = = 5 × 10–4 m3 of air at B
V p 1 000
m (ii)
0.5
Minyak / Oil: ρ = , ρ = = 600 kg m–3
V 5 × 10 –4
(d) Prinsip Archimedes / Archimedes’ Principle
2.6 Prinsip Bernoulli

Bernoulli’s principle
1. apabila laju suatu bendalir yang bergerak MODUL SPM
bertambah, tekanan di bendalir akan
berkurang, dan sebaliknya Kertas 1
when the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure in
the fluid decreases and vice versa Bahagian A
2. mendekati satu sama lain, rendah 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B
closer to each other, low
3. tinggi, sama, berkurang, bertambah, lebih

tinggi
Kertas 2
highest, same, decreases, increases, higher Bahagian A
4. (a) melengkung, rata, lebih laju, lebih 8
1. (a) (i) Jisim =
rendah, bertekanan, rendah, tekanan Mass 10
lebih tinggi, daya angkat = 0.8 kg
curved, flat, bigger velocity, lower velocity, low-
pressure, higher pressure, lift
(ii) Berat cecair X yang tersesar
Weight of liquid X displaced
(b) kelajuan yang tinggi, rendah, lebih
= ρVg
tinggi, pembakaran lengkap
high speed, low, higher, complete combustion
= 1200 (200 × 10−6)10
(c) aerofoil terbalik, ke bawah = 2.4 N
inverted aerofoil, downward (iii) Daya apungan = Berat cecair
yang tersesar
Buoyant force = Weight of liquid displaced
Kuasai SPM 2.6 = 2.4 N
(a) (i) Aerofoil / Aerofoil (iv) Berat bola logam itu dalam cecair
(ii) Aliran udara di bahagian atas sayap X
dengan halaju tinggi menghasilkan Weight of the metal ball in liquid X
kawasan bertekanan rendah. Aliran = 8 N – 2.4 N
udara di bahagian bawah sayap lebih = 5.6 N
perlahan, menyebabkan kawasan m 0.8
bertekanan lebih tinggi. Perbezaan (v) ρ= = = 4000 kg m–3
V 200 × 10 –6
tekanan di antara kedua-dua kawasan
menghasilkan daya angkat.

(b) (i) Bacaan neraca spring menjadi kelajuan aliran udara di atas sayap
lebih tinggi. Isi padu minyak lebih tinggi daripada kelajuan aliran
yang disesarkan masih sama iaitu udara di bawah.
200 cm3. A shape of cross section which is curved top and
The reading of the spring balance is higher. a flat bottom to produce the speed of airflow
The volume of oil that is displaced is still the above the wings to be higher than the speed of
same which is 200 cm3. airflow below
(ii) Daya apungan adalah lebih • Luas permukaan sayap yang lebih
kecil kerana ketumpatan minyak besar. Lebih besar daya angkat.
adalah lebih kecil. Maka berat Larger surface area of the wing. Produces
ketara menjadi lebih besar. Isi bigger lift.
padu minyak yang disesarkan • Ketumpatan bahan sayap yang kecil.
masih 200 cm3 kerana bola logam Menghasilkan daya paduan ke atas
masih terendam sepenuhnya yang besar.
dalam minyak The smaller density of the wing materials.
The buoyant force is smaller because the Produce bigger upward resultant force.
density of the oil is smaller. The apparent • Jenis bahan yang boleh tahan lama
weight becomes greater. The volume of oil
dan ringan (Gentian kaca). Ia tahan
displaced is still 200 cm3 because the metal
ball is still completely immersed in the oil. lebih lama dan daya angkat yang
lebih besar.
The type of material that can be durable and
Bahagian B lightweight (Fibre glass). It lasts longer and has
2. (a) Aerofoil greater lift.
(b) (i) • Bentuk keratan rentas sayap • Pilihan yang paling sesuai adalah
peluncur menyebabkan kelajuan P. Kerana ia mempunyai bentuk
aliran udara. keratan rentas yang bahagian atas
The shape of cross section of the wing melengkung dan bahagian bawah
causes the speed of airflow. rata, kawasan sayap yang luas
• Kelajuan aliran udara di atas permukaan lebih besar, ketumpatan
sayap peluncur lebih tinggi bahan sayap yang kecil, diperbuat
daripada kelajuan aliran udara daripada bahan ringan dan tahan
di bawah. lama.
The speed of airflow above the wings is The most suitable option is P. Because it has a
higher than the speed of airflow below cross-sectional shape in which the top is curved

• Apabila kelajuan udara yang and the bottom is flat, the wing area of the
bergerak yang lebih tinggi, surface area is larger, the density of the wing
tekanan yang lebih rendah. material is small, it is made of lightweight and
durable material.
When the speed of moving air is higher,
the pressure is lower (d) (i) P = F/A
• Oleh itu tekanan udara di F = PA
bawah sayap adalah lebih F = 300 × 2.5
tinggi berbanding dengan di F = 750 N
atas sayap (ii) Daya Paduan / Resultant force

Hence air pressure below the wings is = 750 – 500
higher compare to above the wings = 250N
(ii) Prinsip Bernoulli / Bernoulli’s principle (iii) F = ma
a = F/m
(c) • Bentuk keratan rentas yang bahagian a = 250/50
atas melengkung dan bahagian = 5.0 m s–2
bawah rata untuk menghasilkan

Bahagian C (d)
3. (a) Tekanan ditakrifkan sebagai daya Reka bentuk Reasons
normal per unit luas. Design Sebab
Pressure is defined as normal force per unit area. Dinding tebal Boleh manahan
(b) (i) Tekanan pada omboh X = tekanan Thick wall peningkatan tekanan air
pada omboh Y dengan kedalaman yang
Pressure on piston X = pressure on piston Y
tinggi
(ii) Luas keratan rentas omboh Y Can withstand increasing water
adalah lebih besar daripada luas pressure with high depth
keratan rentas omboh X. Bahan Untuk menahan tekanan
Cross sectional-area of piston Y is bigger
than cross-sectional area of piston X.
kekuatan tinggi air yang tinggi pada
High strength kedalaman yang tinggi
(iii) Daya bertindak pada omboh Y material To withstand high water pressure
adalah lebih besar daripada daya at high depths
bertindak ke atas omboh X.
Force acted on piston Y is bigger than force Bahan Jisim bahan yang lebih
acted on piston X. ketumpatan besar membenarkan kapal
Oleh itu, semakin besar luas tinggi selam tenggelam dengan
keratan rentas Y, lebih besar daya High density mudah
material Bigger mass allow the submarine
yang bertindak
Thus, the bigger the cross-sectional area of to submerge easily
Y, the greater the force acting. Bentuk larus Keupayaan untuk
(iv) Prinsip Pascal Streamline shape mengurangkan rintangan
Pascal’s principle air
Ability to reduce water resistance
(c) • Garis Plimsoll ialah garis rujukan
ditandakan pada badan kapal untuk Tangki balast Dapat menambah atau
memastikan bahawa kapal dan bot lebih besar mengurangkan berat
dimuatkan dalam had keselamatan. Bigger ballast tank badan supaya dapat
Plimsoll line is a reference line marked on the terapung dan tenggelam
body of ships to ensure that ships and boats are dengan lebih berkesan
loaded within the safety limits. Can increase or decrease the
• Ketumpatan air berbeza mengikut weight to be able to float and sink
lokasi disebabkan oleh suhu yang more effectively
berbeza dan kemasinan air.
The density of water varies with locations due
to different temperature and salinity of water. FOKUS KBAT
• Kapal terapung lebih mendalam 1. • Empangan dalam Rajah 2.
dalam air tawar kerana ia adalah Dam in Diagram 2.
kurang tumpat daripada air laut • Apabila kedalaman bertambah, tekanan
masin. meningkat.
A ship floats deeper in fresh water as it is less When depth increases, pressure increases.
dense than salty seawater. • Dasar yang lebih tebal boleh menahan
• Kapal terapung lebih mendalam tekanan tinggi.
dalam air laut panas kerana air panas Thicker at the base can withstand high pressure.
kurang tumpat daripada air laut • Maka empangan dalam Rajah 2 lebih
sejuk. kuat dan selamat.
A ship floats deeper in warm seawater because So the dam in Diagram 2 is stronger and safer.
warm water is less dense than cold seawater.

BAB
Elektrik
3 Electricity
3.1 Arus dan Beza Keupayaan

Current and Potential Difference
1. kawasan, cas, elektrik

region, charge, electric
2. (a) ✓
(b) ✓
(c) ✓
3.
Pernyataan Benar / Palsu

Statement True / False
(a) Garis medan elektrik bermula dari cas positif dan berakhir di cas negatif. Benar
Electric fileld lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges. True
(b) Dalam suatu medan, elektrik cas-cas yang sama saling menolak manakala cas-
Benar
cas yang berlainan saling menarik. True
In an electric field,like charges repel each other while unlike charges attract each other.
(c) Garis medan elektrik bersilang dan memintas antara satu sama lain. Palsu
The electric field lines cross over or intercept each other. False
(d) Garis medan elektrik di sekeliling suatu zarah cas positif sentiasa menghala ke
dalam manakala medan elektrik di sekeliling suatu cas negatif menghala ke Palsu
luar. False
The electric field lines around a positive charge always point inward while the electric field lines
around a negative charge always point outward.

4.
Ruang A Ruang B
Column A Column B
daya yang bertindak ke atas seunit cas

positif yang terletak pada suatu titik di
(a) Medan elektrik adalah
Electric field is dalam medan elektrik.
the force acting on a unit of positive charge located
at a point in the electric field.
(b) Arus, I ialah V

E=
Current, I is d
kerja sebanyak 1 J dilakukan untuk

menggerakkan 1 C cas dari satu titik ke
(c) Kekuatan medan elektrik ialah
The strength of an electric field is titik yang lain.
if the work done to move 1 C of charge from one
point to another is 1 J.
kadar pengaliran cas, Q dalam satu

(d) Formula medan elektrik ialah
The formula of electric field is konduktor.
the rate of flow of charge, Q in a conductor.
kawasan yang mana suatu cas

(e) Beza keupayaan, V ialah mengalami daya elektrik.
The potential difference, V is a region in which an electric charge experiences
electric force.
5. (b) ditaburkan / sprinkled

(c) corak / pattern
6.
Susunan elektrod Garis medan bagi cas positif dan negatif
Electrode arrangement Field lines for positive and negative charges
Elektrod tunggal
Single electrode
Elektrod
Electrod
– +
Serbuk
semolina
Semolina
dust
Minyak
Oil

Dua elektrod
Two electrodes
+
+
+ –
– –
Sepasang plat yang selari

A pair of parallel plate
+ –
Satu elektord dan satu plat

An electrode and a plate
+ –
– –
+
7. (a) sama / same

(b) (i) ditambah
(b) daya, unit / force, unit
increased
(c) daya, cas, N C–1 / N C–1
(ii) dikurangkan
(d) V m–1 / V m–1
reduced
(c) (i) terion
8. Arahan / Instruction
ionize
3. (a) (i) positif, negatif
(ii) positif, negatif
positive, negative
Positive, negative
(ii) positif, tolakan
(iii) positif, negatif, negatif,
positively, repulsive
positif
(iii) negatif
positive, negative, negative, positive
negative
(iv) terpisah, negatif
(iv) negatif, positif
split, negative
negative, positive
(v) positif, berat, negatif
(v) berterusan, dimatikan
positive, heavier, negative
continued, turned off

9. (a) kadar, cas / rate, charge Q = It = 2 × 10 = 20 C
(b) It, jumlah cas elektrik, masa Tenaga elektrik berubah kepada haba,
It, total electric charges, time Electrical energy changed to heat,
(c) ampere (A), 1 coulomb cas per saat W = VQ = 240 × 20
ampere (A), 1 coulomb of charge per second = 4800 J
1 C s–1 (c) Cas mengalir melalui lampu dalam
1 minit = 60 s
0. (a) Q = It
1 Charge that flows through the lamp in 1 minute
= 0.2 A × 1 × 60 s = 60 s
= 12 C Q = It = 0.2 × 60 s = 12 C
(b) l = Q =
30 000
=10 C s–1 / A V = W = 24 = 2V
t 50 × 60 Q 12
(c) Q = ne W
(d) V = = 240 = 12 V
1 = n × 1.6 × 10–19 Q 20
n = 6.25 × 1018
(d) Q = It = 20 × 10–3 × 2 × 60 Kuasai SPM 3.1
= 2.4 C
Q 2.4 B
n= = =1.5 × 1019
e 1.6 × 10–19
1. (a) kerja, coulomb cas / work, coulomb of charge
1 3.2 Rintangan
Volt (V) atau J C–1 / Volt (V) or J C–1 Resistance
(b) Beza keupayaan, 1 Volt, 1 coulomb, 1. konduktor / conductor
1 joule (b) beza keupayaan, arus
potential difference, 1 Volt, 1 coulomb, 1 joule potential difference, current
(c) ohm (Ω) / ohms (Ω)
12. (a) V = W = 1.5 × 10 = 3.0 × 1010V
12
Q 50 (d) 1 V, 1 A / 1 V, 1 A
(b) Cas mengalir melalui lampu dalam 10 s 2.
Charge that flows through the lamp in 10 s
Ruang A Ruang B
Column A Column B
(a) Konduktor ohm ialah konduktor yang tidak mematuhi hukum Ohm.
The ohmic conductor is conductors that do not obey Ohm's law.
(b) Konduktor bukan ohm ialah konduktor yang mematuhi hukum Ohm.
The non-ohmic conductor is conductors that obey Ohm's law.
3. (i) Mengkaji hubungan V dengan l bagi (ii) voltan, mentol berfilamen

dawai konstantan voltage, filament bulbs
To study the relationship between V and l for a Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
constant wire Arus, l / Current, l
Tujuan / Aim: Voltan, V / Voltage, V
voltan, dawai konstantan Panjang dan ketebalan dawai konstantan
voltage, constantan wire Constantan wire length and thickness

Keputusan / Results: (ii) Mengkaji hubungan V dengan l bagi
Arus, I / A mentol berfilamen
Current I/ A
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 To study the relationship between V and l for
filament bulbs
Beza
kepayaan, Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
V/V 0 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.4 Arus, l / Current, l
Potential Voltan, V / Voltage, V
difference ,V/V Panjang filamen / Length of filament
Graf V melawan I Keputusan / Results:
V Graph of V againts I
Arus, I / A 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Current, I/ A
1.4
Beza kepayaan, V / V 0 0.8 1.6 2.8 4.4 8.0
Potential difference ,V/V
1.2
V/V
1.0
8.0
0.8
7.0
0.6
6.0
0.4
5.0
0.2
4.0
0 I
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
3.0
Perbincangan / Discussion:
1. Semakin tinggi arus, semakin tinggi 2.0
beza keupayaan merentasi konduktor.

