Barbera 1991 The Euclidean Division of The Canon-129-203

113
Plate 1. Venetus Marcianus gr. 322 (nunc 711), f. 101 r.
Original from
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Κατατομή κανόνος
Εί ησυχία (ΐη καί ακινησία, σιωπή αν αψ σιωττή? Ji ουσης καί

μηδαώς κινουμίνου· ούδίν αν άκούοιτο· <ι αρα μίλλα τι ακουσθησ^σθαι-
πΚηγην καί κίνησιν πρόηρον Jd γα>ίσθαι. ώστ< ίπα,δη πάντως οί
5 φθόγγοι γίνονται πληγης τίνος γινομίνης- πλτγγην Ji άμηχανον γενίσθαι
μη ούχι κινησ^ως πρότ*ρον γινομίνης. των Ji κινήσεων οι μίν πυκ
νότεροι είσιν- αί Ji αραιότεροι· καί al μλν πυκνότεροι όζυτίρους ποιοΰσι
τους φθόγγους- αί Ji αραιότεροι βαρυτίμους, αναγκαίου τους μεν
όζυτεμους είναι· επείπερ εκ πυκνότερων καί πλειόνων συγκειντοι
10 κινήσεων τους Ji βαρυτίμους επείπερ εξ αραιότερων καί ελασσονών
συγκειντοι κινήσεων. ώστε τους μεν όξυτερους τοϋ δέοντος, άνιεμενους
αφαιρεσει κινήσεων τυγχάνειν τοΰ δέοντος· τους Ji βαρυτίμους
επιτεινόμενους προσθεσει κινησεως τυγχάνειν τοΰ δέοντος. διόπερ εκ
μορίων τους φθόγγους συγκείσθαι φατεον επειδή προσθεσει καί άφαι-
15 ρεσει τυγχάνουσι τοϋ δέοντος. πάντα Ji τα εκ μορίων συγκείμενα άριθ-
Tit. Έ,ύκλείδου Κατατομή κανόνος Mm^zamu(praet. Od)Jan (ευκληδου

Ee[ante corr.)N\) Flepi φθόγγων PeVc2vc in marg. CbFrPf ΕύκλίΛου.
Ekpl κατατομή κανόνος Od om. Vv II
1-116.1 om. Od II 2 E deest FrJIVjVv I Ησυχίαν οΰίτης καί ακινησίας,
σιωπή za CH deest Vw) I καί (pr.)]xai η Vd I σιωπη]-ή ante corr. Vi II 3
ovJi vcVv I μίΚίΐ zaOa I μίλλίίτι Mm II4 πΚηγΊην\πλτγγην dvai za I ώστ€
€7Γ€ώη]οί ye δη VeVw η τ{.) δη Za II 9 ίττατκρ^Γτκρ PbUpVn I συγκαν-
ται]σύγγ€ΐ2τται Νη συγκαιται UpVn II 10-11 τους ... κινήσεων in marg.
Mm2 II 10 βαρυτίρους]ίη marg. Ba quaes. Vp (τάτους add. post βαρυτί
μους) II 11 συγκ€ΐνται]-κ- em. Za σνγκαται UpVn II11-12 τοΰ ... βαρυτί
μους om. Bb II 11 ανςιμίνους za II 12 κινησ^ως Ba(m marg.)NvJanMg I
τυγχάνει CbPePf I τοΰ δίοντος τυγχάν€ΐν Ld ante corr. VdVj II 13
προθίσα CbMm'NnPePfVcVjVo corr. CbMm2VJ I τνχχώ,α Pc I J’ oitcp
Pc δι Hircp EcKa Ji crnep Vm II 13-15 διόττιρ ... δίοντος om. Bb II 14
συγκ€Ϊσθαι]-κ~ em. Za συγκέίσαι Ec I φατίον]~ί~ Mm^?) I ίπαδ^σί Pf I
προθίσα Mm*vc corr. CI^Mm2 II 15 συγγάμα/α Nn συγκ^ινόμ^να Fr II
114
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DIVISION OF THE CANON
If there were stillness and non-motion, there would be silence. If there

were silence and nothing moving, nothing would be heard. If therefore any
thing at all will be heard, it is necessary first for there to be percussion1 and
motion. Thus, since all notes*2 come about from some existing percussion, it
is impossible for there to be percussion without there first being motion. Of
motions, there are the more dense and the more rare. The more dense pro
duce higher notes, and the more rare, lower. It is necessary for there to be
higher notes, since they are put together from more dense and greater
motions, and lower notes since really they are put together from more rare
and fewer motions. Thus, those notes higher than desired3 are loosened by
subtracting motions and attain the desired pitch; those lower are tightened
by adding motion and attain the desired pitch. Wherefore,4 one must say that
notes are put together from parts, since by addition and subtraction, they
attain the desired pitch. All things put together from parts are related to one
!Much has been written about the meaning of πληγη in ancient, espe
cially Pythagorean acoustical theory. See the Introduction, pp. 48-49.
Regarding the translation of φθόγγος as “note,” See the Introduction,
pp. 49-52.
3Literally, “that which is needed, or proper.” I have subsequently trans
lated το ίίου as “the desired pitch” since that seems to be the intention of
the remark. Even more precise might be η τάστς ΙκομΙνη.
4From here to the end of the Introduction, the treatise states the Funda
mental Principle of Consonance (FPC) of the Pythagoreans. See the Intro
duction, pp. 52-54.
115
Original from
116
μου λόχψ λέγεται προς αλληλα- ώστε καί τούς φθόγγους, άναγκαίον έν
αριθμοί) λόγφ λε'χεσθαι προς άλλήλονς. των δε αριθμών οί μεν έν πολλα
πλασίουl λόγψ λέγονται· οί δε έν έπιμορίφ· οί ΐ* έν ετπμερεϊ* ώστε καί
τούς φθόγγους αναγκαίου έν τοΐς τοιούτοις λόγοις λέγεσθαι προς
5 άλληλους. τούτων δε οί μεν πολλαπλάσιοι καί έπιμόριοι ένι όνόματι
λέγονται πρός άλληλους. γινώσκομεν δε καί των φθόγγων τούς μέν
συμφώνους όντας· τούς δε όιαφώνους· καί τούς μεν συμφώνους μίαν
κρασιν την έζ άμφοΐν ποιοϋντας- τούς δε όιαφώνους ου. τούτων όντως
έγόντων εικός τούς συμφώνους φθόγγους έπειδη μίαν την έξ άμφοΐν
10 ποιούνται κρασιν τής φωνής είναι των έν ένι όνόματι προς άλληλους
λεγομένων αριθμών* ήτοι πολλαπλασίους όντας ή έπιμορίους.
1 λόγφ]λέχω Vi I λέγεσθαι mu (praet. UpVn) λέγηται Vv λέγεται in

marg. Ba I έστίν add. post άναγκαΐον Bb I έν]έπ FrNn om. BbPe I τω add.
post έν jh II 2 λέγεσθαι in ras. Mm12 I δε]δ* Fr II 2-3 πολλαπλασίψ
zaJanMg πολλαπλασίωνι LdVdVj I πολλαπλασίονι Mm2 II 3 εν (sec.)
om. Ve II 4 Utt. del. post τούς Fr I λόγοις sup. Un. Mm2 II 5 μέν έν Pf I πολ-
λαπλάσιονι Vp I δ add. post ένι Fr II 7 όντας om. Bb I όιαφόνους
BaDaEeJIVi ώ in marg. Ee II 7-9 καί ... έχόντων om. Bb II 7 συμφώνου
add. post συμφώνους (sec.) za del. sup. Un. Mm(?) II 8 κρασιυ]πρά£ιυ
VeVw I την]την Vc τοΐν CbjhPePfVv I έξ om. Vo I όιαφόνους BaDaEeJIVi
ώ in marg. Ee I ovjov Za (corr. Za2) in ras. Mm3 *II *8-9
* *εχόντων
*9 όντως za II
9 την]τοΐν Vd II 10 ποιοϋντα CbFrNnPePf ποιούνται Pc^?) ποιοϋντας Ka
I κρασιν]κ- em. Za (πράζιν del.?) I τών]τώ Vw την Ve I εν om. jh I ενΙ]ενί
NnVe II
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117
another by numerical ratio; and thus with notes, it is necessary that they be
related to one another in numerical ratio. Of numbers, some are related in
multiple5 ratio, some in supeiparticular, and some in superpartient; and thus
it is necessary that notes be related to one another in ratios such as these. Of
these, then, the multiples and the superparticulars are related to one another
by one name. And we know of notes that some are consonant, some disso
nant; and the consonant notes make a single blend from both notes, but dis
sonant notes do not This being the case, it is reasonable that consonant
notes, since they make a single blend of sound from both notes, are related
numerically to one another in one name, since they are either multiple or
superparticular.6
^πολλαττλασώνι is unusual, πολλαπλασίφ would be normal. Cf. za.

6For the matter of “one name,” See the Introduction, pp. 55-58.
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
118
α
’Εάν διάστημα πολλαπλάσιον διί σνντιθο/ miff τι διάστημα, και
αύτδ πολλαπλάσιον ίσται. ϊστω διάστημα τδ βγ καί ίστω πολλα-
1 Προτάσα?. Προτάσις a Od θεώρημα τρωτόν UpVn II 2 Έ deest Fr I

ποκϊ EcLdPd I τί Mm12 II 3 <στω (pr.)]rj ocfleaii Έστω Up II 3-120.1 πολ
λαπλάσιον τό β codd. II
Original from
119
l.7
If a multiple interval twice combined makes some interval, this itself
will be multiple. Let BG be an interval, and let B be a multiple of G;8 and let
7The division of the treatise into an Introduction and twenty propositions

is a product of the Italian Renaissance, although the impetus for dividing the
latter portion of the treatise comes from Mu. In spaces in the text in Vc, Vc3
has numbered Propositions 1-11 in Arabic numerals. Breaks also occur in
the text in Vc at the beginning of the Enharmonic Passage and the Canon.
Vv numbers a-ca in the margin, but there is no break between the Introduc
tion and the first proposition. In Mm, Mm2 places a mark (*3Q in the margin
for propositions 1-11 and marks at the beginnings of the Enharmonic Pas
sage and the Canon. Vw and Za contain no numbers. Oa is the oldest manu
script (15th century) to contain a twenty-fold division of the propositions,
although the numbers occur in the margin, and there is generally no corre
sponding division in the text The same is true of the 16th-century codex Ec.
Up and Vn divide the text into an Introduction and twenty propositions;
Pena, Meibom, Jan, and Menge followed this division. The following table
presents a concordance between this edition, which reflects the early subdi-
vision of the treatise. and the twenty-fold Renaissance division of the
propositions.
a 1 ια (154.1) 11
β 2 μ (156.1) 12
y 3 ια (162.3) 13
δ 4 ια (164.3) 14
t 5 ια (166.2) 15
s 6 μ (170.1) 16
C 7 Enharmonic Passage (172.1) 17
8 Enharmonic Passage (172.6) 18
Θ 9 Canon (178.1) 19
I 10 Canon (182.12) 20
Ve follows Vw and thus contains no numbers. Nn numbers the propositions
1-11, with 5 and 6 also numbered c and s. Vn and Up mark the beginning of
each proposition with θεώρημα (e.g., Θεώρημα πρώτον). Up further indi
cates for the first few propositions: exposition (ή εκθεσις), construction or
machinery (η κατασκευή), logical construction or apparatus (ό διορισμό?),
and demonstrations (η απόύεζι#). Some indications are in the margin.
8The codices are unanimous in giving πολλαπλάσιον τό β, which
seems to be a mistake. Cf. p. 120.1 and 4. Were one to let the accusative
case stand, a possible reading would be “and let B be a multiple interval of
G”
Original from
120
πλάσιοί ό β τοΰ γ και γεγατησθω ώς δ γ προς τον β δ β προς τον δ· φημι

δη και τον δ τοΰ γ πολλαπλάσιον είναι- επει γαρ δ β τοΰ γ πολλα
πλάσιός ίστι· μςτρέί αρα δ γ τον β. ην δε καί ως δ γ προς τον β δ β προς
τον δ. ώστε μ^τρΛ και ό γ τον δ. πολλαπλάσιος αρα εστιν ό δ τοΰ γ.
1 η κατασκευή in marg. Up I γ (sec.)]T sup. Un. Za2 (τρίτον [?] del.) I τον
β]τδ β codd. praeter PcPd I τον δ]τό δ OaOd I δ]Δ sup. lin.Za2 (τέταρτον
del.) I ό διορισμός φημι Up II 2 και om. FrJanMg I Utt. del. post και Pe I τον
δ]τό δ codd. I επει]ή άπόδίζις επει Up II 2-3 πολλαπλάσιοί]-!/ BbFrLdMm
mu(proer. UpVn)NnVdVjVoVv -p Vc II 3 μετρή Mm I τον β (ρτ.)]τοΰ β Pf
I ό β] om. Vo ό y Mg II 4 τον (pr.) om. Vi I μντρέί δ γ και τον JanMg I γ
τόν]γ προς τον Υο(πρδςΊ del.)LdMm^pos in ras. )zaVdΝ\(πρδς sup. Un.)
Vv I τον δ (ίβσ.)]τό δ Bb II
Original from
121
it have been that as G is to B so is B to D. I say surely that D is a multiple of

G. For since B is a multiple of G, therefore G measures B. And G was to B
as B was to D. Thus, G measures D. Therefore,9 D is a multiple of G.10
9In Vj following αρα» two pages of the Εισαγωγή αρμονική (see Karl
von Jan, Musici scriptores graeci [Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1895; reprint ed.,
Hildesheim: G. 01ms, 1962], pp. 198.13-204.17) are inserted. These two
pages should follow p. 317 of Vj, where they fill the lacuna in the Εισ
αγωγή αρμονική. Ld follows Vj.
10Analysis
17 Ίτρότασις 118.2-3
η εκθεσις 118.3-120.1
ο διορισμός 120.1-2
η κατασκευή does not exist.
η απόδειζις 120.2-4
τό συμπέρασμα 120.4
Exposition
Β = aG, where α is an integer
G:B::B:D
Specification
D = bG, where b is an integer
Proof
B/G=a
D/B=B/G
D/B =a
D/aG = a
D/G = a2
Since a is an integer, a2 is an integer
Therefore
a2 * b, and D/G = b
Conclusion
D = bG
Original from
122
β.............................................
Έαυ διάστημα δι? συυτίβΐυ y | /3 | δ τό δλον ποιβ πολλαπλάσιον δ_1
η I LV και αυτό «τται πολλαπλάσιου. ίστω διάστημα τό βγ και yeyc-
νησθω ώς ό γ πρός τον β ούτως ό β πρός τον δ· καί έστω ό δ τοϋ γ πολ-
5 λαπλάσιΟΓ φημι και τον β τοϋ γ ειυαι πολλαπλάσιου. επει γαρ ό δ του γ
πολλαπλάσιό? εστι. μέτρα αρα ό γ τον δ. Ιμαθον δε ότι ίου ωσιν αριθμοί
ανάλογου όποσοιουν ό δε πρώτο? τον Ισγατον μέτρα» και τους μεταξύ
μέτρησα· μέτρα αρα ό γ τον β. πολλαπλάσιος αρα ό β τοϋ γ.
1 θεώρημα δεύτερον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv (in marg. Vv1 2?)

