Department of Education

Region IV – MIMAROPA
ORIENTAL MINDORO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Jose J. Leido, Jr. Memorial National High School) J. P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City
Schools Division of Calapan City Telefax No. (043) 288 – 8811 www.jjleidocalapan.com.ph

SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING
MATERIALS (SLM)

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

credits: study.com

FIRST SEMESTER: QUARTER 2 (Week 7-8)

Content Standards

The learners demonstrate an understanding of:

1. plant and animal organ systems and their functions; and
2. feedback mechanisms

Performance Standards

The learner shall be able to develop a presentation (e.g., role-

playing, dramatization and other forms of multimedia) to show how an
organism maintains homeostasis through the interaction of the various
organ systems in the body.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learners…
Week 7 and 8
➢ Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals:
reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/ circulation,
regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and
sensory and motor mechanisms. (STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1)
➢ Explain how some organisms maintain steady internal conditions (e.g.,
temperature regulation, osmotic balance and glucose levels) that possess
various structures and processes. (STEM_BIO11/12-IVi-j-2)

1|P age
Most Essential Learning Competency: Week 7 and 8

The learner:
➢ Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development,
nutrition, gas exchange, transport/ circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous
control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms.
(STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1)

Module 8
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

At the end of this Module, you should be able to:

• describe the five types of sensory receptors;
• explain how vision occurs in humans;
• differentiate the parts of the human ear and describe the functions of each
• discuss how the senses of smell and taste detect chemicals.
• describe diverse means of animal locomotion;
• explain how a muscle contract.

What I know
REVIEW
Directions: Look for the meaning of the following words and write it on your notebook. Try to
familiarize them.

1. Photoreceptors 11. Eustachian tube

2. Mechanoreceptors 12. Hydrostatic Skeleton
3. Chemoreceptors 13. Endoskeleton
4. Thermoreceptors 14. Appendicular skeleton
5. Pain receptors
6. Sclera
7. Cornea
8. Conjunctiva
9. Retina
10. Optic Nerve

What’s New
ACTIVITY 1: FILL IN THE BOX
Directions: Fill in the box below. List down how different animals sense their environment.
Examples: dogs sniffing chemicals.

Animals Way they sense their environment

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Conclusion/Reflection (Activity 1):

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2|P age
 What is it?

SENSORY RECEPTORS

A major role of sensory receptors is to help us learn about the environment around us, or about the state of
our internal environment. Different types of stimuli from varying sources are received and changed into the
electrochemical signals of the nervous system. This process is called sensory transduction.
Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors at the level of the stimulus. Perception is the central processing
of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern involving awareness. Perception is dependent on sensation, but not all
sensations are perceived.

Structural Receptor Types

The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor cell, a
photoreceptor.
▪ An exteroceptor is a receptor that is located near a stimulus in the external environment, such as the
somatosensory receptors that are located in the skin.
▪ An interoceptor is one that interprets stimuli from internal organs and tissues, such as the receptors that sense
the increase in blood pressure in the aorta or carotid sinus.
▪ A proprioceptor is a receptor located near a moving part of the body, such as a muscle or joint capsule, that
interprets the positions of the tissues as they move.

Functional Receptor Types

Chemical stimuli can be detected by a chemoreceptor that detect chemical stimuli, such as a chemical that
led to the sense of smell.
Physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance),
are interpreted through a mechanoreceptor.
Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a
thermoreceptor that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature.

The three types of eyes that have evolved in the animal kingdom are:
I. Eye cups in flatworms and other invertebrates
II. Compound eyes in insects and arthropods
III. Single lens eyes in squid

3|P age
 Source: https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/13-1-sensory-receptors/
http://jyssbio5158.weebly.com/the-human-eye.html

Human Hearing
The outer ear lobes catch sound waves and channel them to the eardrums. From the eardrum, the middle ear
amplifies the sound wave vibrations to three small bones – the hammer, anvil and stirrup. The sound waves travel to
the oval window. The Eustachian tube equalizes air pressure in the middle ear and outer ear. The hearing organ is in
the inner ear, composed of several channels of fluid wrapped in a spiral cochlea. This is encased in the bones of the
skull. Vibrations in the oval window produce pressure waves. These waves travel through the upper canal to the tip of
the cochlea, enter the lower canal and fade away. Pressure waves of the upper canal push down to the middle canal
and the membrane below this canal vibrates. These vibrations stimulate hair cells attached to the membrane by moving
them against the overlying tissue. The hair cells are able to develop receptor potentials causing release of
neurotransmitters that induce action potentials in the auditory neurons.