1.0
The higher the current, the higher potential
difference across the conductor.
0 I/A
2. Bertambah / Increases 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
3. (a) mata, berserenjang / eye, perpendicular Perbincangan / Discussion:

(b) dimatikan, suhu / turned off, temperature 1. meningkat, meningkat, meningkat
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: increases, increases, increases
bertambah, bertambah, dimalarkan 2. tidak mematuhi / does not obey
increases, increases, constant 3. meningkat, meningkat
increases, increases
4.
Jenis litar: Litar bersiri Jenis litar: Litar selari
Type of circuit: Series circuit Type of circuit: Paralel circuit
(a) Arus yang melalui setiap mentol dan (d) Jumlah arus dalam litar bersamaan dengan
perintang adalah sama. jumlah arus yang melalui perintang dan
The current flows through each bulb and resistor is the mentol pada setiap cabang.
same. The amount of current in the circuit is equal to the
I1 = I2 amount of current passing through the resistor and bulb
I= on each branch.
l1 + l2
l=

(b) Beza keupayaan yang merentasi sel (e) Beza keupayaan yang merentasi sel kering
kering adalah sama dengan jumlah beza adalah sama dengan beza keupayaan yang
keupayaan yang merentasi semua mentol merentasi setiap perintang dan mentol
dan perintang. The potential difference across the dry cell is equal to the
The potential difference across the dry cell is equal to the potential difference across each resistor and bulb
sum of the potential differences across all the bulbs and
resistors.
V=
V1 + V2
V=
(c) Rintangan berkesan (f ) Rintangan berkesan
Effective resistance Effective resistance
R1 + R2 1 = 1 + 1
R=
R R1 R2
5. (a) Rintangan berkesan dalam litar selari. Hipotesis / Hypothesis:

Effective resistance in a parallel circuit. bertambah / increases
1 = 1 + 1 Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
R 12 6 (a) Panjang dawai, l
= 1 + 2 = 3 Length of wire, l
12 12 12
(b) Rintangan, R = V
R = 12 = 4 Ω l
3 Distance, R V
Rintangan berkesan dalam seluruh l
litar = 8 Ω + 4 Ω = 12 Ω (c) luas keratan rentas, suhu
Effective resistance throughout the circuit cross-sectional area, temperature
Jadual / Table
(b) Arus dalam litar l = V = 12 = 1 A,
R 12
maka A1 = 1 A
6 l/cm I/A V/V V
A2 = × 1 = 0.33 A R=
6 + 12 l
Maka bacaan A2 adalah 0.33 A.
(c) V = IR = 1 × 8 = 8 V 20 0.5 0.2 0.4
6. Arus yang melalui perintang 4 Ω ialah

40 0.5 0.4 0.8
l = V = 12 = 3 A
R 4
Current that flows the resistor 4 Ω is 60 0.5 0.6 1.2
Maka, arus yang mengalir melalui
perintang R = 4.2 A – 3 A = 1.2 A
Hence, the curent that flows in resistor R 80 0.5 0.8 1.6
7. (a) panjang, luas
length, area 100 0.5 1.0 2.0
(b) menentang
resists
8. (i) Panjang dawai / Length of wire

R/Ω Graf R melawan s.w.g
Graph of R againts s.w.g
R/Ω
2.0
10.0
1.5
7.5
1.0
0.5 5.0
0 l / cm
0 20 40 60 80 100 2.5
(ii) Luas keratan rentas, A
Cross-sectional, A
Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
(a) Luas keratan rentas dawai, s.w.g. 0
The cross-sectional area of the wire, s.w.g. 10 20 30 40 50 s.w.g
(b) Rintangan, R (ii) Kerintangan dawai
Resistance,R
(c) panjang dan suhu dawai Resistivity of the wire
Length and temperature of wire Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
Keputusan / Results: besar, besar
greater, greater
Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
Luas keratan rentas V (a) Kerintangan dawai, ρ (jenis bahan)
dawai konstantan / R=
l Resistivity of the wire, ρ (type of material)
s.w.g I/A V/V
Constantan wire cross- (b) Rintangan, R = V
sectional area / s.w.g
l
Resistance, R = V
l
20 0.5 1.0 2.0 Keputusan / Results:
100 cm panjang V
28 0.5 2.2 4.4 R= /Ω
dawai dengan saiz l
s.w.g. 32 I/A V/V
32 0.5 4.2 8.4 100 cm long wire with
size s.w.g. 32
Kuprum / Copper 0.5 0.15 0.3

Konstantan / 0.5 4.20 8.4
Constantan
Nikrom / Nichrome 0.5 12.5 25.0

R/ Ω masa. Peningkatan suhu akan
menyebabkan peningkatan rintangan
Nikrom / Nichrome dawai. Oleh itu, untuk memperoleh
keputusan yang lebih baik sepanjang
eksperimen, arus kecil harus digunakan.
the big current may heat the wire conductors in the
Konstantan / Constantan circuit all the time. An increase in temperature will
cause an increase in resistance of the wire. Therefore,
in order to obtain better results throughout the
Kuprum / Copper experiment, small currents should be used.
0 l / cm
100 cm bertambah, besar, besar, diterima
increases, greater, greater, accepted
Perbincangan / Discussion:
arus yang besar mungkin memanaskan
dawai konduktor dalam litar sepanjang
9.
Ruang A / Column A Ruang B / Column B
Diperbuat daripada dawai tungsten

Made of tungsten wire
Diperbuat daripada dawai kuprum

Elemen pemanas: Takat lebur tinggi Made of copper wire
Boleh tahan suhu tinggi
Heating element: High melting point
Can withstand high temperatures
Diperbuat daripada dawai nikrom
Filamen bergelung Made of nichrome wire
Coiled filament
Kerintangan yang kecil

1.68 × 10–8 Ωm hingga 2.68 × 10–6 Ωm
Lampu berfilamen: Takat lebur tinggi dan Low resistivity
boleh tahan suhu tinggi 1.68× 10– 8 Ωm to 2.68 × 10–6 Ωm
Filament lamp: High melting point and can withstand high
temperatures
Kerintangan tinggi
1.10 × 10–8 Ωm hingga 1.50 × 10–6 Ωm
High resistivity
1.10 × 10–8 Ωm to 1.50 × 10–5 Ωm
Pendawaian elektrik di rumah: Kerintangan tinggi

Takat lebur tinggi dan boleh tahan suhu tinggi 5.6 × 10–8 Ωm
Electrical wiring in the home: High resistivity
High melting point and can withstand high temperatures 5.6 × 10–8 Ωm

10.
Ruang A / Column A Ruang B / Column B
Bahan konduktor Mempunyai nilai kerintangan paling tinggi

Contoh : aluminium dan kuprum dan tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik
Conductor material Has the highest resistivity value and does not conduct
Examples: aluminium and copper electricity
Merupakan pengalir arus elektrik

Is a conductor of electric current
Bahan bukan konduktor Mempunyai nilai kerintangan antara

Contoh : kayu dan plastik konduktor dengan bukan konduktor dan
Non-conductor material mengkonduksikan elektrik lebih baik daripada
Examples: wood and plastic
penebat tetapi tidak sebaik konduktor
Has a resistivity value between a conductor and a non-
conductor and conducts electricity better than an insulator
but not as well as a conductor
Semikonduktor Merupakan penebat

Is an insulator
Contoh : galium dan silikon
Semiconductor
Examples: gallium and silicon Mempunyai nilai kerintangan yang rendah
dan dapat mengkonduksikan elektrik
Has a low resistance value and can conduct electricity
Superkonduktor Mempunyai nilai kerintangan 0 Ω m pada

Contoh : merkuri apabila berada suhu genting dan dapat mengkonduksikan
pada atau di bawah suhu 4.2K elektrik tanpa sebarang rintangan elektrik
Superconductor Has zero resistivity at critical temperature and conducts
Example: mercury when at or below 4.2K electricity without any resistance
11. (a) rintangan elektrik, kehilangan (e) rintangannya, sifar

electrical resistance, loss its resistance, zero
(b) sangat rendah (f ) suhu genting
very low critical temperature
(c) rintangan sifar, sifar (g) tenaga
zero resistance, zero energy

(h)
(i) Boleh mengekalkan arus yang (ii) Motor dan penjana elektrik
besar bersaiz kecil boleh
large
Able to sustain digunakan
current Small size motors and
generators can be used
(iii) Kehilangan kuasa lebih kecil (iv) Tenaga haba kurang

semasa penghantaran dibazirkan
Smaller power loss during Less heat energy is wasted
transmission
12.
Penyelesaian / Solution 3.3 Daya Gerak Elektrik (d.g.e.) dan
Diameter dawai / Diameter of wire, d = 0.5 mm Rintangan Dalam
Panjang dawai / Length of wire, l = 15 m Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) and
Rintangan dawai / Resistance of wire, Internal Resistance
R = 75 Ω 1. (a) tenaga elektrik, tenaga haba dan cahaya

Hitung jejari dawai electrical energy, heat and light energy
Calculate the radius of the wire, r (b) tenaga kimia, tenaga elektrik
chemical energy, electrical energy
= d = 0.5 = 0.25 mm (c) daya gerak elektrik
2 2
electromotive force
= 0.25 × 10–3 m
(d) kerja dilakukan, satu coulomb cas, litar
Hitung luas keratan rentas dawai
lengkap
Calculate the cross-sectional area of the wire work done, coulomb of charge, complete circuit
A = πr2 = 3.142 × (0.25 × 10–3)2
1.96 × 107 m2 2. (a)
= V
ρl
Dari rumus, R = , susun semula, untuk
A RA
mendapat nilai ρ = A
l
ρl
From the formula, R = , rearrange, to get the value (b) Tidak / No
of A
(c ) Kerana voltmeter disambung terus
Gantian dalam rumus / Substitute in the formula,
kepada bateri.
ρ = 75 Ω × 1.96 × 10 m = 9.8 × 10−7 Ω m
–7 2
Because the voltmeter is connected directly across
15 m the battery.
Maka, kerintangan dawai ialah (d) Daya gerak elektrik.
9.8 × 10–7 Ω m . Electromotive force.
Thus, the resistivity of the wire is 9.8 × 10–7 Ω m
Kuasai SPM 3.2

B

3.
Daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e.) Beza keupayaan

Electromotive force (e.m.f.) Potential difference
(a) D.g.e. suatu sel diukur dalam litar terbuka (d) Beza keupayaan diukur dalam
tiada arus litar tertutup apabila arus mengalir
apabila mengalir dalam
litar. di dalam litar.
open circuit closed circuit
The potential difference is measured in
The e.m.f. of a cell is measured in
no current when there is a current flowing in the circuit.
when there is flowing in the
circuit.
Voltmeter Bateri
Voltmeter Battery
1.5 V 1.2 V
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Bateri
Battery
Mentol
Bulbs
(b) Bacaan voltmeter = 1.5 V ialah ukuran (e) Bacaan voltmeter = 1.2 V ialah ukuran beza
beza keupayaan merentasi sel kering dalam keupayaan merentasi mentol dalam litar
litar terbuka (arus = 0 A). tertutup (arus ≠ 0 A).
The voltmeter reading = 1.5 V is a measure of the The voltmeter reading = 1.2 V is a measure of the
potential difference across a dry cell in an open circuit potential difference across a bulb in a closed circuit
(current = 0 A). (current ≠ 0 A).
(c) Beza keupayaan ini ialah ukuran d.g.e. (f ) Beza keupayaan merentasi mentol = 1.2 V .
sel. Maka, d.g.e. sel kering = 1.5 V . D.g.e. Beza keupayaan ini juga dikenal sebagai
suatu sumber elektrik ialah beza keupayaan beza keupayaan terminal. Jika mentol tidak
merentasi sumber itu dalam litar terbuka. disambung dalam litar, arus I = 0 A dan beza
This potential difference is a measure of d.g.e. cell. So, keupayaan terminal = d.g.e. sel kering.
e.m.f of dry cell = 1.5 V . E.m.f. of an electrical source is The potential difference across the bulb = 1.2 V .
the potential difference across that source in an open This is also known as the terminal potential difference. If
circuit. the bulb is not connected in the circuit, the current I = 0 A
and the terminal potential difference = e.m.f. dry cell.
4. bahan elektrolit di dalam sel kering tersebut, ohm (Ω) / electrolyte in the dry cell, ohm (Ω)
5. Tujuan / Aim:
daya gerak elektrik, rintangan dalam / electromotive force, internal resistance

Graf V melawan I
V/V Graph of V against I
0 I/A
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Daripada graf / From the graph:

• D.g.e. sel / E.m.f. cell, ε = 3.0 V
• Rintangan dalam / Internal resistance :
r = 3.0 – 2.2 = 1.6 Ω
0.5
Perbincangan / Discussion
1. arus, daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e.)
current, electromotive force (e.m.f.)
2. dilesapkan, berkurang
dissipated, decreases.
6.
Sel kering secara sesiri Sel kering secara selari Sel kering tunggal
Dry cells in series Dry cells in parallel Single dry cell
V
V V
2V
2V 2V 2V
0.5 Ω
0.5 Ω 0.5 Ω 2V 0.5 Ω
A A
0.5 Ω A
R=4Ω R=4Ω
R=4Ω
D.g.e berkesan / Effective e.m.f: D.g.e berkesan / Effective e.m.f: D.g.e berkesan / Effective e.m.f:
ε=2V+2V=4V ε=2V ε=2V

Rintangan dalam berkesan Rintangan dalam berkesan: Jumlah rintangan dalam litar
Effective internal resistance in the circuit Effective resistance internal: Total effective resistance in the circuit:
1
r = 0.5 Ω + 0.5 Ω = 1.0 Ω = 1 + 1 =4 Rr = R +
Jumlah rintangan dalam litar r 0.5 0.5 = 4 Ω + 0.5 Ω
Maka, r = 1 = 0.25 Ω
Total effective internal resistance in the = 4.5 Ω
circuit. 4
rT = 4 + 1.0 = 5 Ω Jumlah rintangan dalam litar:
Total effective resistance in the circuit:
RT = 4 + 0.25 = 4.25 Ω
Arus maksimum dalam litar: Arus maksimum dalam litar: Arus dalam litar:
Maximum current in the circuit: Maximum current in the circuit: Current in the circuit:
I = V = 4 = 0.8A I = V = 2 = 0.47A I = V = 2 = 0.44 A

R 5 R 4.25 R 4.5
Beza keupayaan terminal: Beza keupayaan terminal: Beza keupayaan terminal:

