Revision Checklist

Cells and Reproduction

Part 1 - Cells, Tissues and Organs

Tick
when
revised
Lesson 1 Name all organelles in a simple animal cell (e.g. cheek cell)
and a simple plant cell (e.g. palisade leaf cell)
State the function/job of each part in an animal and a plant
cell including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucle-
us, vacuole, ribosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts
Compare and contrast the differences and similarities between
animal and plant cells
State the function of the mitochondria and ribosomes
Lesson 2 Label the different parts of a microscope
Describe how to prepare a cheek cell (animal cell) and an
onion skin cell (plant cell) on a microscope slide
Draw and label an onion cell as viewed through the
microscope
Lesson 3 Name a number of specialised cells in animals and plants
(sperm, egg, muscle, nerve, epithelial, ciliated epithelial, root
hair, palisade)
Describe the structure of these specialised cells
Explain how these specialised cells are adapted to their
function
Lesson 4 Describe the differences between cells, tissues and organs
Name the major organs in a human
Explain what an organ system is and give examples
Describe the job of the major human body organs
Lesson 5 Describe the role of diffusion in the movement of substances
in and out cells
Compare how unicellular and multicellular organisms obtain
glucose and oxygen
Describe how concentration affects the diffusion of substances
into and out of cells
 Part 2 - Reproduction

Tick
when
revised
Lesson 1 Identify the main changes to boys’ and girls’ bodies during
adolescence (puberty) and explain why they happen
Describe the structure of the human male and female reproductive
organs
Describe the function of these parts of the male and female
reproductive system
Lesson 2 Describe the stages of the menstrual cycle (no details of hormones
needed)
State what ovulation is and when it happens
Lesson 3 State the name of the male and female sex cells (gametes)
Describe how egg (ovum) and sperm cells are adapted to their
functions
Describe what happens in fertilisation and state where it happens
in the female body
Lesson 4 Describe sexual intercourse and the possible consequences of
having sex (pregnancy, STI’s, emotional factors, legal)
Lesson 5 State the normal length of a human pregnancy
Describe how a developing foetus is protected and cared for in the
uterus
Describe what happens to the uterus and cervix during birth
Describe what lifestyle factors affect the developing foetus
Explain how identical and non-identical twins are produced
Lesson 6 Describe the main similarities and differences between asexual
and sexual reproduction
Explain why asexual reproduction produces genetically identical
individuals (clones) and sexual reproduction causes variation
Give one example of a species that reproduces asexually/ sexually
State the difference between internal and external fertilisation

You will be assessed in this unit by completing a test.

 Cells: Selected Key Questions

No. Question Answer

1 What is an organelle/ subcellular structure? A structure within a cell that per-
forms a function/ job
2 What is a cell? The smallest unit of life.
3 How many cells does a unicellular organism One
have?
4 How many cells does a multicellular organ- More than one (many).
ism have?
5 List the parts of an animal cell? Nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria,
cell membrane, cytoplasm
6 List the parts of a plant cell? Nucleus, mitochondria, chloro-
plast, permanent vacuole, cell wall,
cell membrane, cytoplasm
7 What is the function of the nucleus? Control the cell activities
8 What is the function of the cell membrane? Controls movement of sub-
stances in and out of a cell.
9 What is the function of the cytoplasm? Chemical reactions take place here

10 What is the function of the mitochondria? Releases energy by a process called

respiration
11 What is the function of the chloroplast? Carry out photosynthesis
12 What is the function of the cell wall? Supports the cell
13 What is the function of the flagellum (tail) in Allows the cell to move.
sperm?
14 What is a microscope? Scientific equipment that allows
you to observe cells by magnifying
them.
15 What are the names of the 2 types of lenses Eyepiece lens/ objective lens
on a microscope?

16 Where are slides placed on the microscope? Stage

17 What are used to focus the image on a Focussing wheel/ knob
microscope?
18 What does magnification mean? How many times larger the image
of an object appears
19 What do we call the object we observe under Specimen
the microscope?

