Torsional Pendulum

90
62
 Ex. No.: Date:

TORSIONAL PENDULUM

Aim:
To determine the moment of inertia of a given disc by torsional oscillation and to calculate
the rigidity modulus of the given material of the suspension wire using two symmetrical masses.

Appatatus:

Torsional pendulum, uniform circular disc suspended by a wire, stop watch, screw gauge,
two identical masses & metre scale

Formula:

The moment of inertia of the Disc

The rigidity modulus of the wire

Where,

I - Moment of Inertia of a circular disc. in kg m²

n - Rigidity modulus of the material of the suspension wire in N/m²
l- Length of the suspension wire in m
r- Radius of the wire in m
M - Mass of one of the cylindrical masses in kg
d1- Closest distance between the points of the suspension wire and center of
Cylindrical masses in m
d2 - Farthest distance between the point of the suspension wire and center of
Cylindrical masses in m
T0 - Time period without mass in sec
T1 - Time period with masses at d1 in Sec
T2 - Time period with masses at d2 in Sec

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(i) Diameter of the wire (r)
L.C = 0.01 mm Z.E = .................... div.
Z.C = Z.E x LC. ............. mm

OR =
PSR HSC
S. No PSR+(HSCXLC) CR=O.R±Z.C
mm div
mm mm

Mean = ................. X 10-3m

(ii) Determination of Time period T0, T1 & T2

Time for 10 oscillations (sec)

Position of Time period

the mass Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean (time for one
oscillation ) Sec
Without
Masses T0 =
With Masses at
d1 = …………..X10-2m T1=
With Masses at
-2
d2 =…………… m
X10 T2=

92
Procedure:

A uniform thin wire, whose rigidity modulus is to be determined is fixed in a vertical

chuck fixed to a support. The lower end of wire is fixed in a similar chuck, provided at the center
of uniform circular disk. The wire is adjusted to a suitable length. The disk is slightly twisted so
that it executes simple harmonic motion, ie., it makes torsional oscillations. The first few
oscillations are omitted and then time taken for 10 oscillations T0 is noted.

Two identical cylindrical masses are placed closed and symmetrically on either side of
the suspension wire and the distance d1, between the center of the cylindrical body and the
suspension wire is noted. Torsional oscillations are setup by twisting the disc. The time taken for
10 oscillations is noted. The experiment is repeated and meantime period T1 is noted and at d2, T2
is also noted.

Material diameter of wire is determined using a screw gauge and radius is calculated.
The moment of inertia and rigidity modulus of the wire is determined.

Result:

Moment of inertia of the disk = kgm²

Rigidity modulus of the material of the wire = N/m²

Viva voce Questions:

1. what is periodic oscillation?
2. What is Moment of inertia?
3. What is rigidity modulus?
4. What is center of mass?
5. What are torsional oscillations?

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 C ALCULATION

Time period of oscillation (Without masses) T0 = .................... Sec

Time period when masses are at distance d1 T1= ..................... Sec

Time period when masses are at distance d2 T2 = ..................... Sec

Closest distance between suspension wire

And the center of mass of the cylinder d1 = .................... X10-2m

Closest distance between suspension wire

And the center of mass of the cylinder d1 = .................... X10-2m

Farthest distance between suspension wire

And the center of mass of the cylinder d2 = .................... X10-2m

Mass of one the cylinders m = ....................X10-3m

kg

Length of the suspension wire l = ......................X10-2m

Mean diameter of the wire d = ...................... X10-3m

d.......................
Mean radius of the wire r= X10-3m
2

2m(d 22 d12 )T0 2

(i) Moment of inertia of the disc I 2 2
kgm2
T2 T1

I = ............................Kgm2

8 I l N
(ii) The rigidity modulus of material of the wire n
r 4T 2 m2

n = ................................ Nm2
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Name
Boltzmann Constant
Acceleration due to gravity
Planck's constant
Speed of light
Unit of electric charge
Universal constants
Symbol Value
k 1.3806x10-23J/k
g 9.8m/sec2
h 6.626x10-34Js
C 2.9979x108m/s
e 1.602x10-19C

Physical constants

Physical constant substance value Unit

Thermal Cardboard 0.21 W/m/K
conductivity Rubber 0.15
Glass 0.9
Cork 0.05
Wood 0.15
Co efficient of Water 1.753x10-3 Ns/m2
viscosity Mercury 1.685x10-3
Castor oil 0.750
Kerosine 2.959x10-3
Specific heat Copper 385 J/Kg/K
capacity Aluminium 913
Brass 372
Lead 126
Water 4186
Wavelength Sodium 5893 Å
Mercury:
Violet I 4047
Violet II 4078
Blue 4358
Greenish blue 4916
Green 5461
Yellow I 5769
Yellow II 5791
Orange 5900
Red 6234

