44)

Carbohydrates are versatile macromolecules. Carbohydrate Disaccharides are two monomers joined together. Several
monomers are linked together in different ways to provide a variety disaccharides (lactose, sucrose and maltose) have important
of structurally and functionally different molecules. Monomers are roles in human nutrition. Carbohydrates also exist as isomers.
linked together by condensation reactions, so called because lsomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, but
the reaction produces a water molecule. The reverse hydrolysis different structural formulae. Because of this they have different
reaction splits polymers into smaller units by breaking the bond properties. For example, when g-glucose polymers are linked
between two monomers. Hydrolysis literally means breaking together they form starch, but linked B-glucose polymers form
with water, and so requires the addition of a water molecule. ce llu lose.

'
,CH,;Ol{'',.,, t,, ','' "."'
:co*6iun.oi 'ir..,'a
,si,** ,ohl,q i;ar. ili*l,1j,'1i,*:. l,',, ",',:,',,,,,':,,,"':,'
*l.ur *-..i...l l,5',' C ' ::
,
Q -'',,
.tt
"
H i
@i,':,
tri:
HOf
':,,, .,

arrangern,ent ,gf: ffig,i,p a:toms, ,SU,c,h var.iati.o,ns in:the

\, H '

/
'',
'u.'.t...t
i

H
.::r.:,.:;;;

'tii.:tt:'l':':tt''"t:t"t'7 .....l,.l...i.l'.l..

ar,rahgAroe.ai,.ot. ata*i in *O1bcur.es i'.e Cuiiaa iSo*e;1. OH

]I:. \
:::]i:i:iiii:ii:]:i:G

OHH
iii:

H
j: iiu ;i"ia, a;,o ts,i,
l',,,,,,:,,,;,,,r::;,',;,t,,,,,,t-,

:OH: ,\ I
:\
OH II
::.l;:::;l:l'lll:;::

I h': iiru,c*;i; 1:,,iso mei! (s,r*,'t ;;, E

I
.'. : .r........
H
.G,...ffi.'G.
,

anO::th,blu ano B, E.tucoae,, ,right1,: the ,aiom,ia'r,e,:linked in.

:,sequen,ces:,,,,Opiibat, ,i, il,l,, ,'1,, ' ;, :l:

,,:
.: : : ::.
:: . '.: .:
.l::.:,,",,.:,'
:,::,:
:
:. :::::
:..':':':. ::,:r1 ..
,:,J': ::. .

oitteient iio:me,is'iie,ioentiCat io ifil.

:,,::,,:,,,

::... ,.,66,$[,u'co$g
. ,: :
...,ll,....:...'...::':.:.l:'.:,..'............ l..ll:.,....:.'.i.,..,l....,...,:....,........;.:....,,.....:...,:.'..,
.: l..
eVer,:y way br-rt aie'mir:ior, irnageS sf'bach 6f6jp ,,, ' ", ,
.,:..,,:.. :.:..:.::, .,.,
'
,:

.H .. .. .

i:1l'fi
1 .'.. . ..'. ..
.. .. ..1.

'6H
;1 :llHG.0: 'l.'..,i' u:.l.lll:r;.r

;..
:.: :1 :. .;.l
;l:.1.
.:
:'.l ..

.;
:; :; : : ; ; .;l..
.
.;

.
:i :' ::;r..
'.
Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions ' '

ruon,osaccnar,ioes can cornbine to tor,m compouno'sugiri in

wh,at,ls cat,te-ct,,a,'.CO.nU6n.5aii6n,...,ie.aCitan1,...OA.ffi..0.0,U..nd.l..l6.Ui$ i$...ian
be Uloken Oown by. hydrolysis to Slmple monosacctraiiOes
H,
.,"..:{r
. :'::::'.::...:::.
, ,ii ,,;,l.'l,ii
I:: . I :: :
hl...rr:i''..'.'''..r.,

i'..i:ti..i..
,::.::.,':..: :.:,:,!rai,,,,,,.., :,,,: ici
i.,...ti:.,.......

::::::: jrt:- ::.

l. - . . .1. ,.,

ll11,';l2t,;:.;.;,1 n1o;l,.:,.1:.'.,,
,,,..,,i',1-\, ,

,,'/, ,'

.,secGH.e.riA.es. ,{,, :,' t,',,",10,,1i,t

.l:o.t{':':...:..l...l

.u.:.{'.l'i.,.m$,4:f :l.$$.i,S....::r e tl .fi::1rr;,11:1:,,::,l:::,,'.

:: ,:1,',,Wh6n a disaccharlde,is,split, ,as

,,
,,,:,, .,
1:,,1,5.'.o,ig6:sti on.i.,i.ia.,.iWel,etl.....m.O[eClH..l.e.
l:11,

U,b,ed. ,a,S ,a' S,O:ur:de O,i

,', :
l,

,, h-d
-
:: : ::,::['' ; - ,_;x ,^ x,,-r,,^_;:,,' ;'-^, ,;:
:1,

^
en,,,and,a,,h1tdr:o5.yl group,
, :,,,The i ieaCtio,n,,is, ::cataIyse,o, 6i,
,,'. eh,i1r*et., roi.*irtosa,, i:right[:
i.,,,,thi,S
;itii..'it:
i.,*altabe.:,,,,,:,,'

::l:l,l1

.,l.. ..[f,.

Lactose, or milk sugar, is made up of B-glucose + Maltose is composed of two u-glucose molecules. Sucrose (table sugar) is a simple sugar derived
p-galactose. Milk contains 2-8% lactose by weight. These germinating wheat seeds (above) contain from plants such as sugar cane (above), sugar
It is the primary carbohydrate source for suckling maltose because the plant breaks down their starch beet, or maple sap. lt is composed of an cx-glucose
mammals stores to use it for food. molecule and a B-fructose molecule.

1. Explain how the isomeric structure of a carbohydrate may affect its chemical behaviour:

2. Explain briefly how compound sugars are formed and broken down:

@ Biozone lnternational 2010

Photocopying Prohibited