* I συντίθη za
I figura om. OdUpvcVnVv I δθα> post figura Mm(del. Mm1?)za I όλου]
δλον μη Pe I ποια PePfVnza II 2-3 figura post πολλά Mm I figura om.
OdUpvcVnVvza I δ | η | i?]y I fi I δ Ba II 3 και αυτό εσται πολλαπλάσιου
om. VeVw in marg. Nn I αύτώ FrNn αύτόυ Pd I figurae post πολλαπλά
σιον JanMg I εστω]η ϊκθατις έστω Up I τώ βγ CbPcPePf I βγ]β Od I ή
κατασκευή in marg, ante και (sec.) Up II 3-4 γατησθω BbEcPcVm II4 ό y]o
γβ· ούτως Bb I δ | η 11? post γ (pr.) za I του β]τόν ιβ Za (corr. Ζα2) II 5
φημιΐό διορισμός φημί Up I δη add. sup. φημι Mm4 *I *φημι 7 δη mu I ή
άπόδε^ι? in marg, ante ίπά Up I yap om. EcPcVdVm I y (sec.) om. Ld II 6
πολλαπλάσιό?] -πλά- sup. Un. Mm2 I πολλαπλάσιό? Ιφημιΐ Nn I apa]yap
Fr I c in marg, ante ό y Mm2 I ό y]o γβ ante corr. Ba β sup. Un. EcMuPc
VmZa2 ό βγ DaOaOdPbVi I y του δ]β τον δ EeJIKaPdVeVpVw I ίμάθο-
μ(ν zaJanMg I ίμαθον δε om. Vn I άριθμοϊϊίφίζης add. in marg. Mm^?) II
7 όπόσοι ουυ Mmmu(pra£i. Vp)Vvza I πρώτο?]πρό? ante corr. FrMm προς
vc I μετρη UpVnJanMg II8 μέτρα om. Vo sup. Un. Vj del. Vd I ό >3]τό β Bb II
Original from
123
2.
If an interval twice combined, c.g., G I Β I D, makes a multiple whole,
e.g., 418 116, this itself will be multiple. Let BG be an interval, and let it
have been as G was to B similarly B was to D. And let D be a multiple of G.
I say that B is a multiple of G. For since D is a multiple of G, therefore G
measures D. I know that if—however many numbers should be in propor
tion—the first measures the last, it will also measure those in between.
Therefore, G measures B; therefore B is a multiple of G.11
11 Analysis
η πρότασιχ 122.2-3
η 122.3-5
ό διορισμός 122.5
η κατασκευή 122.6-8
η 122.5-6, 8
τδ συμπέρασμα 122.8
Exposition
G:B::B:D
D = aG, where a is an integer
Specification
B = bG, where b is an integer
Machinery
If J:Kf ..: Kn and K^/J = c, where c is an integer,
then Kj/J = d, where d is an integer (Cf. Euclid Elements 8.7; Jean
Pena also makes this connection in his Euclidis rudimenta musices
[Paris: Andreas Wechelus, 1557))
Proof
Since D = aG
D/G = a
Therefore B/G = b
Conclusion
B = bG
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Digitized by
124
y f t ,
ΈττιμορΖου διαστήματος μέσοι· y I fi I δ ουτβ «2 ουτ* πλάους*
ανάλογον έμπ^σοϋνται αριθμοί, έστω γαρ έπιμόριον διάστημα τό β τοϋ
γ ίλάχιστοι δί έν τφ αντφ λοχφ τοίς βγ έστωσαν οίδζ θ· ούτοι συν υπό
5 μονάδος μόνης μςτροϋνται κοινού μέτρου· I β I y αφιλι ίσον τφ θ τον ζ.
λοιπόν μόνον, έπιμόριός έστιν αρα ο δζ του θ· η υπέροχη ο δ κοινόν
μέτρον τοϋ tc δζ καί τοϋ θ έστϊ· μονας αρα δ δ* ούκ αρα έμπ^σέιται άς
τούς δζ θ μέσος ουδάς. έσται γαρ δ έμπίπτων τοϋ δζ έλάττων τοϋ δέ θ
μάζων ωστ€ την μονάδα διαιρασθαι σπ^ρ αδύνατον, ούκ αρα έμπ^σάται
10 άς τους δζ θ τις. δσοι δέ άς τούς έλαχίστους μέσοι ανάλογον
1 θίώρημα τρίτον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv (in marg. Vv2?) I διαστήματα

Mm1 (-02 Mm3) I μάτοιίμάπκ Mm1 (corr. Mm2) ουδάς μέσος zaJanMg
μέσοι Ιούδας) Vc3 I figura om. OdUpvcVnVv I ovre (pr.) in ras. Mm I ovrc
α?1ούδα? ούτ€ ας LdVd(deZ.)Vj (sup. Un.) om. Vo ουδός add. sup. Un. Nn
(quaes.) I €?2 sup. Un. Od I ovrc (sec.) sup. Un. Od 2 sup. ουτ* za I ττλα'ους]
ιβ sup. Un. VeVw ιη sup. Un. Za (Za2?) I κδ post πλάους za I 2 ιβ κδ post
πλάους Nc(del. Vc3)Vv I πλ€νου2 καί ιβ κδ Ld (καί ιβ κδ del. Vd in marg.
Vj) II 3 έμπατάται VeVwJanMg I αριθμός JanMg I έστω]η έκθατις έστω
Up I γαρ sup. Un. Od II 3-4 β τοϋ γ]βγ JanMg II 4 ίυΚττί Mm(/brr.) muza I
τφ]τό Od I βγ]β καί γ Pd I ύπό]άττό Vc(/brr.)vc II 5 μόνης\μόντ\ς ιβ ιγ Mm
(del. ιβ ιγ) I | β I ylkfi ιγ Mmmi(praet. UpVn)VeVvVw om. UpvcVn
JanMg I θ]βθ Qd(del. β) I ζϊηζ mu(praet. BaOaOd η quaes. MuViVp)vc
(praet. BbVd 1 Utt. del. ante τ$δ?], τ sup. Un. Vc)JanMg δ η ζBaBbLdMm2
(in ras.)VdVjVv II 6 και έπά λοιπόν Pb I καί έπίλοιπον UpVn I λοιπόν in
marg. EeOa in ras. Mm3 om. OdzaJanMg I μόνον]μονας BaBbEeO’n marg.)
JlKaMufcai έπά sup. Ιΐη.)Οζ(καί έπά ôw)PbPdUpViVnVp μόνον Mm3
om. OdzaJanMg I έπιμόριός]καί έπά έπιμόριός DaEcEe(€7rd om.)PcVi(icai
έπά sup. Zfn.)VmzaJanMg I έπιμορίας CbPe Pf I apa in ras. Mm2 om.
zaJanMg I δ£]δ quaes. MuViVp δ om. OaOd I fl]0v Oa(u deZ.)Od I η]η Ve I
υπέροχη Utt. del. sup. Un. Vc VTrcpey^ ante corr. Pe I δ δ]ό δη Mm2 (in
ras.)mu(praet. BaOaOdPbUpVn η quaes. Mu)vcVvJanMg II 7 καίίκαί ιδ ιζ
ιθ Pb(deZ.)VeVw και | δ | f | Θ Za καί ιδ ιζ ιθ καί Ee καί ιδ ιζ ιθ add. in
marg. DaEcKaMuViVmVp I τοϋ (sec.) om. PbUpVn I καί ... δ in marg. Pb I
έστι ...δ om. UpVn I δ δ]η δη Mmfy Mm2)mu(proer. BaOaOdUpVn η
quaes. 'M\i)vc(praet. Ld)Vv η δια Ld (η sup. Un.) ηφΟάδδη JanMg II 7-8
δη ... τοϋ (pr.) om. CbPcPf II 8 τους δύο δζ· Θ quaes. Ld II 9 ώστ€]ω2
LdVdVj I την]τόν Mm3mu (praet. UpVn) την in marg. Ka II 10 τους (pr.)
om. CbPePf I δζ 0]δ θ ζ VeVw I δσον in ras. Bb II
Original from
Digitized by
125
3.12
Neither one nor many mean numbers, e.g., G, B, D,12 13 will fall propor
tionately between a superparticular interval. For let B be the superparticular
interval of G; and let DZ© be the least numbers in the same ratio as Β.Ό.
These then, by the unit alone, are measured by a common measure, e.g.,
3:2.14 Subtract Z equal to Θ. Since DZ is a superparticular of Θ, the excess
D, the only remaining number, is a common measure of both DZ and Θ.
Therefore, D is a unit; therefore no mean will fall in between DZ©. For the
inserted mean15 is less than DZ and greater than Θ; thus the unit will be
divided, which is impossible. Therefore, nothing will fall in between DZ©.
However many16 means fall proportionately in between the least numbers.
12This entire proposition is similar to one attributed to Archytas by Boe

thius De institutione musica 3.11 (Boethius, De institutione arithmetica libri
duo. De institutione musica libri quinque, ed. Godofred Friedlein [Leipzig:
B. G. Teubner, 1867; reprint ed.t Frankfurt: Minerva, 1966], pp. 285-86).
See Andr€ Barbera, “Placing Sectio Canonis in Historical and Philosophical
Contexts,” Journal of Hellenic Studies 104 (1984): 160; and the Introduc
tion, pp. 58-60.
13G, B, D may refer to an earlier form of a diagram or example that
accompanied this proposition. In simple terms, for example, B is a mean
between G and D.
l4Only Za has | β I y, i.c., 3:2 or literally 2:3. This is an example, the
first and largest, of a superparticular ratio. Cf. the Latin version of this prop
osition. The majority of manuscripts have ι,β ιγ, which I believe is a corrup
tion, since 12,13 would not make sense in this context
15Literally, “that fallen in.”
16Large interlinear space follows where Vw was tom before the trea
tise was executed.
Original from
126
ίμπίιττουσν τοσοϋτοι καί ds tow τον αυτόν λόγον Έχοντας άνάλογον

{μπ^σούνται. ουόάς δέ cis tow όζ' θ qnretrctau' ουδέ ds tow βγ
ίμτΐίσΛται.
1 τούί sup. Un. Vc3 II2-3 ουδέ ... ίμπεσ^ϊται om. za II
Original from
127
so many will also fall proportionately between those numbers having the
same ratio. None will fall in between DZ©; none will fall in between
B:G.17
17Analysis
This proposition is not neatly divisible according to the standard Euclidean
model.
η πρότασή 124.2-3
η fateris 124.3-4
6 διορισμός Does not exist, but would be: ”1 say that since B:G is a
superparticular ratio, no mean will divide B:G.”
η κατασκευή 124.4 (assumed), 124.4-5,124.10-126.2
η 124.6-10
τό συμπέρασμα 124.4-5,126.2-3
Exposition
B:G is superparticular
B:G::(D+Z).©, where (D+Z)© is in lowest terms. That (D+Z)©
exists and can be found tacitly assumes Euclid Elements 7.33
Preliminary Conclusion
(D+Z) - © = 1
Machinery
Z=©
(D+Z)-Z = D
Proof
Since (D+Z)© is superparticular and in lowest terms, D = 1
Since the unit is indivisible, therefore no integral mean divides
(D+Z)©
Machinery
If J:K are in lowest terms and L}... are means such that J:Lp ...
L^K, then if J:K::N:O, then there are Mj... Mn such that N:Mf ...
Mj>:O (Euclid Elements 8.8; Pena notes die reliance here on the
Elements)
Conclusion
Since there are no means between (D+Z)©, then there are no means
between B:G
Original from
128
δ
Έαν διάστημα μη πολλαπλάσιον διί (Tvvrc&fj, το δλον ουτ€ πολλα
πλάσιον εσται ούτε έπιμόριον. έστω γαρ διάστημα μη πολλαπλάσιον0 τδ
βγ και γεγεντ/σβω ως δ γ προς τον β δ β πρδς τον δ. λέγω δτι δ δ του γ
5 ουτ( πολλαπλάσιος ovre έπιμόριός έστιν έστω γαρ πρώτον δ δ τοΰ γ
πολλαπλάσιος· ούκοΰν έμάθομαι δτι εάν διάστημα δις συντεθέν τδ δλον
ποιτ) πολλαπλάσιον, και αυτά πολλαπλάσιόν εστιν. εσται αρα δ β τοΰ γ
πολλαπλάσιος, ουκ ην δέ· αδύνατον αρα τδν δ τοϋ γ είναι πολλα
πλάσιον. άλλα μην ούδ’ έπιμόριον. έπιμορίου γαρ διαστήματος μέσος
1 θεώρημα τέταρτον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv(c in marg. Vv1 * *I 5μη om.