Elastic constants

Substance Densitykg/m Young’s Rigidity Bulk modulus

3x103 modulus x1010 modulus x1010N/m2
N/m2 x1010N/m2
Aluminium 2.7 7.2-7.5 2.5-3.4 7.46
Brass 8.5 9.7-10.1 3.5 10.6
Copper 8.9 10.5-12.5 3.5-4.5 14.3
Glass 2.6 5.1-7.1 3.1 3.75
Iron 7.1 10-13 3.5-5.3 9.6
Silver 11.3 1.6 5.6 5
Steel 7.8 20.9 8.12 16.4
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Formulae
mD
1. Particle size is given by the formula S μm
xm
Sin
(i) Wavelength of laser source  A0
nN
r
(ii) Acceptance angle of an optical fibre a  
 d
(iii) Numerical aperature of an optical fibre NA= n0 sin a

l
2. Thickness of thin wire t m
2

3. (i) Velocity of ultrasonic waves in a given liquid v =   metre/ second

(ii) Wavelength of ultrasonic waves =2d/ n metre

(iii) Compressibility of the liquid K = 1/v2 metre2/ Newton

N Sin
4. (i) Number of lines per meter in the grating n' lines/m
Sin
(ii) Wavelengths of the prominent lines in the mercury (Hg)spectrum  A0
nN
5. The co efficient of thermal conductivity of bad conductor
MSd(r 2l)  d  W/m/k
K= 2  
r (2r 2l)(1 2 )  dt  2

6. Young’s Modulus of the material of the beam by Mgl3

Y= N/m2
non-uniform method 4bd3y

ga4aht
6. Co-efficient of Viscosity of Water = Nsm2
8lv

 - r
8. Dispersive power of a prism  =
y - r
3Mgal2
Young’s Modulus of the Material of the beam by uniform method Y =
2
9. 3
N/m
2bd y
8Il
2
10. (i) The Rigidity Modulus of the wise (n) = 4 2
N/m
r To

2m(d2 2-d12) To 2 2
(ii) The Moment of interia of the disc I = 2 2
Kgm
T2 -T2
106
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - I
PHYSICS LABORATORY - I

1. Estimate the coefficient of viscosity of a given liquid by Poiseuille's flow method. 50

2. Determine the Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a given beam by 50

non- uniform bending method. Readings should be taken at least for 6 loads.

3. Find out the diameter of the given wire by forming an Air wedge. (Wavelength of sodium 50
light = 589.3nm)

4. Given a diode laser, find out experimentally the wavelength and angle of divergence of the 50
laser beam. Also find the acceptance angle of a given optical fiber.

5. Prove that the depression produced is directly proportional to the load applied in the case of a 50
beam subjected to uniform bending. Hence find the unknown mass of a given object. Readings
should be taken at least for 6 loads excluding the unknown mass.

6. Find out the number of lines drawn in one metre length of the given grating by keeping it in 50
normal incidence position in a spectrometer and using the wavelength of mercury green as
546.1nm. Hence, find the wave length of any three lines of mercury spectrum. (Use first
order diffraction lines only)

7. A bad conductor, in the form of a circular disc, is supplied. Use it in Lees' disc apparatus 50
and find out the thermal conductivity of the bad conductor

8. Find the dispersive power of the material of a given prism for any two pairs of lines of 50
mercury spectrum, using a spectrometer

9. Determine the rigidity modulus of the material of a given wire by using Torsion Pendulum 50

10. Using the given diode laser, find the particle size of a given powder sample. 50

107
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - I
PHYSICS LABORATORY - II

1. Ensure streamlined flow of the given liquid through the capillary tube and determine the
50
coefficient of viscosity of the same using Poiseuille's method
(  = 1000 kg/m3 & g = 9.8 m/s2)

2. Find the depression at the mid point of the given wooden beam for 50 gm, 100gm, 150 gm,
50
200 gm and 250 gm. Determine the Young's Modulus of the material of the given bar using
non-uniform bending method and hence find the mass of the given object
3. Form interference fringes with the help of two optically plane glass plates, wire and sodium
50
vapour lamp ( = 589.3nm). Record the readings for at least four sets of fringes difference.
Determine the width of one fringe and hence calculate the thickness of the given wire.
4. Determine (i) the wave length of the laser light using grating (N= 100 lines/mm) and 50
(ii) the Numerical Aperture of the given optical fiber.
5. Determine the Young's Modulus of the material of the given bar using uniform bending 50
method

6. Assuming the wavelength of Green as  = 546.1nm, standardize the given grating 50

i.e find the number of lines per meter in the grating and then determine the wavelength of
the prominent spectral lines of mercury spectrum. (First Order Violet, Blue, Yellow – I,
Yellow – II, Extreme Red).

7. Determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor using Lee's disc 50
apparatus. Specific heat of the material of the given disc = 370 Jkg-1K-1
8. Determine the refractive index of the material of the prism for blue, green, yellow 1 & 2 and 50
extreme red, and calculate the dispersive power of the same for blue & red, blue & green
and yellow 1 & 2.

9. Determine (i) the period of oscillation of a given Torsional pendulum for a fixed length and 50
(ii) the moment of inertia of the disc and rigidity modulus of the wire.
Compare them with the theoretical values.

10. Determine (i) the average size of the particles of a given powder using laser light of 50
 = 650 nm and (ii) the Numerical Aperture of the given optical fiber.

108
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - II
PHYSICS LABORATORY - I

Time: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 50

1. Determine (i) the average size of the particles of a given powder using laser light of 50
 = 650 nm and (ii) the Numerical Aperture of the given optical fibre

2. Find the depression at the mid point of the given wooden beam for 50gm, 50, 100gm, 150 50
gm, 200 gm and 250 gm. Determine the Young’s Modulus of the material of the given bar
using non-uniform bending method and hence find the mass of the given object.

3. Determine (i) the grating element of a given grating using laser light of  =650 nm and 50
(ii) the Numerical Aperture of the given optical fibre.

4. Determine the specific resistance of the material of the given wire using Carey-Foster 50
bridge.

5. Determine (i) the wavelength of the laser light using grating (N= 100 lines/mm) and 50
(ii) average size of the particles of a given powder using laser light.

6. Assuming the wavelength of Green as  = 546.1nm, standardize the given grating i.e find 50
the number of lines per meter in the grating and then determine the wavelength of the
prominent spectral lines of mercury spectrum. (First Order Violet, Blue, Yellow – I and
Extreme Red).

7. Determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor using Lee’s disc 50
apparatus. Specific heat of the material is 500 Jkg-1K-1

8. Determine (i) the velocity of ultrasonic waves in the given liquid and 50
(ii) the compressibility of the given liquid using ultrasonic interferometer.

9. Determine the three different length of same mass and prove (l3/y) is constant. 50
Calculate Young’s Modulus of the material of the given bar using Non uniform bending
method.
ALLOTMENT OF MARKS
HEADING MAXIMUM MARKS MARKS OBTAINED
FORMULAE 10
CIRCUIT & DIAGRAM 10
OBSERVATION 15
CALCULATION 10
RESULT 05

TOTAL 50

109
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - II
PHYSICS LABORATORY - II

Time: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 50

1. Determine (i) the average size of the particles of a given powder using laser light of λ 50
5493Å and (ii) the Numerical Aperture of the given optical fibre.

2. Determine (i) the wavelength of the laser light using grating (N=100 lines/ mm) and (ii) 50
the Acceptance angle of the given optical fiber, atleast 3 different positions.

3. Determine the Young’s Modulus of the material of the given wooden bar using Non- 50
uniform bending method, and hence find the mass of the given stone using graphical
method.

4. Determine the wavelength of any four prominent spectral lines of mercury spectrum. 50
Assuming the wavelength of yellow as λ = 589.3 nm, standardize the given grating i.e find
the number of lines per meter in the grating.

5. Determine (i) the wave length of ultrasonic in liquid medium, (ii) the velocity of ultrasonic 50
waves in the given liquid and (ii) the compressibility of the given liquid using ultrasonic
interferometer.

6. Determine the specific resistance of the material of the given wire using Carey-Foster 50
Bridge.

7. Find the depression at the mid point of the given wooden beam for 50 gm, 100 gm, 150 gm, 50
200 gm and 250 gm. Draw a plot between depressions and loads, and hence determine the
Young’s Modulus of the material.

8. Determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a card board conductor using Lee’s 50
disc apparatus. Specific heat of the material of the given disc is 500 J kg -1 K-1

9. Determine the wavelength of prominent spectral lines of mercury spectrum by using 50

Spectrometer. (First Order Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow – I and Red-I)

ALLOTMENT OF MARKS
HEADING MAXIMUM MARKS MARKS OBTAINED
FORMULAE 10
CIRCUIT & DIAGRAM 10
OBSERVATION 15
CALCULATION 10
RESULT 05

TOTAL 50

110
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - III
PHYSICS LABORATORY - I

Time: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 50

1. Determine (i) the average size of the particles of a given powder using laser light of = 690 50
nm and (ii) the Numerical Aperture of the given optical fibre.

2. Determine (i) the wavelength of the laser light using grating (N= 100000 lines/m) and (ii) 50
the Numerical Aperture of the given optical fiber.

3. Determine (i) the wavelength of the given laser light and (ii) the particle size of the given 50
powder sample.

4. Determine (i) the velocity of ultrasonic waves in the given liquid and (ii) the 50
compressibility of the given liquid using ultrasonic interferometer.