Terminal potential difference: Terminal potential difference: Terminal potential difference:
V = IR = 0.8 × 4 = 3.2 V V = IR = 0.47 × 4 = 1.88 V V = IR = 0.44 × 4 = 1.8 V
Voltan ‘hilang’ / Voltage drop: Voltan ‘hilang’ / Voltage drop: Voltan hilang / Voltage drop:
V’ = Ir = 0.8 × 1.0 = 0.8 V V’= Ir = 0.47 × 0.25 = 0.12 V V’= Ir = 0.44 × 0.5 = 0.2 V
7. (a) paling cerah, paling besar / brightest, largest V = 2.5 V

(b) lebih cerah, lebih kecil, lebih besar
brighter, is smaller, larger
I = V = 2.5 = 0.5A
R 5
(c) lebih kecil, lebih kecil, tahan lebih lama – V
smaller, smaller, can last longer
r= ε = 3.0 – 2.5 = 1.0 Ω
l 0.5
8. (a) mengubah, tenaga elektrik
transform, electrical energy Kuasai SPM 3.3
(b) semikonduktor, tenaga elektrik, (i) 3.0 V
cahaya / semiconductor, electricity, light (ii) E – V = Ir
(c) panel suria, bersiri, selari 3 – 2.4 = 0.4r
solar panel, series, parallel
r = 0.6 = 1.5 Ω
(d) motor, enjin / battery packs, electric, engine 0.4
(e) bateri, dicaskan / battery, recharged (iii) V = IR,
(f ) tahan lama, arus / durable, current V
R = = 2.4 = 6 Ω
9. d.g.e , ε = 3.0 V l 0.4
R=5Ω

3.4 Tenaga dan Kuasa Elektrik
Electrical Energy and Power
1.
Daripada definisi beza keupayaan, V,

yang berkaitan dengan tenaga elektrik E
yang dilesapkan seunit cas, V=
From the definition of potential difference,V related Q
to electrical energy dissipated per unit charge,
Susun semula, Tenaga elektrik

Rearrange, Electrical energy E =V× Q
Daripada definisi arus, I, yang berkaitan Q

dengan kadar pengaliran cas, I=
From the defination of electric current, I related to
rate of flow of charge, t
Susun semula, Cas elektrik

Rearrange, Electrical charge Q =I× t
Maka, hubungan antara E,V,I dan t ialah Tenaga elektrik

Thus, the relationship between E,V,I and t is Electrical energy
E= V × I × t
2.
Daripada definisi kuasa yang berkaitan E
dengan kadar tenaga yang dipindahkan Kuasa, P =
From the definition of power that related to rate of Power
energy transfer t
VIt
Ganti E = VIt ke dalam sebutan kuasa P P= = ×
Subtitute E = VIt in term of power P V I
t
Dari Hukum Ohm, V = IR, P = IR × l

Ganti ke dalam kuasa P
From Ohms’s law, V = IR = l2R
Substitute into power P
V
V P = V ×
Ganti arus, I =
R R
ke dalam kuasa P
Substitute current V2
V =
I= into power P
R R

3. (a) R = 80 Ω, I = 3.0 A; (c) t = 5 minit / minute = 5 × 60 s = 300 s
V = IR = 3.0 × 80 = 240 V E = Vlt = 240 × 3.0 × 300 = 216 000 J
(b) P = I2R = 3.02 × 80 = 720 W
4.
Jam
Jumlah penggunaan tenaga
Peralatan Bilangan Kadar kuasa penggunaan
sebulan / kWj
elektrik Number Power rate (dalam Total energy consumption per month
Electrical appliances (A) kW (B) sehari) / kWh
Hours of use (in a (A) x (B) x (C)
day) (C)
Cerek elektrik 1000 W = 1 1 j / ℎr 1

Electric kettle 1 1 kW × j x 30 = 15 kWj / kWh
kW 2 2
Peti sejuk 1 150 W = 0.15 24 j / ℎr 0.15 × 24 × 30 = 108 kW j / kW h

Refrigerator
Periuk nasi 1 700 W = 0.7 1 j / ℎr 0.7 × 1 × 30 = 21 kW j / kW h

Rice cooker
Televisyen 1 55 W = 0.055 8 j / ℎr 0.055 × 8 × 30 = 13.2 kW j / kW h

Television
Ketuhar 1 j / ℎr 1
1 1500 W = 1.5 1.5 × j × 30 = 22.5 kW j / kW h
Oven 2 2
Penyaman udara 2 × 6 j = 12 j
Air-conditioner 2 1500 W = 1.5 1.5 × 12 × 30 = 540 kW j / kW h
/ ℎr
Lampu 6 × 6 j = 36 j
Lamp 6 60 W = 0.06 0.06 × 36 × 30 = 64.8 kW j / kW h
/ ℎr
Kipas 2 75 W = 0.075 2 × 4 j = 8 j / ℎr 0.075 × 8 × 30 =18 kW j / kW h
Fan
Jumlah penggunaan tenaga sebulan 802.5 kW j / kW h

Total energy consumption per month
5. P = 150 W = 0.15 kW , t = 24 j / h (d) berkuasa tinggi, manual

E = Pt = 0.15 × 24 × 30 = 108 kW j / kW h high-power, manually
Kos penggunaan elektrik (e) termostat, mematikan, mengurangkan
The cost of using electricity thermostat, turn, reduce
= 108 × 0.24 = RM 25.92 (f ) penapis udara, masuk, keluar
air filter, inlets, outlets
6. (a) cekap tenaga
energy efficient
(b) mentol cekap tenaga Kuasai SPM 3.4
energy-efficient bulbs
(c) suis B
switch

MODUL SPM (c) Oleh kerana tenaga yang dilesapkan
per saat P = IV, apabila arus bertambah,
Kertas 1 tenaga yang dilesapkan bertambah.
As energy dissipated per second P = IV, when
Bahagian A current increases, the energy dissipated increases.
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. C (d)
Ciri – ciri, Explanation
Kertas 2 Characteristic Penerangan
Saiz rod diameter Kerintangan tinggi
Bahagian A kecil : nipis High resistance
1. (a) (i) Suatu medan elektrik ialah Size of the rod small
kawasan di sekitar zarah bercas diameter : thin
yang mana satu cas yang Jenis rod logam : Takat lebur dan
berada dalam kawasan tersebut Tungsten rintangan tinggi
mengalami daya elektrik. Type of metal rod : Tungsten High melting point and
An electric field is the region around a resistance
changed particle where any electric charge
in the region experiences an electric force. Kuasa pemanas : Kurang tenaga
(ii) Bertambah / Increase rendah digunakan
Power of the heater : low Less energy used
(b) (i) S: Cas positif / Positive charge
T: Cas negatif / Negative charge Struktur rod : rod Rod lebih panjang,
(ii) Cas negative / Negative charge bergelung tidak memenuhi
Structure of the rod:coiled ruang dan rintangan
(iii) Ditarik ke plat positif / ditolak ke rod
plat positif. tinggi
Attracted to positive plate / Repelled away Longger rod, does not
from negative plate. occupy large space and
high resistance
(c) (ii) 1. Api yang panas menghasilkan
ion positif dan ion negatif. P dipilih. Nipis, tungsten,
The heat of burning candle produces P is choosen. kuasa rendah dan rod
positive and negative ions. bergelung
2. Ion positif yang lebih berat Thin, tungsten, low power,
menarik sebahagian besar api and coiled rod
ke arah plat negatif. (d) (i) 4.5 V
The positive ions which are heavier is
pulled towards negative plate with a (ii) 1 = 1 + 1 =2,
large proportion flame. r 1 1
Bahagian B r = 1 Ω
2. (a)
Kerja yang dilakukan untuk 2
menggerakkan satu coulomb cas di (iii) E = I(R + r),
antara dua titik tersebut. I = 4.5
The work done in moving one coulomb of charge 5 + 0.5
from one point to another.
= E = 0.82 A
(b) V bertambah dengan I, kecerunan R+r
graf diwakili oleh rintangan, filamen (iv) V = IR
mentol ialah konductor bukan ohm. = 0.82(5)
V increases with I, the gradient of the graph is = 4.1V
represented by the resistance, the filament of the (v) V = 4.5 – 4.1
bulb is a non -ohmic conductor.
= 0.4 A

atau (d)
V = Ir = 0.82 (0.5) Cadangan / Suggestion Sebab / Reason
= 0.41 A
Gunakan lampu LED Lebih cerah,
Use a LED lamp menghasilkan haba
Bahagian C
yang kurang.
3. (a) Kerja yang dilakukan oleh satu sumber Brighter, produces less heat.
elektrik untuk menggerakkan satu Tempatkan semula Pendinginan yang
coulomb cas dalam satu litar lengkap. peyaman udara ke lebih pantas dan baik.
Work done by an electrical source to move one tengah bilik. Faster and better cooling of
coulomb of charge in a complete circuit. Relocate the air conditioner the whole room.
(b) (i) I berkurang ketika V bertambah. to the middle of theroom.
I decreases as V increases Guna tirai atau Peredaran udara
(ii) V adalah tenaga yang diperlukan penutup pada dingin yang lebih
untuk menggerakkan 1 coulomb tingkap. baik.
cas melalui R. Use curtain or blinds on the Better distribution of cool
V is the energy required to move 1 coulomb window. air.
of charge through R.
Guna kipas siling. Tahan haba daripada
(iii) Ketika arus bertambah, tenaga Use a ceiling fan. Matahari.
yang dipindahkan ke perintang Blocks out heat from the
luaran berkurang. Sun.
Sebahagian daripada tenaga Tutup lantai dengan Memperlahankan
yang dibekalkan oleh bateri tikar. kekonduksian haba
digunakan dalam bateri. Cover the floor with carpet. dari lantai ke bilik
Konsep yang berkenaan ialah berkenaan.
rintangan dalam, iaitu rintangan Slows down the conduction
dalam bateri tersebut. of heat from the floor to the
As the current increases, the energy room.
transferred to the external resistor
decreases. FOKUS KBAT
Part of the energy supplied by the battery is Tenaga digunakan oleh Penyaman udara
used inside the battery. Energy used by Air-conditioner
The concept is internal resistance, which is = 1.5 kWj × 3 × 6 × 31 hari / days = 837.0 kWj
the resistance inside the battery.
= 837.0 unit / units
(c) (i) Selari / Parallel
Tenaga digunakan oleh lampu LED:
(ii) Kecerahan setiap mentol adalah Energy used by LED light:
sama kerana arus adalah sama. = 0.02 kWj × 20 × 12 × 31 hari / days = 148.8 kWj
Kecerahan mentol tidak = 148.8 unit / units
bergantung kepada bilangan Tenaga digunakan oleh TV LED:
mentol yang sedang digunakan. Energy used by LED TV:
Mentol-mentol yang lain masih = 0.15 kWj × 1 × 8 × 31 days = 37.2 kWj = 37.2
bernyala jika salah satu daripada unit / units = (837.0 + 148.8 + 37.2) unit / units
mentol itu tidak berfungsi. = 1023 unit / units
The brightness of each bulb is the same Untuk 100 kWj pertama (1 – 100 kWj) = 100 ×
because the current is the same.
The brightness of the bulbs does not
RM 0.17 = 17
depend on the number of bulbs in use. Untuk baki tenaga bagi 1000 kWj yang pertama
The other bulbs can still light up if any one = 900 × RM 0.18 = 162
of them is not working. Untuk baki tenaga bagi nilai  1000 kWj
= 23 × RM 0.20 = 4.6
= RM 17 + RM 162 + RM 4.60 = RM 183.60

BAB 2.
Keelektromagnetan
4 Electromagnetism (a) Arus masuk (b) Arus keluar
kertas kertas
Current into Current out of
4.1 Daya ke Atas Konduktor Pembawa Arus
paper paper
dalam Suatu Medan Magnet
Force on a Current-carrying Conductor
3. A: Arah daya
in a Magnetic Field
Direction of force
1. (a)
interaksi antara medan magnet B: Arah medan magnet
daripada konduktor pembawa arus Direction of magnetic field
dengan medan magnet daripada C: Arah arus
magnet kekal. Direction of current
the interaction between the magnetic field from
a current-carrying conductor and the magnetic 4.
field from a permanent magnet.
(b) Petua genggaman tangan kanan
Right hand grip rule U S
(c)
Arah arus
Direction of
current
S U
Arah medan magnet
Direction of magnetic field
5.
(a) Magnitud arus bertambah
Magnitude of current increases
(b) Arah arus disongsangkan Arah daya berubah
Direction of current reverses Direction of force changes
(c) Kekuatan medan magnet berkurang Magnitud daya bertambah
Strength of magnetic field decreases Magnitude of force increases
(d) Menggunakan konduktor lebih nipis Magnitud daya berkurang
Use a thinner conductor Magnitude of force decreases
(e) Merapatkan jarak magnet
Shorten distance between magnets

6.
Modifikasi Lebih daripada 2.0 g Tiada perubahan
Modification More than 2.0g No change
(a) Dua pasang magnet ✓
Two pairs of magnet
(b) Bekalan kuasa 2 V ✓
2 V power supply
7. (a) (i) Terbalikkan arah arus / Tukar (c) Berus Menghubungkan arus dari
kedudukan kutub magnet. karbon litar kepada gegelung
Reverse the direction of current / Swap the Carbon brush Connect the current from circuit
position of the poles of magnet. into the coil
(ii) Rapatkan jarak magnet / Tambah
(d) Komutator Songsangkan arah arus
magnitud arus. Commutator
Decrease the distance between magnet / dalam gegelung pada
Increase magnitude of current. setiap setengah putaran
(b) Konduktor tidak bergerak / Konduktor Reverse the direction in coil every
half turn
bergetar.
Conductor does not move / Conductor vibrates.
9. (a) • bawah / downwards
8. • atas / upwards
Komponen Fungsi • lawan jam / anticlockwise
Components Function (b) • Inersia, lawan jam / Inertia, anticlockwise
(a) Magnet (c) • Komutator / Commutator
Membekalkan medan • atas / upwards
kekal magnet seragam
Permanent • bawah / downwards
Provide uniform magnetic field
magnet • lawan jam / anticlockwise.
(b) Gegelung Menghasilkan medan (d) • tidak mengalir / stops flowing
Coil magnet apabila arus • lawan jam / anticlockwise
mengalir melaluinya 0.
1 (a) bertambah / increases
Produce magnetic field when
current flows through it
(b) berkurang / decreases
(c) bertambah / increases
(d) tidak berubah / does not change
11.
(b) Bilangan lilitan gegelung: banyak
Number of turn of coil: more
(a) Kekuatan medan magnet: Kuat