The three types of skeleton

▪ Hydrostatic skeleton occurs in a body compartment in which a volume of fluid is held under pressure. This
is common in aquatic and burrowing animals. An example is the Hydra and other invertebrates with a semi-
enclosed body cavity made of a few layers of cells. There is no solid “bone” but the animal under aquatic
pressure can stay upright and move. Earthworms have smooth muscles and fluid-filled body compartments.
▪ Rigid, armor-like coverings characterize an exoskeleton. Muscles are attached inside. Joints are thin and
flexible. The best examples are found in arthropods (insects, crustaceans). When insects grow, they shed off
their old “armor” and grow a new one. Cite other examples such as those in clams and snails.
▪ An endoskeleton consists of rigid but flexible support made of bones; cartilage surrounded by masses of
muscles. In sponges, cells are supported on spicules. The endoskeleton of echinoderms is made from calcium
plates underneath the skin.

What’s More
PERFORMANCE TASK: Poster Making
Directions: Make a poster showing the concepts of sensory receptors and animal locomotion and
muscle contraction. Put your output in a long bond paper.
RUBRICS
1 2 3
CATEGORY
Some elements are The poster includes all
Several required missing as well as some required elements as well
Required elements
elements were missing. needed additional as needed additional
information. information.

Some items of
Labels are too small to All items of importance
importance
Labels view OR no important on the poster are clearly
on the poster are clearly
items were labeled. labeled if necessary.
labeled if necessary.

Some graphics are

All graphics are related
related
to the topic and make it
Graphics do not relate to the topic and make it
Graphics/ drawings easier to understand. The
to the topic easier to understand. The
drawings are all
drawings are somewhat
interconnected.
interconnected.
The poster is The poster is The poster is
distractingly messy or attractive in terms of exceptionally attractive
Attractiveness
very poorly designed. It design, in terms of design,
is not attractive. layout, and neatness. layout, and neatness.

There are more than 4 There are some No grammatical/

Grammar grammatical/mechanical grammatical/mechanical mechanical mistakes on
mistakes on the poster. mistakes on the poster the poster.

4|P age
 Task: Fill Me Please!
What an exemplar performance! You did a great job in finishing this module. Hopefully, you had an
enjoying moment in this journey. Congratulations!

After accomplishing series of Activities, fill in the blanks to complete the sentences below.
It is necessary to have a knowledge about sensory and motor mechanism because
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Kindly share your thoughts and learnings by finishing the sentences below:
I have learned that ___________________________________________________________

I have realized that ___________________________________________________________

I will use my learning to ______________________________________________________

REFERENCES and CREDITS to:

General Biology 2
Quarter 2 - Module 2
COMPARE AND CONTRAST PROCESSES IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
First Edition, 2020
Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro Schools Division
Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Teaching Guide for Senior High School

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
SPECIALIZED SUBJECT

credits: study.com

5|P age
Most Essential Learning Competency: Week 7 and 8

The learner:
➢ Explain how some organisms maintain steady internal conditions (e.g., temperature regulation,
osmotic balance and glucose levels) that possess various structures and processes.
(STEM_BIO11/12-IVi-j-2)

Module 9
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

At the end of this Module, you should be able to:

• explain the need for homeostasis;
• describe how various organs systems enable homeostasis;
• differentiate positive and negative feedback mechanisms; and
• outline the homeostatic control of temperature regulation, osmotic balance and glucose level
regulation

What I know

REVIEW
Directions: Look for the meaning of the following words and write it on your notebook. Try to
familiarize them.

1. Homeostasis
2. Positive feedback mechanism
3. Negative feedback mechanism
4. Osmotic balance
5. Temperature regulation
6. Glucose level regulation
7. Hypothalamus

What’s New

ACTIVITY 1: List Down

Directions: List down the different importance of homeostasis to different organisms. Write your
answers on the space provided.

Conclusion/Reflection (Activity 1):

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

6|P age
 What is it?

HOMEOSTASIS

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called
homeostasis (“steady state”). Homeostasis means to maintain dynamic equilibrium in the body. It is dynamic because
it is constantly adjusting to the changes that the body’s systems encounter. It is equilibrium because body functions
are kept within specific ranges. Even an animal that is apparently inactive is maintaining this homeostatic equilibrium.