20 Why do we use stains when preparing a Makes cells (and parts of cells)
slide? more visible.
21 Why is it important the specimen on the slide So light can pass through it.
is thin and flat?
 Cells: Selected Key Questions
22 What are the 4 main features of a good
biological drawing?
23 What is a 'specialised cell'?
24 What is the function of a ciliated epithelial
cell?
25 What are the specialised features of a cili-
ated epithelial cell?
26 What is the function of a muscle cell?
27 What are the specialised features of a mus- Long and thin shape, contain fibres
cle cell? that can shorten, lots of
mitochondria (that release energy)
28 What is the function of a root hair cell in
plants?
29 What are the specialised features of a root
hair cell?
30 What is a tissue?
31 Put the following in order from smallest to
largest: organ, tissue, cell, organ system
32 What is an organ?
33 What is an organ system?
34 Name 6 organs in the human body
35 State 3 ways red blood cells are special-
ised
36 State how nerve cells are specialised
1. Clear and continuous pencil lines
2. No shading / colouring
3. Labelled (with a ruler)
4. Title and magnification
Cell that is designed to carry out a
specific job (function)
Move things along the surface of
passages (e.g. airways, fallopian
tubes)
Has tiny hair-like structures called
cilia that wave together to move
things along
Contract and relax to cause
movement or changing of shape.
Absorb water and minerals from the
soil.
Hair-like extension to provide a
large surface area
A group of similar cells working
together to perform a function.
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
A group of tissues working together
to perform a function.
A group of organs working together
to perform a function.
Heart, brain, liver, kidneys, lungs,
pancreas
No nucleus (more space to carry
oxygen), large surface area, contain
haemoglobin
Long and has many branches
 Reproduction: Selected Key Questions
No. Question Answer
1 State changes that happen in boys Voice deepens, become more muscular, body
during puberty (any three) hair grows, penis gets bigger, testes get bigger,
spots/acne
2 State changes that happen in girls dur- Breasts develop, hips widen, body hair grows,
ing puberty (any three) start their period (menstruation), spots/acne
3 Name the male sex hormone Testosterone
4 Name the female sex hormone Oestrogen
5 What is sexual reproduction? The production of offspring requiring two par-
ents
6 What is a gamete? A sex cell (sperm in males and ova/egg cells in
females)
7 What is fertilisation? When nuclei of two gametes fuse
8 What are the key adaptations of the Tail for movement, lots of mitochondria
sperm cells? (any 3) (release energy for movement), nucleus with
half the normal amount of DNA
9 What are the adaptations of an ovum?
Nucleus with half the normal amount of DNA,
contain nutrients for embryo
10 What is a zygote? The fertilised ovum (earliest stage of the devel-
oping baby process)
11 What is DNA? Where is it found? A chemical that contains instructions for life
processes and found in the nucleus
12 What are chromosomes? Strands of DNA coiled together
13 How many chromosomes are found in 46 (23 pairs)
human body cells (e.g. skin cell)?
14 How many chromosomes do human 23
gametes have?
15 Where does an embryo get its chro- Half from the mother, half from the father (23
mosomes from? from each)
16 Why are siblings different if they are They don’t receive the same 23 chromosomes
from the same parents? from each parent
17 What is an embryo? An organism in the early stages of
development, up to 8 weeks old.
18 What is a foetus? An unborn baby, older than 8 weeks
19 What is the function of the ovaries? To produce ovum (and release hormones)
20 What is the function of the uterus Provide site for the embryo to implant and
lining (endometrium)? develop
21 What is the function of the cervix? Keeps foetus in place, opens to allow birth
22 What is the function of the vagina in Serves as a passage for the penis during sex
reproduction?
23 What is the function of the testes? To produce sperm (and secrete hormones)
24 What is the function of the glands in Produce fluids that contain nutrients for sperm
men? cells
25 What is the function of the sperm To transport sperm from the testes to the penis
ducts?
 Reproduction: Selected Key Questions
26 What is the function of the penis? To pass urine and sperm (in semen)
27 What is the function of the urethra? Carries urine and in men, carries semen
containing sperm cells
28 What is the umbilical cord? Tube connecting the placenta to a developing
foetus
29 What is the placenta? The placenta is an organ responsible for
providing oxygen and nutrients, and removing
waste substances to/from the foetus
30 How long is the menstrual cycle? Roughly 28 days
31 What is menstruation? The scientific name for a period. The uterus
lining starts to break down (bleeding
happens- called a period)
32 How long does menstruation last? Average of five days
33 What happens after menstruation? Uterus lining starts to grow and thicken again
34 Why does the uterus lining grow and To provide somewhere for the zygote
thicken? (fertilised egg) to implant
35 What is ovulation? When the ovaries release an egg cell (ovum)
36 When does ovulation occur? Around day 14 of the menstrual cycle
37 What happens if fertilisation does not The uterus lining starts to break down and the
occur? cycle continues
38 Where does fertilisation occur in Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
women?
39 Identical twins develop from how many One egg and one sperm
eggs and sperm?
40 Non-identical twins develop from how Two eggs and two sperm
many eggs and sperm?
41 How long is human pregnancy? 38 - 40 weeks/ 9 months
42 In plants, what are the male sex cells? Pollen
43 In plants, what are the female sex cells? Ova
44 What are the anthers? Where pollen is produced (male)
45 What is the stigma? The top of the female part of the flower which
collects pollen grains
46 What is pollination? When pollen moves from an anther to a
stigma
47 What are the two main types of pollina- Insect pollination and wind pollination
tion?
48 What happens after pollination? Fertilisation and seed growth
49 What is seed dispersal? How seeds move away from the parent plant
50 How can seed dispersal occur? By wind, by water, eaten by animals and
egested, stuck to the outside of animals
51 How can you tell the difference be- Wind = round pollen grains, Insects = pollen
tween pollen cells that are transported grains with hooks on
by insect or the wind
52 In some animals like frogs, fertilisation External fertilisation
happens outside the body. What is this
type of fertilisation called?
 Quick Reference
Parts of a Microscope

