Final Id 5191

Integrated design semester project
ADVISOR APPROVAL SHEET

This is to that the students has full filled all the requirements of the program and they can
submit to the department for open defense
Jonathan K. ___________ __________

Name of principal advisor Signature date
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL SHEET

We, the under signed members of the board of examiner of the integrated design project
defense by have read and evaluated their project entitled by G+4 hospital building and
examined the candidate oral presentation .theses therefore we certify the report has been
accepted for the fulfillment of the program objectives.
1. ______________ ________________ _____________

Examiner name signature date
2. _____________ ______________ _______________

Examiner name signature date
Structural design for G+4 hospital building Page i

Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. ROOF ANALYSES AND DESIGN................................................................................................1
1.1. ROOF WIND LOAD ANALYSIS..............................................................................................1
1.2. NET WIND LOAD ON DOU PICTH........................................................................................6
1.3. DOUPITCH ROOF DESIGN......................................................................................................10
1.4. ANALYSIS DESIGN OF EGA SHEET..........................................................................................10
1.3.2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PURLIN...............................................................................15
CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................................29
2. SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN........................................................................................................29
2.1. Depth of slab for deflection requirement.............................................................................29
2.2. DESIGN LOAD DETERMINATION FOR SLAB...........................................................................34
2.3. DESIGN MOMENT DETERMINATION.....................................................................................40
2.4. REINFORCEMENT DESIGN FOR SLAB.....................................................................................53
2.5. DESIGN 0F GROUND FOOL SLAB...........................................................................................60
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................64
3. STAIRCASE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN...............................................................................................64
3.1. STAIR LOAD ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................65
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................75
4. FRAME ANALYSIS AND DESIGN.........................................................................................................75
4.1. BEAM DESIGN.......................................................................................................................75
4.1.1. Design of beam for flexure...........................................................................................75
4.1.2. Beam design for shear..................................................................................................87
4.1.2. Development length.....................................................................................................93
4.2. COLUMN DESIGN..................................................................................................................94
4.2.1. DESIGN FOR FLEXURE...................................................................................................95
Structural design for G+4 hospital buildingPage ii

4.2.2. Design of column for shear...........................................................................................99
CHAPTER 5..........................................................................................................................................103
5. Footing Design............................................................................................................................103
5.1.1. LOAD CALCULATION...................................................................................................103
5.1.2. DETERIMINATION OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH.....................................................................106
5.1.3. CHECK DEPTH FOR FLEXTURE.....................................................................................108
Structural design for G+4 hospital buildingPage iii

CHAPTER ONE
2.1. ROOF ANALYSES AND DESIGN

In the design of roof the major loads which are applied on roof are wind load and live load.
The action of wind can be of the type of suction or pressure to our structures both externally
or internally. However these effects are more magnified for structures with more openings
and large surface areas. Therefore our focus is on the most sensitive part of the building that is
the roof.
1.1. ROOF WIND LOAD ANALYSIS
The net wind pressure across a wall or an element is the difference of the pressures on each
surface taking due account of their signs. (Pressure, directed towards the surface is taken as
positive, and suction, directed away from the surface as negative). (EBCS 1, 1995 Section
3.5.4.1)
WIND PRESSURES.
A. External pressures
The wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure shall be obtained from
We=qref. *Ce(Ze)* Cpe--------------------------------------------------EBCS1,1995 Art 3.5.2
qref = Reference mean wind velocity pressure.
Ce (Ze) = exposure coefficient accounts for the terrain and height above ground,
Ze = reference height appropriate to the relevant pressure coefficient.
Reference mean wind velocity pressure, (qref)
qref= ρ/2 * Vref2
Where:-
Vref = reference mean wind velocity
ρ = density of air at T0c (200c adopted for Ethiopia)
Reference Mean wind velocity,(Vref )
Structural design for G+4 hospital buildingPage 1

The reference wind velocity vrei is defined as the 10 minute mean wind velocity at 10m
above
ground of terrain category II (see Table 3.2) having an annual probability of exceedence of
0.02
(commonly referred to as having a mean return period of 50 years
Vref=CDIR*CTem*CAlt*Vrefo
Where:-
Vref0 = is the basic value of the reference wind velocity to be taken as 22m/s.
CDIR = is the directional factor to be taken as 1.0.
CTem= is the temporary seasonal factor to be taken as 1.0.
CAlt= is the altitude factor to be taken as 1.0.
Vref=1.0*1.0*1.0*22m/s =22m/s
Density of air, ρ
The air density is affected by altitude and depends on the temperature and pressure to be
expected in the region during wind storms. A temperature of 20°C has been selected as
appropriate for Ethiopia and the variation of mean atmospheric pressure with altitude is given
in
Wolaita sodo is found 1600m above sea level

ρair=0.98 Kg/m3 This value obtained by interpolation
Therefore Reference mean wind velocity pressure, (qref)
0.98 kg/m3 m 2
qref = ∗(22 2 ) =237.16N/m2
2 s
Exposure coefficient
The quasic – static gust load can be computed from Sec. 3.8.5 (EBCS 1/95)
[
C e (z )=C 2 ( z )C 2 ( z ) 1+
r t
7KT
C r ( z )C t ( z ) ]
Where:
KT= the terrain factor as defined in sect.3.8.2 EBCS 1/95
Cr (z) = is the roughness coefficient as defined in sect.3.8.3 EBCS 1/95
Ct(z) = is the topography coefficient as defined in sect.3.8.4 EBCS 1/95
Roughness coefficient
Cr (Z) = KT ln (Z/Z0).............................for Zmin≤Z≤200m
Cr (Z) = Cr (Zmin).................................for Z< Zmin
Where:
Z0 = 0.3 for Wolaita sodo case (sub-urban area) roughness length
Zmin= 8 Minimum height which depends on the terrain category
Z= 16m total height of the building
Terrain category
Wolaita sodo is the sub urban municipality. Hence, it is a train category III and the related
parameters are:
Kt =0.22,

Z0 =0.3m
Zmin =8m ------------------------------(EBCS 1/95) Art 3.8.3
Cr(z) = 0.2ln(16/0.3) = 0.335
Topography coefficient, Ct
By assuming the zone is not affected due to topographic condition. Hence, it has to be taken
as unity. i.t
Ct=1.0 --------------- for Ø<0.05
Therefore the exposure coefficient would be
[
C e (z )=C 2 ( z )C 2 ( z ) 1+
r t
7KT
C r ( z )C t ( z ) ]
2 2
Ce (Z) = 0.335 ¿ 1 1+ ( 7∗0.22
0.14∗1 )
= 1.347
External wind pressure coefficient
The exposure coefficient is taken on the basis of the area considered
Cpe = Cpe, 1. When A <1 m2
Cpe = Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10 - Cpe, 1) logA When 1<A<10 m2
Cpe = Cpe, 10 When A>10 m2
The external wind pressure for different zones is tabulated as below
or different cases of θ
Roof category – Duo pitch
The code recommends the roof to be divided into zones as shown below for θ = 00
Case– І , θ = 00
e = b or 2h which so ever small
where b is cross wind direction

External Pressure Coefficient, θ = 00
For duo pitch roofs with different pitch angle, α, External pressure coefficients has been
recommended in table A-4. Interpolations have been made between pitch angle 50 and 150.
Pitch angle calculation
α 2.5m
9.5m
opp 2.5
tanα = =
adj 9.5
2.5
α = tan-1( ) =150
9.5
Area calculation of each zone
b = 10m h = 18.5m d = 19m
Where: e = {2h=2∗18.5=37
b=10
which so ever small
Äe = 10m
e 10 e 10
= = 2.5 = =1
4 4 10 10
Area calculation for each zone
AF=2.5*1=2.5m2

AG=5*1=5m2
AH=7*10=70m2
AI=8.5*10=85m2
AJ=1*10=10m2
Area of zone G and zone J is between 1m2 and 10m2
Zone G
Cpe (−ve )=−2+ (−0.9+2 ) log 5=−¿ 1.16
Cpe ( +ve )=0.2+ ( 0.2−0.2 ) log 5=0.2
1.2. NET WIND LOAD ON DOU PICTH
Cpi (internal pressure coefficient)
Cpi depends on
1. Building without internal partition
2. Building with internal partition
Therefore our building has partition
Cpi= +0.8
-0.5
Sample calculation for (Cpe-Cpi)
Zone F→-2+0.8=-1.2
→-2-0.5= -2.5 → is maximum value
→0.2+0.8=1
→0.2-0.5=-0.3
Wnet =We –Wi
Wnet = Ce (ze) * Cpe * qref – Ce (zi) *Cpi *qref
Wnet = Ce (ze)*qref*(Cpe-Cpi)

The net external wind pressure for different zones is tabulated as below
or different cases of θ=00
We = 237.16*1.347* (Cpe-Cpi)
WNET = 0.32(Cpe –Cpi)KN/m2
Zone Cpe 10 Cpe 1 Cpe Cpi Cpe-Cpi Wnet

s
F -0.9 -2 -2 0.8 -2.5 -0.8
0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.5
G -0.8 -1.5 - 0.8 -1.66 -0.53

1.16
0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.5
H -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 0.8 1 0.32
0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.5
I -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 0.8 -0.9 -0.29
0 0 0 -0.5
J -1 -1.5 -1 0.8 -1.50 -0.48
0 0 0 -0.5
The governing wind pressure of case-1 on zones of doupitch roof is -0.8KN/m2
Case –II b, θ = 900

b = 19m h = 18.5m d = 10m
Where: e = {2h=2∗18.5=37
b=19
which so ever small
Äe = 19m
e 19 e 19 e 19
= = 9.5 , = = 4.75 , = = 1.9
2 2 4 4 10 10
Area calculation
AF = 1.9*4.75 = 9.03 m2
AG = 4.75*1.9 = 9.03 m2
AH = 9.5*5 = 47.5 m2
AI = .5*9.5 = 4.75m2
The external wind pressure for different zones is tabulated as below
or different cases of θ=00
we = qref Ce (Ze) Cpe
=237.16*1.347*Cpe
we = 319.45*Cpe N/m2
Cpe=Cpe ,1 if Azone <1 m
Cpe=Cpe ,1+ ( Cpe , 10−Cpe , 1 ) logA
Cpe=Cpe ,10 ≥ 10 m
Area of zone F and zone G is between 1m2 and 10m2
Cpe=Cpe ,1+ ( Cpe , 10−Cpe , 1 ) logA