5. Find the velocity of a sound wave in a given liquid and hence determine the 50
compressibility.

6. Determine the wavelength of the prominent spectral lines of mercury spectrum. 50

7. Calculate the number of lines drawn in one metre length of the given grating by keeping it
in normal incidence position in a spectrometer and using the wavelength of mercury green 50
as 546.1 nm. Hence, find the wave length of any four lines of mercury spectrum for first
order diffraction lines.

8. Standardize the given grating by keeping it in normal incidence position in a spectrometer

wi th mercury green as reference. Hence determine the wavelengths of the prominent lines 50
of mercury spectrum using first order diffraction.

9. Determine the thermal conductivity of bad conductor experimentally by linear heat flow 50
method.

10. A bad conductor, in the form of a circular disc, is supplied. Use it in Lee’s disc apparatus 50
and find out the thermal conductivity of the bad conductor.

11. Determine the Young’s modulus of the material of the given wooden scale by non-uniform 50
bending.

12. Using non-uniform bending method, determine the mass of the given stone. 50

111
13. Determine the Young’s modulus of the material of the given wooden bar by measuring 50
the depression of the mid-point when loaded at the middle.

14. Determine the unknown resistance of a given wire using Carey-Foster bridge and hence 50
calculate its specific resistance.

15. Determine the resistance per unit length of wire used in Carey-Foster Bridge. Hence 50
determine the unknown resistance of the given coil of wire. Also estimate the specific
resistance of the material of the given coil of wire.

ALLOTMENT OF MARKS
HEADING MAXIMUM MARKS MARKS OBTAINED
FORMULAE 10
CIRCUIT & DIAGRAM 10
OBSERVATION 15
CALCULATION 10
RESULT 05

TOTAL 50

112
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - III
PHYSICS LABORATORY - II

Time: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 50

1. Determine the Young's Modulus of the material of the given bar using uniform bending 50
method.

2. Prove that loge RT is proportional to 1/T, where RT is the resistance of semiconductor in ohm at 50
a temperature T Kelvin. Hence obtain the band gap of the semiconductor using a Post Office
Box.

3. Ensure Streamline flow of the given liquid through the capillary tube and determine the 50
coefficient of viscosity of the same using Poiseuille's method.

4. Using Spectrometer determine the angle of the given prism. Calculate the refractive index for 50
various lines of mercury spectrum and hence calculate the dispersive power of the material of
the prism for any two pairs of spectral lines.

5. A Thin insulated wire is given. Find out experimentally the thickness of the insulation coating 50
and the diameter of the wire without insulation by Air wedge method.

6. Determine (i) the period of oscillation of a given Torsional pendulum for a fixed length and (ii) 50
the moment of inertia of the disc and rigidity modulus of the wire.

7. Using the Torsion pendulum estimate the radius the radius of the wire by which it is 50
suspended. Verify your answer using screw gauge. (Rigidity modulus of the material of a
given wire should be given.)

8. Find out the diameter of the given wire by forming an Air wedge method. 50

9. Determine the refractive index of the material of the prism for blue, green, yellow 1 & 2 and 50
extreme red, and calculate the dispersive power of the same for blue & green and yellow 1 & 2.

10. Estimate the density of the given liquid using Poseuille's flow experiment. (Co-efficient of 50
viscosity of the given liquid should be given.)

11. Determine the band gap energy of a semiconductor by measuring the reverse saturation 50
current at different temperatures.

113
12. Using the Young's modulus by uniform bending experiment, determine the weight of 50
unknown mass. (Perform the experiment for one length of the beam.)

13. Determine the Young's modulus of the material by measuring the elevation produced in the 50
beam for various load.

14. Determine the moment of intertia of a given disc and calculate the rigidity modulus of the 50
material of the suspension wire and the couple per unit twist of the wire by torsional
oscillations.

15. Determine the band of the semiconductor material given in the form of p-n junction diode. 50

16. Form interference fringes with the help of two optically plane glass plates, wire and sodium 50
vapour lamp (λ= 589.3nm). Record the readings for at least four sets of fringes difference.
Determine the width of one fringe and hence calculate the thickness of the given wire.

17. Find the dispersive power of the material of a given prism for any two pairs of lines of mercury 50
spectrum, using a spectrometer.

18. Determine the coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by constant volume flow method 50
using given capillary tube.

19. Determine the rigidity modulus of the material of a given wire by using Torsion pendulum. 50

20. Given a liquid of known coefficient of viscosity, estimate the radius of given capillary tube, by 50
Poiseuille's flow method.

ALLOTMENT OF MARKS
HEADING MAXIMUM MARKS MARKS OBTAINED
FORMULAE 10
CIRCUIT & DIAGRAM 10
OBSERVATION 15
CALCULATION 10
RESULT 05

TOTAL 50

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