Strength of magnetic field: Strong
U S
(c) Jenis bahan gegelung: kuprum

Material of coil: copper
+ –
(d) Magnitud arus: tinggi

Magnitude of current: high

12.
Motor tanpa berus / Brushless motor Motor berberus / Brushed motor
Berus karbon
Carbon brush
Komutator
Magnet Commutator
Magnet
Gegelung Magnet
Magnet
Coil
Gandah Gegelung
Axle Coli
13.
Motor tanpa Motor
Pernyataan
Statement berus berberus
Brushless motor Brushed motor
(a) Mempunyai magnet dan gegelung ✓ ✓
Has a magnet and a coil
(b) Louder operational noise ✓
Bunyi operasi kuat
(c) Menggunakan daya magnet untuk menghasilkan putaran ✓ ✓
Uses magnetic force to produce rotation
(d) Coil is stationary, magnet rotates ✓
Gegelung tidak bergerak, magnet berputar
(e) Tidak ada percikan bunga api pada komutator ✓
No sparking at the commutator
(f ) Berus karbon haus disebabkan geseran antara berus karbon
dan komutator ✓
Carbon brush wear out due to friction between brush and commutator
Projek STEM berkurang, kekuatan medan magnet

rod berkurang.
Nichrome has higher resistance. Magnitude of
Dawai kuprum current flow decrease, strength of magnetic field
Copper wire around rod decrease.
4.2 Aruhan Elektromagnet

Bateri saiz AA
AA-size battery Electromagnetic Induction
1. (a) d.g.e. aruhan, gerakan relatif, medan

magnet yang berubah
induced e.m.f., relative motion, changing
Magnet neodimium magnetic field
Neodymium magnet
(b) mendekati, menjauhi
closer, further away
Kuasai SPM 4.1 (c) • D.g.e., aruhan elektromagnet
(a) (i) Ke kiri / To the left E.m.f., electromagnetic induction
(ii) kiri / Left • terpesong, arus aruhan
(b) (i) Berkurang / Decrease deflects, induced current
(ii) Nikrom mempunyai rintangan (d) • mendekati
tinggi. Magnitud arus yang mengalir towards

• dipotong • arus aruhan
are cut induced current
• D.g.e. teraruh • terpesong
E.m.f. is induced deflection
2.
(a) Kelajuan relatif bertambah
Relative speed increases Magnitud d.g.e aruhan bertambah
(b) Jumlah lilitan bertambah Magnitude of induced e.m.f increases
Number of turn increases Magnitud d.g.e aruhan berkurang
(c) Kekuatan medan magnet berkurang Magnitude of induced e.m.f decreases
Strength of magnetic field decreases
3. (a) Hukum Faraday / Faraday’s law C : arah arus / direction current

(b) bertambah / more
5. (a) Keluar kertas / Out of paper
(c) berkurang / less
(b) Masuk kertas / Into the paper
4. A : arah daya / direction of force
6. Hukum Lenz / Lenz’s law
B : arah medan magnet
direction of magnetic field
7.
X U S X U S
G G
(a) Magnet bergerak (mendekati / (c) Magnet bergerak (mendekati /

menjauhi ) solenoid. menjauhi) solenoid.
Magnet moves (towards / away) solenoid. Magnet moves (towards / away)solenoid.
(b)
Arus aruhan menghasilkan kutub (d)
Arus aruhan menghasilkan kutub
(utara / selatan) di X untuk (menarik / (utara / selatan)di X untuk (menarik /
menolak)magnet. menolak) magnet.
Induced current produces a (north / south) pole at Induced current produces a (north / south)pole at
X to (attract / repel)the magnet. X to (attract / repel) the magnet.

8.
(a)
U S
(b)
S U
9. Penjana arus terus Penjana arus ulang-alik

Direct current generator a. Gegelung Alternating current generator
Coil
b. Magnet
U S Magnet U S
e. Gelang gelincir
Slip ring
d. Komutator c. Berus karbon

Commutator Carbon brush
10.
Voltan
Voltage
0°
90° 180° 270° 360°

(b) (i) Kadar pemotongan medan magnet adalah paling tinggi pada kedudukan melintang.
Rate of cutting of magnetic field is highest when the coil is horizontal.
(ii) Tiada pemotongan medan magnet pada kedudukan gegelung menegak.
There is no cutting of magnetic field when the coil is vertical.

11.
Voltan
Voltage
0°
90° 180° 270° 360°
(b) (i) Kadar pemotongan medan magnet adalah paling tinggi pada kedudukan melintang.
Rate of cutting of magnetic field is highest when the coil is horizontal.
(ii) Tiada pemotongan medan magnet pada kedudukan gegelung menegak.
There is no cutting of magnetic field when the coil is vertical.
12.
(a) Hujung gegelung disambung kepada komutator.
End of coil connected to commutator.
(b) Menghasilkan arus ulang-alik. Penjana arus terus
Produce alternating current. Direct current generator
(c) Output ialah arus terus. Penjana arus ulang-alik
Output is direct current. Alternating current generator
(d) Hujung gegelung disambung kepada dua gelang gelincir.
Ends of the coil are connected to two slip rings.
13. (a) Banyak e.m.f. is induced due to electromagnetic induction

More • Arus aruhan mengalir
(b) Kuat induced current flow
Strong (c)
(c) Besi lembut U S
Soft iron
(d) Melengkung
Curved
(e) Laju
Fast G
(d) (i) Arah berlawanan daripada asal.

Opposite direction from the original.
Kuasai SPM 4.2 (ii) Hukum Lenz
(a) Arus yang terhasil disebabkan terdapat Lenz’s law
perubahan pada fluks magnet. (e) • Tambah laju gerakan magnet
Current produced when there is change in magnetic flux. Increase speed of magnet
(b) • Garis medan magnet dipotong lilitan • Tambah bilangan lilitan solenoid
Increase number of turns of the solenoid
solenoid
Magnetic field lines are cut by turns of the solenoid • Tambah kekuatan medan magnet
Increase strength of the magnetic field
• D.G.E. teraruh disebabkan aruhan
elektromagnet

4.3 Transformer
Transformer
1.
(a) Transformer injak naik Menurunkan voltan
Step-up transformer Decrease voltage
(b) Transformer injak turun Meningkatkan voltan
Step-down transformer Increase voltage
2.
(a) Teras besi lembut berlamina
Laminated soft iron core
(b) Gegelung primer (c) Gegelung sekunder

Primary coil Secondary coil
(d) Bekalan kuasa A.U (e) Terminal output

V
A.C power supply Output terminal
3.
(a) Bekalan kuasa a.u. menghasilkan (b) Arus ulang-alik menghasilkan medan
arus ulang-alik dalam magnet yang berubah dari segi
gegelung primer. magnitud dan arah .
A.c. power supply produces alternating Alternating current produces a magnetic field
current in primary coil. that changes in magnitude and direction .
(c) Teras besi lembut menghubungkan (d) Voltan ulang-alik diaruhkan

medan magnet yang berubah-ubah oleh medan magnet yang berubah-
dari gegelung primer ke gegelung ubah merentasi gegelung sekunder.
sekunder. Alternating voltage is induced by the
Soft iron core links the changing changes magnetic field across secondary coil.
magnetic field from the primary coil to the
secondary coil.
4. (a)
Transformer injak turun. Voltan Np Ns
berkurang. (b) =
Step-down transformer. The voltage decreases. Vp Vs

Np 250 ηA = 30%
=
24 6 ηB = 75(0.4) × 100
10(5)
Np = 1 000 lilitan / turns
ηB = 60%
Pout
5. η = × 100 Transformer B lebih cekap dari transformer A.
Ptn Transformer B is more efficient than transformer A.
ηA = 100(0.75) × 100
25(10)
6. (a) transformer unggul
ideal transformer
(b) Kecekapan transformer unggul = 100 %

Efficiency of ideal transformer = 100 %
(c) Kuasa input = Kuasa output

Input power = Output power
(d) Formula = VPIP = VSIS

Formulae
7. Vplp = Vsls
12(1.5) = 24 (l)
l = 0.75 A
8.
(a) Rintangan gegelung Gegelung sekunder dililitkan di atas gegelung primer.
Resistance of coils The secondary coil is wound on the primary coil.
(b) Arus pusar Gunakan besi lembut sebagai teras.
Eddy currents Use soft iron as the core.
(c) Histerisis Guna dawai kuprum tebal.
Hysteresis Use thick copper wire.
(d) Kebocoran fluks magnet Guna teras besi berlamina.
Leakage of magnetic flux Use a laminated iron core.
9. • Arus ulang-alik berfrekuensi tinggi dalam gegelung menghasilkan medan magnet yang
berubah-ubah pada frekuensi yang tinggi.
High-frequency alternating current in a coil produce a magnetic field that changing with high frequency.
• Arus pusar teraruh pada dasar kuali.
Eddy current is induced at the base of the pan.
• Arus pusar memanaskan dasar kuali.
Eddy currents heat up the base of the pan.

10.
Transformer turun Transformer injak naik
Step-down transformer Step-up transformer
• Pengecas komputer riba • Ketuhar gelombang
Notebook computer charger Microwave oven
• Mesin fotokopi • Defibrilator
Photocopy machine Defibrillator
• Mesin kimpalan • Mesin sinar-X
Welding machine X-ray machine
11.
(a) Penjanaan elektrik (b) Penghantaran elektrik (c) Pengagihan elektrik
Generation of electricity Transmission of electricity Distribution of electricity
20 kV 275 kV
132 kV
Transformer injak turun

(d) Transformer injak naik (e) Transformer injak turun Step-down transformer
Step-up transformer Step-down transformer
33 kV
11 kV
230 kV Step-down transformer
33 kV

Step-down transformer
2.
1 (a) injak naik / step-up Changes of magnetic field is not produced. No
• menaikkan / increase cutting of magnetic field. There is no induced e.m.f.
• kecil / small 24 (l)
(c) 70 = ×100
• berkurang / reduces 8
(b) injak turun / step-down I = 0.23 A
• menurunkan / decrease
MODUL SPM
Kuasai SPM 4.3
(a) Alatan yang mengubah voltan. Kertas 1
Device that changes voltage.
(b) (i) Mentol tidak menyala. Bahagian A
Bulb does not light up. 1. C 2. C 3. A
(ii)
Medan magnet berubah tidak 4. A 5. A 6. D
terhasilkan. Tiada pemotongan medan
magnet. Tiada d.g.e diaruhkan.

Kertas 2 36
30 = × 100
Pin
Bahagian A
Pin = 120 W
1.
P = VI
120 = (12) (I)
I = 10 A
U (c) (i)
U
Spesifikasi Sebab
Specification Reason
Teras Mengurangkan kesan arus
berlamina pusar
S S Laminated core Reduce the effect of eddy current
Kuprum Konduktor yang baik Good
Pemerhati Copper conductor
Observer
(a) (i) Medan magnet paduan yang Tebal Rintangan lebih rendah
Thick Lower resistance
dihasilkan oleh interaksi antara
medan magnet daripada Arus ulang Menghasilkan medan magnet
konduktor pembawa arus alik yang berubah arah dan
dengan medan magnet daripada Alternating magnitud
magnet kekal. current Produce magnetic field that changes
Resultant magnetic field produced by the direction and magnitude
interaction between the magnetic field Transformer Q kerana
from a current-carrying conductor and the mempunyai teras berlamina,
magnetic field from a permanent magnet. gegelung kuprum, gegelung
(ii) Peraturan tangan kiri Fleming tebal dan mempunyai bekalan
Fleming’s left hand rule kuasa arus ulang alik
(b) (i) Bertambah / Increase Transformer Q because it has laminated
(ii) Magnitud arus bertambah kerana core, copper coil, thick coil and uses
rintangan berkurang. Medan alternating current power supply.
magnet yang dihasilkan oleh (ii) Teras besi lembut. Menggunakan
konduktor pembawa arus lebih
kuat. tenaga yang lebih untuk
Magnitude of current increases because dimagnetkan.
resistance decreases. Magnetic field Soft iron core. Uses less energy to
produced by the current-carrying magnetize.
conductor is stronger. (d) • Arus ulang alik menghasilkan medan
magnet yang berubah magnitud
Bahagian B dan arah.
Alternating current produces a magnetic field
2. (a) Transformer yang tidak mengalami that changes in magnitude and direction.
kehilangan tenaga • Teras besi lembut memautkan fluks
Transformer that does not experience any loss of magnet dari gegelung primer ke
energy gegelung sekunder.
Soft iron core links magnetic flux from the
(b) P = VI primary coil to the secondary coil.
Pout = (24)(1.5) • Pemotongan medan magnet
Pout = 36 W berubah-ubah di gegelung sekunder.
There is cutting of changing magnetic field in
Pout the secondary coil.
η= × 100
Pin

• Voltan ulang-alik diaruhkan Teras besi lembut Menumpukan medan
merentasi gegelung sekunder Soft iron core magnet
Alternating voltage is induced across secondary Concentrate the magnetic field
coil due to changing magnetic field.
Gegelung kuprum Konduktor yang baik
Copper coil Good conductor
Bahagian C
3. (a) (i) Kawasan sekitar suatu magnet Jumlah lilitan Medan magnet lebih
atau konduktor pembawa arus gegelung banyak kuat
More number of turn Stronger magnetic field
di mana sebarang bahan magnet
of coil
yang berada dalam kawasan
tersebut akan mengalami daya Gelang gelincir Menghubungkan
Slip ring gegelung dan litar
magnet.
Region around a magnet or a current supaya arus ulang alik
carrying condutor where any magnetic dapat mengalir
material in the region will experience a Connect coil and circuit so that
magnetic force. alternating current can flow
(ii) • kekuatan medan magnet 3.1 =
3.2
strength of magnetic field 3.1 = 3.2 FOKUS KBAT
• kelajuan magnet 3.1 > 3.2
speed of the magnet 3.1 > 3.2
• pesongan galvanometer 3.1 >
3.2
deflection of galvanometer 3.1 > 3.2
• Semakin bertambah kelajuan
magnet, semakin bertambah
pesongan galvanometer
The faster the speed of the magnet,
the bigger the deflection of the
galvanometer
• Hukum Faraday
Faraday’s Law
(b) (i) • Garis medan magnet dipotong • Apabila arus mengalir, medan magnet akan
lilitan solenoid terbentuk di sekeliling plat logam
Magnetic field lines are cut by turns of When current flows, magnetic field are formed around the
the solenoid plates
• d.g.e. teraruh disebabkan • Arah medan magnet antara dua plat adalah
aruhan elektromagnet berlawanan antara satu sama
e.m.f. is induced due to electromagnetic lain
induction Direction of magnetic field between the two plate is
(ii) Utara. Hukum Lenz. opposite of each other
North. Lenz’s law. • Medan magnet di bahagian tengah antara
(c) dua plat adalah lebih rendah
Magnetic field between the plates is weaker
Spesifikasi Sebab
Specification Reason • Daya paduan yang terhasil bergerak ke arah
tengah
Magnet Menghasilkan medan Resultant force produced towards the center
melengkung magnet jejari • Plat mendekati antara satu sama lain
(cekung) Produce radial magnetic field
The plate becomes closer to each other
Curved magnet
(concave)

BAB
Elektronik
5 Electronics
5.1 Elektron
Electron
1.
Plat pemesongan
Deflection plate
Anod
Katod Anode S3
Cathode
Vakum
S1
Vacuum
+ + +
Bekalan
kuasa 6 V Bekalan kuasa V.L.T.
6 V power E.H.T. power supply
supply – – –
S2
– +
Bekalan kuasa V.L.T.