For zone F
Cpe = -2+(-1.3+2)log9.03=-1.33
Cpe = -2+(-1.3+2)log9.03=-1.33
Cpi (internal pressure coefficient)
Cpi depends on
1. Building without internal partition
2. Building with internal partition
Therefore our building has partition
Cpi = {−0.5
+0.8
Sample calculation for (Cpe-Cpi)
Zone F→-1.33+0.8=-0.53
→-1.33-0.5=-1.83
Wnet =We –Wi
Wnet = Ce (ze) * Cpe * qref – Ce (zi) *Cpi *qref
Wnet = Ce (ze)*qref*(Cpe-Cpi)
For α=15° and Ө=90⁰
Zone Area(m2) Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe Cpi Cpe-cpi Wnet
F 9.03 -1.3 -2 -1.33 -0.5 -1.83 -0.59
0 0 0.8
G 9.03 -1.3 -2 -1.33 -0.5 -1.83 -0.59
0 0 0 0.8

H 47.5 -0.6 -1.2 -0.6 -0.5 -1.1 -0.352
0 0 0 0.8
I 4.75 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -1 -0.32
0 0 0 0.8
Wnet =0.549*(Cpe –Cpi )
The maximum value of cpe-cpi=-1.83
Wnet=0.32*(-1.83)= -0.59KN/m2
The governing wind pressure of case-1 on zones of doupitch roof is -0.59KN/m2
The governing wind load of case-2 on doupitch roof zone is -1.09KN/m2
Case-1→ -1.09 KN/m2
Case-2→ -0.59 KN/m2
2.2.
2.3. DOUPITCH ROOF DESIGN
2.4. ANALYSIS DESIGN OF EGA SHEET

Use EGA sheet-500 so the relevant data from Kaliti steel manual

Thickness=0.5mm
Width=782mm
Effective width=712mm
Weight=3.92Kg/m(for uncoated sheet)
Moment of inertia=99966m m4
Section modulus=4684m m3
Ixx =127833
Sx=5990
Purlin =1.3m
L L
Truss spacing can be taken to where L is the shorter side of the roof (EBCS 3, 1995)
5 3
10 10
=2 m¿ =3.33m
5 3

Take c/c spacing of truss member as 2.6m
Components of load on EGA sheet
1. Dead load on EGA sheet
Note: Weight of each coated sheet (galvanized sheet) is at least 0.38Kg/m2 (max 0.76Kg/m2)
heavier than the weight of uncoated sheet. Load on EGA-sheet per meter.
3.92 Kg
∗9.81m 0.38 kg 0.76 Kg
m + m KN
Gk = 2 + m2 m
2
*9.81 2 = 0.0596 2
s s m
2
0.712 m
Live load:
Roof is not accessible for serviceability except for normal maintenance, repair, painting
&minor repair. Therefore, roof category is H. (Table 2.13, EBCS-1, 1995) and for this roof
category the live loads (Imposed load) on the sloping roofs are (from Table 2.14, EBCS-1,
1995):
KN
• LL (distributed) =0.25
m2
KN
Over a meter length of the purlin: LL (distributed) =0.25*1.3m= 0.325
m
0.325KN/m

2.6m
0.325 KN
w l2 ∗( 2.6 m )2
M= = m =0.275KNm/m
8
8
LL (Concentrated) =1 KN Determining the governing live load:
For concentrated LL
1KN
2.6m
M=pl/4=1KN*2.6m/4= 0.65KNm
The governing live load is the concentrated live load. Thus, LL= 1 KN Therefore;
1 KN KN
Therefore:Qk= =1.279
0.782 m m
Case-I Load Perpendicular to EGA-sheet
Pitch angle α =15 °
0.058 KN
Gκ =0.0596 KN∗cos 15 ˚=
m2
Qk=1.279KN/m*cos15˚=1.235KN/m
Case-II Loads Parallel to EGA sheet
0.015 KN
Gκ =0.0596 KN∗sin 15= 2
m
Qk=1.279KN/m*Sin15=0.331KN/m
Therefore use the maximum load from the above two cases for design.
Gk=0.058KN/m2

Qk=1.235KN/m
Load combination
Case-I: Under dead and live loads
Pd=1.3 DL+1.6≪¿
(1.3∗0.058 ) KN ( 1.6∗1.235 ) KN
Pd= + =0.075KN/m2+1.976KN/m
m 2
m
Pd= (0.075KN/m2*0.782m) + (1.976KN/m*0.782m)
Pd=0.059KN/m +1.545KN
We have purlin spacing of 1.3m
0.059 KN 2
∗( 1.3m )
w l 2 pl m 1.545 KN∗1.3 m
M= + = + =0.514 KN . m
8 4 8 4
0.059 KN
∗1.3 m
wl p m 1.545 KN
V= + = + =0.812 KN
2 2 2 2
Case-II under Dead and wind loadings
Pd=0.9 DL+1.6 Wk But Wk=-1.09KN/m 2 critical value net wind pressure.
Pd =0.9*0.059KN/m*0.782m +1.6*(-1.09KN/m)*0.782m
Pd = (0.042-1.364) KN= -1.32KN
PL −1.32∗1.3
M= = KN . m=−0.499 KNm
4 4
P 1.32 KN
V= = =−0.66 KN
2 2
Case-III under Dead, Live and Wind load
Wy=1.3 Gk+1.35 (Qk+Wk)
¿ 1.3∗0.059 KN / m+1.35∗1.235 KN +1.35∗(−1.09 KN /m)
=-1.472KN/m+1.744KN

−1.472 KN
2 ∗( 1.3 m )2
w l pl m 1.744 KN∗1.3 m
M= + = + =0.256 KN . m
8 4 8 4
−1.472 KN
∗1.3 m
wl p m 1.744 KN
V= + = + =−0.0848 KN
2 2 2 2
Take the maximum Governing moment from three cases. Mmax=-0.514KNm
Capacity of EGA Sheet-500 from Kaliti steel manual can be
Section modulus SM=4684m m3
Allowable Stress δall=160 MPa
Moment of Inertia=99966m m4
Check Capacity of EGA sheet
Mmax 0.514∗1 06 Nmm

δ= = 3
=109.74 MPa< δall=160 MPa....ok!
SM 4684 m m
l 1300 mm
For Deflection: Δall= = =6.5 mm
200 200
5 wl 4 P l3
Δactual= + Where w+p= 0.059KN/m+1.545KN
384 EI 48 EI
3 3
1.545∗1 0 N∗( 1300 mm )
5∗0.059 N
Δactual= ∗¿ ¿+ 48∗210000 N = 3.47mm
mm 2
∗99966 mm4
mm
3.47mm¿ 6.5 mm … . ok
1.3.
1.3.1.
1.3.2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PURLIN
Purlin c/c spacing =1.3m
Truss c/c spacing =2.6m

Height of truss=2m
Pitch angleα =15 °
There are three loads to be considered for design of a purlin:
Wind load
Wind load acting on a purlin will be a load which comes from 1.3m width; that is half from
each side of the purlin spacing.
Wind load over a meter length of the purlin will be:
WL (-ve)=1.3m*-1.09KN/m2 = -1.417KN/m.
Live load:
Roof is not accessible for serviceability except for normal maintenance, repair, painting
&minor repair. Therefore, roof category is H. (Table 2.13, EBCS-1, 1995)
And for this roof category the live loads (Imposed load) on the sloping roofs are (from Table
2.14, EBCS-1, 1995):
LL (distributed)=0.25 KN/m2
Over a meter length of the purlin: LL (distributed)=0.25*1.3=0.325KN/m
LL (Concentrated)=1 KN
Determining the governing live load:
Effective length of the purlin is taken to be the spacing of the truss, i.e. =3m.
For distributed live load:

2
w∗l 2 0.325 KN /m∗(2.6 m)
M= = = 0.275KNm
8 8
For Concentrated live load
P∗l 1 KN∗2.6 m
M= = = 0.65KNm
4 4
The governing live load is the concentrated live load. Thus, LL= 1 KN
C Dead Load:

Dead load of the purlin:
From the Kaliti Steel manual take ST60 (Square Tube: 60 mm*60 mm*3.5mm) as the first
design trial section.
For this section we have:
weight per meter=5.96Kg/m
Area of the section=7.59c m4
I=39.56c m4
S=13.18cmc m3
R=2.28cm
Kg m KN
DL(purlin)=5.96 *9.81 2 * =0.0585 KN/m
m sec 1000 N

Dead load of the EGA Roofing:
Type: EGA-500 with thickness of 0.5mm with a mass of 3.92Kg/m
{ }
2
3.92 Kg /m∗9.81 m/ sec
∗KN
DL(EGA roof)= 1 *1.3m=0.05KN
1000 N
To determine per meter load the weight is divided by width of the sheet
DL(EGA roof )DL= 0.05KN/0.782m=0.064 KN/m
Total DL=0.05+0.064=0.114KN/m
NB: The wind pressure acts perpendicular to the surface while the DL and LL are acting
vertically downward. DL & LL Y-AXIS
WL
Resolve the load into two components:
X-component
DLx=0.114KN/m*sin15=0.03KN/m
LLx=1KN*sin15 =0.26KN
Y-Component
DLy=0.114KN/m*cos15=0.11KN/m
LLy=1KN*cos15=0.966KN
WL (-ve) =-1.417KN/m
Load combinations & Computation of Bending moment and Shear
Safety factors for favorable and unfavorable load conditions indicated below are adopted from
section 1.9.4.3, table 1.2 of EBCS, 1/1995.