Magnification:

Microscopes magnify images–

make them seem bigger than
they actually are.

Animal and Plant Cells

*Mitochondria cannot be easily viewed under a light microscope

 Quick Reference
Parts of a Flower

• The anther, stamen

and filament form
the male parts of the
flower.

• The stigma, ovary

and ovule form the
female parts of the
flower.

Development of the Foetus

• The placenta provides

oxygen and nutrients, and
removes waste substances.

• The placenta lets sub-

stances pass between the
mother’s and fetus’s blood
without mixing the two
blood supplies:
− oxygen and
nutrients diffuse across
the placenta from the
mother to the fetus
− carbon dioxide and
other waste substances
diffuse across the
placenta from the fetus
to the mother
Year 7 2 Particles and Solutions

Revision Checklist

Part 1 - Particles (solids, liquids and gases)

Tick
when
re-
vised
Lesson State that all substances are made out of particles
1
Particles are made up of protons, electrons and neutrons
Name the three states of matter
Classify substances as one of the three states of matter
using observed properties
Draw diagrams to show the arrangement of particles in
solids, liquids and gases
Explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases based
on the arrangement and movement of their particles
(including density)
Lesson Define the terms freezing, melting, boiling, evaporation,
2 condensation and sublimation
Describe what happens to the energy, arrangement and
movement of particles during state changes
Explain state changes in terms of overcoming forces of
attraction between particles
Lesson Define the terms solute, solvent and solution and give
3 examples
Describe how a saturated solution is produced
Investigate how temperature affects the amount of solute
that can dissolve in a solvent.
Lesson Describe the process of diffusion
4 Explain why diffusion can only occur in gases and liq-
uids using ideas about Brownian motion
Lesson Investigate the effect of temperature and concentration
5 on the rate of diffusion
 Part 2 - Separation Techniques

Tick
when
revised
Lesson 1 Define the term filtration and evaporation

Describe how to separate substances using filtration

and evaporation
Explain why filtration cannot separate a solute from a
solution but crystallisation can
Lesson 2 Define the term distillation

Label the parts of the distillation apparatus

Describe what happens in the condenser using ideas

about state changes
Explain, using ideas about boiling points, how pure wa-
ter can be produced from a mixture of two liquids
Lesson 3 Describe what chromatography is and what it is used
for
Explain how chromatography is used to separate sub-
stances using ideas about solubility
Interpret results of chromatography experiments.