2?)
CbPePf I μη πολλαπλάσιον om. za sup. lin. Mm2 I συντεΛ} k ιδ ιβ MmMu
* 0 ό ΙχΙβΙδ
Θ r δ add. Mu II 3 μη omNn II4 γενέσβω PbUpVn I δ δ πρδς τδν γ Pd II
5 έστιν]έστί za II 6-8 ούκοΰν ... πολλαπλάσιος om. Pe II 6 συντεΘεν]-τε0έν
in ras. Mm2 συντεΘα Vc II 7 ποιά CbFrPePfVcza I έστινίέστι za II 8 tjv]
ovv OaOd I apa om. Vc I τον δ)τό δ codd. praet. UpVn II 9 άλλαμτ/ν
VcVnVw II
Original from
129
4.
If a non-multiplc interval is twice combined, the whole will be neither
multiple nor superparticular. For let there be a non-multiplc interval, BG,
and let it have been that as G was to B so B was to D. I say that D is neither
i multiple nor a superparticular of G; for in the first place, let D be a multi
ple of G; accordingly, we learned that if an interval twice combined makes a
multiple whole, then this itself is multiple. Therefore, B will be a multiple of
G. But it was not; therefore it is impossible for D to be a multiple of G. Yet
it is truly not a supcrparticular.18 For no mean falls proportionately between
18Od breaks off with εττι-, although it appears the text originally
continued.
Original from
130
ovSck διάλογον ίμπίπτίΐ· cis ii τους by ίμπίπτα ό β. αδύνατον αρα δ δ

τοϋ γ η πολλαπλάσιοί η ίπιμόρως <ίναι.
1 δχ]δ γ θ Mm(0 del.)za II 1-2 δ ... πολλαπλάσιοίϊτόν ... πολλαπλάσιον

JanMg II 2 ίπιμόριου JanMg II
Original from
131
a superparticular interval, and B falls in between DG. Therefore, it is impos

sible for D to be either a multiple or a superparticular19 of G.20
19The use of the accusative in Porphyry is normal; the nominative of the

Division is unusual.
Ânalysis
η πρότασής 128.2-3
η έκθίσις 128.3-4
ό διορισμός 128.4-6
η κατασκευή 128.6-7,128.9-130.1
η απόίκιζις 128.7-130.1
τδ συμπέρασμα 130.1-2
Exposition
B/G # a, where a is an integer. More precisely, there is not an integer
as such that B/G = a. In the notation of symbolic logic, 3 signifies:
there is at least one: -3a(B/G = a).
G:B::B:D
Specification
-3b(D/G = b), where b is an integer, and
-3c(D/G = (c+l)/c), where c is an integer
Machinery
Suppose D/G = b
Proposition 2
Proposition 3
Proof
Since G:B::B:D, and from Proposition 2
3a(B/G = a), which contradicts the exposition
Conclusion
Therefore -3b(D/G = b)
Proof
[Suppose 3c(D/G = (c+1 )/c)] (not explicit in proof)
Since G:B::B:D and from Proposition 3,
D/G is not superparticular
Conclusion
-3c(D/G = (c+iyc)
Original from
132
e
’Εαρ διάστημα διί συντίθίν τό δλου μη ποιη πολλαπλάσιον, I Γ | β |
δ ούδ* αύτό ίσται πολλαπλάσιου. έστω yap διάστημα τό βγ και ycyt-
νησ&ω ώί ό γ πρόί τον β' ο β προς τον δ και μη Έστω ό δ τοΰ γ πολλα-
5 πλάσιΟΓ λ<χω δτι ούδί ό β τοϋ γ ίσται πολλαπλάσιοί* ci yap Έστιυ ό β
τοϋ γ πολλαπλάσιο?· ίσται και ό δ του y πολλαπλάσιοί* ούκ Έστι όΈ. ούκ
αρα ό β τοϋ γ Έσται πολλαπλάσιοί.
1 θεώρημα πίμπτον UpVn I c er 5 Nn II 2 Έ deest FrVv I συντίθίν]-τίθΙν

in ras. Mm12 II 2-3 figura in marg. BaVi om. PcUpvcVnVpVvJanMg y, β, δ
om. EcVm II 3 ούδ’ίού δι za om. Vn I αύτόίκαι αυτό Vn I πολλαπλάσιου]
πολλά |Γ|β|α πλάσιου Za πολλά iy ιβ ια VeVw I figura post διάστημα
Vp II 4 β (pr.) Mm2 (tebrepov del.) II 5 λέγω ... πολλαπλάσιοί om. Fr I
ούδ<]ού ούδέ Vd II 6 ίσται ... πολλαπλάσιοί om. BbPd I και]άρα JanMg I
και τοϋ ό δ Vp I δ του om. Za II
Original from
133
5.
If an interval twice combined does not make a multiple whole, e.g., IG I
Β ID 21 then it will not be multiple. For let BG be an interval, and let it have
been as G was to B so B was to D. And let D be a non-multiple of G. I say
that B will not be a multiple of G; for if B is a multiple of G, then D will be
a multiple of G, which is not the case. Therefore, B is not a multiple of G.22
21 This diagram is similar to the one that appears in the text with Propo
sition 3 (124.2; see n. 13) and may indicate an earlier diagram or example
that is no longer preserved in the manuscripts. In simple terms: let B be a
mean between G and D.
Ânalysis
η Ικθίσι,ς 132.3-5
η άπόδ€^ΐί 132.5-6
τό συμπέρασμα 132.6-7
Exposition
G:B::B:D
- 3a(D/G = a) where a is an integer
Specification
- 3b(B/G = b) where b is an integer
Machinery
Proposition 1
Proof
Suppose 3b(B/G = b)
Since G:B::B:D, and from Proposition 1
3a(D/G = a), which contradicts the assumption in the exposition
Conclusion
- 3b(B/G = b)
Original from
134
Τό διπλάσιου διάστημα ίκ δυο των μεγίστων επιμορίων συνεστηκεν,

εκ τε τοϋ ημωλίου καί ίκ τοδ ίπιτρίτου. <στω γαρ δ μίν βγ τοϋ δζ
ημιόλιοτ ό δε δζ τοϋ θ επίτριτος· φημ* τδν βγ τοϋ θ διπλασίονα είναι.
5 άφεΐλον γαρ ΐσον τψ θ τδν ζ καί τφ δζ τδν γ. ούκοΰν ίπ<ι ό βγ τοϋ δζ
ημιόλιοτ δ β αρα τοϋ βγ τρίτον μέρος εστί· τοϋ δε δζ ημισυ- πάλιν επεϊ
δ δζ τοϋ θ επίτριτός εστιν, δ δ τοϋ μεν δζ τεταρτημόριων τοϋ δί θ
τριτημόριον. ούκοΰν επει δ δ τοϋ δζ ίστι τεταρτημόριων, δ δε β τοϋ δζ
ημισν τοϋ αρα β ημισυ εσται δ δ. ην δε δ β τοϋ βγ τρίτον μεροτ δ αρα δ
1 Θεώρημα έκτων UpVn II 2 Τ deest FrVv I δύο om. za sup. Un. Mm2[?] II 3
ημιολίου ... επιτρίτου]επιμορίου καί ημιολίου Za (τρίτου sup. Un.) επι-
τρίτου μορίου καί ημιολίου VeVw I εκ (sec.) om. EcPcVm I επί τρίτου Mm
I τοϋ δζϊτή δζ Pb δζom. jh II 4 ήμιόλιοί ... δζom. CbPcPf I διπλάσιου
BbJanMg II 5 CbFrMnAnuNn(K quaes.JPcPfVc3 β za I τδν γ]τδν γλ
FrLdMm^muNnVc^VdiX rfe/.)Vj(X del.)No τδ γλ CbPf τδ γδ Pc τδν γδ Vp
I ίπόΐίπι Εο(-π€ΐ in marg.)FrNn* (corr. Nn2) I τοϋ δζοηχ. Ne II 6 ήμιόλιο?]
και ίκ τοϋ τριπλού καί επιτρίτου τδ τετραπλάσιον ομοίως δείκνυτατ καί
εκ τοϋ τετραπλού και επιτετάρτου τδ πενταπλοϋν και ad ομοίως. add.
Mmza del. Mm I β]βλ Mm3muvc (Vc3 praet. Ld λ del. VdVj) I ίστιυ FrOa
PbUpJanMg I του δί]τόυ δί Pd I ras. post πάλιν Vc I ίπαίκαι Bb ό μεν jh
om. vc II7 ό (pr.)]rj CbjhPcPfVc3 (in ras.) om. Bb I ίσται za I δ]δκ Mm3mu
δ< δκ vcfVc3 κ del. VdVj)Vv I δ<]<δ LdVdVj I τεταρτημόριον]τεταρτομό-
ριόν εστι Ee(ante corr.)Mm(-o- Mm3)Oa(an/e corrjmu (praet. UpVn)
τεταρτημόριων ίστι UpVn τεταρτημόρον Vc II 8 δίδκ Mm3muvc (Vc3 κ
del. LdVj) I β]βλ MnAnuvc (Vc3 praet. FrNn λ deL LdVdVj) II 8-9 δζ
ημισυ ... β τοϋ om. mu II 9 β (ρτ.)]βλ Mm3muvc (β in marg, λ in ras.
Vc3 λ del. LdVdVj) I δ]δκ Mm3vc (Vc3) I β]βλ MnPvc (Vc3 λ in ras. Nn) I
βγ]β ία I δ (scc.)]6k Mm3muvc(Vc3 κ del. LdVj) II
Original from
135
6.23
The duple interval is put together from the two greatest superparticulars,
from the sesquialter and from the sesquitertian. For let BG be a sesquialter
of DZ, and let DZ be a sesquitertian of Θ. I say that BG is a duple2324 of Θ.
For I subtracted Z equal to Θ and G equal to DZ Accordingly, since BG is a
sesquialter of DZ,25 B therefore is a third part of BG, a half of DZ Again
since DZ is a sesquitertian of Θ, D is a fourth part of DZ and a third part of
Θ. Accordingly, since D is a fourth part of DZ and B a half of DZ, therefore
23The first proof that follows is arithmetic in nature, although a geomet

ric version also exists. See the Introduction, pp. 40-44.
24 διττλασώμα is unusual, but all codices have it except Bb, which has
the more reasonable διπλάσων. διπλάσιοι might be even better.
^Mmza observe at this point that the triple and the sesquitertian form
the quadruple, and that the sesquiquartal and the quadruple form the quin
tuple. This remark must have been a scholion accompanying the seventh
proposition, which claims that the duple and the sesquialter form the triple.
Original from
136
τοβ βγ ίκτον μέρος έστίν. ην & δ δ τοϋ θ τρίτον μέρος· δ αρα βγ τοϋ θ
διπλάσιά? ίστιν.
1 τοΰ (pr.) om. Bb I & om. Up I δ]δκ Mm3mu(«5 Vn)vc (Vc3 κ del.
LdVdVj) II 2 διπλάσιο? ίστί. za II
Original from
137
D will be half of B. B was a third part of BG, therefore D is a sixth part of

BG. D was a third part of Θ, therefore BG is a duple of Θ.26
Ânalysis (lines 134.2-136.2)

η ίκθτσις 134.3-4
δ διορισμός 134.4
η κατασκευή 134.5
η απύδαζις 134.5-136.1
Exposition
(B+G):(D+Z) is sesquialter
(D+Z).© is sesquitertian
Specification
(B+G).© is duple
Machinery
Ζ =Θ
G = D+Z
(D+Z) - Z = D
(B+G)-G = B
Proof
B = (B+G)/3 from the exposition and machinery
B = (D+Z)/2 from the exposition and machinery
D = (D+Z)/4 from the exposition and machinery
D = Θ/3 from the exposition and machinery
Therefore D = B/2
2D = B = (B+G)/3
D = (B+G)/6
D = ©/3
(B+G)/6 = ©/3
Conclusion
(B+G) = 2©
Original from
Digitized by
138
* Αλλωί. *Εστω γαρ δ μίν α τοϋ β ήμιολιΟΓ δ bi β τοϋ γ ίπίτριτοϊ.

λίγω δπδα τοΰ γ έστι διπλάσιοι. circi γαρ ημιόλιοί ίσπν δ α τοϋ β· δα
αρα ίχει τδν β και τδν ημισυν αύτοϋ. δυο αρα οί α ΐσοι euri τρισι τοΐς β.
πάλα/ cwci δ β τοϋ γ ?στα/ ίπίτρι,τος. δ β αρα Ιχα τδν γ καί τδ τρίτον
5 αύτοϋ. τρέίς αρα οί β ίσοι euri τετταρσι τοϊί γ. τρέίς bi οί β ίσοι cieri
δυσι τοΐί α. δύο αρα οί α ΐσοι <ίσι τίτταρσι τοΐς γ αρα δ α ίσος εστι δυσι
τοϊί γ διπλάσιοι αρα ίστιν δ α τοΰ γ.
1 *E deest Fr I τοΰ om. mu II2 ημώΚιος cerri za I ό α (ter.) om. za sup. tin.
Mm (Mm2?) I a (ter.) om. EcVmVp II 3 τδν β]τοϋ β Pf I τδν ημισνν]τδν
ημασυ BaEcOa(a/ire corr.)PbVm τδ ημισ Vn τδ ημών UpJanMg I δύο]/3 za
I a sup. Un. rub. Mm2Mu om. za I €ΐσι τοϊί β τρωϊ za II 4 y (ρτ.)]δ vc
τρίτον Mm*1 (τρίτον del. γ sup. Un Mm2) I γ (sec.)]i/y ante corr. VeVw I
τδν τρίτον mu (praet. UpVn) II 5 οί β (pr.)Joi δύο za I ίσοι «σι (ρτ.ψίσα/
Ισοι VeVw I κίσι (pr.)]tlaiv Pb I τ€τταρσι]τ€ταρσι CbEe(anre corr.)Mm
mu(praer. KaPb)Oa(anre corr. )PePfza τέταρσιυ Pb τ<σσαρσι Ka I yjay za
I Tpeis in ras. Nn I β ($£θ.)]δύο CbPePf II 6 δυσΙ]δύο codd. I τ€τταρσι]τ€-
ταρσι CbEe(ante corr.)Mmmu(praet. Ka) τεσσαρσι Kaza rirpacri PcPf I
apa δ α]ό apa δ a Vc(o [pr.] Vc3) ό apa a \c(praet. Vc)Mg I Taorfurow Bb
II7 apa om. Bb II
Original from
139
In another way:27 For let A be a sesquialter of B, B a sesquitertian of G.