γDL= 0.9 for favorable condition (permanent)
γDL = 1.30 for unfavorable condition (permanent)
γ LL = γ DL= 1.60 for live and wind loads
X- Direction:
w x= 1.3 DL + 1.6 LL= 1.3*0.03KN/m + 1.6*0.26 KN= 0.039KN/m + 0.416 KN
The respective bending moment and shear are:
0.039 KN 2
w∗l 2 P∗l ∗( 2.6 m) 0.416 KN∗2.6 m
Mx= + = m + = 0.3KNm
8 4 4
8
W∗l P 0.039 KN /m∗2.6 m 0.416 KN

V x= + = + = 0.259KN
2 2 2 2
Y- Direction:
Case I: Under Dead and Live loadings
Governing live load: Concentrated live loading (determined earlier)
Therefore, unfavorable condition is adopted for analysis. (γDL= 1.3 & γ LL = 1.60)
Wy= 1.3*DL + 1.6*LL= 1.3*0.11KN/m + 1.6* 0.966KN = 0.143KN/m + 1.546KN
0.143 KN 2
2
w∗l P∗l ∗( 2.6 m) 1.546 KN ∗2.6 m
M y= + = m + = 1.126 KN.m
8 4 4
8
W∗l P 0.143 KN /m∗2.6 m 1.546 KN

V y= + = + = 0.959KN
2 2 2 2
Case II: Under Dead and Wind loadings
For negative wind load
Wy= 0.9*DL + 1.6 WL (-ve) = 0.9*0.11 + 1.6*-1.417KN/m= -2.17KN/m

2 2
w∗l −2.17 KN /m∗(2.6 m )
M x= = = -1.83KNm
8 8
−2.17 KN
W∗l ∗2.6 m
V y= = m = -2.82KN
2
2
The maximum values are: M max= -1.83KNm and V max=-2.82KN
Class of Cross-section (EBCS-3, 1995 Table 4.1)
Flange
c= B- 3tw = 60-3(3.5) = 49.5 mm
tf= 3.5 mm
ε = √ 235/f y
Use steel grade Fe430 and for, t<40mm, yield stress fy = 275 N/mm2 …EBCS3, 1995 Table
3.1
ε= √ 235/ 275 = 0.9244
{c/tf= 49.5/3.5= 14.14}< {26ε= 26*0.9244=24.03}
Therefore, the element is class- I.
Web with neutral axis at mid depth
d H−3 tf 60−3 (3.5)

{t = t = = 14.14}< {79 = 73.03}
w w 3.5
Therefore, the element is Class-I (plastic).
Checking the section:
1. Check for flexure:
Flexural resistance of the section:
* = 13.18*103mm3* =3.295
KNm.

Mmax (-2.324KNm¿ mpl , Rd=3.295 KNm)……OK
2. Check for shear
Plastic shear resistance of the section (vpl,Rd)
=A (fy/ 3 )/γ = (7.59 cm2 *100/cm2 (275/ 3 ))/1.1=109.55KN
= -3.575/109.55=0.033< 0.5 ----- (OK!)
3. Check for deflection
Deflection due to uniform load:
Deflection due to concentrated load at mid-span:
Deflection in the x: wx=0.039KN/m + 0.416 KN
5 1
∗0.039∗( 2.6 ) ∗0.416∗( 2.6 )
4 3
384 48
δx= 6 −8
+ 6 −8
=¿2.08mm
210∗10 ∗39.56∗10 210∗10 ∗39.56∗10
Deflection in the y:
Case 1: wy=0.0.43KN/m + 1.546KN
1 3
4 ∗1.546∗2.6
5∗0.43∗2.6 48
δy 1= 6 −8
+ 6 −8
=9.88 mm
384∗210∗10 ∗39.56∗10 210∗10 ∗39.56∗10
Case 2: w y=-2.75KN/m
5 4
∗−2.75∗2.6
384 = -11.92mm
δy 2= 6 −8
210∗10 ∗39.56∗10
The governing deflection in the y: -11.92mm

δ=√ δ x +δ y =√ ( 2.08 mm ) + ( 11.92 mm ) =12.1mm

2 2 2 2
Recommended limiting value for deflection as per EBCS-3/95 for roofs generally:
l 2600mm
= =13 mm
= 2 oo 200
 (OK!)The trial section is safe!
ANALYSIS OF TRUSS
Loads:
Loads on the purlin are: WL= -1.417KN/m; DL= 0.114 KN/m and LL= 1 KN Load coming
from the purlin is transferred to a truss in the form of reaction.
Critical Length of purlin= truss spacing =2.6m
Wind load transferred to intermediate truss from purlin
R WL = (-1.417 KN/m * 2.6m) = -3.68KN (shows outward direction)
This load will be resolved into components into the horizontal and vertical plane to make
computations by SAP 2000 easier. The signs are provided in accordance with global
coordinate.
Pitch angles: = 15
R WL,X= 3.68*sin15 = 0.952KN
R WL,Y= 3.68*cos15 = 3.55KN
Live load transferred to intermediate truss from purlin
Governing live load on the purlin: LL= 1 KN acting at the mid-span
RLL= 1KN
Dead load transferred to intermediate truss from purlin
R DL = (0.114KN/m * 2.6 m) = 0.296KN
There are other dead loads that act on the truss:

Self-weight of the truss members
Weight of the chip wood ceiling and ceiling batten.
Dead load of chip wood ceiling (chip board):
Properties: Unit wt, γ=8 KN/m3; Thickness, t=2 cm=0.02 m; width=2.6m,
Length = 9.5 m (length of truss)
Wt=γ*t*(length of truss)*(truss spacing) =8*0.02 *9.5*2.6 =3.92KN
Dead load of ceiling battens:
Cross section: 40mmx50mm
Spacing c/c=60mm
Number of ceiling battens:
2.6
In the truss direction= 0.6 +1= 4.33 Use: 5 battens
9.5
In the other direction= + 1=16.83Use: 17 battens
0.6
Length of ceiling battens is =5*9.5+17*2.6 = 91.7m
Unit weight = 6KN/m3
Weight of batten=5*0.04*0.05*=0.92KN
Total load at the bottom of the truss Joints
DL of chip wood ceiling +DL of ceiling batten= 3.92+0.92 = 3.8KN
No of Joints at the bottom along truss direction= 9 (2 exterior + 7 interior)
7x+2(x/2) =3.8KN, x=0.48 and x/2=0.24
Therefore:-
Joint load (interior) = 0.48KN
Joint load (exterior) = 0.24KN
Load combinations:

COMB1= 1.3 DL+ 1.6LL
COMB2= 0.9DL + 1.6WL
COMB3=1.3DL+1.35(LL+WL)
Summarized loads
R WL,Y= = -4.47KN(interior)(outward)
R WL,Y =- 2.235KN(exterior) (outward)
R WL,X = 1.2KN(interior) (outward)
R WL,X = 0.6KN(exterior) (outward)
R DL = 0.296KN(interior)
R DL = 0.148KN(exterior)
Joint load due to ceiling (interior) = 0.48KN(interior)
Joint load due to ceiling (exterior) = 0.24KN(exterior)
RLL= 1KN (interior)
RLL= 0.5KN(exterior)
TRUSS LAYOUT
Fig ETABS RESULT
Table. xx. Duo pitch Truss Output

Axial forces
Bending
Elements Section Shear (KN) moments
Compression Tension
(KNm)
(KN) (KN)
(50*50*2)m
(Principal rafter ) -36.65 29.37 0.17 0.19
m
(50*50*2)m
(bottom chord) -20.44 29 0.17 0.18
m
(50*50*2)m
(strut) -9 20.97 0.11 0.1
m
(50*50*2)m
(Side Post) -12.85 21.57 0.25 0.06
m
. Checking the adequacy of the provided sections of truss
Here we take the maximum effects of load from the Doupitch and hipped roof analysis.
Section: 50 mm* 50 mm* 2mm
Maximum design axial compression (N csd)= -36.65 KN
Maximum design axial tension (N tsd)= 29.37KN
Design Moment (M sd) = -0.19 KNm
Design Shear (V sd) = 0.25KN
For axial tension with moment
Section properties:
A=3.74 cm2, I=14.15 cm4, r=1.95 cm, =5.66 cm3,
Resistance of Cross-section

Resistance to tension:
N
374 mm2∗235 2
N pl , Rd = A∗fy mm …… (The section is adequate for
= =79.9 KN ≥ N t , sd
ᵧmo 1.1
tension!)
Resistance to pure bending:
w pl ∗f y 5.66∗10 3∗235
M pl , Rd= = = 1.209 KNm≥ M sd =0.19 (The section is adequate for
ᵧ mo 1.1
flexure!)
Resistance to shear:
fy
A v∗( )
V pl , Rd= √ 3 ; Av=(h-3tf)*tw = (80-3*3)*3= 213KN
ᵧmo
213∗235
V pl , Rd= √3 = 26.67 KN≥ Vsd ……. (The section is adequate for shear!)
1.1
Check the interaction equation:
N sd M y , sd M z , sd
+ + ≤1
N pl ,Rd M ply , Rd M plz , Rd
There is no bending moment about the minor axis. The above interaction equation is
N sd M y , sd
simplified to: + ≤1
N pl ,Rd M ply , Rd
N sd M y , sd 36.65 0.19
+ = + = 0.616≤ 1 (OK!)
N pl ,Rd M ply , Rd 79.9 1.209
For axial compression with moment
Classify the section: (Euro CODE 3 Table 5.3.1 for ST with combined action compression
and moment)
For Fe360, f y = 235 N/mm2
ε= √ 235/fy = √ 235/235=1

b−3∗t w 50−3∗2
Flange: = =22≤ {33 ε=33}…. Class 1
tf 2
h−3 t f 50−3∗2
Web: = =22≤ {33 ε=33}…. Class 1
tw 2
The whole section is class 1 and plastic design is adopted.
Effective length:
L eff= L= 1300mm
Resistance of the cross-section:
Resistance to compression
N pl , Rd=79.9 KN ≥ N c , sd … (The section is adequate for compression!)
The adequacy of the section for bending and shear is already checked!
Stability of the member against axial force and the moment:
Buckling resistance of axially loaded compression member
The design buckling resistance of compression member shall be taken as follows
x β A∗A∗f y
N b , Rd = ………….………………… EBCS 3/1995 Article 4.5.42
rmo
βA =1 for class 1
𝒙 = reduction factor for relative bucking
Determination of 𝒙 value
λ1 = 93.9ε = 93.9*1 = 93.9
Slenderness ratio:
λ = Leff /r = 1300/19.5 = 66.67
Hence, the non-dimensional slenderness ratio can be determined as
λ= ( )
λ
λ1
∗√ βx=
66.67
93.9
∗√ 1=¿ 0.71