You will be assessed in this unit by completing a test.

 Particles and Solutions: Selected Key Questions
No. Question Answer

1 In which state of matter do the particles Solid

have strong forces of attraction?
2 In which state of matter are there no forces Gas
of attraction between the particles?
3 What is the name for a solid turning into a Melting
liquid?
4 Describe the motion of particles in a solid. Vibrate in fixed positions

5 Describe the motion of particles in a liq- Move over each other

uid?
6 What is the name for a liquid turning into a Boiling
gas?
7 What is the name for a gas turning into a Condensation
liquid?
8 Describe the motion of particles in a gas? Different speeds & direc-
tions
9 What state of matter are fluids? Liquid & Gas

10 In which state of matter can substances Solid and Liquid

NOT be compressed (squashed)?
11 In which state do particles stay in a fixed Solid
position?
12 What is the name for a liquid turning into a Freezing
solid?
13 What is the boiling point of water? 100⁰C

14 What is the name for a solid turning into a Sublimation

gas?
15 What is the freezing point of water? 0⁰C
 Particles and Solutions: Selected Key Questions
No. Question Answer
16 What is it called when a liquid turns into a gas? Evaporation
(e.g. water to steam)

17 Define "boiling point". Temperature at which a liquid

turns into a gas

18 Define "diffusion" The movement of particles

from a high concentration to a
low concentration
19 Define "Brownian motion" The random movement of
particles in a fluid

20 State the advantages of using the particle model Allows you to predict the be-
haviour of a substance

21 State two disadvantages of using the particle Assumes all particles are
model spheres, doesn't show the
bonds/ forces between atoms
22 What happens to particles when a substance ex- Particles vibrate more and
pands? move further apart

23 What happens to particles when a substance con- Particles vibrate less and
tracts? move closer together

24 Why are solids denser than gases? Particles closer together

25 What name is given to the solid substance that Solute

gets dissolved in a liquid?

26 What name is given to the liquid substance that a Solvent

solid dissolves in?

27 What name is given to a mixture consisting of a Solution

solid dissolved in a liquid?

28 A substance that dissolves easily is said to be Soluble

________.

29 A solid substance that does not dissolve easily is Insoluble

said to be ________.

30 What is meant by the term ‘saturated solution’? A solution where no more so-
lute can dissolve
 Separation Techniques: Selected Key Questions
No. Question Answer

1 What is a mixture? Several substances NOT

chemically joined togeth-
er
2 What technique can you use to separate Filtration
an insoluble solid from a liquid?
3 Why are only some substances able to Some substances too
pass through the filter paper? large to fit through holes
in the filter paper
4 What technique can you use to separate a Crystallisation/distillation
soluble solid from a liquid?
5 Name two soluble solid substances Salt/ sugar
6 To evaporate a liquid, what is needed? Heat
7 At what point will a liquid evaporate? Boiling point
8 To evaporate a liquid, it should be placed Evaporating dish
in what piece of scientific equipment?

9 Instead of heating to evaporate a sub- Beaker of water

stance directly, what should the evaporat-
ing dish be placed on top of?
10 When dry crystals of a substance form af- Crystallisation
ter evaporation, what is this called?
11 What scientific practical method can be Simple distillation
used to separate two soluble liquids?

12 Simple distillation is used to separate out Boiling points

mixtures of solutions with different?

13 In simple distillation, what is the name of Round-bottomed flask

the piece of the equipment that the solu-
tions are placed in?
14 In simple distillation you have to heat the Provide enough energy
liquids in the round-bottomed flask. Why? for evaporation

15 In simple distillation, what is the name of Condenser

the piece of the equipment that cools
down vapours?
 Separation Techniques: Selected Key Questions
No. Question Answer

16 In distillation, the temperature needs to be Thermometer

monitored closely. What piece of scien-
tific equipment is used to measure tem-
perature?
17 Name TWO solvents Water, alcohol

18 Name an insoluble substance at the beach Sand

19 Name a soluble substance at the beach Salt

20 Chromatography is a method used to sep- dyes, ink

arate out mixtures in ________ and
________
21 In chromatography, a pencil line is drawn It's insoluble
at the bottom of the filter paper. Why is
pencil used?
22 How far from the bottom of the paper is 1cm
the pencil line drawn in chromatography?