E.H.T. power supply
Grid berpendarfluor
Fluorecent grid
2. Vakum
Katod (filamen) Anod
Bekalan Anode Vacuum
Cathode (filament)
kuasa 6 V
6 V power supply
S1
Bayang-bayang palang Maltese
Maltese cross shadow
Sinar katod
Cathode ray Skrin berpendarfluor
S2 V.L.T.
Fluoresent screen
3. (a) elektron bebas, permukaan logam / free electrons, metal surface

(b) kelajuan tinggi, tiub vakum / high speed, vacuum tube
4. (a) Sinar katod bercas negatif.
Cathode ray is negatively charged.
✓
(b) Sinar katod bergerak dalam garisan lurus. ✓
Cathode ray travels in a straight line.
(c) Sinar katod tidak boleh dipesongkan di dalam medan magnet.
Cathode ray cannot be deflected in a magnetic field.

(d) Sinar katod boleh dipesongkan di dalam medan elektrik. ✓
Cathod ray can be deflected in an electric field.
(e) Elektron terbebas daripada logam yang dipanaskan. ✓
Electrons are released from heated metal.
5. 1
6. eV = mv2
+ 2
1
1.6 × 10–19 (550) = (9.11 × 10–31) (v2)
2
v = 1.39 × 107 m s–1
Sinar katod
Cathode ray Kuasai SPM 5.1
C
–
Medan elektrik
Electric field
5.2 Diod Semikonduktor

Semiconductor Diode
1. p n
p n
2. (a) ✗ (b) ✓ (c) ✗ (d) ✗

3. (a) V (b) V (c) V
t t t
Litar 4 Litar 5 Litar 2

Circuit 4 Circuit 5 Circuit 2
(d) V (e) V
t t
Litar 1 Litar 3
Circuit 1 Circuit 3

4.
(a) (b) (c)
5. (b) ✓ 5.3 Transistor

Transistor
Kuasai SPM 5.2 1. (a) ✓

(d) ✓
A
2. (a) Ic,×10–6A
10
Ib,×10–6A
1 2 3 4 5


(b) β = kecerunan graf, Bahagian B
gradient of graph
2. (a) (i) Pancaran termion ialah proses
Y2 – Y1 (5 – 0) × 10–3A di mana elektron dibebaskan
m= = = 5 × 104
X2 – X1 (10 – 0) × 10–6A dari permukaan logam yang
dipanaskan.
3. (a) Transistor Thermionic emission is a process by which
Transistor electrons are emitted from the surface of a
(b) Perintang tetap heated metal.
Fixed resistor (ii) • Senapang elektron
(c) Perintang peka cahaya Electron gun
Light dependent resistor • Sistem pemesongan
(d) Diod pemancar cahaya Deflection system
Light emitting diode (LED) • Skrin berpendaflour
Fluorescent screen
4. Skrin berpendaflour
Fluorescent screen
Sistem
pemesongan
Senapang elektron Deflection
Electron gun system
Voltan puncak / Peak voltage

(b) (i)
= 2 divs × 0.3 V / div
= 0.6 V
Tempoh / Period, T
(ii)
= 3 divs × 10 ms / div
= 30 ms
Kuasai SPM 5.3 Frekuensi / Frequency, f
B 1 1
= =
T 30 × 10–3
= 33.3 Hz
MODUL SPM (c)
Kertas 1 Aspek Ciri-ciri Penerangan

Aspect Characteristic Explanation
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. B Jenis Termistor Rintangan
pengesan Thermistor bergantung
Type of detector kepada haba
Kertas 2 Resistance
affected to heat
Bahagian A Kedudukan Sebelum litar Arus tapak
1. (a) (i) Arus ulang-alik / Alternating current pengesan tapak besar apabila
(ii) Arus terus / Direct current The position of Before the base keadaan
the detector circuit
(b) Menukarkan arus ulang-alik kepada panas
arus terus Large base
Convert alternating current to direct current current when
the surrounding
(c) Rektifikasi / Rectification is hot

Kedudukan Pada litar Mentol akan
The ammeter reading in Diagram 3.1 is
increasing while that in Diagram 3.2 is
mentol pengumpul menyala
The position of At the base circuit decreasing.
apabila arus
the bulb • Kedua-dua suhu dalam Rajah
melalui litar
3.1 dan Rajah 3.2 meningkat.
pengumpul Both the temperatures in Diagram 3.1
Bulb lights up and Diagram 3.2 rise.
when current
flows through the • Peningkatan bacaan ammeter
collector current dalam Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan
Sambungan Terminal positif Sambungan rintangan semikonduktor
terminal sel disambungkan bateri adalah berkurang dengan peningkatan
kering pada terminal pincang suhu.
The increment of the ammeter reading
The connection pengumpul hadapan in Diagram 3.1 indicates that the resis-
of the terminal of Positive terminal Connection tance of the semiconductor decreases as
the dry cells connected to the of batteries is the temperature increases.
collector terminal forward biased

• Penurunan bacaan ammeter
Pilihan: Litar D dalam Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan
Choice: circuit D
rintangan dawai besi bertambah
Alasan: dengan peningkatan suhu.
Reason Whereas the decrease of the ammeter
1. Menggunakan termistor reading in Diagram 3.2 indicates that
Using thermistor the resistance of the iron wire increases
2. Kedudukan sebelum litar tapak as the temperature increases.
Detector placed before base circuit
(b) • Semikonduktor jenis-n dan
3. Kedudukan mentol pada litar pengumpul jenis-p dihasilkan dengan kaedah
Bulb is positioned on collector circuit
pendopan.
4. Terminal positif sel kering disambungkan
The n-type and p-type semiconductors are
kepada terminal pengumpul
Positive terminal of dry cells is connected to the collector produced by doping.
terminal • Semikonduktor jenis-n dihasilkan
ketika atom pentavalen digunakan
Bahagian C sebagai pendopan.
3. (a) (i) Silicon / Germanium The n-type semiconductor is produced when
Silikon / Germanium pentavalent atoms are used as the dopant.
(ii) • Konduktor yang digunakan • Semikonduktor jenis-p dihasilkan
dalam Rajah 3.1 ialah ketika atom trivalen digunakan
semikonduktor manakala yang sebagai pendopan.
digunakan dalam Rajah 3.2 The p-type semiconductor is produced when
ialah dawai besi. trivalent atoms are used as the dopant.
The conductor used in Diagram 3.1 is a • Pembawa cas majoriti bagi
semiconductor whereas in Diagram 3.2 semikonduktor jenis-n dan
it is an iron wire. semikonduktor jenis-p masing-
• Bacaan ammeter dalam Rajah masing ialah elektron dan lohong.
3.1 bertambah manakala The majority carriers for the n-type
bacaan ammeter dalam Rajah semiconductor and p-type semiconductor are
3.2 menurun. electrons and holes respectively.

(c)
Aspek Ciri-ciri Penerangan
Pengesan Perintang peka cahaya (PPC) Rintangan bergantung kepada
Detector Light dependent resistor (LDR) keamatan cahaya
Resistance affected to intensity of light
Kedudukan pengesan pada B Arus tapak tinggi apabila
Location of detector at B keadaan sekeliling gela
High base current when the
surrounding is dark
Kedudukan perintang pada A dan C Mengawal arus yang mengalir
Location of resistors at A and C pada transistor
Control the amount of current flowing
through the transistor
Kedudukan diod pemancar pada D Mengeluarkan cahaya
Location of light emitting diode at D apabila arus melalui terminal
pengumpul
Light is emitted when current flows
through collector terminal
Kedudukan transistor pada E Bertindak sebagai suis
Location of transistor at E automatik
Act as an automatic switch
FOKUS KBAT
Modifikasi Penjelasan
Modification Explanation
Tukarkan perintang peka Supaya arus tapak untuk transistor dapat berubah dengan
cahaya kepada termistor. perubahan suhu.
Replace the light dependent resistor So that the base current for the transistor can be varied based on change in
with a thermistor. temperature.
Tukarkan kedudukan Supaya arus tapak untuk transistor meningkat apabila suhu
termistor dengan perintang meningkat.
R2. So that the base current of the transistor increases when the temperature increases.
Swap the position of thermistor with
resistor R2.
Tukarkan diod pemancar Supaya siren dapat menghasilkan bunyi apabila arus mengalir
cahaya dengan siren. melalui transistor.
Replace the light emitting diode So that the siren can produce sound when current flows through the transistor.
with a siren.

Sambungkan litar geganti Siren memerlukan punca kuasa 240 V. Litar transistor hanya
kepada siren. membekalkan punca kuasa
Add a relay circuit to the siren. 6 V kerana transistor tidak boleh menampung voltan yang tinggi.
Litar geganti digunakan sebagai suis untuk menghidupkan siren
yang disambungkan kepada litar luar yang dibekalkan dengan
punca kuasa 240 V.
The siren requires 240 V power supply. The transistor circuit only provides 6 V power
supply as the transistor cannot withstand high voltage. The relay is used to switch on
the siren which is connected to an external circit with 240 V power supply.
Lakaran litar baharu

Sketch of the new circuit
Siren
Siren
Bekalan kuasa 240 V

240 V a.c. power supply
Termistor
Thermistor
R1
R2

BAB
Fizik Nuklear
6 Nuclear Physics
6.1 Reputan Radioaktif

Radioaktid Decay
1. (i) 2 0–1e
(ii) 4
2 He
(iii) γ
2.
Membebaskan 42 He. ✓
4
Releases 2 He.
(a) Reputan alfa
Alpha decay
Zarah alfa bercas negatif.
Alpha particle is negatively charged.
Membebaskan 0–1e. ✓
0
Releases –1 e.
(b) Reputan beta
Beta decay
Zarah beta bercas negatif. ✓
Beta particle is negatively charged.
Sinar gama tidak bercas. ✓

Gamma ray has no charge.
(c) Reputan gama
Gamma decay
Sinar gama mempunyai jisim yang tinggi.
Gamma ray has a large mass.
3. masa, sampel, separuh Uranium-238 decays half of its initial value in every
time, sample, half 5000 million years into plumbum-206.
• Usia Bumi boleh dianggarkan melalui
4. • Apabila Bumi baru terbentuk, unsur
nisbah antara uranium-238 kepada
uranium-238 Bumi belum mereput.
When the Earth formed, Uranium-238 element has
plumbum-206 yang terdapat dalam
not decayed. batuan di Bumi.
The age of the Earth can be estimated by finding the
• Uranium-238 mereput menjadi separuh
ratio of uranium-238 to plumbum-206 inside the
daripada nilai asal setiap 5000 juta tahun Earth rocks.
kepada plumbum-206.

• Semakin tua usia Bumi, semakin kecil nisbah dan tidak membahayakan pesakit
uranium-238 kepada plumbum-206. kerana memancarkan sinar radioaktif
The older the Earth, the smaller the ratio of yang cepat berkurang.
uranium-238 to plumbum-206. Mass of radioactive element depletes faster from
the patient’s body and will minimise harm due to
5. (a) (i) the reduced radioactive rays.
Jisim/ g
Mass/ g
Kuasai SPM 6.1

200
D
6.2 Tenaga Nuklear

100
Nuclear Energy
50 1. (i) Pereputan radioaktif / Radioactive decay
25 (ii) Pembelahan nukleus / Nuclear fission
Masa/ hari
3 6 9 Time/ day (iii) Pelakuran nukleus / Nuclear fusion
(ii) 12.5 g 2.
Jenis tindak
(iii) 200 g – 12.5 g = 187.5 g Persamaan balas nuklear
Equation Types of nuclear
6. ✓ 10 minit / 10 minutes reactions
7. Jisim/ g
1
0n + 235
92 U → 92 U →
236
Pembelahan
(i) Ba + 92 Fission
36 Kr + 30 n +
141 1
Mass/ g 56
tenaga / energy
2
H + 31 H → 42 He + 10 n Pelakuran
(ii) 1
Fusion
+ tenaga / energy
3. (a) 238
92 U → 90 Rn + 2 He
234 4
(b) Cacat jisim:

Jumlah jisim sebelum tindak balas
nuklear – jumlah jisim selepas tindak
Masa/ hari balas nuklear
Time/ day Mass defect:
Total mass before nuclear reaction – total mass
8. N : Bilangan unsur yang belum reput after nuclear reaction.
Number of undecayed elements
(238.05078 u) – (234.04360 u + 4.00150 u)
n : Bilangan separuh hayat
Number of half-life
= 0.00568 u
N0 : Jumlah asal unsur (c) 1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
Total initial of element 0.0568 u = 0.0568 × 1.66 × 10–27 kg
= 9.42 × 10–29 kg
9. (a) panjang / long
Unsur radioaktif berkenaan tak perlu (d) E = mc2 = (9.42 × 10–29 kg) (3 × 108
ditukar secara kerap. m s–1)2 = 8.478 × 10–12 J
The radioactive element does not have to be
frequently replaced.
(e) 1 MeV = 1.6 × 10–13 J
(b) pendek / short 8.48 × 10–2 J
8.48 × 10–12 J →
Jisim unsur radioaktif berkenaan cepat J
menyusut dari tubuh badan pesakit 1.6 × 10–13 MeV

4. (a) Bahan api (rod uranium) (c) (i) Zarah alfa / Alpha particle
Fuel (uranium rod) (ii) Bercas positif / Positively charged
bahan api, nuklear, pembelahan
fuel, nuclear, fission Bahagian B
(b) Moderator
Moderator 2. (a) Radioisotop adalah isotop suatu unsur
Memperlahankan, grafit yang radioaktif, terdiri daripada atom
graphite, Slows down yang tidak stabil yang mempunyai
(c) Rod pengawal bilangan proton yang sama tetapi
control rod bilangan neutron yang berbeza.
neutron, boron, kadmium Radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of an
neutrons, boron, cadmium element, consisting of unstable atoms that
have the same number of protons but differing
Kuasai SPM 6.2

numbers of neutrons.
(b) • Pengesan digunakan untuk
C mengesan sinaran radioaktif yang
melalui kertas.
A detector is used to detect radioactive
MODUL SPM radiations that passed through the paper.
• Bacaan rendah pada pengesan
Kertas 1 menunjukkan kertas tebal.
Low reading in the detector indicate a thick
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B paper.
• Isyarat dihantar ke penggelek
Kertas 2
pengawal ketebalan untuk menekan
Bahagian A kertas untuk menjadikannya lebih
nipis.
1. (a) Masa yang diambil untuk separuh
A signal is sent to thickness control roller to
daripada bilangan asal nukleus
press on the paper to make it thinner.
radioaktif mereput.
Time taken for half of radioactive nucleus to decay.
• Manakala bacaan yang tinggi pada
(b) Uranium-238 tidak stabil pengesan menunjukkan kertas nipis.
Uranium-238 is unstable Whereas a high reading in the detector indicate
a thin paper.
(c)
Bahan api Uranium Membebaskan tenaga yang besar
Fuel Uranium Release large amount of energy
Keadaan fizikal bahan Tidak berlaku kebocoran