From Table 4.11, EBCS-3/1995, Art 4.5.4.3

¿∗¿¿
For cold formed hollow section the appropriate buckling curve is by using fyb : curve b.
From table 4.9 the corresponding 𝒙 -values for λ = 0.71 by using interpolation
𝒙=0.778
x∗βx∗A∗fy 0.778∗1∗374∗235
N b , Rd = = =62.16 KN ≥ N c ,sd =36.65….. (OK!)
rm1 1.1
Lateral torsional buckling of a bending member
x¿∗β w∗w pl∗f y

M b, Rd= ; x ¿= func(Mcr)
ᵧmo
2 2 0.5
C1∗π ∗E∗I z I w L ∗G∗I t
M cr= *( + )
L
2
I z π 2∗E∗I z
C 1=1.0356 (for the loading condition of the truss member in accordance with EBCS-3 tables
4.12 and 4.13)
E= 210 GPa = 210*103 N/mm2
G= 80 GPa =80*103 N/mm2
I z = 14.15*104mm4
I z∗( h−t f ) 2 4
14.15∗10 ∗(50−2)
2
I w= = = 8.15*107 mm6
4 4
I t= 22.3 cm4 = 22.3*104 mm4
Substituting: M cr = 57.5KNm
2 0.5
π ∗E∗w pl π 2∗210∗10 3∗5.66∗103
λ ¿=( ) =( 6
¿0.5=451.45 mm
M cr 57.5∗10
λ ¿=
( )
λ¿
λ1
∗√ βw = (
451.45
93.9 √
) 1 = 4.81
2
Ø=0.5 (1+ ( λ¿ −0.2 ) + λ ¿ ),
For a buckling curve b: =0.34

Ø=¿ 0.5*(1 + 0.34(4.81-0.2) + 4.812) = 12.85
1
x ¿= ≤1
Ø + √( Ø 2−λ ¿2 )
1
x ¿= = 0.04 < 1 ok!
12.85+ √ 12.85 −4.81
2 2
x¿∗β w∗w pl∗f y 0.04∗1∗5.66∗103∗235

M b, Rd= = = 0.48KN-m≥ M sd=0.19 (OK!)
ᵧmo 1.1
Combined axial force and moment
When lateral torsional buckling resistance is not a potential failure mode
N sd K y∗M y , sd K z∗M z , sd
+ + ≤1
xmin∗N pl, Rd M ply , Rd M plz, Rd
No bending about minor axis. And the above equation is modified to:
N sd K y∗M y , sd
+ ≤1
xmin∗N pl, Rd M ply , Rd
❑ y∗N sd
Where, K y= 1 - ≤ 1.5
x y∗A∗f y
w pl , y −w el , y
❑ y = λ y(2 β My - 0.4) + ≤ 0.9 (Take❑ y =0.9)
w el , y
0.9∗(−29.37∗103 )
K y= 1 – =1.386
0.778∗374∗235
Substitute for respective values into the interaction equation:
29.37∗103 1.386∗0.19∗106
= + =0.69≤1 (OK!)
0.778∗79.9∗103 1.209∗106
When lateral torsional buckling is a potential failure
N sd K ¿∗M y , sd
+ ≤1 …. (No bending on the minor axis)
x z∗N pl, Rd x LY∗M ply , Rd

❑¿ =0.15 λ z * β MLT - 0.15 ≤ 0.9 (Take ❑¿=0.9)
❑¿∗N sd
K LT= 1 - ≤ 1.5 (K LT= K y= 1.05)
x Z∗A∗f y
0.9∗29.37∗103
K LT= 1 - =0.386
0.778∗374∗235
29.37∗103 0.386∗0.19∗106
= + =0.55 ≤1 (OK!)
0.778∗79.9∗103 0.778∗1.209∗106
DETAIL DRAWING
Cross-section of truss structure
ST-(50x50x2) mm

CHAPTER TWO
3. SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1. Depth of slab for deflection requirement

Effective slab depth for deflection requirement can be
Where
fyk -is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement (MPa)
le- is the effective span, for two-way slabs, the shorter span
βa- is the appropriate constant from table 5.1 & for slabs Carrying partition walls likely to
crack, shall be taken as βa<150/lo
lo- is the distance in meter between points of zero moments, & for
Effective depths of the panels calculated for all the floors, for demonstration purpose only the
ground floor panels done individually in this project. It is typical for others floor slab.
Type of slab

Panel no. Support condition Ly Lx Ly Slab type

Lx
and location
P1 4m 4m 1 Two way slab
P7 3m 2m 1.5 Two way slab

P12 4m 3m 1.33 Two way slab
Minimum slab depth determination
fyk ¿
D=(0.4 +0.6 ) fyk=300N/mm2
400 ꞵ a

Panel no. Support condition Le Ly Slab type ꞵa d min.(mm)

Lx
and location (mm
)
P1 4000 1 End span 40 85
P2 4000 1 End span 40 85
P3 4000 1 End span 40 85
P4 4000 1 End span 40 85
P5 2000 2 End span 30 72.67

P6 2000 2 Interior span 30 72.67
P7 2000 1.5 Interior span 35 62.29
P8 2000 2 Interior span 30 72.67
P9 2000 2 End span 30 72.67
P10 4000 1 End span 40 85
P11 4000 1 End span 40 85
P12 3000 1.33 End span 34.01 75
P13 4000 1 End span 40 85

P14 4000 1 End span 40 85
3.2. DESIGN LOAD DETERMINATION FOR SLAB

Assume ɸ12 in both directions. To satisfy requirements for durability provide adequate cover
to reinforcement. EBCS recommends 15mm thick concrete cover .
D= dmax + ɸ/2 + concrete cover
= 85+5+15
= 105 mm
Use D= 110mm
d= 110-15-5=90mm
Load calculations
The slab is loaded with both DL and LL. Dead load comes from self-weight of slab, floor
finish, cement screed, plastering and partition load. Live loads are either movable or moving
load without any acceleration or impact.
Dead and live loads are calculated depending on the service of the slabs and self-weight.
Ignoring any localized effects caused by concentrated load, the partition loads are distributed
over the area of the slab. The design loads are factored according to the following formula.
Pd =1.3DL+1.6LL
Where
Pd =total factored design load
DL = total dead load on slab
LL= total live load on slab
Cross-section of panels slab

For panel 1
Live load
Purpose of this panel common toilet Qk= 2KN/m2
P1 4m
4m
Dead load
Slab own weight 0.11*25=2.75KN/m2
Floor finish
Cement screed =0.03*23=0.69 KN/m2
Terrazzo tile =0.02*23=0.46 KN/m2
Ceiling plaster and paint =0.02*23=0.46 KN/m2
Total DL = 8.11KN/m2
Partition wall load
Dead load from partition walls

Material data
Thickness of HCB=100mm
Thickness of plastering on two side=20mm
Unit weight of HCB=14 KN/m3
Unit weight of plastering =23 KN/m3
Height of wall=2.85m
Unit weight of HCB for light weight aggregate range from 10-14 KN/m3 ,so we use HCB=14
KN/m3
Dead load of partition wall = Dead load of plaster+ Dead load of HCB
D.L pw= D.L pl + D.L HCB
= (Hpl * Lpl * tpl * pl ) + (HHCB * LHCB * tHCB * HCB)
= (2.85* 8.5*0.02m*23 KN/m3)+(2.85*8.5 * 0.1m *14 KN/m3)
= 45.059KN
Area of the panel = 4mx4m = 16m2
D.L. of partition wall per area of the panel
45.059
= 2.82KN/m2
16
Then, factored design load
Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL=
=1.3x(8.11+2.82) +1.6x2
=17.41KN/m2
For panel 2,
Live load
Purpose of this panel office Qk= 3KN/m2

P2
Dead load
Slab own weight .11*25=2.75KN/m2
Floor finish
Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL=
=1.3x8.11+1.6x3
=15.34KN/m2
For panel P3, 4, 13, & 14
Live load
P3
.
Dead load
Floor finish

Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL=
=1.3x8.11+1.6x3
=15.34KN/m2
For panel P 5, 6, 7, 8, &9
Px
Dead load
Floor finish
Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL=
=1.3x9.11+1.6x5
=18.54KN/m2

For panel 10 & 11
P10&11
Dead load
Floor finish
Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL=
=1.3x8.11+1.6x2
=13.74KN/m2
For panel 12
Load Live
P12
Dead load

Floor finish
Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL=
=1.3x8.11+1.6x5
=18.54KN/m2
3.3. DESIGN MOMENT DETERMINATION

2.3.1. SUPPORT AND FIELD MOMENT DETERMINATION
Moments for individual panels with edges either simply supported or fully fixed are
calculated as:
mi=αi (gd+qd)Lx2 ------------------------------------- [EBCS-2, 1995, Art 3.2]
Where
mi-is the design moment per unit width at the point of reference
αi-is the coefficient given in table-A-1 of EBCS-2 as function of aspect ratio Ly /Lx&
support conditions.
gd-is the uniformly distributed design permanent load
qd-is the uniformly distributed design line load
Lx -is the shortest span of the panel
Ly -is the longer span of the panel