23 What is the liquid part of a solution Solvent

called?
24 ____________ is a measure of how easily Solubility
a solid substance dissolves in a solvent.

25 In chromatography, the mixture is separat- Solubility

ed by ________________
26 Where on the chromatography paper can At the top
the MOST soluble pigments be found?

27 Where on the chromatography paper can At the bottom

the LEAST soluble pigments be found?

28 In chromatography, what is the finished Chromatogram

pattern of pigments on the filter paper
called?
 Quick Reference
Filtration and Evaporation

Distillation
 Quick Reference
Chromatography
Year 7 3 Energy and Heat Transfer

Revision Checklist

Part 1 - Energy
Tick
when
revised
Lesson 1 Recognise joules (J) as the unit for energy
Describe what the ‘law of conservation of energy’ tells you
Name the 8 types of energy stores and give an example for
each
Describe the 4 energy pathways
Lesson 2 Calculate efficiency and percentage efficiency in terms of ener-
gy and power (rearrange equations)
Identify the useful and wasted energy during energy transfers
Recognise watts as the unit for power
Lesson 3 Calculation of cost of using appliances
Compare power ratings of appliances in watts (W, kW), energy
transferred (J,kJ, KW hour), domestic fuel bills
Numeracy: Unit conversions (J, kJ, W, kW etc.)
Lesson 4 Name 3 fossil fuels (non-renewable fuels)
Describe how fossil fuels formed and explain why they are
useful as fuels
Describe how electrical energy can be generated in a fossil
fuelled power station
Evaluate the use of different non-renewable energy resources
to generate electricity
Lesson 5 Investigate the energy content of different fuels
Required
practical
Lesson 6 Name at least 4 renewable energy resources and how we use
them
Describe the difference between a renewable and a non-
renewable energy resource
Explain how electricity can be generated from renewable ener-
gy resources
Evaluate the use of different renewable energy resources to
generate electricity
 Part 2 - Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer Tick

when
revised
Lesson 1 Investigate how temperature change of a liquid is af-
fected by volume
Describe the difference between ‘temperature’ and
‘heat’
Explain the meaning of resolution using a variety of
equipment such as thermometers and beakers
Calculate averages (mean, median, mode) and identify
anomalous data
Lesson 2 Recall the structure of particles in solids, liquids and
gases
State some examples of conductors and insulators
Describe the difference between a conductor and an
insulator
Lesson 3 Explain conduction in terms of heating of particles
Explain why conductors will transfer heat and electric-
ity while insulators will not. Extension: Relate this to
free electrons
Lesson 4 Identify the states of matter that will allow transfer of
heat energy by convection
Describe how heat energy is transferred by convection
Explain convection in terms of heating and cooling
and particle density
Lesson 5 State a method of heat energy transfer that does not in-
Required volve particles
practical Investigate which materials/colours are good absorb-
ers and emitters of infrared radiation
Investigate infrared radiation using silver (shiny) and
dark (matt) boiling tubes
Lesson 6 Compare and contrast the three ways heat energy can
be transferred

You will be assessed in this unit by completing a test.