I say that A is duple of G. For since A is a sesquialter of B, A therefore
holds B and the half of iL Therefore, two A’s are equal to three B’s. Again,
since B is a sesquitertian of G, B therefore holds G and the third of iL There*
fore, three B’s are equal to four G’s. Three B’s are equal to two A’s. There
fore, two A’s are equal to four G’s. Therefore, A is equal to two G’s. There
fore, A is a duple of G.28
^Several manuscripts make a major division here, e.g., * A is written in

red (BaVmVp), or *E in red (Nn). Vi numbers this passage 7 in the margin.
Of. Porphyry.
28Analysis (lines 138.1-7)
ηΐκθίσπ 138.1
διορισμός 138.2
η άττόδ^υ 138.2-6 (A form of the machinery is contained in the
proof at lines 138.3 and 5.)
τό σνμττίρασμα 138.6-7
Exposition
AB is sesquialter
BG is sesquitertian
Specification
AG is duple
Proof
A = B + B/2 from exposition
2A = 3B
B = G + G/3 from exposition
3B=4G
Therefore 2A = 4G
Conclusion
A = 2G
Original from
140
C
'Εκ του διπλάσιου διαστήματος καί ημιολίου τριπλάσιον διάστημα
γίνεται. Έστω γαρ ό μέν α τοΟ β διπλάσιΟΓ ο δί β τοϋ γ ημιόλιος- λεχω
δτι ό α τοϋ γ ίστϊ τριπλάσιος- νηά γαρ ό α τοϋ β ίστι διπλάσιος, ό αρα a
5 ίσος ίστϊ δυσϊ τοΐς β· πάλιν ίπά ό β τοϋ γ ίστϊν ημιόλιος, αρα ό β εχα
τδν γ καί τδ ημισυ αύτοϋ. δύο αρα οι β ίσοι είσι τρισϊ τοΐς γ- δύο δί οι β
ίσοι άσϊ τφ α. και δ α αρα ίσος ίστϊ τρισϊ τοΐς γ τριπλάσιος αρα ίστϊν ό
ατοϋγ.
1 θίώρημα Έβδομον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv (e in marg. Vv2?) I διάστημά·

τος]σνστηματος Up II 3 ό (pr.) om. Ld I διπλάσιος]τριπλάσιος Bb I β (sec.)
om. Ba II 3-4 λίγω ... τριπλάσιος om. Fr II4 ό a (pr.)]a VeVw I ίστϊν (pr.)
Ve I apa a]a apa zaJanMg I a (ter.) in marg. Mm2 II 5 apa ό β]δ β apa Mg
II 6 τδν ημισυν VcVw I oi β (pr.)]o β EeJIOaPbPcPd I είσιίεστι Bb om. jh
II 6-7 δύο δί ... τοΐς γ om. VeVw II 6 οι (sec.)]o CbPe ού Pf I β ($εε.)]δυο
CbPePfZa II7 ίσοι om. FrNn I είσι]είσόυ Pb om. jh I τω α}τό a Ld I a (sec.)
sup. Un. Mm2 om. Z&I a apalapa a LdVdVj I τρισϊν Pb II7-8 apa ίστα/ ...
γ in marg. Nn II7 ίστί (sec.) Oaza II
Original from
141
7.
From a duple interval and a sesquialter, a triple interval comes about
For let A be a duple of B, and B a sesquialter of G. I say that A is a triple of
G, for since A is a duple of B, therefore A is equal to two B*s. Again, since
B is a sesquialter of G, therefore B holds G and a half of it Therefore, two
B’s are equal to three G’s; and two B’s arc equal to A. Therefore, A is equal
to three G’s. Therefore, A is a triple of G.29
Ânalysis
η extent 140.3
δδωρισμόί 140.3-4
η xararxevq 140.6
η amte&t 140.4—7
τδ σνμττίρασμα 140.7-8
Exposition
A = 2B
B = G+G/2
Specification
A = 3G
Machinery
2B = 3G from exposition
Proof
From exposition and machinery
Conclusion
A = 3G
Original from
142
Έαν από ημιολίαν διαστήματος Ιπίτριτον διάστημα αφαιρί&ΐ), τό

λοιπόν καταλ<ίπ<ται ίττόγδοον. ίστω γαρ ό μ*ν α τοϋ β ημιόλιος ο δί γ
τοϋ β Ιπίτριτος· λίγω ότι i α τοϋ γ ίστιν ίττόγδοος. ίττά γαρ ό α τοϋ β
5 ίστιν ήμιόλιο$, ό α αρα ?χ« τόν β και τό ημισν αύτοϋ. οκτώ αρα οί α ίσοι
curi δώ&κα τοϊς β· πάλιν ίπ<ι ό γ τοϋ β ίστιν ίπίτριτος, ό γ αρα εχ€ΐ τον
β και τό τρίτον αύτοϋ. ίννία αρα οί γ ίσοι curi δώδεκα τοϊς β. δώδεκα δέ
1 θεώρημα όγδοον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv II 3 ίπόχδοονίτό όγδοον Mm1

(corr. Mm2)za I β ίστίν ημιόλιος Bb II 3-5 δ δΐ ... ημιόλιος om. za II 3 γ
om. Bb sup. Un. Mm2 (τρίτος del ) II 4 β (pr.) in ras. Mm2 I 4 γ in ras.
Mm2 (τρίτος (?] del. sup. Un.) I a ($£0.)]δ Pe II 5 a (pr.) sup. Un. Mm2[?]
om. jh I apa]apa a Mm (a sup. Un. Mm2) I a (jrec.)]e Mm*(?)za a Mm2 II 6
τοϊς β in ras. Mm2 I coti za II 7 Ιννία γαρ apa Pb I γ sup. Un. Mm2 I 1 Utt.
del. post γ Pe II 7-144.1 δώδεκα τοϊς ... τοϊς a om. za II7 Mm3Vv2 II
Original from
143
8.30
If a sesquitertian interval is subtracted from a sesquialter interval, the
sesquioctave remainder is left behind. For let A be a sesquialter of B and G
a sesquitertian of B; I say that A is a sesquioctave of G. For since A is a ses
quialter of B, therefore A holds B and a half of it. Therefore, eight A’s31 are
equal to twelve B’s. Again, since G is a sesquitertian of B, G therefore holds
B and a third of it Therefore, nine G’s are equal to twelve B’s. Twelve B’s
^wo scholia accompany this proposition in the vc tradition. The first is

a prose version of the diagram that accompanies the proposition.
ή γαρ όκτάκι? θ οβ·
καί δωδικάκι? τα οβ·
και ίννάκις τα η οβ.
This scholion occurs in CbFrNnPf (Nn has η instead of η in the first line; Pf
omits the η of the third line) and must certainly have appeared originally in
Vc, although it is no longer visible there. It is most likely the scholion
appeared at the top of f. 4r where it would have accompanied the eighth
proposition. This portion of the folio is now completely deteriorated and
illegible. Another scholion (ό Θ προς τον η (πόγδοος) is added to Vc by Vc2
and is copied by Nn.
31The manuscripts that preserve the arithmetic Division contain a corrupt
version of the eighth porposition that apparently develops from an ortho
graphic mistake in Proposition 8 (142.5), where δ appears fora (sec.).
Original from
144
οί β ίσοι ίίσίυ οκτώ τοίί α· οκτώ αρα οί α ίσοι άσϊυ ίυυία τοΐς γ ό αρα α
Ισος ίστϊ τφ γ και τφ όχδόφ αυτού, αρα ο α του γ ίστϊν ίπόγδοος.
1 οί β]οί δυο CbPcPf I τοΐς α]τοί$ δ ante corr. Mm (α sup. Un. Mm12?) I
άσϊν (sec.)]doi EcPcZa I <ίσι του ίυυία Ec I y]/3 za γ in ras. Mm2 I ό apa
α]ό a apa zaJanMg ό αρα ό a BaDaEeJIOaPdViVp I a (ter.) sup. Un. Mm2 II
2 τφ γ]τό γ FrNn I όγδωω Ecl όα apa UpVnMg I ίττόγύοος ίστί za II
Original from
145
are equal to eight A’s. Therefore, eight A’s are equal to nine G’s. Therefore,
A is equal to G and an eighth of iL Therefore, A is a sesquioctave of G.32
32Onc scholion that accompanies this proposition in the vc family gives

a numerical account of the geometric demonstration. Let a = 9, b = 6, and c
= 8. Thus a:b is sesquialter, and c:b is sesquitertian. 8a = 72; 12b = 72; 9c =
72. Therefore 8a = 9c. The same numerical treatment also occurs in the dia
grams of Mm2, Vv, and the mu family, as well as Vc, Bb, Cb, and Nn. Mu
and all its descendants that contain diagrams with the exception of Oa and
Pd assign t not η to line y. Pd assigns a. Only Oa of the mu family has the
correct assignment, η.
Analysis
η arfteris
δ διορισμός 142.4
η κατασκευή
η άττόδ^ΐί 142.4-144.2
Exposition
Α = Β + Β/2
G = Β + Β/3
Specification
A = G + G/8
Proof
8Α = 12Β from exposition
9G = 12B from exposition
8A = 9G
Conclusion
A = G+G/8
Original from
146
e
τά ίττόγδοα διαστήματα μάζουά ίστι διαστήματα? iiw διπλάσιου,
έστω γαρ ας αριθμός ό α, και τοβ μίν α ίπόγδοος «στω ό β- τοϋ δβ β
ίιτογόοος ό γ τοϋ δί γ ίττογόοος ό Jr τοϋ δί δ εηόγόοος δ ε τοϋ € ί ττόγδοο?
5 b C τοϋ ζ ίττόγόοος ό η· λίγω ότι ό η τοϋ α μάζων ίστϊν η διπλάσιο?.
Έπ<ι ίμάθομίν έυραν ίπτα αριθμούς ίφίζής ίπογόόους άλληλωυ
ευρησθωσαν οΐαβγόίζη* καί γίνεται
ό μίν α κς μύρια βρυίτ
ό δί β κθμύρια βΊ)ιβ·
10 δ δέ γ Κγ μύρια ,αψοΓ
δ διό λζμύρια /γσμη·
ό δέ e μα μύρια βνό*
δ δί ζμζ μύρια βτ9β·
δόίηνγ μύρια /αυμα καί
1 θεώρημα ίνατον UpVn II 2 Τ deest FrVv I άσϊ VeVw II 3 γαρ δ ας PbUp

Vn I β (sec.)]tevripov Za(del., β sup. Un. Za2)Pd II 4 ό γ]τοϋ γ LdVdVj I
τοϋ δ< yfroi) & δ Ba τοϋ δέ τρίτου Za (del., γ sup. Un. Za2) in marg. Nn I δ
(pr.)\t Pd I δ ίτΐόγόοος «ττω δ e Ee I δ € ... επόγόοος om. Bb I τοϋ δί c
EeUpvc II 5 uterque ζ in ras. Mu I τοϋ δ( £ Ee(6i in marg.)Tm(ii quaes.
Mu)vc0t Vc3) I ότι om. Up I ίστι za II 6 εΐΓτα]ζΖ& I ίφ^ξης sup. Un. Mm3
add. Vc3 om. zaVvJanMg II 8 κς Mm2 II 9 κΘ]κ em. Za2 I βΊ)ιβ]βτιβ
mwc(praet. Vc)VeVw /δΤιβ Vc -τ- Mm2 II 10 Ay Mm2 1 Utt. del. ante Za2
I /n/roda corr. Mm2 αψ post corr. Za2 (7 Utt. del. post αψ) II 11 X(Mm2 I
,γσμη Mm2 1 Utt. del., γ sup. Un., -η em. Za2([ ]σμδ Za*1) VnJan II 12
μα Mm2 -a corr. Za2 I ,ΟδΙ/^τδ MnAntivc β δ Za βφό VeVw II 13 δέ
Mm2 I £ (pr.) in ras. Za^?) I βτ^β]^- del. Za II 14 η in ras. Za2 II 14-148.1
νγ ...δη om. Bb II 14 /αυμαΐ/χυ Mm2 /γυμα Zal(corr. Za2) II
Original from
Digitized by
147
9.33
Six sesquioctave intervals are greater than one duple interval. For let one
number be A, and let B be a sesquioctave of A, G a sesquioctave of B, D a
sesquioctave of G, E a sesquioctave of D, Z a sesquioctave of E, and H a
sesquioctave of Z; I say that H is greater than the duple of A. Since we
learned to find seven numbers consecutively sesquioctave to one another, let
A, B, G, D, E, Z, H be found; and
A becomes 262,14433 3435
B becomes 294,91235
G becomes 331,776
D becomes 373,248
E becomes 419,904
Z becomes 472,392
H becomes 531,441,36 and
33Za2 contains the scholion: υπέρ μεν διπλάσοχ τοϋ πρώτου εστϊ νβ
μύροι fioirq ύπερεχεΐ Bi αντοίν?] δ η [τό?] l/lp2'/· The scholion claims that
η exceeds the duple (i.e., 528,244) of the first (i.e., a) by 7153.
34Up writes out the seven numbers thus:
262,144—είκοσιεζ μύροι δοτχίλια εκατόν καί τεσσαράκοντα καί τεσσαρα
294,912—είκοσιεννεα μύροι, τετρακοτχίλοι, εννεακόσοι καί δώδεκα
331,ΊΊ6—τροτοωντατρία μύροι, χίλια επτακόσοι καί εβδομακονταδύο
(should be not -δύο)
373,248—τεσσαρακονταετία μύροι τροτχίλοι διακόσια καί τεσσαρακον-
ταοκτώ
419,904—τεσσαρακονταεν μύροι εννεακοτχίλοι, εννεακόσοι καί τεσσαρα
472392—τεσσαρακονταεπτα μύροι, δοτχίλοι τροικόσοι καί εννεακκόντα
δύο
531,441—πεντεκοντατρία μύροι, χίλια τετρακόσοι καί τεσσαρακονταεν.
35The sampi (D), indicating 900, was regularly copied as a tau in the
Renaissance codices, both here and at line 12. Earlier symbols included /I
and T. Unfortunately, τ indicates 300, and this caused considerable confu
sion in the Renaissance codices. Only Vc1, Mm1, Za, and Vv have a sym
bol other than tau for 900 at line 9 ( Λ). Mm1 and Vv repeat this symbol at
line 12, whereas Za has a “broken cross” (/k). Vw and Ve have ψ instead
of ε for 900 at line 12. Vc has T for 900 at line 9 but otherwise does not dis
tinguish between the symbols for 900 and 300.
36The manuscripts that preserve the arithmetic Division contain numer
ous corrections of the large numbers involved in lines 8—14 of Proposition 9.
Original from
148
Εστιν δ η τοϋ α μάζων η δίττλάσιοτ

I α I β I γ I δ I c I <Ί η.
1 έστοΉστι za «στι CbNnPePf I η om. jh I μϊίζον Jan II 2 om. JanMg I ια

ίβ cy Λ it ιζιη. VeVw II
Original from
149
H is greater37 than the duple of A.