Support and field moment analysis computed in the following table
Support Ly Bending moment coefficient Bending moment

Lx
pa condition and Pd L
ne location x
(KN/
l 2 αxs αxf αys αyf Mxs Mx Mys Myf
m2)
f
1 1 17.41 1 0.047 0.036 0.047 0.036 14.07 10. 14.07 10.78

6 78
2 1 15.34 1 0.039 0.030 0.039 0.030 10.38 7.9 10.38 7.99

6 9
3 1 15.34 1 0.039 0.030 0.039 0.030 10.38 7.9 10.38 7.99

6 9

4 1 15.34 1 0.047 0.036 0.047 0.036 12.51 9.5 12.51 9.58

6 8
5 2 18.54 4 0.039 0.029 0.039 0.029 3.09 2.3 3.09 2.30

0
6 2 18.54 4 0.032 0.024 0.032 0.024 2.54 1.9 2.54 1.90

0
7 1.5 18.54 4 0.053 0.040 0.032 0.024 4.21 3.1 2.54 1.90
7
8 2 18.54 4 0.063 0.048 0.032 0.024 5.00 3.8 2.54 1.90

1
9 2 18.54 4 0.067 0.050 0.039 0.029 5.32 3.9 3.09 2.30

7
10 1 13.74 1 0.047 0.036 0.047 0.036 11.31 8.6 11.31 8.66

6 6
11 1 13.74 1 0.039 0.030 0.039 0.030 9.38 7.2 9.38 7.22

6 2

12 1.3 18.54 9 0.064 0.048 0.039 0.030 11.43 8.5 6.96 5.36
3 7
13 1 15.34 1 0.039 0.030 0.039 0.030 10.38 7.9 10.3 7.99

6 9
14 1 15.34 1 0.047 0.036 0.047 0.036 12.51 9.5 12.51 9.58

6 8

Span & support moment before adjustment
2.3.2. BALANCING SUPPORT AND FIELD MOMENT
2.3.2.1. SUPPORT MOMENT ADJUSTMENT
Cofficient Method of Moment Distribution
If the percentage difference between moments is >20% distribute the moment
otherwise take the average value.
Panel P1& P2 Panel P6 and P11
∆Ms=14.07-10.38=3.69 KNm ∆Ms=9.38-2.54=6.84KNm
∆ Ms 3.69∗100 ∆ Ms 6.84∗100
= =26.23> 20 % = =72.92>20 %
Mmax 14.07 Mmax 9.38
Use moment distribution method
Stiffness for end support Stiffness for interior support
3 EI 3∗1
k 1= = =0.188 3 EI 3∗1
4 lx 4 x 4 k 11= = =0.188
4 lx 4 x 4
Stiffness for interior support
EI 1
k 2= = =0.25 Stiffness for end support
lx 4
EI 1
k 6= = =0.5
Distribution factor lx 2
K1 0.188
DF 1= = =0.429 Distribution factor
K 1+ K 2 0.188+0.25
K2 0.25
DF 2= = =0.571 K1 0.188
K 1+ K 2 0.188+0.25 DF 11= = =0.273
K 1+ K 2 0.188+0.50
Adjusting using slope deflection method

FORMULA K1 0.5
DF 6= = =0.727
K 1+ K 2 0.188+ 0.50
Md=Ms large−DFl∗∆ M
Md=Ms small+ DFs∗∆ M
Balancing moment
P6 P11
Balancin
DF 0.273 0.727
g moment
2.54 -9.38
P1 P2
1.87 4.97
DF 0.429 0.571
Balance 4.01 -4.01
-14.07 10.38
1.583 1.583
Panel P10 & P11
Balance -12.487 12.487 ∆Ms=11.31-9.38=1.93KNm
∆ Ms 1.93∗100
= =17.1<20 %
Mmax 11.31
Panel P1&P5
Use average method
∆Ms=14.07-3.09=10.98KNm
∆ Ms 10.98∗100 -
= =78.03> 20 %
Mmax 14.07
P 10 P 11
Stiffness for end support MOMENT 11.31 9.38
3 EI 3∗1 BALANCED -10.35 10.35

k 1= = =0.188
4 lx 4 x 4
Stiffness for interior support

Panel P11 and P12
EI 1
k 1= = =0.5
lx 2 ∆Ms=9.38-6.96=2.42KNm

∆ Ms 2.42∗100
= =25.8> 20 %
Mmax 9.38
Distribution factor
K1 0.188 Stiffness for end support
DF 1= = =0.273
K 1+ K 2 0.188+0.50
K1 0.50
DF 1= = =0..727 3 EI 3∗1
K 1+ K 2 0.188+0.50 k 11= = =0.188
4 lx 4 x 4
EI 1
k 12= = =0.333
lx 3
Balancin Distribution factor
g moment K 11 0.188
DF 11= = =0.361
K 11+ K 12 0.188+0.333
P1 P5
K 12 0.333
DF 12= = =0.639
K 11+ K 12 0.188+0.333
DF 0.273 0.726
Balancing moment
-14.07 3.09
P11 P12
3.0 7.98
DF 0.361 0.639
Balance -11.07 11.07
-9.38 6.96
Panel P2& P6 1.87 1.55
∆Ms=10.38-2.54=7.84KNm
Balanced M. -8.51 8.51
∆ Ms 7.84∗100
= =75.53>20 % ,
Mmax 10.38
Stiffness for interior support Panel P7 and P12
3 EI 3∗1 ∆Ms=11.43-4.21=7.22KNm
k 2= = =0.188
4 lx 4 x 4
∆ Ms 7.22∗100
= =63.17> 20 %,
Mmax 11.43

EI 1 Use moment distribution method

k 6= = =0.50
lx 2
Stiffness for end support
Distribution factor
3 EI 3∗1
k 12= = =0.25
K2 0.188 4 lx 4 x 3
DF 2= = =0.273
K 2+ K 6 0.188+ 0.50
EI 1
k 7= = =0.5
K6 0.50 lx 2
DF 6= = =0.727
K 2+ K 6 0.188+0.50
Distribution factor
Balancing moment
K 12 0.25
DF 12= = =0.333
P2 P6 K 7 + K 12 0.25+0.50
K7 0.5
DF 0.273 0.727 DF 7= = =0.667
K 7+ K 12 0.25+0.50
-10.38 2.54 Adjusting using slope deflection method
2.14 5.69
Balancing
Balance -8.23 8.23
moment
P7 P12
Panel P5 & P10
∆Ms=11.31-3.09=8.22KNm DF 0.333 0.667
∆ Ms 8.22∗100 -11.43 4.21

= =72.68> 20 %,
Mmax 11.31
2.40 4.82
Stiffness for end support Balance -9.03 9.03
3 EI 3∗1
k 10= = =0.188 Panel P7 and P8
4 lx 4 x 4

Stiffness for interior support ∆Ms=2.54-1.90=0.64KNm
EI 1 ∆ Ms 0.64∗100
k 5= = =0.5 = =25.2>20 %
lx 2 Mmax 2.54
Distribution factor
K 10 0.188 Stiffness
DF 10= = =0.273
K 10+ K 5 0.188+ 0.50
K5 0.5 3 EI 3∗1
DF 5= = =0.727 k 7= = =0.25
K 10+ K 5 0.188+ 0.50 4 lx 4 x 3
EI 1
k 8= = =0.5
lx 2
Thus moment adjustable is required.
Distribution factor
Balancin
K1 0.25
DF 7= = =0.333
g moment K 1+ K 2 0.25+ 0.50
K1 0.5
P10 P5 DF 8= = =0.667
K 1+ K 2 0.25+ 0.50
DF 0.273 0.727 Adjusting using slope deflection method
-11.31 3.09 Balancing moment
2.24 5.96 P7 P8
Balance -9.07 9.07 DF 0.333 0.667
Panel P5 and P6 -2.54 1.90
∆Ms=3.09-2.54=0.55KNm
0.213 0.427
∆ Ms 0.55∗100
= =17.8>20 %
Mmax 3.09 Balance -2.33 2.33

Panel P3 and P4
Balancing moment

∆Ms=10.38-9.58=0.8KNm
∆ Ms 0.8∗100
P5 P6 = =7.7>20 %
Mmax 10.38
3.09 2.54 Adjusting using slope deflection method
Adj. M 2.82 2.82 Balancing moment
Panel P3 and P8 P3 P4
∆Ms=10.38-5.00=5.38KNm
10.38 9.58
∆ Ms 5.38∗100
= =51.83 % >20 %
Mmax 10.38 9.98 9.98
Use Average method Panel P13 and P14

Stiffness for end support ∆Ms=12.51-10.38=2.13KNm
∆ Ms 2.13∗100
= =17.03< 20 %
3 EI 3∗1 Mmax 12.51
k 3= = =0.188
4 lx 4 x 4
Use average distribution method
EI 1
k 8= = =0.50
lx 2 Balancing moment
P 13 P 14
Distribution factor
MOMENT 10.38 12.51
K3 0.188
DF 3= = =0.273
K 3+ K 8 0.188+0.50
BALANCED -11.45 11.45
K8 0.50
DF 8= = =0.727
K 3+ K 8 0.188+0.50
Balancin Panel P9 and P4
g moment ∆Ms=12.51-5.32=7.19KNm
P3 P8 ∆ Ms 7.19∗100
= =57.47 >20 %
Mmax 12.51
DF 0.727 .273 Use moment distribution method