 Energy: Selected Key Questions
Num- Question
ber
1 Name the 8 energy stores
2 What are energy transfers?
3 State the 4 ways energy can be
transferred from one store to an-
other.
4 How is energy transferred by me-
chanical working?
5 How is energy transferred electri-
cally?
6 What are kinetic energy stores?
7 What are gravitational potential
energy stores?
8 What are chemical energy stores?
9 What are elastic potential energy
stores?
10 What are nuclear energy stores?
11 What are electrostatic energy
stores?
12 What are thermal energy stores?
13 What are magnetic energy stores?
14 What is the unit for energy
15 State the ‘law of conservation of
energy’.
16 Describe the energy transfers tak-
ing place in a light bulb? (you
need to mention the energy stores
and energy pathways)
17 What is the wasted energy in a
light bulb?
Answer
Magnetic, thermal, chemical, kinetic, elec-
trostatic, elastic potential, gravitational po-
tential, nuclear
Ways energy can be transferred from one
store to another
By heating, mechanically, electrically or by
radiation
Work is done on an object (by a force)
Work is done by moving charges (electrons)
Energy stored in a moving object (all mov-
ing objects have kinetic energy)
Energy stored in an object lifted up above
the Earth’s surface (against the force of
gravity)
Stored energy (in bonds between atoms and
molecules)
The energy stored when an object is
stretched or squashed
The energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
Opposite electric charges interacting with
each other
Heat energy (the hotter an object is, the
more energy it has in its thermal energy
store).
Energy between magnetic objects interacting
with each other – e.g. two magnets
Joules (J)
Energy can’t be created or destroyed, but it
can be transferred from one energy store to
another, stored or dissipated (spread out)
Energy is transferred from electrostatic ener-
gy stores to thermal energy stores via radia-
tion
Thermal (heat) energy
 Energy: Selected Key Questions
Num- Question Answer
ber
18 Describe what ‘energy efficiency’ Something is energy efficient if most of
means? the energy that is put in to an object is
transferred usefully (and little energy is
wasted)
19 What is the equation for energy ef- Efficiency = Useful energy out × 100
ficiency? Total energy in

20 What does ‘renewable energy Energy sources that will not run out e.g.
source’ mean? solar power (they can be replenished)

21 List 7 renewable energy resources. Hydroelectric, solar, wind, wave, tidal,

geothermal, biomass

22 What is biomass? Fuel that comes from plants, animals or

their waste e.g. wood, methane from rot-
ting plants etc.
23 What are the advantages of using Don't release harmful greenhouses gases
renewable energy resources? (e.g. carbon dioxide); will not run out

24 What are the disadvantages of us- Sometimes unreliable (e.g. solar), expen-
ing renewable energy sources? sive to set up and maintain

25 What does non-renewable energy Resource that will eventually run out-
source mean? they can’t be replenished

26 List three fossil fuels. Crude oil, coal and natural gas

27 Describe how coal is formed. Trees and other plants died and buried
millions of years ago. High heat and
pressure from the Earth turn the remains
into coal.

28 Why are fossil fuels useful as 1. Reliable

fuels? 2. Release more energy compared to re-
newable energy sources
3. Easy to store and transport
 Heat Transfer: Selected Key Questions
Num- Question
ber
1 What is heat?
2 State the units used to measure
heat?
3 What is temperature?
4 State the units used to measure
temperature in the UK?
5 In which direction does thermal
energy flow?
6 State the three methods of heat
transfer?
7 State what density is a measure
of?
8 If an object is very dense, what
does this mean?
9 Conduction is a method of heat
transfer. What state of matter
(solids/ liquids/ gases) does con-
duction mainly happen in?
10 Convection is a method of heat
transfer. What states of matter
(solids/ liquids/ gases) does con-
vection happen in?
11 What states of matter does the
word ‘fluid’ refer to?
12 Radiation is a method of heat
transfer. Does radiation need
particles to transfer energy?
13 Describe the process of conduc-
tion (in solids).
14 Describe the process of convec-
tion in a kettle.
Answer
Heat is a measure of the internal energy of par-
ticles in an object
Joules (J)
Temperature how hot or cold something is
(due to the kinetic energy of moving particles)
Degrees Celsius (°C)
From hotter to colder areas
Conduction, convection, radiation
The number of particles in a given space.
Particles closer together, more particles in the
same space (compared to a less dense one).
Solids
Liquids & gases
Liquids & gases
No
1. When heated, particles gain energy to ther-
mal energy stores
2. Particles begin to vibrate faster and with
larger amplitude
3. Particles collide with neighbouring particles
4. Particles pass on their energy
1. Particles near heat source gain energy to
thermal energy stores
2. Particles with more energy move faster and
move away from each other
3. The warmer liquid/gas (near the heat source)
becomes less dense and rises
4. The cooler liquid/gas (away from the heat
source) is more dense and sinks
5. The cooler liquid/gas will start to be heated
up setting up a convection current
 Heat Transfer: Selected Key Questions
Num- Question Answer
ber
15 What is a vacuum? A space that contains no particles