Pepejal Does not spill
api Solid Mudah dikendalikan
Physical state of fuel
Easy to handle
Rod kawalan Kadmium Menyerap lebihan neutron
Control rod Cadmium Absorb excess of neutrons
Menghalang hampir kesemua jenis sinaran radioaktif
Bahan dinding Konkrit
Material of wall Concrete daripada keluar
Prevent nearly all type of radiation of getting out

Pilihan / Choice: Reaktor B / Reactor B
Alasan / Reason:
1. Menggunakan uranium / Use uranium
2. Dalam bentuk pepejal / State of matter is solid
3. Kadmium sebagai rod kawalan / Cadmium as control rods
4. Konkrit sebagai dinding / Concrete as wall
(d) [Tunjukkan dalam graf / Show in the graph]
Separuh hayat bagi barium-143 = 12 s
The half-life of barium-143 = 12 s
(e) 20 000 → 10 000 → 5 000 → 2 500 → 1 250
5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs 5 yrs
Selepas 20 tahun atau 4 separuh-hayat, aktiviti ialah 1 250 bilangan sesaat.
After 20 years or 4 half-life, the activity is 1 250 counts per second.
Bahagian C As the number of radioactive nuclides decreases

the count rate also decreases.
3. (a) Atom-atom yang mempunyai nombor
Proses itu dikenali sebagai reputan
proton yang sama tetapi nombor
radioaktif.
nukleon yang berlainan / Atom-atom The process is known as radioactive decay.
yang mempunyai bilangan proton (c) Perbezaan / Difference
yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron • Dalam pembelahan nuklear, nukleus
yang berlainan. yang berat dipisahkan menjadi
Atoms having the same proton number but nukleus-nukleus yang lebih ringan.
different nucleon number / Atoms having the In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus splits into
same number of protons but different number of lighter nuclei.
neutrons.
• Dalam pelakuran nuklear, dua
(b)
Fosforus-32 memancarkan sinaran
nukleus yang ringan bergabung
radioaktif yang boleh dikesan oleh
untuk membentuk satu nukleus
tiub GM dan meter kadar.
Phosphorous-32 emits radioactive radiations
yang lebih berat.
In nuclear fusion, two light nuclei combine to
which are detected by the G-M tube and
form a heavier nucleus.
ratemeter.
Nuklid fosforus bertukar menjadi Persamaan / Similarity
nuklid stabil yang tidak mereput. • Kedua-dua tindak balas itu
The phosphorous nuclides change to stable menghasilkan cacat jisim.
nuclides which do not decay. Both the reactions result in a mass defect.
Pada mulanya, nuklid radioaktif lebih Jisim yang hilang itu ditukarkan
banyak dan kadar bilangan lebih menjadi tenaga yang dibebaskan
tinggi. dalam tindak balas.
Initially, there are more radioactive nuclides and The missing mass was converted into energy
the count rate is higher. which was released in the reaction.
Apabila bilangan nuklid radioaktif
berkurang, kadar bilangan juga
berkurang.

(c)
Kedudukan reaktor nuklear Jauh dari penempatan Mengelakkan bencana besar
Location of nuclear reactor manusia sekiranya berlaku kemalangan
Far from human settlements di reaktor
Avoid from catastrophe in case of
accident at reactor
Jenis bahan api Uranium Membebaskan tenaga yang
Type of fuel Uranium besar daripada tindak balas
pembelahan nukleus
Release large amount of energy from
nuclear fission reaction
Keadaan fizikal bahan api Pepejal Mengelakkan berlakunya
Physical state of fuel Solid kebocoran
To avoid from leakage
Jenis bahan sebagai rod Kadmium atau boron Menyerap neutron yang
kawalan Cadmium or boron berlebihan
Type of material as control rods Absorb excess neutrons
Separuh hayat bahan api Panjang Boleh digunakan untuk jangka
Half life of fuel Long masa yang panjang
Can be used for a long time

FOKUS KBAT
Aspek Ciri-ciri Keterangan
Aspect Characteristics Explanation
Bahan api Uranium Menghasilkan tenaga yang lebih besar
Fuel Uranium Produce higher energy
Mudah untuk dikawal / elak berlaku tumpahan/
Keadaan fizikal bahan api Pepejal
Physical state of fuel Solid kebocoran
Easy to handle/avoid from spill/leak
Boleh digunakan untuk jangka masa yang
Separuh hayat bahan api Panjang panjang / tak perlu kerap ditukar
Half-life of fuel Long Can be used for a very long time / do not need for frequent
replacement
Menyerap lebihan neutron daripada tindak
Bahan untuk rod kawalan Boron balas berantai nuklear uranium
Material for control rod Boron Absorbs excess neutrons from the chain nuclear reaction of
uranium
Reaktor nuklear yang paling sesuai ialah W.

The most suitable nuclear reactor is W.

BAB
Fizik Kuantum
7 Quantum Physics
7.1 Teori Cahaya Kuantum

Quantum Theory of Light
1.
Penglibatan ahli fizik dalam pencetusan idea teori fizik kuantum
The involvement of physicist in the discovery of ideas that sparked the Quantum Physics Theory
Teori Klasik / Classical Theory Teori Kuantum / Quantum Theory
Isaac Newton Max Planck
Thomas Young Albert Einstein
John Dalton Niels Bohr
J.J. Thomson Louis de Broglie
2. (a)
Nama ahli fizik Penemuan utama Penerangan penemuan
Name of physicist Main finding Explanation of the finding
Isaac Newton Sifat zarah cahaya • Cahaya sebagai satu aliran zarah melalui
(1643 – 1727) The particle nature of light eksperimen pembiasan cahaya.
Light as a single stream of particles by refraction
experiment
Thomas Young Eksperimen dwicelah • Membuktikan cahaya bersifat gelombang

(1773 – 1829) cahaya Proved that light is a wave
Double-slit experiment
John Dalton Model atom dalton • Atom merupakan zarah asas bagi setiap
(1766 – 1844) Dalton atomic model jirim.
Atom is a basic particle of each matter.
J.J. Thomson Penemuan elektron • Elektron ialah zarah subatom bercas

(1856 – 1940) Discovery of electrons negatif.
Electron is a subatom particle negatively charged.

(b)
Nama ahli fizik Penemuan utama Penerangan penemuan

Name of physicist Main finding Explanation of the finding
Max Planck Kuantum tenaga • Jasad hitam memancarkan gelombang

(1858 – 1947) (tenaga yang diskrit) elektromagnet berbentuk tenaga diskrit berkadar
Quantum energy (discrete terus dengan frekuensi getaran
energy) The black body emits electromagnetic wave in the form of discrete
energy that is directly proportional to the wave frequency.
• Keamatan sinaran berkadar songsang dengan
frekuensi gelombang.
The intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the wave
frequency.
Albert Einstein Konsep foton – cahaya • Tenaga foton berkadar terus dengan frekuensi
(1879 – 1955) terdiri daripada foton gelombang cahaya.
Photon concept-light consists Photon energy is directly proportional to the light wave frequency.
of photon • Kesan fotoelektrik diterangkan melalui teori foton
Einstein.
Photoelectric effect is explained in Einstein's photon theory.
Niels Bohr Penghasilan spektrum • Elektron bergerak mengelilingi atom nukleus.

(1885 – 1962) garis oleh atom Electron moves around the nucleus atom.
hidrogen • Pemindahan elektron dari petala paras
Production of line spectrum tenaga tinggi ke petala paras tenaga rendah
by hydrogen atoms memancarkan foton.
The transition of electron from higher energy level shell to lower
energy level shell emits photons.
Louis de Broglie Zarah bersifat • Memperkenalkan hipotesis de Broglie iaitu sifat

(1892 – 1987) gelombang kedualan zarah-gelombang.
Wave nature of particles Introduced de Broglie hypothesis which is the wave-particle
duality.

3.
Terhasil melalui Terhasil oleh

penyerakan atom yang
cahaya putih teruja
Produced by white Spektrum Produced by an
light scattering excited atom
elektromagnet
Electromagnetic
spectrum
Mengukur
Bersifat kewujudan
selanjar unsur
Continuous To measure the
presence of elements
Spektrum
selanjar Spektrum garis
Continuously Line spectrum
spectrum
Spektrum
dengan
tujuh Siri spektrum
warna cahaya garis tersendiri
Spectrum with Series of spectrum
seven light jurang Garis warna
Tiada
colours dengan panjang
pemisahan gelombang dan
antara warna frekuensi unik
No separated
gap Colour line with
wavelength and
between colours
unique frequency

4.
(a) Definisi / Definition: (b) Teori Kuantum Max Planck dan

Paket tenaga yang diskrit dan Albert Einstein menyatakan:
Max Planck’s and Albert Einstein’s
bukan tenaga selanjar Quantum Theory states that:
Discrete energy packet and not a
Foton ialah tenaga cahaya
continuous energy.
wujud dalam bentuk paket
tenaga.
Photon is light energy exists in the form
(c) Foton ialah / Photon is: of energy packet.
Kuantum tenaga cahaya yang
boleh dipindahkan.
Light energies transferred in quantum of (e) Hubungan antara tenaga foton
energy. dengan frekuensi gelombang
Kuantum cahaya:
tenaga Relationship between photon energy and
(d) Formula penyelesaian masalah Quantum of frequency of light wave:
kuantum tenaga: energy Eαf
Formula to solve problem on quantum of E berkadar terus dengan f
energy:
E is directly proportional to f
hc
E = ℎf atau / or E = hf
λ E=

Iaitu / which:
E = Tenaga foton
Photon energy (f ) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
h = Pemalar Planck paket tenaga diskrit:
Planck's constant Factors affecting discrete energy packet:
(6.63 10 Js)
–34
(i) Frekuensi gelombang
Wave frequency
f = Frekuensi gelombang
Wave frequency (ii) Panjang gelombang
Wavelength
(g) Lakar graf yang menunjukkan hubungan formula tenaga foton:

Sketch the graph to show the relationship of photon energy formulae:
E E
f λ

5.
Kedualan Gelombang-Zarah
Wave-Particle Duality
(a) dikenali sebagai : Hipotesis de Broglie

also known as : de Broglie’s hypothesis
Cahaya bersifat gelombang Cahaya bersifat Zarah

Light behaves as a wave Light behaves as a particle
(b) Pembuktian hipotesis de Broglie (g) Louis de Broglie menyatakan bahawa:

telah dibuktikan melalui eksperimen Semua zarah boleh menunjukkan ciri-
pembelauan elektron. ciri gelombang.
The validation of de Broglie’s hypothesis was Louis de Broglie states that:
confirmed through electron diffraction experiments . All particles can exhibit wave characteristics.
(c) Corak pembelauan elektron melalui (h) Louis de Broglie telah menerbitkan
lapisan grafit nipis menyerupai corak persamaan gelombang bersifat zarah:
pembelauan cahaya melalui bukaan Louis de Broglie derived an equation to relate the
membulat. behaviour of wave as a particle.
The diffraction patterns of electrons through a thin (i)
layer of graphite resembles the light diffraction
Formula:
Formulae
patterns through an aperture.
h
(d) Panjang gelombang de Broglie suatu λ= , p = mv
alur elektron ialah 1000 – 10000 kali p
lebih pendek berbanding dengan h
→ mv =
panjang gelombang cahaya.
The de Broglie wavelength of an electron beam
(j) Semakin besar momentum zarah,
is approximately 1000 – 10000 times shorter
semakin pendek panjang gelombang.
compared to the wavelength of light.
The greater the momentum of the particle, the
(e) Sifat panjang gelombang de Broglie shorter the wavelength.
merupakan ciri penting menghasilkan (k) Ciri gelombang tidak dapat
pembesaran lebih tinggi dalam operasi
diperhatikan kerana nilai pemalar
mikroskop elektron. Planck, h adalah sangat kecil dan
The property de Broglie wavelength is very
zarah yang berjisim besar mempunyai
important for higher magnification of electron panjang gelombang de Broglie terlalu
microscope. pendek untuk dikesan.
The wave characteristics cannot be observed since
(f ) Formula = Panjang gelombang the Planck constant, h is very small and particles
Formulae: Wavelength of a large masses will have de Broglie wavelength
h h = Pemalar Planck which are too short to be detected.
λ=
mv Planck’s constant
v = Halaju zarah
Velocity of particle
m = Jisim zarah
Mass of particle

6. E = ℎf Kuasai SPM 7.1
E = (6.63 ×10–34) (3.4 × 1014)
E = 2.2542 × 10–19J h
1. (a) Momentum, p =
p λ
n= 6.68 × 10–34
= =1.18 × 10–27 kg m s–1
hf 560 × 10–19
(4.5 × 10–3) (b) Tenaga setiap foton
n= Energy of each photon,
2.2542 × 10–19
n = 1.9963 × 1016 hc
E = ℎf =
= pc
λ
= 1.18 × 10–27 kg ms–1 × 3.0 × 108 ms–1
7.2 Kesan Fotoelektrik
= 3.54 × 10–19 J
Photoelectric Effect
1.
Konsep fizik Maksud

Physics concept Definition
Kesan Apabila suatu permukaan logam disinari oleh alur cahaya yang mempunyai
Fotoelektrik frekuensi tertentu, elektron daripada logam itu dipancar keluar.
Photoelectric When a metal surface is illuminated by a beam of light at a certain frequency, electrons can be emitted
Electric from the metal.
Fotoelektron Elektron yang terpancar dari permukaan logam peka cahaya (katod) apabila
Photoelectron disinari dengan alur cahaya tertentu.
Electrons which emitted from a light sensitive metal surface (cathode) when it is illuminated with a
certain light beam.
Foton Kuantum tenaga cahaya yang boleh dipindahkan.