IA IΒ IG ID IE IZIH38
37F. 396 in Vw was tom before the scribe executed the treatise. It reads: pel ζου.
38This primitive diagram occurs in the text in Mm1 and za. In all other
manuscripts that contain diagrams, line 148.2 takes the form of a diagram. It
is omitted in manuscripts that do not contain diagrams. All of the diagrams
that accompany this proposition give at best a crude picture of this essen
tially numerical demonstration.
Analysis
η πρότασίΛ 146.2
η 146.3-5
η άττόδ^ΐί 146.7-14
το συμπέρασμα 148.1
Exposition
B:A::9:8
G:B::9:8
D:G::9:8
E:D::9:8
Z:E::9:8
H:Z::9:8
Specification
H>2A
Machinery
If b:a is in lowest terms where a and b are integers, then for any inte
ger n, there exists the series x^x^: .. .Xp where x is an integer and
XniXn.fzbia (Euclid Elements 8.2; Pena notes this dependency in his
translation)
Proof
Let n=7, b=9, a=8
xn_6 = a<nl) =262,144 = A
Xn-5 = b(^)a(n-2) =294,912 = B
= b<n*5>a<n-3) =331,776 = G
Xn.3 = b<n4>a(n^ =373,248 = D
= bin3>a(n·5) =419,904 = E
x^ = b<n-2)a(^) =472,392 = Z
= b<n-i> =531,441 = H
Conclusion
H>2A
Original from
150
ι
τό δια πασών διάστημά ίστι πολλαπλάσιον. ίστω yap νητη μίυ
ύπ^ρβολαίων ό α* μ^ση δ< ό β· προσλαμβανόμενος δε ό γ· τό αρα ay
διάστημα διί δια πασών δν, ίστι σύμφωνον, ήτοι ουν ίπιμόριον ίστιν η
5 πολλαπλάσιον* ίπιμόριον μίν ow ούκ ίστιν* ίπιμορίου γαρ διαστήματος
μίσος ovdcir ανάλογον ίμπίπτα* πολλαπλάσιον αρα ίστιν* ίπ€ΐ ουν δύο
1 θεώρημα δίκατον UpVn II 2 T deest FrVv I δια Mm2 I διάστημά]σύσ-

τημα Ee II 3 ο β]ό οβΡίΙδϊ om. za II4 δν]ών Mm1 (corr. Mm4) I ίπιμόριόν
ίστι Za I η]ή Mm II 5 ουν om. JanMg II 6 δύο]β Za II 6-152.1 δύο ίσα δια
στήματα UpVnJanMg ({ίσα)) II
Original from
151
10.
The diapason39 interval is multiple. For let the nete hyperbolaion be A,
the mese be B, and the proslambanomenos G. Therefore, the interval AG,
being a double diapason, is consonant40 Then it is either superparticular or
multiple. It is not superparticular, for no mean falls proportionately between
39Several manuscripts (e.g., Vv, Vw, Bb) write διαπασών inconsistently

as one word.
40With Proposition 10, we begin the application to sound of the numeri
cal truths demonstrated in the first nine propositions; this is in fact what was
promised in the Introduction. With Proposition 10, we presuppose the exis
tence of the Greek tonal system spanning two octaves and including the con
junct or synemmenon system. We also presuppose the auditory recognition
of certain intervals, e.g., the double octave, as consonant
Original from
152
διαστήματα τά αβ βγ σνυτίθίντα ττοκϊ πολλαπλάσιον τδ δλον και τδ

αβ αρα ίστι πολλαπλάσιον.
1 τά]του Vv om. BbOaza I αβ βγ]α β γ LdVdVj αΓ Za1 (corr. Za2) I ποιβι

πολλαπλάσιον om. Bb I [ίμπιπτίΐΐ τδ δλον Bb II 1-2 και ... πολλαπλά
σιον om. PbUpVn II2 πολλα{Τδ διά τίσσαρωυ διάστημα και τδ διά πά/τ*}
πλάσιον Pc (cf. 154.2) II
Original from
153
a superparticular interval; therefore it is multiple. Since then two intervals,

AB, BG, joined together make a multiple whole, AB therefore41 is
multiple.42
41Za ends here. A scholion referring to a previous proposition and in

another hand appears at the bottom of the folio (sec n. 33). Vw and Ve stop
here and resume in the Canon (178.1): Τον κανόνα καταγράψω. A second
hand adds the scholion Kwru ωδε to Vw in the margin.
42This argument presupposes that AB, i.e., nete hypcrbolaion to mese,
and BG, mese to proslambanomcnos, are the same interval, both octaves.
Analysis
η πρότασή 150.2 (Beginning with this proposition, the Euclidean
model of enunciation, exposition, etc., applies less neatly
to the forms of the arguments.)
η εκθεσις 150.2-3
ό όωρισμός does not exist explicitly. It would be: “I say that AB is
multiple.”
η κατασκευή 150.3-4, 150.5-6, 150.6-152.1
η άπόδει,ζι,ς 150.3-152.1
Exposition
A = nete hyperbolaion
B = mese
G = proslambanomenos
[Specification
AB is multiple]
Machinery
The existence of the Immutable System
Fundamental Principle of Consonance (FPC) from the Introduction
Proposition 2
Proposition 3
Proof
AG is consonant a priori
AG is either multiple or supcrparticular, FPC
AG is not superparticular, Proposition 3
Therefore AG is multiple
Presupposition
Both AB and BG are diapason intervals
Conclusion
AB is multiple, from Proposition 2
Original from
154
ΙΛ
Τό δια τεσσάρων διάστημα και τό δια π«ΗΈ inirepov ίπιμόριόν ίστι·
€στω yap νητη μίν συνημμένων ό α* μίση & ο β· υπάτη δ< μισών ό γ τό
άρα αχ διάστημα διτ δια Τ€σσάρων δν ίστι διαφωνον ούκ αρα ίστι πολ-
5 λαπλασιον* ίπό ουν δύο διαστήματα ισα τα αβ βγ συντίθέντα το δλον
μη ποιτ) πολλαπλάσιον, ούδί αρα τό αβ ίστι πολλαπλάσιον* και ίστι
1 ιβ in marg. Mm2 I θεώρημα ίνδέκατον UpVn II 2 T deest FrVv I ίστιν

FrjhMuJanMg II 3 μέν sup. Un. Mm II 4 διάστημα om. UpVn I διτ sup. Un.
Mm2 I ov]ov BaOavc(Pe?)Vp ων Mm1 II (corr. Mm2) om. Bb ών Ld (o sup.
Un.) I ίστι (pr.)]i<rri Mm1 (corr. Mm2) I coti (sec.) om. JIPd II 5 δύο om. Vn
II 6ποΐ€Ϊ MuJanMg I ούδέ ... πολλαπλάσιον om. Pd II
Original from
155
ll43
With respect to the diatessaron interval and the diapente, each is super
particular. For let the nete synemmenon be A, the mese be B, and the hypate
meson G; therefore the interval AG, being a double diatessaron, is disso
nant Therefore, it is not a multiple.44 Since two equal intervals, AB, BG,
joined together do not make a multiple whole, neither therefore is AB a mul
tiple;45 but it is consonant and therefore superparticular. The same proof
43In most manuscripts, including the most authoritative—Vc, Mm, Vv—,

ul is the last proposition to be numbered. Most manuscripts have a break
between i and m.
^The reasoning here is based on the FPC. In arbitrarily large systems of
pitches and ratios, one cannot deduce that simply because an interval is dis
sonant, it therefore is not multiple. In a strict sense, the FPC guarantees only
that all consonant intervals are either multiple or superparticular, not that all
multiples are consonant. See Paul Tannery, “Inauthenticiti de la «Division
du canon* attribute & Euclide,” Comptes rendus des stances de I’academie
des inscriptions et belles-lettres 4 (1904): 215-16; and Andrew Barker,
“Methods and Aims in the Euclidean Sectio Canonis,” Journal of Hellenic
Studies 101 (1981): 4-5. The system in question, however, is the two-octave
scale of the Greeks in which indeed all multiples are consonant. See my
“Placing Sectio Canonis” pp. 160-61.
45Pe stops here. It continued at one time, as is indicated by και e appear
ing at the bottom of the folio in the original hand.
Original from
Digitized by
156
σύμφωνον* εττιμόριον αρα. η αυτή bi απόόειζις και ίπι τοϋ δια πεντε. τό
δια πασών διάστημά ίστι διπλάσιαν. Άείζαμεν γαρ αυτό πολλαπλάσιον*
ούκοΰν ήτοι ίιπλίσιον ίστϊν η μεϊζον η διπλάσιαν, άλλ’ ίπό έδιίέαμιν
τό διπλάσιαν διάστημα ίκ δύο των μεγίστων επιμορίων συγκείμενον
5 ώστε εΐ εσται. τό δια πασών μεϊζον όιπλασίου ου σνγκείσεται εκ δύο
μόνων επιμορίων άλλ' εκ πλκόνων. συγκειται bi εκ δύο σύμφωνων
διαστημάτων εκ τε τοϋ δια πεντε καί δια τεσσάρων ούκ αρα εσται τό δια
1 αποδείξεις Ee (corr. in marg.) I τό]θεώρημα όωόεκατον τό UpVn ιβ\ τό

Mg 12. τό Jan και τό Vd II 2 αύτώ Mmmu(praer. KaUpVn)Oa(ante corr.)
Vv o sup. Un. Vm II 4 ίπιμαρίω CbPf II 5 ει om. Bb I συγκείται PbVn II 6
μόνον Pf I δ< om. BbjhVv bi Vc II7 και]και τοϋ JanMg I to om. PbUpVn II
Original from
157
exists concerning the diapente.46 The diapason interval is duple. For we

proved this itself to be multiple; accordingly, it is either duple or greater
than duple. Yet since we proved that a duple interval is joined together from
the two largest superparticulars, if the diapason will be greater than duple, it
will not be joined together from only two superparticulars but from more. It
is joined together from two consonant intervals, from the diapente and dia-

η πρότασίΛ 154.2
η extent 154.3
ό hopurpot does not exist. It would be: “I say that AB is
supcrparticular.”
η άπόδί^τ 154.3-156.1
Exposition
A = nete synemmenon
B = mese
G = hypate meson
[Specification
AB is superparticular]
Machinery
Existence of the Immutable System
FPC
Proposition 5
Proof
AG is dissonant a priori
AG is not a multiple, from FPC (see n. 44)
AB is not a multiple, from Proposition 5
AB is consonant a priori
Presupposition
Both AB and BG are diatessaron intervals
Conclusion
AB is superparticular, from FPC
Presumably the proof for the diapente would be identical to that for the dia-
tessaron except for the exposition, which might proceed thus.
Exposition
A = nete diezeugmenon
B = mese
G = diatonic lichanos hypaton
Original from
158
πασών μάζον διπλάσιου· διπλάσιου αρα. άλλ’ επειδή τδ δια πασών ίστι
διπλάσιον τό δε διπλάσιον εκ τών μεγίστων έπψορίωυ δύο συνεστηκε·
και τό δια πασών αρα έζ ημωλίου και επιτρίτου σννέστηκν ταΰτα γαρ
μέγιστα. σννέστηκ* γαρ έκ τοΰ δια πεντε και εκ τοΰ δια τεσσάρων, διττών
5 επιμορίων τό μεν άρα δια πεντε επειδή μίίζόν εστιν ημιόλιον αν ειψ τό
1 διπλάσιου om. LdVdVj II 3 σννεστηκε Jan II 4 χαρ]δε JanMg I εκ τοΰ]εκ

τε του Mm (τε Mm2) εκ τε του mu II
Original from
159
tessaron. Therefore, the diapason will not be greater than duple; therefore it
is duple.47 Yet since the diapason is duple and the duple is joined together
from the two greatest superparticulars, the diapason is therefore joined
together from a sesquialter and a sesquitertian, for these are greatest. For the
diapason is joined together from the diapente and from the diatessaron,
which are superparticular, therefore, the diapente, since it is the greater,
47Analysis (lines 156.1-158.1)

η πρότασις 156.1-2
η εκθκτις does not exist
ό διορισμός 156.3,5-6
η κατασκευή 152.2, 3-4,6-7
η απόδειζις 156.3-158.1
[Exposition
There is a diapason interval AB, which is a priori consonant.]
Machinery
Proposition 10
Specification
AB is duple or > duple
Machinery
Proposition 6
Specification
If AB > duple,
then it is composed from more than two superparticulars
Machinery
Diapason = diapente + diatessaron, a priori
Proposition 11 (154.2-156.1)
Proof
Diapason is not > duple
Conclusion
Diapason is duple
Original from
160
δί δια τεσσάρων ίπίτρπον. φανερόν 6η δτι και τό δια πεντε και τό δια
πασών τριπλάσιόν εστατ εδείζαμεν γαρ δτι ck διπλάσιου διαστήματος
καί ημιολίαν τριπλάσιον διάστημα γίνεται· ώστ< καί τό δια πασών και τό
1 ίπίτριτονΚπά τρίτον FrNn I τό (pr.) om. UpVn I τό (sec.) om. JanMg II

1-2 διά πασώνίδιατοπάσων Vv II 2 πασών in ras. Vc3 II 3—162.1 δια
πασών ... δέ om. Up I διά πασών ... δις om. PbVn II
Original from
161
would be sesquialter, the diatessaron sesquitertian.48 It is surely evident that

the diapente and the diapason are triple; for we proved that the triple interval
comes about from the duple interval and the sesquialter. Thus, the diapason
Ânalysis Qines 158.1-160.1)

η πρότασις does not exist. It would be: “the diapente is sesquialter
and the diatessaron is sesquitertian.”
η ϊκθίσις does not exist.
ό διορισμός does not exist.
η κατασκευή 158.1-2,4-5
η άπό&ι£ις 158.3-5
τδ συμπέρασμα 158.5-160.1
Machinery
Proposition 6
Proposition 11 (154.2-156.1)
Proposition 11 (156.1-158.1)
Proof
Diapason is duple, from Proposition 11 (156.1-158.1)
Diapason = two greatest superparticulars, from Proposition 6
Diapason = sesquialter + sesquitertian, from Proposition 6
Diapason = diapente + diatessaron, a priori
Diapente > diatessaron, a priori
Since the sesquialter is greater than the sesquitertian
Conclusion
Diapente = sesquialter
Diatessaron = sesquitertian
Original from
162
δια TTorre τριπλάσιοί τό & δι? δια πασωτ τετραπλάσιόν εστιν

άποδεδεικται αρα ότι των συμφώνων έκαστον εν τίσι λόχοι? ίχα τους
περιέχοντας φθόγγους προς άλληλους. λοιπόν δα περί τοΰ τονιαίου
διαστήματος δκλ&ίν, ότι εστιν επόγδοον εμάθομεν γαρ δτι εαν μεν από
5 ημιολίου διαστήματος επίτριτον διάστημα άφαιρε&β, τό λοιπόν κατα-
λείπεται επόγδοον. εάν δί από του δια πεντε τό δια τεσσάρων άφαιρεθη.
1 τετραπλάσιόν]τριπλάσιόν jh I ίστιν om. Ec II 2 δτι sup. tin. Mm1

2 om.
JanMg I εκατόν Mm (corr. Mm2) I ίν]δν Bb I τίσι]τοισι Fr τρισι UpVn I
λόγ(οις) Mm II 3 θεώρημα τρίτον και δεκατον UpVn 13. Jan ιγ\ Mg I δ€Ϊ]
δη vcJanMg δέ mu II 4 cadcav εστιν Vv I μεν in ras. Mm3Vc3 om. UpVv
JanMg II
Original from
163
and the diapente are triple.49 The double diapason is quadruple.50 Therefore,
it was shown in what ratios each of the consonances51 holds the bounding52
notes to one another. It remains necessary to go over the interval of a whole
tone, that it is sesquioctave. For we learned that if a sesquitertian interval is
subtracted from a diapente interval, the sesquioctave remainder is left