-10.38 5.00 Stiffness for end support
3 EI 3∗1
3.91 1.47 k 4= = =0.188
4 lx 4 x 4
Balance -6.47 6.47 3 EI 1

k 9= = =0.5
4 lx 2
Panel P8 and P13
Distribution factor
∆Ms=10.38-5.00=5.38KNm
K4 0.188
DF 4= = =0.273
∆ Ms 5.38∗100 K 4+ K 9 0.188+ 0.50
= =51.83 % >20 %
Mmax 10.38 K9 0.50
DF 9= = =0.727
Stiffness for end support K 4 + K 9 0.188+0.50
3 EI 3∗1
k 13= = =0.188
4 lx 4 x 4 Balancing
EI 1 moment
k 8= = =0.50
lx 2
P4 P9
Distribution factor DF 0.273 0.727
K 13 0.188 -12.51 5.32

DF 13= = =0.273
K 13+ K 8 0.188+0.50
K8 0.50 1.96 5.23

DF 8= = =0.727
K 13+ K 8 0.188+0.50
Balance -10.55 10.55
Balancing
moment
P13 P8 Panel P14 and P9
∆Ms=12.51-5.32=7.19KNm
F 0.727 .273 ∆ Ms 7.19∗100
= =57.47 >20 %
Mmax 12.51
-10.38 5.00

3.91 1.47 Use moment distribution method
Stiffness for end support

Balance -6.47 6.47
3 EI 3∗1
k 4= = =0.188
Panel P8 and P9 4 lx 4 x 4
∆Ms=3.09-1.90=1.19KNm 3 EI 1
k 9= = =0.5
4 lx 2
∆ Ms 1.19∗100
= =38.5> 20 %
Mmax 9.38 Distribution factor
K4 0.188
DF 4= = =0.273
K 4+ K 9 0.188+ 0.50
Stiffness
K9 0.50
DF 9= = =0.727
K 4 + K 9 0.188+0.50
3 EI 3∗1
k 9= = =0.188
4 lx 4 x 4 Adjusting using slope deflection method
EI 1
k 8= = =0.5
lx 2 Balancing
moment
Distribution factor
P14 P9
K1 0.188 DF 0.273 0.727

DF 9= = =0.273
K 1+ K 2 0.188+ 0.50
K1 0.5 -12.51 5.32

DF 8= = =0.727
K 1+ K 2 0.188+ 0.50
1.96 5.23
Balance -10.55 10.55
Balancing moment
P9 P8
DF 0.273 0.727
-3.09 1.90

.32 0.87
Balance -2.77 2.77
2.3.2.2. Field (span) moment adjustment
If the support moment is decreased, the span moments Mxf and Myf are increased allow for
the changes of support moments.
span moments are adjusted only on the direction in which support moment is decreased or
reduced, during balancing of support moment.
We adjusted the span moment by considering the adjusted support moment and its unadjusted
support moment depending on Cx & Cy from table of EBCS, 1995
NB. We are not adjust for span moment when the support moment are increased
Mxfd = Mxf +Cx1 ΔMxs +Cx2 ΔMys
Myfd = Myf +Cy1 ΔMxs +Cy2 ΔMys

Pane 1 Panel 2
Ly/Lx=1
∆Mxf=Cx∆Mxs+CxMxs
∆Myf=Cy∆Mys+CyMys Ly/Lx=1
Cx1=0.380, Cy1=0.280, Cx2 = 0.280 , Cy2 = Cx1=0.380, Cy1=0.280, Cx2 = 0.280 , Cy2 =
0.380 0.380
∆Mxf=0.380(10.38-8.23)+.280(0)
=0.817
∆Mxf=0.280(14.07-12.487)+.380(14.07-

11.07) Mxf=7.99+0.817=8.707 KN.m
= 1.58 ∆Myf=0.28(10.38-8.23)+.380(0)=0.714
Mxf=10.78+1.58= 12.36KN.m Myf=7.99+0.714=8.704 KN.m
∆Mxf=0.380(14.07-12.487)+.280(14.07-
11.07)
=1.44
Myf=10.78+1.44=12.22 KN.m
Panel 3 Panel 4
Ly/Lx=1 Ly/Lx=1
Cx1=0.380, Cy1=0.280, Cx2 =0.280 , Cy2 = Cx1=0.380, Cy1=0.280, Cx2 = 0.280 , Cy2 =
0.380 0.380
∆Mxf=0.380(10.38-6.47) +.280(0) ∆Mxf=0.380(12.51-10.55)+0.280(12.51-

9.96)
=0.624
=1.46
Mxf=7.99+0.624=8.959 KN.m
Mxf=9.58+1.46=11.04 KN.m
∆Myf=0.28(10.38-6.47)+.380(0)=0.458
∆Myf=0.280(12.51-10.55)+0.380(12.51-
Myf=7.99+0.458=8.704 KN.m
9.96)=1.52
Myf=7.99+1.52=9.51 KN.m
Panel 5 Panel 6
Ly/Lx=1 Ly/Lx=2
0.248 0.248
∆Mxf=0.238(0)+0.055(3.09-2.82) ∆Mxf=0.238(0)+0.055(0) = 0
= 0.01 Mxf=1.9+0=1.90 KN.m

Mxf=2.3+.015=2.31 KN.m ∆Myf=0.484(0)+0.248(0)=0
∆Myf=0.484(0)+0.248(3.09-2.82)=0.07 Myf=1.9+0=1.9 KN.
Myf=2.3+.07=2.37 KN.
Panel 7 Panel 8
Ly/Lx=2 Ly/Lx=2
0.248 0.248
∆Mxf=0.238(0)+0.055(0) = 0 ∆Mxf=0.238(0)+0.055(0) = 0
Mxf=3.17+0=3.17KN.m Mxf=3.81+0=3.81 KN.m
∆Myf=0.484(0)+0.248(0)=0 ∆Myf=0.484(0)+0.248(0)=0
Myf=1.9+0=1.9 KN. Myf=1.9+0=1.9 KN.
panel 9 panel 10
Ly/Lx=2 . Ly/Lx=1
0.248 0.380
∆Mxf=0.238(0)+0.055(3.09-2.77) = 0.02 ∆Mxf=0.380(11.31-9.07)+0.280(11.31-

10.35)
Mxf=2.30+0.02=2.32 KN.m
=1.12
∆Myf=0.484(0)+0.248(3.09-2.77)=0.08
Mxf=8.66+1.12=9.78 KN.m
Myf=3.97+0.08=4.05 KN.
∆Myf=0.280(11.31-9.07)+0.380(11.31-
10.35)=0.99
Myf=10.35+0.99=11.34 KN.m
Panel 11 Panel 12

Cx1=0.380, Cy1=0.280, Cx2 = 0.280 , Cy2 = Ly/Lx=1.33

0.380 Cx=0.380, Cy=0.349 Cx=0.118,Cy=0.128
∆Mxf=0.380(9.38-6.96)+0.280(9.38-2.54) ∆Mxf=0.380*(11.43-9.03)+0.349*0
=2.83 =0.91
Mxf=7.22+2.83=10.05 KN.m Mxf=8.57+ 0.91=9.48KN
∆Myf=0.280(9.38-6.96)+0.380(9.38-2.54) ∆Myf=0..118(11.43-9.03)+0.128*0=0.28
=3.28 Myf=5.36+0.28=5.64KN
Myf=7.22+3.28=10.50 KN.m
Panel 13 Panel 14
Ly/Lx=1 Ly/Lx=1
Cx1=0.380, Cy1=0.280, Cx2 =0.280 , Cy2 = Cx1=0.380, Cy1=0.280, Cx2 = 0.280 , Cy2 =
0.380 0.380
∆Mxf=0.380(10.38-6.47) +.280(0) ∆Mxf=0.380(12.51-10.55)+0.280(12.51-

9.96)
=1.49
=1.46
Mxf=7.99+1.49=8.959 KN.m
Mxf=9.58+1.46=11.04 KN.m
∆Myf=0.280(10.38-6.47) +.380(0)
∆Myf=0.280(12.51-10.55)+0.380(12.51-
=1.09
9.96)=1.52
Myf = 7.99+1.0=9.08KN.m
Myf=7.99+1.52=9.51 KN.m

Summary of adjusted span and support moment
Panel No. support moment Field moment
Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
1 12.487 11.07 12.36 8.70
2 12.487 8.23 8.71 8.70
3 11.45 6.47 8.96 8.70
4 11.45 10.45 11.04 9.51
5 2.82 11.07 2.31 2.37
6 2.82 8.23 1.9 1.9
7 2.54 9.03 3.17 1.9
8 2.82 6.47 3.81 1.9
9 2.82 10.45 2.32 4.05
10 10.35 9.03 9.78 11.34
11 10.35 4.01 10.05 10.50
12 11.45 9.03 9.48 5.64
13 11.45 6.47 8.96 9.08
14 11.45 10.45 11.04 9.51

3.4. REINFORCEMENT DESIGN FOR SLAB

Check for adequacy of the slabs
Check depth for flexure
dmin≥
√ Mmax
0.8 bfcdρm(1−0.4 ρm)
f yd 260.87
fcd=11.33 ,fyd=260.87m= =28.78 εcu=0.0035 , εyd¿ =0.0013
0.8 f cd 200000
0.5 0.5
ρmin¿ = =0.0017
fyk 300
0.6 εcu
∗fcd
ρ=ρmax εcu+ εyd
¿ =0.019
fyd
dmin≥
√ 14.08∗1000000
0.8∗1000∗11.33∗0.019∗28.78(1−0.4∗0.¿019∗28.78)
=60.30mm------------ Ok!!
dmin =60.30mm<dused------------- ----------------Ok!!
For shear resistance
For concrete members without significant axial force, shear resistance is