Photon Light energies transferred in a quantum of energy.
2. (a) Cahaya ultra-ungu (b) E = ℎf

Ultra-violet light Elektron E = (6.63 × 10–34)(5.3 × 1014)
Electron
E = 3.5139 × 10–19J
P
n =
hf(5.0 × 10–3)
Logam n =
Metal
3.5139 × 10–19
n = 1.4229 × 1016

3.
Fungsi: Menerima sinaran gelombang

electromagnet dan memancarkan Fungsi: Mengumpul atau menerima
electron daripada permukaannya pancaran elektron daripada katod
Function: Emission of electron from a
metal surface when it is illuminated by an Function: Collects or receives electron beam
electromagnetic wave from the cathode.
(a) Permukaan logam Sinar tuju

(c) Pengesan
Permukaan logam Detector
Incident light
Katod Anod
Cathode Anode
e
(b) Tiub vakum A
(d) Ammeter
Vacuum tube Ammeter
Bateri
Battery
Fungsi: Mestilah vakum untuk memastikan

Fungsi: Mengukur arus fotoelektrik
tiada ganguan kepada pancaran electron dari dalam litar
katod ke anod
Function: Should be vacuum to prevent any Function: Measures the photoelectric current in
interruption of electron when moving from the circuit
cathode to anode
4.
Panjang
Frekuensi foton Voltan mula Tenaga foton
gelombang LED,
Photon frequency menyalakan LED dikeluarkan
λ The voltage starts to Photon energy released
LED wavelength, λ c 3 × 108
f= = (Hz) light up the LED,V(V) E = eV, (J)
(nm) λ λ
430 6.98 × 1014 2.75 4.40 × 10–19
505 5.94 × 1014 2.19 3.50 × 10–19
560 5.36 × 1014 2.00 3.20 × 10–19
615 4.88 × 1014 1.87 2.99 × 10–19
655 4.58 × 1014 1.75 2.80 × 10–19

E(x 10–19 J)
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 f(x 1014 Hz)

(4.2 – 1.2) × 10–19 mempunyai frekuensi tertentu,
= elektron daripada logam itu dipancar
(7 – 2) × 1014
keluar.
= 0.6 × 10–33 When a metal surface is illuminated by a beam
= 6.0 × 10–34 J s ≈ 6.34 ×10–34 J s of light at a certain frequency, electrons can be
Perbincangan / Discussion emitted from the metal.
1. foton /photon (b) Frekuensi minimum diperlukan untuk
2. voltan pengaktifan / activation voltage menghasilkan kesan fotoelektrik pada
3. Kecerunan / The gradient logam.
The minimum frequency required to produce
5. (a) tinggi, tinggi photoelectric effect on a metal.
higher, greater (c)
Panjang gelombang maksimum
(b) terpancar, lebih besar cahaya yang diperlukan oleh logam
emitted, greater than
untuk memancarkan elektron.
(c) kinetik, tidak, bertambah The maximum wavelength of light needed for a
kinetic, does not, increase metal to emit electrons.
(d) serta-merta, rendah (d) tinggi tenaga kinetik fotoelektron yang
instantaneous, low
dipancarkan daripada permukaan
(e) keamatan logam
intensity
the kinetic energy of the phitielectrons emitted
(f ) elektron, frekuensi, kinetik from the metal surface
electrons, frequency, kinetic
(f ) keamatan cahaya
(g) elektron the intensity of light
electrons
(h) frekuensi ambang logam
(h) kinetik threshold frequency of metal
kinetic
(i) gelombang ambang logam
(i) tenaga, keamatan cahaya threshold wavelength of metal
high, intensity of light
6. (a) logam, elektron, fotoelektron Kuasai SPM 7.2

metal, electrons, photoelectrons
(b) anod, arus D
anode, current
(c) arus
current 7.3 Teori Fotoelektrik Einstein
Einstein’s Photoelectric Theory
7. (a) Apabila suatu permukaan logam
disinari oleh alur cahaya yang 1. (a) kesan fotoelektrik
photoelectric effect

(b) foton, elektron, kinetik 2. (a) frekuensi minimum, kesan fotoelektrik
photon, electron, kinetic minimum frequency, photoelectric effect
(c) tenaga kinetik maksimum + fungsi (b) tenaga minimum
kerja minimum energy
maximum kinetic energy + work function
1
ℎf = mv2 maks + W0
2
3. 1 mv2
Kmaks =—
2 maks
(i) Kecerunan = h (ii) Tenaga foton

Gradient Photon energy
1 mv2 (iii) Fungsi kerja

— = hf – W0
2 maks Work function
(iv) Tenaga kinetik maksimum
Maximum kinetic energy
f0
–W0
(v) Frekuensi ambang
Threshold frequency
(d) Tiada elektron dapat dibebaskan dari permukaan logam.

No electrons can be released from the metal surface.
4.
Panjang gelombang Frekuensi ambang Fungsi kerja

Jenis logam Wavelength Threshold frequency Work function
Type of metal c
λ (nm) f0 = ×105 Hz W = (hf0)/e (eV)
λ
Natrium / Sodium 541 0.54 2.3

Zink / Zinc 288 1.04 4.3
Platinum / Platinum 192 1.54 6.4
(b) (i) (b) Daripada graf / from graph. Fungsi kerja /

work function,
Dengan W adalah fungsi kerja Pintasan pada paksi Kmaks
pemalar Planck intercept on
h adalah dan
frekuensi ambang Kmax axis = W0 = –2 × 10–19 J
f adalah
0
With W is a work function 1.2 × 10–19
Planck's constant W0 = = –1.25 eV
h is the and 1.6 × 10–19 J
f0 is the threshold frequency (c) Kecerunan graf / gradient of graph =
3 × 10–19
= 6 ×10–34 Js
5. (a) Daripada graf / from the graph, frekuensi (8 – 3) × 1014
ambang / threshold frequency (d) Daripada graf / From graph,
Pintasan pada paksi f / intercept on f axis apabila / when f = 8 × 1014 Hz,
= 3 × 1014 Hz Kmaks = 3 × 10–19 J

6. (a) fotoelektrik
photoelectric
(b) litium, cesium, divakumkan
lithium, cesium, vacuumed
(c) katod, fotoelektron
cathode, photoelectrons
(d) anod, arus Jam tangan
anode, current
Watches
7. (a) suria, elektrik
solar, electrical
(b) Kuasai SPM 7.3

(a) Fungsi kerja / work function,
= 4.22 eV = 4.22 × 1.6 x 10–19 J
= 6.75 × 10–19 J
W = hfo
Pembuka pintu 6.75 × 10–19 = 6.63 × 10–34 × fo
automatik Frekuensi ambang / Threshold frequency,
Automatic door
fo = 6.75 × 10–34 =1.02 × 10–15 Hz
–19
opener
6.63 × 10
(b) Tenaga foton / Photon energy,
E = hf = hc = 6.63 × 10 × 3.0 × 108
–34
λ 2.75 × 10–9
= 7.23 × 10 J –19
Pengesan imej Kmaks = E – WO

kamera 1 mv2 = 7.23 × 10–19 − 6.75 × 10–19
Camera image 2
detector
v2 = 0.48 × 10 –31 × 2 = 1.05 × 1011
–19

9.11 × 10
v = 3.25 × 105 m s–1
MODUL SPM
Panel suria
Satellite solar Kertas 1
panels
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. D
6. A 7. A 8. A
Kertas 2
Bahagian A
Kalkulator
Calculator 1. (a) Spektrum garis
Line spectrum ✓

(b) (i) Panjang gelombang / Wavelength

(c) (i) Foton = kuantum tenaga cahaya lebih rendah daripada 2.46 eV
yang boleh dipindahkan akan memancarkan fotoelektron
Photon = light energies transferred in apabila cahaya tampak
quantum of energy
menyinarinya.
(ii) Semakin bertambah panjang Thus potassium and aurum having a
gelombang cahaya, semakin work function lower than 2.46 eV will emit
rendah tenaga foton. photoelectrons when light appears to
The greater the wavelength of light, the illuminate them.
lower the photon energy. (b) (i)
2. (a) Ya, ammeter tersebut akan menunjukkan Cadangan Sebab
Suggestion Reason
bacaan yang kecil. Fotoarus telah
terhasil kerana frekuensi bagi cahaya Sel foto Jimat tenaga elektrik
hijau melebihi frekuensi ambang. semikonduktor dan bersaiz kecil
Yes, the ammeter will show a small reading. Semiconductor photo Save electricity and small size
Photocurrent is produced because the frequency cells
of green light has exceeded threshold frequency. Keamatan punca Penggunaan tenaga
1 cahaya yang yang sedikit
(b) (i) m v2 = ℎf – W
2 e rendah Low energy consumption
6.2 × 10–20 = (6.63 × 10–34) (6 × 1014) – W Low light source
W = 3.36 × 10–19 J intensity
(ii) W = ℎf0 Punca cahaya Lebih selamat, kurang
W 3.36 × 10–19 warna inframerah kesan buruk berbanding
f0 = = = Infrared color light
h 6.63 x 10–34 ultraungu , kurang
source
5.06 × 1014Hz pembelauan.
(c) (i) Berkurang; Tiada bacaan Safer, less adverse effects than
Decreases; No reading ultraviolet, less diffraction.
(ii) Bertambah Fungsi kerja logam Lebih efisien, peka,lebih
Increases yang rendah cekap
(iii) Tiada perubahan Low metal working More efficient, sensitive, more
Unchanged function efficient
Y dipilih Sel foto semikonduktor,
Bahagian B Y is choosen keamatan punca cahaya
3. (a) (i) E = nℎ
()c
λ
rendah, inframerah
dan fungsi kerja logam
Eλ rendah
n =
hc Semiconductor photo cell,
low light source intensity,
= 10 × 460 × 10
–18 –19
infrared and low metal working
6.63 × 10–34 × 3.00 × 108 function
= 2.31/ bilangan minimum foton 2
(c) (i) Fungsi kerja / work function
Minimum number of photon is 2
= 2.29 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
(ii) Paket tenaga yang diskrit dan
= 3.65 × 10–19 J
bukan tenaga selanjar
Discrete energy packet and not a
continuous energy
Tenaga foton = E = ℎ
c
λ ()
( )
(iii) Tenaga foton / Photon energy = 3.94
= 6.63 × 10–34 3 × 10
8
× 10–19J ÷1.6 × 10–19 J = 2.46 eV

650 × 10–9
Maka potasium dan aurum yang = 3.06 × 10–19
mempunyai fungsi kerja yang

Kesan fotoelektrik tidak berlaku dibebaskan daripada permukaan
kerana tenaga cahaya merah logam bertambah.
lebih rendah dari fungsi kerja Frequency increases as wavelength of light
decrease. As frequency of light increases, speed of
logam kalium.
electron ejected from the metal surface increases.
The photoelectric effect does not occur
because the energy of red light is lower (d) • Tenaga minimum yang diperlukan
than the work function of potassium untuk membebaskan elektron
metal. daripada permukaan logam dikenali
(ii) Panjang gelombang ambang sebagai fungsi kerja.
threshold wavelength
The minimum energy required to release the
= λO = hc electron from a particular metal surface is
w called work function of the metal

(
= 6.63 × 10 × 3 × 10
–34
3.65 × 10–19
8
) • Tenaga minimum ini diperlukan

untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara
= 5.45 × 10−7m

elektron dan atom dalam logam.
This minimum amount of energy is needed to
overcome the binding forces which bind the
Bahagian C
electron within the metal
4. (a) Kesan fotoelektrik • Frekuensi minimum bagi cahaya
Photoelectrik effect
untuk membebaskan elektron
(b) (i) panjang gelombang bagi cahaya
daripada permukaan logam dikenali
hijau > cahaya biru.
the wavelength of the green light > blue
sebagai frekuensi ambang.
light. The minimum frequency of the light in order
to release electrons from the metal surface is
(ii) cahaya hijau < cahaya biru.
the frequency of the green < blue light known as threshold frequency
(iii) laju elektron yang dibebaskan • Jika frekuensi cahaya melebihi
rajah 4.1 < rajah 4.2. frekuensi ambang, tenaga foton
the speed of electrons being ejected akan melebihi fungsi kerja bagi
diagram 4.1 <4.1 logam, maka kesan fotoelektrik
(c) Frekuensi bertambah apabila dapat diperhatikan.
panjang gelombang bagi cahaya
If frequency of light is exceeding threshold
berkurang. Apabila frekuensi cahaya frequency, energy of photons will exceed work
function of the metal, hence photoelectric
bertambah,laju elektron yang
effect will be observed
(e)
Cadangan Sebab
Suggestion Reason
J ialah bekalan kuasa K dan M memerlukan bekalan kuasa elektrik untuk berfungsi.
J is power supply K and M need electric power supply to function.
K ialah pemancar inframerah Inframerah kurang mengalami pembelauan berbanding
K is infrared transmitter gelombang radio. Frekuensi inframerah melebihi frekuensi ambang
logam di dalam penerima inframerah.
Infrared has less diffraction than radio wave. Frequency of infrared exceeds the
threshold frequency of metal in the infrared receiver.
L menuju sinar ke arah kanan Inframerah ditujukan kepada M untuk menghasilkan kesan
L is to direct the ray to the right fotoelektrik.
Infrared is incident to M in order to produce photoelectric effect.