η fotoris does not exist
δ διορισμός does not exist
η κατασκνη 160.2-3
η airofa(is does not exist
τδ συμπέρασμα 160.3-162.1
Machinery
Proposition 7
Proposition 11 (156.1-158.1)
Proposition 11 (158.1-160.1)
Conclusion
follows directly from the propositions cited
Ânalysis (line 162.1)
This proposition is simply claimed, not demonstrated. Such a demonstration
would rest on Proposition 11 (156.1-158.1) and on the fact that the double
diapason obviously consists of two diapason intervals joined together.
51diatessaron, diapente, diapason, diapason plus diapente, and double
diapason.
52<<Defining.”
Original from
164
τό λοιπόν τονιαιον ίστι διάστημα- τό apa τονιαιον διάστημα ίστιν

ίπόγδοον.
τό δια πασών «λαττόν ίστϊν η ίζ τόνων, δίδίικται γαρ τό μίν δια
πασών διπλάσιαν* ό δί τόνος ίπόγδοος· τα δί ί( ίπόγδοα διαστήματα
1-2 ίστι διάστημα ίπόγδοον CbOaPf II 3 Θεώρημα τίταρτον και δίκατον

UpVn 14. Jan ιδ’. Mg I ίλαττόν «rriv]-ov ίστιν in ras. Vc3 ίστιν sup. lin.
Mm3 ίστιν om. VvJanMg I yap om. Oa II4 ίττόιδοος Pf I om. Vn II
Original from
165
behind. If a diatessaron is subtracted from a diapente, the remainder is a

whole-tone interval. Therefore, the whole-tone interval is sesquioctave.53
The diapason is less than six tones.54 For the diapason was proved to be
duple, and the tone sesquioctave. Six sesquioctave intervals are greater than

η εκθεσις does not exist
ό όωρισμός does not exist
η απόόειξις 162.6-164.1
Machinery
Proposition 8
Proposition 11 (158.1-160.1)
Proof
Diapente - diatessaron = whole-tone, a priori
Sesquialter - sesquitertian = sesquioctave, Proposition 8
Diapente is sesquialter, Proposition 11 (158.1-160.1)
Diatessaron is sesquitertian. Proposition 11 (158.1-160.1)
Conclusion
Whole-tone is sesquioctave
MMu contains a red dot here, and many manuscripts of the mu group
have a break here.
Original from
166
μείζονα διαστήματος ίστι διπλάσιου· τδ αρα διά πασών ίλαττόν ίστιν ίζ

τόνων, τδ bi δια τεσσάρων ελαττον δύο τόνων και ημιτονίου· και τδ δια
πεντε ελαττσν τριών τόνων και ημιτονίου· έστω γαρ νητη μεν δι<-
ζενγμίνων δ β· παράμεση δε δ γ μίση δε δ δ· ύπατη bi μισών δ ζ.
5 ουκοΰν τδ μεν γδ διάστημα τόνος εστί· τδ δε βζ δια πασών δν ελαττόν
ίστιν εζ τόνων τα λοιπά αρα τό τε βγ και τδ δζ ίσα όντα ελάττονά ίστι
1 [ίστι] JanMg I ίστινίίστι Mm II 2 τδ (ρτ.)]θεώρημα πίμπτον και δίκατον

τδ UpVn 15. τδ Jan ιε'. τδ Mg I δε om. JanMg II 3 μ<ν]τών Ba II 4 παρά
μίση Cb II 5 δν vc (praet. Bb) II 6 ίστιν om. vcJanMg sup. Un. Mm4 II
Original from
167
a duple interval; therefore the diapason is less than six tones.55 The diatessa
ron is less than two tones and a half tone, and the diapente is less than three
tones and a half tone. For let the nete diezeugmenon be B, the paramese be
G, the mese be D, and the hypate meson Z. Accordingly, GD is a tone inter
val. BZ» a diapason, is less than six tones. The remainders, therefore—BG
and ZD being equal—are less than five tones. Thus, there are less than two
55A scholion occurs in Vc2, f.4r: εζ αρχις τα Θ, νδ· α είσΐυ εζ επόγδοα

ηγουν r τα γοϋυ εξ επόγδοα. φησί μείζουα euri διαστήματος διπλάσιον*
ώς ο κδ προς μη. δς ίστιν ό διαπασών ό βζ. The numbers involved, νδ, μη
and κδ, seem to indicate the diagrams accompanying ια (166.2-170.3) and
the Enharmonic Passage, and the interval βζ applies to ια (166.5). Cb and
Pf contain the same scholion, but both have ηγουν, and Pf has διάστημά-
τους. In crude terms, the scholion assigns the number 9 to the sesquioctave
and compiles six sesquioctaves by multiplying 6 times 9. The first diagram
that accompanies the Enharmonic Passage in the vc family contains a tone
interval represented by 81:72. Perhaps this is where the number 9 is
obtained for the tone interval in the scholion. The 9 may also come, simply.
from the 9 of 9:8. Then, in what appears to be reference to the Enharmonic
Passage or the diagram accompanying Proposition 11 (166.2-170.1), the
scholion establishes the duple interval as 48:24, which represents the diapa
son. The interval BZ, which the scholion identifies as the diapason, comes
from Proposition 11 (166.2-170.1). It appears that since 54 is greater than
48, the scholion concludes six sesquioctaves are greater than a duple inter
val. Thus, in content the scholion refers to Proposition 11 (164.3-166.2).
Analysis (lines 164.3-166.2)
η προτασις 164.3
η εκθεσις does not exist
όδωρισμός does not exist
η κατασκευή 164.3-166.1
η άπόδι^ις does not exist
Machinery
Proposition 9
Proposition 11 (156.1-158.1)
Proposition 11 (162.3-164.2)
Conclusion
Diapason < six tones, follows direcdy from Machinery
Original from
168
irivre. τόνων. ώστ< τό ίν τφ βγ ίλαττον δύο τόνων καί ημιτονίου δ ίστι

δια τεσσάρων τό δ< βδ ϊλαττον τριών τόνων καί ημιτονίου. δ Ιστι δια
1 ίν τφ om. UpVn I ίΚαττόν ίστι δύο Pb I δ]οΰ ante corr. CbPf accent. Vc3
δν ΜπΛηυ II 2-170.1 τεσσάρων ... πίντ* om. Ee II 2 δ<)τ€ UpVn I ojoy
Mm(-v quaes. Mrr^Jmu accent. Vc3 II
Original from
169
tones and a half tone in BG, which is a diatessaron. BD, which is a diapente,
is less than three tones and a half tone.56 The tone will not be divided into

η πρότασις 166.2-3
166.2-3
ή trifarii 166.3-4
166.3-4
ό διορισμός does not exist It would be: ‘T say that BG is less than
two and a half tones and BD is less than three and a half
tones.”
η κατασκύη 166.5-6
ήαπόϊκιζις 166.5-168.1
Exposition
Β = nete diezeugmenon
G = paramese
D = mese
Z = hypate meson
[Specification
BG < 2 1/2 tones]
Machinery
Proposition 11 (164.3-166.2)
Proof
BZ = diapason, a priori
BZ < 6 tones, Proposition 11 (164.3-166.2)
BG = DZ, a priori
GD = tone, a priori
BZ - GD < 5 tones
BG + DZ = BZ - GD < 5 tones
2BG < 5 tones
Conclusion
BG < 2 1/2 tones
[Specification
BD < 3 1/2 tones]
Proof
BD = diapente, a priori
Diapente = diatessaron + tone, by definition
BG = diatessaron
BD = BG + tone
Conclusion
BD <3 1/2 tones
Original from
Digitized by
170
κέντα ό τόνος ού διαιρίθησαται ας δύο ίσους ovre ας πλαους. ίδάχθη

γαρ ων έπιμόρως· έκιμορίου δί δωστηματοϊ μέσοι ourc πλάους ourt cir
ανάλογου έμπίπτουσιν ούκ αρα διαιρ&ησαται ό τόνος ας ισα.
1 ό τόνος]θ&ί>ρημα έκτον και δέκατου ό τόνος UpVn 16. ό τόνος Jan ι$’. ό
τόνος Mg I ισα ουτ* ας κλάω JanMg II 2 ων]όν Mm (corr. Mm1 2) αν Vc αν
BbCb(sup. /in.)NnPf I €πιμορίου]ί7τιμορίων JIPd I μέσοι]ό μέσης CbPf
μέσος Bb μέ* LdVd(de/.)Vj μέσοι in marg. Vc3 om. MuVv I ovrc πλάους
om. Bb II
Original from
171
two equal tones nor into more.57 For it was shown as being superparticular,
and neither many means nor one falls proportionately between a superpartic
ular. Therefore, the tone will not be divided into equal intervals.58
57Certainly ίσα ovre ds ttAcud would be more precise here (see Musici
scriptores graeci, p. 161.8): “the tone will not be divided into two equal
intervals nor into more.” See also 170.3. The codices are unanimous, how
ever, in giving ίσου? and irXdovs.
58By “equals” or “equal intervals,” the treatise equates these intervals
with the integral, geometric means of Proposition 3. In a geometric sense,
the interval of a tone can be divided precisely in half, but that is not the
intention of this radically numerical, Pythagorean document
Analysis (lines 170.1-3)
η πρότασή 170.1
η έκθισιε does not exist,
ό διορισμός does not exist
η απόΐκιζις does not exist
Machinery
Proposition 3
Proposition 11 (162.3-164.2)
Conclusion
follows directly from the machinery
Original from
172
Ai παρανήται καί ai λιχαχκκ Χηφ&ησονται δια συμφωνίας ούτως,

ίστω γάρ μίση ό β. ίπιτςτάσΰω δια τεσσάρων κπι τό γ καί αϊτό τοϋ γ
ανείσΰω δια πίντ* ίπι τό δ· τόνος αρα ο βδ. πάλιν δκ από τοϋ δ δια
τεσσάρων κπιτκτάσβω κπί τό e και από τοϋ € άνίίσϋω κπι τόζδια πίντ*.
5 τόνος αρα τό ζ8. δίτονος αρα τό ζβ. λιχανός αρα τό ζ ομοίως αν και αί
παραυήται ληφ&ησονται. αί παρυπάται και αί τρίτοι ου διαιροϋσι τό
πυκνόν άς ισα. ίστω γαρ μίση μίν ό β· λιχανός δκ ό y υπάτη δκ ό δ·
άνασΰω από τοϋ β δια πίντί κπι τό £ τόνος αρα ό £8. και από τοϋ ζ δια
1 Αί παρανηται]Θίώρημα Έβδομον και δίκατον ai παρανηται UpVn 17. αί

παρανηται Jan ι£. αί παρανηται Mg I και αί]αί και Jan II 2 y (ρτ.)]βγ Fr II
3 δια (pr.) om. Bb I τίταρτον dei, δ (pr.) sup. Un. Mm1 3 I από τοϋ δ om.
2[?]
Bb II 5 δ in marg. Mm2!?] I δίτονος]διάτονος jhMmKcarr. Mm4)
mu(pro£L EeVm)Vm(anze corr.)Vv -it- quaes. Nn I όίτονος ...ζβ om. Ee I
και om. CbFrNn II 6 αί παρυπάται]θίώρημα όγδοον και δίκατον ai παρυ~
πάτοι UpVn 18. αί παρυπάται Jan iif. αί παρυπάται Mg II 8 τόνος ... τοϋ ζ
om. Ee II
Original from
173
[Enharmonic Passage]59
The paranetai and the lichanoi will be found60 through consonances in
this way. For let the mese be B. Let a diatessaron be tightened to G, and
from G let a diapente be loosened to D. Therefore, BD is a tone. Again,
from D let a diatessaron be tightened to E, and from E let a diapente be loos
ened to Z. Therefore, ZD is a tone. Therefore, ZB is a ditone. The lichanos
therefore is Z; in like manner, the paranetai will also be found.61 The parhy-
patai and the tritai do not divide the pyknon into equal intervals. For let the
mese be B, the lichanos be G, and the hypate D; let a diapente be loosened
from B to Z. Therefore, ZD is a tone. And from Z let a diatessaron be tight-
59This entire section presupposes the enharmonic genus, although the

expression “Enharmonic Passage” does not actually occur in the Greek.
«literally, “grasped.”
61 Analysis (lines 172.1-6)
The first part of the Enharmonic Passage provides a method rather than a
proof of a proposition. Nevertheless, some aspects of the Euclidean model
apply here.
η πρότασή 172.1
η exteris 172.2
δ διορισμός does not exist.
η κατασκευή does not exist.
η άττόδΐί(is 172.2-5
Exposition
Β = Mese
Proof
G = Mese + diatessaron
D = G - diapente
D = (Mese + diatessaron) - diapente = mese - tone
Therefore BD = tone
E = D + diatessaron
Z = E - diapente
Z = (D + diatessaron) - diapente = D - tone
Therefore ZD = tone
Therefore ZB = ditone
Conclusion
Z = lichanos
If B = nete, then the identical method will produce: Z = paranete.
Original from
174
τεσσάρων ίπιτςτάσΰω cttI τό c. τόνος ίστιν αρα τό {δ διάστημα και τό ye

κοινόν προκείσϋω τό δγ τό αρα ζγ Ισον ίστι τφ δτ δια τεσσάρων ϋ τό
ζν ούκ αρα μίσος ανάλογον ίμπίπτα, τις των ζν ίπιμόριον γαρ τό
διάστημα, και ίστιν ΐσος όόζτφ γ*· ούκ αρα τοϋ δγ μίσος ίμπ*σ€ΐται δ
1 ίπιτ€τάσϋω in ras. Nn I τόνος apa ίστι Bb I διάστημα]διά- in ras. Nn I