Shear acting on slab is
The Slab depth used is enough for flexure and shear.
3.6 Calculation of reinforcement for the slab
Characteristics of material
Using concrete quality (grade) C-25 and class I work
fcu = 25MPa
fck = 0.8fcu = 0.8 x 25 MPa = 20 MPa
fyk = 300 MPa
Design strength of material
μ = 0.295 γc=1.5 γs=1.15
0 . 85 f ck 0. 85∗20 300
f cd = = =11 .33 MPa f yd = =260 .87 MPa
1 . 50 1 .50 1. 15
0.5 0.5
ρmin= = = 0.00167
fyk 300
Check trial thickness for flexure
√ √
6
Mmax 12.487∗10
Dreq = = = 61.12mm
μ∗fcd∗b 0.295∗11.33∗1000
Dprov = D – Ø/2 – cc
= 110 – 5 – 15 = 90mm
dreq < provided , hence the trial thickness is adequate for flexure
Effective depth of trial section
dx = D – Ø/2 – cc = 110 – 5 – 15 = 90mm

dy = dx – Øb = 90 – 10 = 80mm
Sample flexural reinforcement calculation for slab
Panel (P1) for 1st—4th floor
Positive (bottom) reinforcement
In short span:- Mxf = 12.36 KN-m
dx = 90mm
Mxf 12.36∗10
6
μx = 2 = = 0.135
fcd∗b∗d 11.33∗1000∗902
μx = 0.135 < μmax = 0.295
dx
zx = [ 1+ √1−2∗μx ] = 90 [ 1+ √ 1−2∗0.135 ] = 83.4
2 2
Then, rigid area of tension steel
Mxf 12.36∗106
As = = = 567.83
fyd∗Zx 260.87∗83.4
0.5∗b∗d 0.5∗1000∗90
As min = = = 150
fy 300
As >Asmin =hence it is ok to provide As calculated
Spacing of ϕ 10bars
as∗b 78.52∗1000
Sb = = = 138.3 use 138
As 567.83
Sb max = {350use
2∗t=2∗110=220
the smaller
{
20 mm
Sb min = Øb
Øagg+5
Sb min = 25mm
Sb min < Sb = 138 < Sb max = 220

Provided ϕ 10bar at 138mm c/c placed at the bottom in short span direction
In longer span direction :- Myf = 12.22KN-m
dy = 80mm
Mxf 12.22∗10 6
μx = = = 0.169
fcd∗b∗d 2 11.33∗1000∗802
μx = 0.169 < μmax = 0.295
dx
zx = [ 1+ √1−2∗μx ] = 80 [ 1+ √ 1−2∗0.169 ] = 72.55
2 2
Mxf 12.22∗10
6
As = = = 645.67
fyd∗Zx 260.87∗72.55
0.5∗b∗d 0.5∗1000∗80
As min = = = 133.33
fy 300
as∗b 78.52∗1000
Sb = = = 121.6 use 121
As 645.67
Sb max = {350use
2∗t=2∗110=220
the smaller
{
20 mm
Sb min = Øb
Øagg+5
Sb min = 25mm
Sb min < Sb = 121 < Sb max = 220
Provided ϕ 10bar at 121mm c/c placed at the bottom in long span direction
Negative (top) reinforcement
In short span direction Mxs = 12.487KN-m

dx = 90mm
6
Mxf 12.487∗10
μx = = = 0.136
fcd∗b∗d 2 11.33∗1000∗902
μx = 0.136 < μmax = 0.295
dx
zx = [ 1+ √1−2∗μx ] = 90 [ 1+ √ 1−2∗0.136 ] = 83.4
2 2
Mxf 12.487∗106
As = = = 573.94
fyd∗Zx 260.87∗83.4
0.5∗b∗d 0.5∗1000∗90
As min = = = 150
fy 300
as∗b 78.52∗1000
Sb = = = 136.8 use 136
As 573.94
Sb max = {350use
2∗t=2∗110=220
the smaller
{
20 mm
Sb min = Øb
Øagg+5
Sb min = 25mm
Sb min < Sb = 136 < Sb max = 220
Provided ϕ 10bar at 136mm c/c placed at the top in short span direction
In longer span direction Mys=11.07KN-m
Dy = 80mm
Mys 11.07∗106
μy = = = 0.153
fcd∗b∗d 2 11.33∗1000∗802
μy = 0.153 < μmax = 0.295

dy
zy = [ 1+ √ 1−2∗μy ] = 80 [ 1+ √ 1−2∗0.153 ] = 73.3
2 2
Mys 11.07∗106
As = = = 578.92
fyd∗Zy 260.87∗73.3
0.5∗b∗d 0.5∗1000∗80
As min = = = 133.33
fy 300
as∗b 78.52∗1000
Sb = = = 135.63 use 135
As 578.92
Sb max = {350use
2∗t=2∗110=220
the smaller
{
20 mm
Sb min = Øb
Øagg+5
Sb min = 25mm
Sb min < Sb = 135 < Sb max = 220
Provided ϕ 10bar at 135mm c/c placed at the top in longer span direction
Provided temperature and shrinkage reinforcementϕ 10 bar at300mm c/c at the top in the long
span direction
For other panels also calculated as the above manner and tabulated below
Table 8. Reinforcement design from( 1st to 4th)
Pane Direction Moments D(mm) Ρ Asmin Ascal Asfinal S.calc S.final

l . [sq.mm [sq.mm] [mm [mm]
(KN.m) [sq.mm]
]

1 Short 12.36 90 0.0062 150.3 558 558 140.7 140
Longer 8.70 80 0.0055 133.6 440 440 178.5 170
2 Short 8.71 90 0.0043 150.3 387 387 202.9 200
Longer 8.70 80 0.0055 133.6 440 440 178.5 170
3 Short 8.96 90 0.0044 150.3 396 396 198.3 190
Longer 8.70 80 0.0055 133.6 440 440 178.5 170
4 Short 11.04 90 0.0055 150.3 495 495 158.6 150
Longer 9.51 80 0.0061 133.6 488 488 160.9 160
5 Short 2.31 90 0.0011 150.3 99 150.3 522.4 220
Longer 2.37 80 0.0014 133.6 112 133.6 587.7 220
6 Short 1.9 90 0.0016 150.3 144 150.3 522.4 220
Longer 1.9 80 0.0016 133.6 128 133.6 587.7 220
7 Short 3.17 90 0.0016 150.3 144 150.3 522.4 220
Longer 1.9 80 0.0016 133.6 128 133.6 587.7 220
8 Short 3.81 90 0.0018 150.3 162 162 484.7 220
Longer 1.9 80 0.0016 133.6 128 133.6 587.6 220
9 Short 2.32 90 0.0016 150.3 144 150.3 522.4 220
Longer 4.05 80 0.0025 133.6 200 200 392.6 220
10 Short 9.78 90 0.0049 150.3 441 441 178 170

Longer 11.34 80 0.0074 133.6 592 592 132.6 130
11 Short 10.50 90 0.0052 150.3 468 468 167.8 160
Longer 10.50 80 0.0068 133.6 544 544 144.3 140
12 Short 9.48 90 0.0047 150.3 423 423 185.6 180
Longer 5.64 80 0.0035 133.6 280 280 280.4 220
13 Short 8.96 90 0.0044 150.3 396 396 198.28 190
Longer 9.08 80 0.0058 133.6 464 464 169.2 160
14 Short 11.04 90 0.0055 150.3 495 495 158.6 150
Longer 9.51 80 0.0061 133.6 488 488 160.9 160
3.5. DESIGN 0F GROUND FOOL SLAB

Since the ground floor slab rests on the ground directly no bending moment is created and
therefore no structural design is required but minimum reinforcement in both directions is
provided to prevent shrinkage of the slab, stress due to temperature variation and crushing of
slab due to concentrated loads.
Use D=100mm(for slabs exposed to light moving concentrated load)…….EBCS(2/1995)
Ø8 diameter reinforcement
25mm clear cover

Spacing between bars for main reinforcement of slab shall not exceed,
Use Ø8mm bar c/c 300mm in both directions
Table 7 panel shear force
Panel Panel type Ly/Lx Shear Lx(m) Pd(KN/ Vi( KN/m)

coefficient(βvi) m2) =Pd*Lx*β
vi
1 1 βvxc =0.4 4 17.41 27.86
βvxD =0.26 18.11
βvyc =0.40 27.86
βvyD =0.26 18.11
2 1 βvxc =0.36 4 15.34 22.09
βvxD=0.24 14.73

βvyc =0.36 22.09
βvyD=0.00 0.00
3 1 βvxc =0.36 4 15.34 22.09
βvxD=0.24 14.73
βvyc =0.36 22.09
βvyD=0.00 0.00
4 1 βvxc =0.4 4 15.34 24.54
βvxD =0.26 15.95
βvyc =0.40 24.54
βvyD =0.26 15.95
5 2 βvxc =0.52 2 18.54 19.28
βvxD=0.0 0
βvyc =0.36 13.34
βvyD=0.24 8.90
6 2 βvxc =0.33 2 18.54 12.23
βvxD=0.00 0.00
βvyc =0.33 12.23
βvyD=0.00 0.00
7 1.5 βvxc =0.45 2 18.54 16.67
βvxD=0.00 0.00
βvyc =0.33 12.24
βvyD=0.00 0.00

8 2 βvxc =0.33 2 18.54 12.23
βvxD=0.00 0.00
βvyc =0.33 12.23
βvyD=0.00 0.00
9 2 βvxc =0.52 2 18.54 19.28
βvxD=0.00 0
βvyc =0.36 13.34
βvyD=0.24 8.90
10 1 βvxc =0.40 4 13.74 21.98
βvxD=0.26 14.29
βvyc =0.40 21.98
βvyD =0.26 14.29
11 1 βvxc =0.36 4 13.74 23.96
βvxD=0.26 14.29
βvyc =0.36 23.96
βvyD =0.0 0
12 1.33 βvxc =0.34 3 18.54 18.91
βvxD=0.31 17.24
βvyc =0.36 20.02
βvyD =0.0 0
13 1 βvxc =0.36 4 15.34 22.09
βvxD=0.26 14.73

βvyc =0.36 22.09
βvyD =0.0 0.00
14 1 βvxc =0.40 4 15.34 24.54
βvxD=0.26 15.95
βvyc =0.40 24.54
βvyD =0.26 15.95
CHAPTER THREE
4. STAIRCASE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1. DESIGN PROCEDURE
The purpose of stairs is to provide pedestrian access to different levels within the building.
The geometric form of the stair case depending on individual circumstances involved. These
are two main components of stair case. Stair and landing slab. The flight and landing can
arrange in different forms to get different types of stair cases. Stair case analysis and design is
similar to slabs. It involves the analysis steps followed for slabs. The inclined configuration is
analyzed by projecting the loads on a horizontal plane. The stair contains three flights with the
same configuration.