M ialah penerima inframerah Fungsi kerja bagi logam dalam penerima cukup rendah bagi foton
M is Infrared receiver inframerah membebaskan elektron daripada permukaan logam.
Work function of the met.al in the receiver is low enough for the infrared photon to
release electrons from the metal.
N ialah skrin paparan Output daripada prosesor akan memaparkan hasil pengiraan di
N is display screen skrin.
Output of the processor will show the counting result on the screen.
FOKUS KBAT Maka, julat frekuensi mengeluarkan

(a) ① Frekuensi ambang / Threshold frequency , elektron ialah di antara 5.51 × 1014 Hz hingga
fo 7.90 × 1014 Hz
Nilai frekuensi minima di mana elektron Therefore, range of frequencies is in between 5.51 × 1014
Hz to 7.90 × 1014 Hz
dikeluarkan dari permukaan logam
A minimum frequency value is required at which (b) ① Tenaga kinetik maksimum tertinggi /
electrons are ejected from the metal surface maximum kinetic energy , K maks
② Fungsi kerja / work function,
② Fungsi kerja , W = 2.28 eV
W = 3.65 × 10–19 J
= 2.28 × 1.60 × 10–19
Pemalar Planck / Planck’s constant,
= 3.65 × 10–19 J [ tukar kepada unit S.I /
h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
change to S.I unit]
Frekuensi tertinggi / highest frequency,
Pemalar planck / Planck constant,
f = 7.90 × 1014 Hz
h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
③ Daripada Persamaan Fotoelektrik Einstein
③ Daripada formula fungsi kerja, from the / From Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation:
work function formula , W = hfo hf = K maks + W
Maka frekuensi ambang , Thus, threshold K maks = hf – W
W ④ K maks
frequency ,fo =
h = [6.63 × 10–34 × 7.90 × 1014] – 3.65 × 10–19 J
W 3.65 × 10–19 = 1.59 × 10–19 J
④ fo = = = 5.51 × 1014 Hz
h 6.63 × 10–34

Kertas Model SPM
KERTAS 1 / PAPER 1
(c) P = mv = 7500 × 25
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. A = 187500 kg m s–1
6. A 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. A
3. (a) Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk
11. A 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. D menaikkan suhu objek sebanyak
1°C/1K bagi jisim 1 kg bahan itu.
16. A 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. C The quantity of heat required to raise an object’s
21. D 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. B temperature by 1°C/1K for a mass of 1 kg.
26. A 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. C (b) 48°C
(c) (i) Q = mcq
31. B 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. A
= 0.5 × 4 200 × (48 – 26)
36. A 37. B 38. B 39. D 40. C = 46 200 J
Q
KERTAS 2 / PAPER 2 (ii) c =
mq
1. (a) 46 200
=
frekuensi minimum foton cahaya yang 1 × (48 – 26)
= 2 100 J kg–1 °C
✓ menghasilkan kesan fotoelektrik.
the minimum frequency of light photons producing a
photoelectric effect.
4. (a)
(i) Kawasan elektrik terdapat
daya elektrik. // kawasan di
(b) (i) Frekuensi ambang / Threshold sekitar zarah yang bercas yang
frquency fo : 2.0 × 10 14 Hz
memberikan daya elektrik.
(ii) K/ eV A region in which there is an electric force //
a region around a charged particle which
1.0
gives the electric force on another charged
0.8 particle.
0.6
(ii) Bertambah / Increase
0.4 (b)
(i) P: Cas positif / Positive charge
√
0.2 Q: Cas negatif / Negative charge
f/ 1014 Hz (ii) Cas negative / Negative charge
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(iii) Ditarik ke plat P// Ditolak dari plat
(c) Elektron tidak terbebas keluar dari Q// ditolak ke plat P.
permukaan logam. Attracted to P plate// Repelled away from
Electrons are not released out of the metal Q plate.
surface. (c) (i)
2. (a) Had laju adalah laju (maksimum,
minimum) yang dibenarkan untuk Plat logam
kenderaan itu bergerak di atas jalan Metal plate
The speed limit is the (maximum, minimum)

+ VLT –
speed allowed for the vehicle to move on the
road. Voltan lampau tinggi
High voltage supply
90 km 1000 m 1 j/h
(b) v = × × Note : Sebahagian besar api
1 j/h 1 km 3600 s
dilukis ke arah plat negatif.
= 25 m s–1

The flame flattens and spreads out more 2. Garis antinodal terhasil apabila
toward the negative plate. interferens membina berlaku.
(ii) 1. Api yang panas menghasilkan Antinodes lines produce when constructive
ion positif dan ion negatif. interference occurs.
The heat of burning a candle produces (ii) Prinsip superposisi
positive and negative ions. Principle of superposition
2. Ion positif mempunyai jisim 6. (a) (i) Suatu proses nukleus tak stabil
dan saiz yang lebih besar menjadi nukleus yang lebih stabil
menarik sebahagian besar api dengan membebaskan sinar
ke arah plat negatif. radioaktif.
The positive ions have a larger mass A process of the unstable nucleus becomes
and size pulling most of the flame a more stable nucleus by emitting
towards the negative plate. radiations.
5. (a) Sumber gelombang menghasilkan (ii) 241
83BI → 210
81 TI + 2He

4
gelombang yang mempunyai (b)

(i) Jisim nuklid induk dalam
frekuensi dan fasa yang sama. Rajah 6.2 > Rajah 6.3.
The wave sources produced waves with the same Mass of the parent nuclide in Diagram 6.2 >
frequency and phase. Diagram 6.3.
(b) (i) Panjang gelombang bagi (ii) Jisim nuklid anak dalam Rajah 6.2
gelombang air, l dalam Rajah > Rajah 6.3
5.1 < panjang gelombang bagi mass of the daughter nuclide in
Diagram 6.2 > Diagram 6.3
gelombang air, l dalam Rajah 5.2
Wavelength of water wave, l in Diagram (iii) Perbezaan dalam jisim sebelum
5.1 < wavelength of water wave, l in dan selepas reputan dalam
Diagram 5.2 Rajah 6.2 < Rajah 6.3.
(ii) Jarak di antara dua sumber The difference in mass before and after
gelombang, a adalah sama. decay in Diagram 6.2 < Diagram 6.3.
The distance between two sources of the (iv) Jumlah tenaga yang dibebaskan
wave, a, is the same. dalam Rajah 6.3 > Rajah 6.2
(iii) Jarak di antara dua garis nodal, The amount of energy released in
x dalam Rajah 5.1 < jarak di Diagram 6.3 > Diagram 6.2.
antara dua garis nodal, x dalam (v) Semakin besar cacat jisim,
Rajah 5.2. semakin besar tenaga dibebaskan.
The distance between two consecutive The greater the mass defect, the greater the
nodal lines, x in Diagram 5.1 < the distance energy released.
between two consecutive nodal lines, x in (c) (i) Boron.
Diagram 5.2. (ii) Mengawal kadar tindak balas
(iv)
Semakin tinggi panjang dengan menyerap neutron yang
gelombang, l bagi gelombang berlebihan.
air, semakin tinggi jarak di antara Controls the reaction rate by absorbing
dua garis nodal, x berturutan. excess neutrons.
The higher the water wave wavelength, 7. (a) Imej yang terbentuk di atas skrin.
l, the higher the distance between two Image that can be formed on the screen.
consecutive nodal lines, x. (b)
(c) Interferens gelombang
Interference of wave
(d) 1. Garis nodal terhasil apabila
interferens memusnah berlaku.
Nodes lines produced when destructive fo
interference occurs. (c) m =
fe

80 (ii) Teras besi lembut. / Soft iron core.
m =
20 Sebab / Reason:
= 4 1. Mudah dimagnetkan dan
(d) (i) Guna kanta objektif yang lebih mudah nyahmagnet.
panjang jarak fokusnya dan kanta Easy to magnetise and easy to
mata yang lebih pendek jarak demagnetise.
fokusnya. 2.
Kekuatan medan magnet
Use an objective lens with a longer focal bertambah.
length and eyepiece with a shorter focal Strength of magnetic field increase.
length Note: Mana-mana satu sebab.
Sebab / Reason: Any one reason.
f (iii) Tanpa wayar elektrik.
Pembesaran / Magnification, m = o
fe Cordless.
(ii) Guna kanta objektif berdiameter Sebab / Reason:
besar. 1. Mudah dikendalikan.
Use an objective lens with a large diameter. Easy to handle.
Sebab / Reason: 2. Mudah dibawa.
Lebih banyak cahaya masuk ke Easy to carry.
dalam kanta. Note: Mana-mana satu sebab.
More light enters the lens Any one reason.
(c) R
8. (a)
S/ S Bahagian B / Section B
U/ N
9. (a) Suhu ialah darjah kepanasan sesuatu
objek.
M1: Simbol arus / Current symbol Temperature is the degree of hotness of an object.
M2: Garis medan magnet / Magnetic field (b) – Termometer diletak di bawah lidah.
lines The thermometer is put under the tongue
(b) (i) Motor a.t tanpa berus –
Haba dari badan pindah ke
Brushless d.c motor. termometer.
Sebab / Reason: The heat is transferred from the body to the
1. Bunyi yang kurang semasa thermometer
beroperasi. / Low noise. –
Merkuri mengembang seragam
2. Tiada geseran antara berus sehingga mencapai keseimbangan
dengan komutator yang terma.
Mercury expand until it reaches a state of
boleh menghasilkan percikan
thermal equilibrium
api pada komutator.
– Bacaan thermometer sama dengan
There is no friction between the brush
and the commutator that may cause a
suhu badan.
The temperature of the thermometer is the
spark on the commutator.
same as the body
3. Motor berputar pada kelajuan
tinggi.
High speed motor.
Mana-mana satu sebab.
Any one reason.

(c) 10. (a) Rintangan ialah nisbah voltan dan
Ciri-ciri Penerangan arus.
Characteristics Explanation Resistance is the ratio of voltage and current.
Cecair yang Mengembang seragam / (b)
(i) Bilangan perintang dalam
digunakan Expands uniformly // Rajah 10.1 < Rajah 10.2.
merkuri Peka kepada perubahan the number of resistor in Diagram 10.1 <
Liquid used is mercury Diagram 10.2.
suhu sekitar /Sensitive to
Bacaan ammeter Rajah dalam
changes in temperature. //
10.1 < Rajah 10.2.
Tidak melekat pada The reading of ammeter in Diagram 10.1 <
dinding kaca / Does not Diagram 10.2.
stick to glass walls. // Bacaan voltmeter sama.
Legap dan mudah dilihat. The reading of the voltmeter is the same.
/ Opaque and easy to see. (ii) Semakin berkurang rintangan
Dinding bebuli Lebih peka kepada haba. berkesan, semakin bertambah
kaca nipis / More sensitive to heat. bacaan ammeter.
Thin glass walled bulb The lower the effective resistance, the
higher the ammeter reading.
Diameter kapilari Lebih peka kepada haba. (iii) Semakin berkurang rintangan
tiub yang kecil. / More sensitive to heat berkesan, semakin bertambah
Small diameter of the
capillary tube. arus yang mengalir dalam litar.
The less the effective resistance, the greater
Batang kaca Tidak mudah pecah. / Not
the current in the circuit.
yang tebal dan easily to break // ρL
melengkung. / Mudah mengambil (c) (i) R =
Thick and curved glass bacaan. / Easy to read
A
= (1.696 × 10 )(0.5)
–8
stem measurement.
2.826 × 10–7
R paling sesuai. Cecair yang digunakan
R most suitable. = 0.03 Ω
merkuri, dinding bebuli
(ii) R/ Ω
kaca yang nipis, diameter
kapilari yang kecil dan
batang kaca yang tebal √
dan melengkung. / Liquid
used is mercury, thin glass walled T/ ºC
bulb, small diameter of cappilary Tc
tube and thick and curved glass
stem M1 – suhu genting / critical
temperature, Tc
Lq – L0
(d) (i) q = × 100 M2 – bentuk graf / graph shape
L100 – L0
(d)
12 – 4
= × 100
25 – 4 Modifikasi Penerangan
Modification Explanation
= 38.1°C
(ii) Dalam Kelvin / In Kelvin: Jenis wayar Rintangan bertambah.
elemen pemanas Resistance increase.
q = 273 + 38.1
Type of wire of heating
= 311.1K element:
(iii) Perubahan isi padu merkuri Nikrom / Nichrome
dengan suhu.
Changes in the volume of mercury with
temperature.

Bilangan gegelung Banyak haba dihasilkan vt
More heat produced
(c) (i) d =
pemanas 2
Number of turns of (1500)(0.15)
heating element: =
2
Banyak / More = 112.5 m
Badan cerek: Ringan / Light v
Kettle body (ii) l =
f
Plastik / Plastic 1500
=
Pemegang cerek: Muatan haba tentu tinggi 30 000
Kettle handle High specific heat capacity
= 0.05 m
Plastik / Plastic
P Jenis wayar elemen (d)
pemanas ialah nikrom, Ciri-ciri Penerangan
Characteristics Explanation
bilangan gegelung
pemanas yang banyak, Jarak di antara dua Jarak di antara dua
badan cerek dari plastik pembesar suara/ bunyi interferens
The distance between the membina berkurang./
dan pemegang plastik. The distance between two
More number of turns heating two speakers: jauh //
constructive interference
element, type of wire of heating bertambah / increase sounds decreases.
element is nichrome, plastic
kettle body and plastic kettle Pembesar suara Bunyi akan tersebar
handle.
diletakkan di tempat luas.
yang tinggi. The sound will spread widely.
Bahagian C / Section C The speakers are placed at
a high position.
11. (a) Frekuensi satu sistem yang bergetar
Kedudukan Untuk mengelakkan
tanpa sebarang daya luar bertindak ke
mikrofon di gangguan gelombang
atasnya.
Frequency of any oscillating system in the belakang pembesar bunyi.
suara. To avoid disturbance of
absence of any forces. sound wave.
Position the microphone
(b)
– Pembesar suara mengeluarkan behind the speakers.
frekuensi gelombang yang tinggi. Dinding dewan Untuk mengelak
The speakers emit a high frequency of a wave. ditampal dengan gema.
– Zarah kaca pada gelas bergetar. papan lembut. To avoid echo.
The particles of glass vibrate. The walls of the hall are
plastered with softboard.
– Zarah kaca bergetar pada frekuensi
asli. Semua pintu dewan Kesan pembelauan
Particles vibrate at their natural frequency. ditutup. jelas berlaku.
Close all doors. The effect of diffraction is
–
Amplitud maksimum berlaku obvious.
kepada getaran zarah kaca
The particles of the glass will vibrate at
maximum amplitude
–
Tenaga menyebabkan kaca itu
pecah
Energy causing the glass to shatter.

Daya Dan Gerakan II

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Daya Dan Gerakan II

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BAB

Daya dan Gerakan II

1.1 Daya Paduan

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2

Magnitud daya paduan 10. (a)

(b) Skala 1 cm : 1 N Daya ke bawah

(b) Tindak balas normal, R

3 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 4

5 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

2. Magnitud daya paduan

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7 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

11. dipanjangkan, dimampatkan O F/N

12. Tenaga keupayaan kenyal (b) Diameter gegelung yang

3. Pemampatan spring / Spring compression, x

9 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 10

(b) Tindak balas normal, R spring panjang

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi

spring berkadar terus dengan

11 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 12

panjang dan lama 30°

13 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

3. (a) Air memancut keluar dengan paling Kesimpulan / Conclusion:

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5 Kuasai SPM 2.1

1 2.2 Tekanan Atmosfera

15 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Kuasai SPM 2.2

5. (a) Betul / True

7. (a) bertambah, rendah, rendah 1. (a) semua arah

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 16

(c) Ketika pemegang ditolak ke bawah, (d)

(e) Daya yang besar (f ) Dengan mengulangi langkah-langkah ini, beban

17 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Kasut brek Pad brek

Tayar belakang Tayar depan

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 18

Berat di udara / N Berat dalam air / N Berat air disesarkan

19 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Ketumpatan cecair > Ketumpatan cecair = Ketumpatan cecair <

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 20

(a) Ketumpatan / Density: ρA < ρB < ρC = ρD < ρE

21 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

(d) Prinsip Archimedes / Archimedes’ Principle

2.6 Prinsip Bernoulli

3. tinggi, sama, berkurang, bertambah, lebih

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23 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

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3.1 Arus dan Beza Keupayaan

1. kawasan, cas, elektrik

Pernyataan Benar / Palsu

25 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

daya yang bertindak ke atas seunit cas

(b) Arus, I ialah V

kerja sebanyak 1 J dilakukan untuk

kadar pengaliran cas, Q dalam satu

kawasan yang mana suatu cas

5. (b) ditaburkan / sprinkled

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 26