και sup. Un. Mm2 I yd/fc JanMg II 2 προσκζίσϋω BbUpVnJanMg I £y]£c
JanMg I τω]τό Oavc I δ<]δβ JanMg II 3 ίπιμόριον]ίπιμόριος BaMm1 (corr.
Mm2) ίττιμόριων Oa II4 δζτφ y<]00 τφ JanMg I τοΟ]τό UpVn II
Original from
175
ened to E. Therefore, ZD is a tone interval and so is GE.62 Let the common

interval DG be added;63 therefore ZG is equal to DE. ZE is a diatessaron;
therefore no mean64 falls proportionately between ZE, for it is a supcrpartic-
ular interval. And DZ is equal to GE; therefore no mean will fall between
62That GE is a tone requires some calculation. See n. 65. From this point
on, Jan (Musici scriptores graeci. pp. 162-63) and Menge (“Scripta musica,”
in Euclidis Opera omnia, vol. 8, Phaenomena et scripta musica, ed. Henri-
cus Menge [Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1916], pp. 176-78) go astray in their
editions of this passage. See Thomas J. Mathiesen, “An Annotated Transla
tion of Euclid’s Division of a Monochord.” Journal of Music Theory 19
(1975): 257, nn. 66-69.
^Literally, “be set forth.” προσκώσθω would be more regular than
Ίτροκιίσθω. although either will do here. See Bb, Up, Vn, and Musici scrip-
tores graeci. p. 163.7.
64Cb stops here, at the bottom of f. 11 v, but continues with the treatise at
f. 16r. F. 12r begins with section 4 of the so-called Neapolitan excerpts
(Musici scriptores graeci. p. 412.17): Μουσική ίση (ρυθμόν) και. Μου
σική ίση appears at the top of the folio, perhaps in a second hand. F. 15v
contains the Nicomachean excerpt 2 (Musici scriptores graeci. p. 271.8-15):
τον μκδ ... τονωϊα ίιαστηματα. Pf, which is copied from Cb, stops one
word earlier but does not resume.
Original from
Digitized by Go< >gle UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
176
ίστιν από ύπάττ/r cm λιχαι/όν, ούκ αρα η παρνπάτη SicAct τό πυκνόν άς

uro. ομοίως ουϋ ή τρίτη.
1 η]υ ante corr. Fr II 2 ov8c]8c Vn I ή]και Bb II
Original from
177
DG, which is from hypate to lichanos. Therefore, the parhypate does not
divide the pyknon into equal intervals. In like manner, neither does the
trite.65

η προτασις 172.6-7
η exfccn? 172.7
ό διορισμός does not exist.
η κατασκίύη 174.3—4
η άπόδΐίζις 172.8-176.1
Exposition
B = mese
G = lichanos, which can be found according to the method presented
in the Enharmonic Passage (172.1-6)
D = hypate
Machinery
Existence of the Immutable System, therefore BD = diatessaron and
BG = ditone
Proposition 3
Proposition 11 (154.2-156.1)
Proof
Z = mese - diapente
BD = diatessaron
Diapente - diatessaron = tone, by definition
Therefore ZD = tone
E = Z + diatessaron
E = (mese - diapente) + diatessaron = mese - tone (not explicit in proof)
BG = ditone (not explicit in proof)
BG - BE = GE (not explicit in proof)
Ditone - tone = lone (not explicit in proof)
GE = tone
ZD=GE
ZD + DG = GE + DG (unnecessary, sec comment below)
ZG=DE
ZE « diatessaron
No mean divides ZE, from Proposition 3 and Proposition 11 (154.2-
156.1)
Therefore, no mean divides DG
Conclusion
The parhypate does not divide the pyknon into equal intervals.
The same argument is intended for the trite, where:
Original from
Digitized by LnOoQie
178
Ίον κανόνα καταγράψει κατά τό καλούμουν άμετάβολον σύστημα.

Ιστω τού κανόνας μήκος, δ καί τής χορδής τό εβ· καί διτφησθω άς
τίσσαρε ισα κατά τα yic. ίσταχ αρα δ βε βαρύτατος ων φθόγγος
1 Ίδν]θίώρημα ένατον καχ δίκατον τον UpVn 19. τον Jan ιθ'. τον Mg I
κατά γράψαι Cb II 2 διηρησθω]διαιράσθω KaVeVw -ηρη- in ras. Nn II 3
τίσσαρα]δ UpVeVw I κατά om. PbUpVn I βα]αβ βα BbFrNnQ’n rar.)Vc3
(βα Vc^Vo αβ CbLdVdVj I βαρύτατος Vw21 ών]ων (corr. Mm3) II
Original from
179
[Canon]66
To mark the canon according to the so-called immutable system.
Let there be a length of the canon, which is also AB of the string 67 and
let it be divided into four equal parts by G, D, E. Therefore, BA will be the
B = nete
G = paranete
D = paramese
Comment
From the point of adding the common interval DG (line 174.2), the
proof is clumsy and may indicate a confused transmission. The object is to
show that the parhypate does not divide the enharmonic pyknon equally.
The Pythagorean restriction to integers is assumed here, although the termi
nology does not indicate so (ίσα: equal [intervals]). Certainly the enhar
monic pyknon could be divided into two equal intervals, although they
would be irrational. The same assumption is made here as was made in
Proposition 11 (170.1-3), i.e., if an integral mean docs not exist between an
interval, it cannot be divided in half. Given the musical restriction to inte
gers by the Pythagoreans, this is a logical but unstated condition. In a strict
sense, the addition of the common interval DG is unnecessary, although the
intent may have been to compose the diatessaron from the two equal inter
vals of a tone, EG and DZ, and the common interval DG. Thus, the observa
tion that ZG = DE is parenthetical at best. The remainder of the proof argues
inexplicitly that if the parhypate divides the pyknon into equal intervals, this
division must take place somewhere in the common interval DG. This is so
by definition from the exposition. Furthermore, since EG equals DZ, the
common interval GD is the central region of the diatessaron EZ, and thus a
division of GD would entail a division of the diatessaron. Since this is
impossible (assuming the obvious, i.e., EG + GD > DZ and GD + DZ >
EG), the parhypate does not divide the pyknon into equal intervals.
^Following Mu, several—but not the most authoritative—manuscripts
have a break in the text before τον. Mm contains a mark in the margin
before τον. Vw and Ve pick up the text again at τον, and Vw2 places a
mark here. The title “Canon” does not actually occur in the Greek.
67In the margin, Up correlates divisions of the canon with notes of the
system and also counts the cuts of the canon, thus.
line word in margin
178.2 η πρώτη τομή
180.2 KOI πρώτος προσλαμβανόμενος
180.3 o apa δεύτερος υπάτη ίιάτονος
182.1 καί τρίτος μέση
Original from
180
βόμβυξ, ουτος δί ό αβ του γβ επίτριτός ίστιν ώστ* ό γβ τφ αβ

συμφωνήσει δια τεσσάρων ίττι την οξύτητα· καί ίστιν ό αβ προσλαμ
βανόμενος, ό αρα γβ εσται ύπατων διάτονο?. πάλιν ίττα ό αβ τοϋ βύ
1 βόμ βύξ FrNn I ούτοι Bb I ίστι VeVw I ώστε ό]ώ? ό τί ο Bb I τω αβ om.

Vd II 2 συμφωνήσει τή διά BbCbFrMm5NnVc (τη add. in marg. Vc3) II 3
γβ]βγ VeVw I πάλιν καί επει VeVw II 3-182.1 πάλιν ... μίση in marg.
JIMu II
Original from
181
lowest, being the bombyx note.68 This note AB is a sesquitertian of GB;

thus GB will sound consonantly a diatessaron higher than AB. AB is the
proslambanomenos, therefore GB will be the diatonic hypaton. Again, since
182.3 Έτ^μον ή ΐχυτέρη τομή

182.4 ώστβ τέταρτος ντρη συνημμένων
182.5 άπέλαβον ή τρίτη τομή
f W
182.6 ο apa πέμπτος νητη ύΐίζνυγμένων
182.7 Έθηκα ή τϊτάρτη τομή
182.8 ως Έκτος υπάτη μέσων
182.8 ίλαβον ή πέμπτη τομή
182.9 ώστ€ Έκτος παραμέση
182.10 απ^λαβον ή Έκτη τομή
182.10 καί όγδοος υπάτη
182.13 Έτζμον η πρώτη τομή
182.14 καί η δζυτέρη τομή
184.1 ώστ€ πρώτος τρίτη ύπ^ρβολαίων
184.1 ό Μπρος παρανήτη
ύπ^ρβολαίων
184.2 Έλαβον ή τρίτη τομή
184.3 καί τρίτος τρίτη διεζνυγμένων
184.4 πάλιν ή πτάρτη τομή
184.6 ό αρα τέταρτος παρυπάτη μέσων
184.6 καί τφ ξο ή πέμπτη τομή
184.7 ώστ€ πέμπτος παρυπάτη ύπατων
184.7 Έλαβον ή Έκτη τομή
184.8 ωσπ. Έκτος μέσων διάτονος
A second series of cuts begins with line 182.13 and a new series of notes
with line 184.1 because Up starts a new proposition at line 182.12. Up adds
καί after βαρύτητα in line 184.4.
Â scholion occurs in Vc2, Cb, and Nn: κω/ών άμετάβολος & και
φθόγγος ών βαρύτατος, βόμβυξ λέγεται (“The immutable canon whose
lowest note is referred to as bombyx”). Cb also contains a diagram of the
canon. Regarding the bombyx, see Mathiesen, “An Annotated Translation of
Euclid’s Division of a Monochord,” p. 257, n. 70; and Kathleen Schlesinger,
The Greek Aulos (London: Methuen, 1939; reprint ed., Groningen: Bouma,
1970), p. 74.
Original from
182
ίστι διπλάσιο? συμφωνήσει τη δια πασών, καί εσται ό βδ μέση. πάλιν

€7Γ€ΐ τετραπλάσιό? εστιν i αβ τοϋ εβ, εσται i εβ νητη ύπερβολαίων.
έτεμον τον γβ δίχα κατά τό ζ. καί εσται διπλάσιο? δ γβ τον ζβ' ώστε
συμφωνεΐν τον γβ προς τον ζβ διά πασών· ώστε είναι τον ζβ νητην
5 συνημμένων· άπέλαβον τοϋ δβ τρίτον μέρος τό δη. καί εσται ημιόλιος ό
δβ τοϋ ηβ· ώστε συμφωνήσει ό δβ πρός τον ηβ ίντφδια πέντε· ό αρα ό
ηβ νητη εσται διεζευγμένων. εθηκα τφ ηβ ίσον τον η& ώστε ό θβ πρός
τον ηβ συμφώνησα διά πασών ώς είναι τόν θβ υπάτην μέσων, ελαφον
τοϋ θβ τρίτον μέρος τό θκ. καί εσται ημιόλιος ό θβ τοϋ κβ· ώστε είναι
10 τόν κβ παράμεσου. άπέλαβον τφ κβ ίσον τόν λκ καί γενησεται ό λβ
υπάτη βαρεία. εσουται αρα ειλημμένοι εν τφ κανόνι πάντες οι φθόγγοι
τοϋ άμεταβόλου συστήματος, λοιπόν δει τους φερομένους λαβεΐν.
έτεμον τόν εβ εις οκτώ καί ενί αυτών ίσον εθηκα τόν εμ· ώστε τόν μβ τοϋ
εβ γενέσθαι ίπόγδοον. καί πάλιν διελων τόν μβ εις όκτω, ενί αυτών ίσον
15 εθηκα τόν νμ· τόνφ αρα βαρύτερος εσται ό νβ τοϋ βμ· ό δε μβ τοΰ βε,
1 διπλάσιο?]διπλου? Mm*1 (corr. ΜπΡ)Μιι(ολ/€ corr.)Vc1 (corr. Vc3)VeVv

VwJanMg add. in marg. LdVdVj I τη]αύτη αύτφ UpVn I ό βδ om. Ve II 2
επει ... αβ]επει ό αβ τετραπλάσιός εστιν Oa I δ (?ε<?.)]τδ PbUpVn I ιη/τη
των ύπερβολαίων Be II 3 έτεμον γαρ τόν MmvcVv (γαρ sup. Un. Mn^Vv2)
I τδ]τδι> vc I γβ]β PcVm II 4 γβ]ςβ EcEcPbPcVm I γβ πρός τόν πρός τόν
Bb I ζβ (5£0.)]ζη Bb(09 ante em.) II 5 όβ τρίτον]δ β γ VeVw I δη]β add.
sup. lin.Vw2 I δ om. Vn II 6 ηβ (pr.)]T sup. Un. ut passim Vw2 II 6-7 πέντε·
apa δ ηβ BaDaKaMuViVp II 6 ό (ter.) om. BbCbEcPcUpVeVmVnVw
JanMg II7 νητης Bb II7-8 ίσον ... τόν θβ om. Bb II7 τδν]τώ Oa 11 Utt. del.
sup. ό θβ, β quaes., κ sup. β Vw2 II 8 υπάτη VeVw II 9 τοϋ (pr.)]rov BbCb
FrNnVc I μέρος]αρα Bb I τό]τόν vc τω BaDaKaMuViVp II 10 παράμεσου]
παρά μέσον Vc1 (παρα μέσην Vc3) παρά μέσην FrNn π" με" Mm παρα-
μέση LdVj παραμέσην BbUpVdVn παρα μέση Vo I τόν (secjkii/ Fr(corr.
Fr2)Nn II 11 οί (εστωτες) φθόγγοι JanMg II 12 λοιπόν]θεώρημα είκιστόν
λοιπόν UpVn 20. Λοιπόν Jan κ*. Λοιπόν Mg I δ<ί]δή JanMg II 13 τόν (pr.)]
τδ codd. praet. VeVw I τόν (sec.)]TO BbVp I τόν (rer.jfro VeVw I μβ]ε sup.
μ Vw2 II15 νβ τοϋ β*μ VdVj II
Original from
183
AB is a duple of BD, BD will consonantly sound the diapason,69 and BD

will be the mese. Again, since AB is a quadruple of EB, EB will be the nete
hyperbolaion.701 cut GB in two at Z, and GB will be a duple of ZB. Thus,
GB to ZB sounds a diapason consonance. Thus, ZB is the nete synemme-
non.711 cut off DH, a third part of DB, and DB will be a sesquialter of HB.
Thus, DB to HB will sound consonantly in the diapente. Therefore, HB will
be the nete diezeugmenon. I established HB equal to ΗΘ, thus ΘΒ to HB
will consonantly sound a diapason, as ΘΒ is the hypate meson. I took ΘΚ, a
third part of ΘΒ. And ΘΒ will be a sesquialter of KB, thus KB is the para
mese. I cut off LK equal to KB, and LB will become the low hypate. There
fore, all the notes of the immutable system will be found on the canon.72 It
remains necessary to find the movable notes. I cut EB into eight equal parts,
and I established EM equal to one of them. Thus, MB becomes a sesquioc
tave of EB. And again dividing MB into eight, I established NM equal to
one of them. Therefore, NB will be lower than BM by a tone, and so MB
69τρ διά πασών presents a problem in translation. Mathiesen (“An