Homeostatic Process
The goal of homeostasis is the maintenance of equilibrium around a point or value called a set point. While
there are normal fluctuations from the set point, the body’s systems will usually attempt to go back to this point. A
change in the internal or external environment is called a stimulus and is detected by a receptor; the response of the
system is to adjust the deviation parameter toward the set point. For instance, if the body becomes too warm,
adjustments are made to cool the animal. If the blood’s glucose rises after a meal, adjustments are made to lower the
blood glucose level by getting the nutrient into tissues that need it or to store it for later use.

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Any homeostatic process that changes the direction of the stimulus is a negative feedback loop. It may either
increase or decrease the stimulus, but the stimulus is not allowed to continue as it did before the receptor sensed it. In
other words, if a level is too high, the body does something to bring it down, and conversely, if a level is too low, the
body does something to make it go up. Hence the term negative feedback. An example is animal maintenance of blood
glucose levels. When an animal has eaten, blood glucose levels rise. This is sensed by the nervous system. Specialized
cells in the pancreas sense this, and the hormone insulin is released by the endocrine system. Insulin causes blood
glucose levels to decrease, as would be expected in a negative feedback system

Positive Feedback Loop

A positive feedback loop maintains the direction of the stimulus, possibly accelerating it. Few examples of
positive feedback loops exist in animal bodies, but one is found in the cascade of chemical reactions that result in
blood clotting, or coagulation. As one clotting factor is activated, it activates the next factor in sequence until a fibrin
clot is achieved. The direction is maintained, not changed, so this is positive feedback. Another example of positive
feedback is uterine contractions during childbirth

Source: https://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/gas-exchange/revise-it/gas-exchange-in-
plants#:~:text=Plants%20obtain%20the%20gases%20they,underside%20of%20the%20leaf%20%2D%2
0stomata.

7|P age
 What’s More
PERFORMANCE TASK: Brochure Making
Directions: Create an interactive brochure presenting how an organism maintains homeostasis through
the interaction of the various organ systems in the body. Be creative and resourceful. You will be graded
according to the scoring rubrics below.

Task: Fill Me Please!

What an exemplar performance! You did a great job in finishing this module. Hopefully, you had an
enjoying moment in this journey. Congratulations!

After accomplishing series of Activities, fill in the blanks to complete the sentences below.
It is necessary to have a knowledge about feedback mechanism because
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Kindly share your thoughts and learnings by finishing the sentences below:
I have learned that ___________________________________________________________

I have realized that ___________________________________________________________

I will use my learning to ______________________________________________________

REFERENCES and CREDITS to:

General Biology 2
Quarter 2 - Module 2
COMPARE AND CONTRAST PROCESSES IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
First Edition, 2020
Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro Schools Division
Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Teaching Guide for Senior High School

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
SPECIALIZED SUBJECT

8|P age
ADDITIONAL READINGS:

https://www.macmillanhighered.com/BrainHoney/Resource/6716/digital_first_content/trunk/test/
hillis2e/hillis2e_ch14_2.html
https://www.evolvingsciences.com/Photosynthesis%20worksheet%20.html
https://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/gas-exchange/revise-it/gas-exchange-in-
plants#:~:text=Plants%20obtain%20the%20gases%20they,underside%20of%20the%20leaf%20
%2D%20stomata.
https://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/gas-exchange/revise-it/gas-exchange-in-
plants#:~:text=Plants%20obtain%20the%20gases%20they,underside%20of%20the%20leaf%20
%2D%
http://jyssbio5158.weebly.com/the-human-eye.html
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/13-1-sensory-receptors/
https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookcircSYS.html
http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com/2011/04/gas-exchange-in-
plants.html#:~:text=Gas%20exchange%20is%20the%20process,carbon%20dioxide%20enters%2
0plant%20leaves.&text=On%20balance%2C%20therefore%2C%20plants%20use,lower%20surfa
ce%20of%20the%20leaf.
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/biology/gas-exchange/mechanisms-for-gas-
exchange#:~:text=In%20animals%2C%20gas%20exchange%20follows,occurs%20directly%20w
ith%20the%20environment.&text=Hemoglobin%20binds%20loosely%20to%20oxygen%20and
%20carries%20it%20through%20the%20animal's%20bloodstream.
http://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/chemical-and-electrical-signals/sensory-systems-
i/#:~:text=Sensory%20Processing%20in%20Animals&text=The%20sensory%20system%20dete
cts%20signals,into%20changes%20in%20membrane%20potentials.
https://sciencing.com/animal-plant-life-cycles-6392248.html
https://www.advance-africa.com/differences-between-plant-growth-and-animal-growth.html
http://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/chemical-and-electrical-signals/nervous-systems/
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/homeostasis-examples.html
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/essay/modes-of-nutrition-in-plants-and-animals-with-
diagrams/1525
https://www.thoughtco.com/osmoregulation-definition-and-explanation-
4125135#:~:text=Plant%20cells%20rely%20on%20vacuoles%20to%20regulate%20cytoplasm%
20osmolarity.&text=Plants%20that%20live%20in%20water,environment%20and%20maintain%
20osmotic%20pressure.
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/11-1-homeostasis-and-osmoregulation/