16 Which is the only method of heat transfer Radiation

that occurs in a vacuum?
17 Which two methods of heat transfer re- Conduction & convection
quire particles?
18 Which method of heat transfer involves Radiation
electromagnetic waves e.g. light/infra-red?

19 What is a conductor? Give two examples Conductors allow energy to flow

through them easily. e.g. metals-
Copper, iron
20 What is an insulator? Give two examples Insulators do not allow energy to
flow through them easily e.g.
wood, plastic, rubber
21 Which colour is the best absorber and Black, matt surfaces
emitter of infrared radiation?
22 What type of surfaces are the best reflec- Silver, shiny surfaces
tors of infrared radiation?
23 What are some ways of reducing energy Loft insulation, draft excluders,
loss from houses? double glazed windows, carpets
24 How does a draft excluder reduce heat Prevents convection
loss?
25 Why is a large proportion of heat lost from Warm air rises
the roof of houses?
26 What is the most efficient way to reduce Loft insulation
energy loss from houses?
27 What happens to energy lost from houses? It is lost to the surroundings
 Quick Reference
Energy Stores

Energy store Description Examples

The energy stored when magnets Fridge magnets, compasses, maglev

Magnetic
interact. trains which use magnetic levitation.

Human bodies, hot coffees, stoves

The energy particles possess be-
Internal (thermal) or hobs. Ice particles vibrate slower,
cause of their position or motion.
but still have energy.

The energy stored in chemical

Chemical Foods, muscles, electrical cells.
bonds between particles.

Kinetic The energy of a moving object. Runners, buses, comets.

The energy stored when charged Thunderclouds, Van De Graaff gen-

Electrostatic
particles interact. erators.

The energy stored when an object is Drawn catapults, compressed

Elastic potential
stretched or squashed. springs, inflated balloons.

Gravitational poten-
The energy of an object at height. Aeroplanes, kites, mugs on a table.
tial

The energy stored in the nucleus of Uranium nuclear power, nuclear re-
Nuclear
an atom. actors.

Power Station
 Quick Reference
Convection

Conduction Particles gain ener- Particles bump into other

gy and vibrate faster particles transferring energy

Materials and Heat Transfer

Matt, black sur- Shiny, white sur-

faces are very faces are very
good at absorbing good at reflecting
and emitting infrared radiation.
(radiate) infrared
radiation.

The thermometer next to the matt

black surface shows a
higher temperature because it emits
radiation at a faster rate.
 Quick Reference

Energy store Description Examples

The energy stored when repelling

poles have been pushed closer to- Fridge magnets, compasses, maglev
Magnetic
gether or when attracting poles have trains which use magnetic levitation.
been pulled further apart.
The total kinetic and potential energy
of the particles in an object, in most
cases this is the vibrations - also Human bodies, hot coffees, stoves
Internal (thermal) known as the kinetic energy - of par- or hobs. Ice particles vibrate slower,
ticles. In hotter objects, the particles but still have energy.
have more internal energy and vi-
brate faster.
The energy stored in chemical
Chemical bonds, such as those between mole- Foods, muscles, electrical cells.
cules.

Kinetic The energy of a moving object. Runners, buses, comets.

The energy stored when repelling

charges have been moved closer Thunderclouds, Van De Graaff gen-
Electrostatic
together or when attracting charges erators.
have been pulled further apart.
The energy stored when an object is Drawn catapults, compressed
Elastic potential
stretched or squashed. springs, inflated balloons.
Gravitational poten-
The energy of an object at height. Aeroplanes, kites, mugs on a table.
tial
The energy stored in the nucleus of Uranium nuclear power, nuclear re-
Nuclear
an atom. actors.
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