Annotated Translation of Euclid’s Division of a Monochord,” p. 249) trans
lates it “as an octave.” Perhaps το διά πασών would be preferable here, διά
πασών is usually treated grammatically as a single, neuter, technical expres
sion, although here the gender, but not the number of πασών seems to have
been transferred to the article.
70A scholion occurs in Mm(Mm4): νόα τό ktyopwov ίτΛ τοΰ ίμμβτα-
βόλου συστήματος (“The expression means ‘of the immutable system’”).
Following this, another scholion appeared, but it is now erased. Following
the erasure, there is another scholion: νόει τό keyopev. ίπι του αμεταβό-
kov συστήματος. Jan (Musici scriptores graeci, p. 164) suggests that these
scholia apply to ύπepβokaίωυ (line 182.2).
71Although this division of the canon establishes the nete synemmenon,
it does not explicitly identify the diatonic paranete synemmenon, which is
the diatonic trite diezeugmenon (SB [184.4]), nor does it equate the nete
synemmenon with the diatonic paranete diezeugmenon. This division does
not locate at all the trite synemmenon.
72Jan (Musici scriptores graeci, p. 165.1) and Menge (Phaenomena et
scripta musica, p. 180.14) add ίσταπες here; thus: “therefore all the stand
ing notes of the immutable system will be found on the canon.” Although
the next sentence announces the search for movable notes, Jan’s addition is
nonetheless incorrect since a movable note, the diatonic lichanos hypaton,
has already been located.
Original from
Digitized by
184
ώστ€ «τται μίν δ νβ τρίτη ύπαρβολαίων δΐ* μβ ύπαρβολαίων διάτονος,

ίλαβον τοϋ νβ τρίτον μέρος· και ί&ηκα ένι αυτών ΐσον τδν νζ· ώστ€ τδν
ζβ τοϋ νβ αίνοι απίτριτον και δια τασσάρων σνμφωναΐν έπι την
βαρύτητα, γανέσΰαι τδν ζβ τρίτην διαζευγμένων. πάλιν τοϋ ζβ λαβών
5 ημισν μέρος· ίθηκα ίσον αυτών τδν ζο, ώστα δια ττέντα σνμφωναΐν τδν οβ
προς τδν ζβ- δ άρα οβ αστοί παρυπάτη μέσων και τφ ζο ίσον ίθηκα τδν
οίτ ώστ€ ytvcoftu τδν πβ παρυπάτην υπάτων. ίλαβον δη τοϋ βγ
τέταρτον μέρος τδν γρ? ώστα γανέσθαι τδν ρβ μέσον διάτονον.
1 ίσται om. Up I δ δα om. Vc I δ δα μβ ύπαρβολαίων om. Mm1 βολαίων δ

δα μβ παρανητη ύπαρ in uterque marg. Mm12 I μβ]βμ Bb I μβ παρανητη
ύπαρβολαίων mu II 2 τοϋ]τδν Mm1 (corr. Mm2[?]) I και ... ν£]και cv Γ
αυτών ίσον ίθηκα τδν νζ mu (praet. UpVn) και ivi αυτών ίσον ίθηκα τδν
νζ UpVn I ένι αυτών ίσον om. Mm^sup. lin. MnPjVcKm marg. Vc3)VcVv ***7
VwJanMg I νζ]ζ VeVw II 3 του]τόν VcVvVw om. jh I νβ]νθ Vc νβ Vw om.
jh I σνμφωναΐν corr. Cb[?] II4 βαρύτητα]βαρυτάτην Bb -ης sup. lin. Vw21
βαρύτητα και γανέσθαι UpVmfcai sup. Zin.)VnJanMg I ίλαβον Up II 5
ίθηκα ... ζο]αθηκα τδν ζο Mm1 (τδ ante corr.) ίθηκα και τον ζο Vc1 I ίσον
αυτών om. Mmx(sup. lin. MnPjVcKwi marg. Vc3)VcVvVwJanMg del.
VdVj I αύτώνίαύτώ mu αύτοϋ Cb αυτών Vo -o- sup. lin. Ld I τον £ο]τό ζο
Mm’VcVvVw την ζο Ba I οβ]ζβ Pd II 6 δ apa om.VcVw I οβ]ό β jhVc
ViVw I τφ]τό BbLdMm1 (corr. Mm2) I ίσον om. Bb I τον (jcc.)]to VeVw II
7 υπάτην CbVv I βγ]γ mu (praet. PdUpVn) β add. post γ Ec II 8 τόν]τό
codd. praet. BbVcVw I γρίγθ Bb γο JlOaPbPd(o quaes, p sup. lin.)NcVw
γρο Vi o sup. lin. Mu p quaes. Da (o sup. lin.) p del. Ka (o sup. lin.) I μέσον]
μέσων BaDaMu(-ov ante corr.)OaPbUpVcViVnVpVwJanMg II
Original from
185
than BE. Thus, NB will be the trite hypcrbolaion, and MB the diatonic
hyperbolaion. I took a third part of NB, and I established ΝΞ equal to one of
these. Thus, SB is a sesquitertian of NB and sounds consonantly a diatessa
ron lower. SB becomes the trite diezeugmenon. Again, taking a half part of
SB, I established SO equal to one of these. Thus, OB to SB sounds a dia
pente consonance. Therefore, OB will be the parhypate meson. And I estab
lished OP equal to SO, thus PB becomes the parhypate hypaton. I surely
took GR, a fourth part of BG, thus RB becomes the diatonic meson.73
^The following colophon appears in Mm1: ίύχλιώου κανόνος κατα

τομή· ζώσιμος ύιωρθου ίν Κωνσταντινούπολή ευτυχώ?. This colophon
also appears in Ba, JI, Ka, Mu, Pc, Vm, Vp; it is added by a second hand in
Ka and Vm and preceded by reXor in Pc and Vm. In Nn, the following colo
phon appears on the fourteenth folio of the Εισαγωγή αρμονυ^η/Π^ρϊ
φθόγγων complex: xAcoz/efliou άσαγωγη, αρμονική· τίλοτ φύλλα ώ· In
Ec and Vn, rcXos alone is noted. For colophons at the end of the treatise, see
the Introduction, p. 37.
Analysis
Unlike the preceding propositions, the marking of the canon is a method,
although not an entirely practical method. Expressions such as the one at
lines 182.10-11 indicate a theoretical construction: “I cut off LK equal to
KB, and LB will become the low hypate.” More practical advice would be:
“measure KB and double the length, establishing LB.”
Let there be a length of string fixed at both ends
Let A be one end and establish B arbitrarily
AB = proslambanomenos
Divide AB into four equal lengths at G, D, and E
Diagram 1
A_____ I_____ I_____ I_____ 1_____

O D E B
AB:GB::4:3, a diatessaron interval

AB:DB::2:1, a diapason interval
AB:EB::4:1, a double diapason interval
Therefore
GB = diatonic lichanos hypaton
DB = mese
EB = nete hyperbolaion
Original from
186
Divide GB in two at Z
Divide DB into three parts and subtract one, leaving HB
Diagram!
a_______ I______ I___ LJU_______I_______
O D Ζ H E B
GB:ZB::2:1, a diapason interval

DB:HB::3:2, a diapente interval
Therefore
ZB = nete synemmenon (= diatonic paranete diezeugmenon)
HB = nete diezeugmenon
Double HB to form ΘΒ
Divide ΘΒ into three parts and subtract one, leaving KB
Double KB to form LB
Diagram 3
a__ I___ LI_____ 1 1 .LJ___ I____ I________
L G© DKZH E B
ΘΒ:ΗΒ::2:1, a diapason interval

ΘΒ:ΚΒ::3:2, a diapente interval
LB:KB::2:1, a diapason interval
Therefore
ΘΒ = hypate meson
KB = paramese
LB = hypate hypaton
Add 1/8 EB to itself making MB
Add 1/8 MB to itself making NB
Add 1/3 NB to itself making ΞΒ
Diagram 4
A________________________ 111 1 1.1 1J____ I_______
D KHZ HN ME B
MB:EB::9:8, a whole-tone interval

NB:MB::9:8, a whole-tone interval
SB:NB::4:3» a diatessaron interval
Therefore
MB = diatonic paranete hyperbolaion
NB = trite hyperbolaion
SB = trite diezeugmenon
Original from
187
Add 1/2 HB to itself making OB

Add HO (= 1/2 HB) to OB making PB
Divide GB into four parts and establish RB = 3/4 GB
Diagrams
LPGOORDKE E B
OB£B::3:2, a diapente interval

PB:HB::2:1, a diapason interval (the treatise omits this observation,
although it is assumed.)
GB:RB::4:3, a diatessaron interval
Therefore
OB = parhypate meson
PB = parhypate hypaton
RB = diatonic lichanos meson
- B
~ B nete hyperbolaion
" M diatonic paranete hyperbolaion
~ N trite hyperbolaion
“ H nete diezeugmenon
“ Z nete synemmenon (= diatonic paranete diezeugmenon)
- S trilc deizeugmenon (= diatonic paranete synemmenon)
- K paramese
- D mese
- R diatonic lichanos meson
- O parhypste meson
- Θ hypate meson
- G diatonic lichanos hypaton
- P parhypate hypaton
~ L hypate hypaton
A proslambanomenos
Original from

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113

Plate 1. Venetus Marcianus gr. 322 (nunc 711), f. 101 r.

Εί ησυχία (ΐη καί ακινησία, σιωπή αν αψ σιωττή? Ji ουσης καί

Tit. Έ,ύκλείδου Κατατομή κανόνος Mm^zamu(praet. Od)Jan (ευκληδου

If there were stillness and non-motion, there would be silence. If there

1 λόγφ]λέχω Vi I λέγεσθαι mu (praet. UpVn) λέγηται Vv λέγεται in

^πολλαττλασώνι is unusual, πολλαπλασίφ would be normal. Cf. za.

1 Προτάσα?. Προτάσις a Od θεώρημα τρωτόν UpVn II 2 Έ deest Fr I

7The division of the treatise into an Introduction and twenty propositions

πλάσιοί ό β τοΰ γ και γεγατησθω ώς δ γ προς τον β δ β προς τον δ· φημι

it have been that as G is to B so is B to D. I say surely that D is a multiple of

1 θεώρημα δεύτερον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv (in marg. Vv1 2?)

1 θίώρημα τρίτον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv (in marg. Vv2?) I διαστήματα

12This entire proposition is similar to one attributed to Archytas by Boe­

ίμπίιττουσν τοσοϋτοι καί ds tow τον αυτόν λόγον Έχοντας άνάλογον

1 τούί sup. Un. Vc3 II2-3 ουδέ ... ίμπεσ^ϊται om. za II

1 θεώρημα τέταρτον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv(c in marg. Vv1 * *I 5μη om.

ovSck διάλογον ίμπίπτίΐ· cis ii τους by ίμπίπτα ό β. αδύνατον αρα δ δ

1 δχ]δ γ θ Mm(0 del.)za II 1-2 δ ... πολλαπλάσιοίϊτόν ... πολλαπλάσιον

a superparticular interval, and B falls in between DG. Therefore, it is impos­

19The use of the accusative in Porphyry is normal; the nominative of the

1 θεώρημα πίμπτον UpVn I c er 5 Nn II 2 Έ deest FrVv I συντίθίν]-τίθΙν

Τό διπλάσιου διάστημα ίκ δυο των μεγίστων επιμορίων συνεστηκεν,

23The first proof that follows is arithmetic in nature, although a geomet­

D will be half of B. B was a third part of BG, therefore D is a sixth part of

^Analysis (lines 134.2-136.2)

* Αλλωί. *Εστω γαρ δ μίν α τοϋ β ήμιολιΟΓ δ bi β τοϋ γ ίπίτριτοϊ.

In another way:27 For let A be a sesquialter of B, B a sesquitertian of G.

^Several manuscripts make a major division here, e.g., * A is written in

1 θίώρημα Έβδομον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv (e in marg. Vv2?) I διάστημά·

Έαν από ημιολίαν διαστήματος Ιπίτριτον διάστημα αφαιρί&ΐ), τό

1 θεώρημα όγδοον UpVn II 2 Έ deest FrVv II 3 ίπόχδοονίτό όγδοον Mm1

^wo scholia accompany this proposition in the vc tradition. The first is

32Onc scholion that accompanies this proposition in the vc family gives

1 θεώρημα ίνατον UpVn II 2 Τ deest FrVv I άσϊ VeVw II 3 γαρ δ ας PbUp

Εστιν δ η τοϋ α μάζων η δίττλάσιοτ

1 έστοΉστι za «στι CbNnPePf I η om. jh I μϊίζον Jan II 2 om. JanMg I ια

H is greater37 than the duple of A.

1 θεώρημα δίκατον UpVn II 2 T deest FrVv I δια Mm2 I διάστημά]σύσ-

39Several manuscripts (e.g., Vv, Vw, Bb) write διαπασών inconsistently

διαστήματα τά αβ βγ σνυτίθίντα ττοκϊ πολλαπλάσιον τδ δλον και τδ

1 τά]του Vv om. BbOaza I αβ βγ]α β γ LdVdVj αΓ Za1 (corr. Za2) I ποιβι

a superparticular interval; therefore it is multiple. Since then two intervals,

41Za ends here. A scholion referring to a previous proposition and in

1 ιβ in marg. Mm2 I θεώρημα ίνδέκατον UpVn II 2 T deest FrVv I ίστιν

43In most manuscripts, including the most authoritative—Vc, Mm, Vv—,

1 αποδείξεις Ee (corr. in marg.) I τό]θεώρημα όωόεκατον τό UpVn ιβ\ τό

exists concerning the diapente.46 The diapason interval is duple. For we

^Analysis (lines 154.2-156.1)

1 διπλάσιου om. LdVdVj II 3 σννεστηκε Jan II 4 χαρ]δε JanMg I εκ τοΰ]εκ

47Analysis (lines 156.1-158.1)

1 ίπίτριτονΚπά τρίτον FrNn I τό (pr.) om. UpVn I τό (sec.) om. JanMg II

would be sesquialter, the diatessaron sesquitertian.48 It is surely evident that

^Analysis Qines 158.1-160.1)

δια TTorre τριπλάσιοί τό & δι? δια πασωτ τετραπλάσιόν εστιν

1 τετραπλάσιόν]τριπλάσιόν jh I ίστιν om. Ec II 2 δτι sup. tin. Mm1

49Analysis (lines 160.1-162.1)

τό λοιπόν τονιαιον ίστι διάστημα- τό apa τονιαιον διάστημα ίστιν

1-2 ίστι διάστημα ίπόγδοον CbOaPf II 3 Θεώρημα τίταρτον και δίκατον

behind. If a diatessaron is subtracted from a diapente, the remainder is a

53Analysis (lines 162.3-164.2)

μείζονα διαστήματος ίστι διπλάσιου· τδ αρα διά πασών ίλαττόν ίστιν ίζ

1 [ίστι] JanMg I ίστινίίστι Mm II 2 τδ (ρτ.)]θεώρημα πίμπτον και δίκατον

12This entire proposition is similar to one attributed to Archytas by Boe

a superparticular interval, and B falls in between DG. Therefore, it is impos

23The first proof that follows is arithmetic in nature, although a geomet

^The following colophon appears in Mm1: ίύχλιώου κανόνος κατα

A___ I_ I_ I_ 1___