9|P age
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
MIMAROPA Region
Schools Division of Calapan City
Oriental Mindoro National High School
J.P Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

SUMMATIVE TEST: GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Quarter 2: Week 7 and 8

Name of Learner: _________________________________ Grade Level: _________________________

Section: ____________________ Date: _______________ Parent/Guardian’s Signature: _____________
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Avoid ERASURES.

1. What is the major role of sensory receptors?

a. To help us learn about the environment around us.
b. To clearly present the difference of flowers scent.
c. To vividly show the loudness of nature.
d. To create an impression about the taste of fruits.
2. What type of receptor can be found in the retina that responds to light stimuli?
a. photoreceptors c. interoceptors
b. exteroceptors d. proprioceptors
3. It is a type of receptor that interprets stimuli from internal organs and tissues, such as the
receptors that sense the increase in blood pressure in the aorta.
a. photoreceptors c. interoceptors
b. exteroceptors d. proprioceptors
4. It is a receptor located near a moving part of the body, such as muscle or joint capsule, that
interprets the position of the tissues they move.
a. photoreceptors c. interoceptors
b. exteroceptors d. proprioceptors
5. It is a receptor located near a stimulus in the external environment, such as the somatosensory
receptors that are located in the skin.
a. photoreceptors c. interoceptors
b. exteroceptors d. proprioceptors
6. What do you call a stimulus that can detect chemical stimuli such as chemical that led to sense of
smell?
a. physical stimuli b. chemical stimuli c. receptor c. photoreceptor
7. Reacts to vibration and pressure, as well as sensation of sound and body position that are
interpreted through a mechanoreceptor.
a. physical stimuli b. chemical stimuli c. receptor c. photoreceptor
8. Which part of the eyes give it a color and changes the size to control the size of the pupil?
a. retina b. pupil c. iris d. cornea
9. The following are the three small bones in the ear that amplifies the sound wave vibrations.
a. anvil b. stirrup c. hammer d. callus
10. This type of skeleton occurs in a body compartment in which a volume of fluid is held under
pressure.
a. hydrostatic skeleton c. endoskeleton
b. exoskeleton d. cartilage
11. This is rigid, armor like-coverings mostly found on crabs.
a. hydrostatic skeleton c. endoskeleton
b. exoskeleton d. cartilage
12. Consist of rigid but flexible support made bones; cartilage surrounded by masses of muscles.
a. hydrostatic skeleton c. endoskeleton
b. exoskeleton d. cartilage
13. This means to maintain dynamic equilibrium in the body.
a. homeostasis c. balance d. equality c. feedback

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 14. Any homeostatic process that changes the direction of the stimulus is called _____________.
a. positive feedback c. equal feedback
b. negative feedback d. non-existent feedback
15. This type of feedback maintains the direction of the stimulus, possibly accelerating it.
a. positive feedback c. equal feedback
b. negative feedback d. non-existent feedback
16. What is the normal body temperature of a human?
a. 37 C b. 37 F c. 98.6 C d. 96.8 C
17. The following are example of positive feedback EXCEPT:
a. coagulation c. blood clotting
b. contractions during childbirth d. rise of glucose level
18. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
a. coagulation c. blood clotting
b. contractions during childbirth d. rise of glucose level
19. Which of the following is characterized as the eye of insects and arthropods?
a. compound eyes b. eye cups c. single lens d. blind eyes
20. It is the activation of sensory receptors at the level of the stimulus.
a. Sensation b. Perception c. Stimulus d. Receptors

CONGRATULATIONS!
THANK YOU FOR ACCOMPLISHING MODULE 7 AND 8!
YOU’VE NOW FINISHED GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

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