A reinforced concrete stair-way may be considered an inclined slab with one-way

reinforcement having steps formed on its upper surface. Based on their support condition we
have Pinned to pinned support condition.
The staircase modeling and analysis
Therefore, the design of stair type is done.
The chapter includes the following:
General introduction
Modeling of staircase
Analysis of staircase
Design of staircase
Assume the stair flying from:-
- The ground floor to landing between the ground and first floor is stair-1
-The first to landing between the first and second
GENERAL
Thread - horizontal upper portion of step
Riser - vertical upper portion of step
Waist - the least thickness of a stair slab.
Flight - a series of steps provided between two landings.
For public building: Size of rise = 120 mm to 180mm
Size of thread =200 mm to 300mm
The following rules govern the selection of the size of riser (R) and thread (T):
T * R = kept between 400 to 430cm2
T + 2R = Kept about 60cm
T + R = Kept about 40 - 45cm
Let take first flight for the ground stair

4.1. STAIR LOAD ANALYSIS

3.2.1. Determination of depth for deflection:
This is a function of design tensile strength of steel, effective span length of the shortest span
in which more load is expected to transfer and support condition.
Loading: - This determines the total load in the stair and landing
Analysis: - determines moment and shear forces based on the analyzed moment
Check depth for flexure: - this step helps to cross check the design depth as it is safe for
flexure or not, if not revise the depth determined in step 1 and also the loads.
Reinforcement provision: -using the computed moments, number and area of reinforcement
bars determined.
Detailing - the arrangement of reinforcement bars and their length are determined and drawn.
Stair case from 1st floor to 4th floor
2.2.1 Lay out
Sectional view

Section A - A
Fig. Support system of one flight
Depth determination
150
θ=tan−1 150
( 450)
α = tan-1 400
= 20.56
Span ratio
Ly 400
= = 2.67
LX 150
⇒Oneway slab
f yk ¿
D = (0 . 4 +0 . 6 ) [EBCS-2, 1995 Art5.2.3]
400 ꞵ a

β a =25
for simply supported [EBCS-2,1995 Table 5.1]
300 4000
d = (0 . 4 +0 . 6 )
400 25
= 136mm
Using 12 reinforcement bar and concrete cover of 20 mm
D = 136 + 20 + 6
= 161
Use D = 170 mm
d = 170 – 20 - 6 = 144 mm
2.2.3 Stair dimension
Thread = 300mm
Riser = 150mm
flight length = √ 2502 +1502 =291.54mm

3.2.2. STAIR LOAD ANALYSIS
i) Dead load on flight
a. Own weight of concrete
0 . 17∗25
= = 4.54KN/m2
cos 20 .56
b. Steps
0 .5∗. 15∗25
= = 2.00KN/m2
cos 20 .56
0 . 02∗23
c. Base mortar plaster = = 0.49
cos 20 .56
d. Mortar for thread = 0.02*23 = 0.46 KN/m2
0 .03∗1 .5∗0 . 15∗10∗23

e. mortar for riser = = 0.621KN/m2
2 .5

0 .03∗0 . 3∗10∗27
f. Marble thread = = 0.97 KN/m2
2 .5
0 .02∗0 . 12∗10∗27
g. Marble riser = = 0.26 KN/m2
2. 5
TOTAL = 9.34 KN/m2
ii) Dead load on landing`
a. Concrete slab = 0.17 * 25 = 4.25 KN/m2
b. Cement screed = 0.03 * 23 = 0.69 KN/m2
c. Marble = 0.02 * 27 = 0.54 KN/m2
d. Plastering = 0.02 * 23 = 0.46 KN/m2
TOTAL 5.94KN/m2
iii) Live load
According to EBCS-2, 1995 stairs are classified as category A
Live load taken as 3.0KN/m2
iv) Design load
Live load on flight = 1.6 * 3.0 = 4.8KN/m2
Dead load on flight = 1.3 *9.34 = 12.142KN/m2
16.94KN/m2
Live load on landing = 1.6 * 3.0 = 4.8KN/m2
Dead load on landing = 1.3 * 5.94 = 7.72KN/m2
12.52KN/m2
3.2.3. Moment determination and steel reinforcement
i) Maximum bending moment

16.94 KN/m 12.52KN/m
A B
RA RA
∑ M A =0
= 16 .
94∗2. 52
2
+ 12. 52∗1 . 5∗ (
1.5
2 )
+ 2. 5 −4 R=0
RB = 28.49KN
RA = 32.64
SECTION A-A (0 ≤ x ≤ 2.5)
16.94KN/m
V M
32.64
∑MX = 0 ∑Fy = 0
MX = 32.64X – 8.47X2 Vx = 32.64 – 16.94*X
At X = 0 at X = 2.5 At X = 0 at X = 2.5
Mx = 0 Mx = 60.43 Vx = 32.64 = -9.71
SECTION B- (2.5 ≤ x ≤ 4)

16.94KN/m
12.52KN/m
2.5m
32.64 X
∑MX = 0 ∑Fy = 0
2. 5 Vx = 32.64 – 16.94*2.5 -12.52*(X-

MX=32.64X–16.94*2.5*(X– )–12.52*(X-
2
2.5)
2. 5
2.5)*(X- ) At X = 2.5 at X = 4
2
At X = 2.5 at X = 4 Vx = -9.71 = -28.49
Mx = 28.66 Mx = -37.54
When X = 1.724 shear force becomes zero and at that point the bending moment would be
maximum
Mmax = 40.81KN-m/m
ii. Check adequacy of the section for flexure
d=
√ Msd
0. 295∗fcd∗b
d=
√ 40 . 81∗10 6
0. 295∗11. 33∗1000
= 110 < 170mm OK!
iii) Reinforcement
a. longitudinal reinforcement
Mmax = 40.81KN-m/m

0.5
ρmin =
f yk
[EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.2.2]
0. 5
ρmin =
300
= 0.00167
Using general Design chart No 1, [EBCS-2, 1995 Part 2]
M us
μu , s = 6
40 . 81∗10
f cd bd 2 2
= 11. 33∗1000∗144 = 0.174
Kz = 0.911
6
Msd = 40. 81∗10
=1192.5mm2
As = Kz∗d∗fyd 0 . 911∗144∗300
1 .15
As min = ρ*b*d = 0.00167*1000*144
= 240.5mm2
Using F 12 bar
b∗as 1000∗113 . 1
S= = = 94.8mm
As 1192 .5
Spacing provided 90 mm
Use ∅ 12 bars c/c 900 mm
b. Transverse reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement must be provided to account for shrinkage. The ratio of secondary
reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least equal to 0.2
A s min=0.2 A s ,main
[EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.2.2]
= 0.2 *1192.5

= 238.5mm2
Using ∅ 10 bar
b∗as 1000∗78 . 54
S= = = 329.3mm
As 238 . 5
Use ∅ 10 bar c/c 325mm
If the slab will be cast monolithically with its supporting beams, additional
reinforcement must be provided at the top of the upper and lower landings.
2.2.6 Design of landing
Considering a 1 m length of the landing along, the load on the landing is as shown below.
12.52 KN/m2
2
wl
M max =
8
2
12. 52∗3
= 14.08KN-m/m
8
Because the bars in the landing will be placed on top of the main stairs reinforcement
d = 170 – 20 – 6 – 12
= 132 mm
Using general design chart no 1, EBCS-2, 1995 part 2
M us
μu , s = 14 .08∗106
f cd bd 2 2
= 11. 33∗1000∗132 = 0.071
Kz = 0.954

6
Msd = 14 . 08∗10
= 428.6mm2
As = Kz∗d∗fyd 0 . 954∗132∗300
1 .15
As min = ρ*b*d = 0.00167*1000*132
= 211.2mm2
Using F 12 bar
b∗as 1000∗113 . 1
S= = = 263mm
As 428 . 6
Spacing provided 260 mm
Use ∅ 12 bars c/c 260 mm
2.2.7 Shear reinforcement
Checking flexural shear at a distance d from the face of the support
Vu = 30.2
The shear force Vc carries the concrete in members with out significant axial forces shall be
taken as
V c =0.25 f ctd K 1 K 2 bw d
[EBCS-2, 1995 Art4.5.3.1]
As
ρ= = 1192 . 5
K 1 =( 1+50 ρ)≤2. 0 bd 1000∗144 = 0.0083
= (1+ 50*0.0083) = 1.42≤ 2
=1.42
K 2 =1. 6−d≥1 . 0
= 1.6 – 0.144 = 1.46 ≥ 1
= 1.46

f ctk
f ctd =
γc
[EBCS-2, 1995 Art3.5.3.1]
f ctk =0 . 7∗f ctm

f ctm=0. 3 f 2
3
ck
[EBCS-2, 1995 Art2.4]
2
3
0 . 3∗25 ∗0 .7
f ctd =
1. 5
= 1.032 Mpa
Vc = 0.25 * 1.032 * 1.42 * 1.46 * 1000 * 144
= 77.02KN
Because Vc > Vu, no shear reinforcement is required. But it is recommended to use F 8 c/c
300 mm to hold the main reinforcement.

CHAPTER FOUR
4. FRAME ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
5.
5.1. BEAM DESIGN

Beams should be design in such a way that they can carry their own weight in addition to
transferring the load from slabs or roofs (in top tie beams) to the column without excessive
deflection due to moment or cracks from shear force.
Plain concrete beams are inefficient as flexural members because the tensile strength in
bending is a small fraction of compressive strength. as a consequence, such beams fail on the
tension side at low loads long before the strength of the concrete on the compression side has
been fully utilized. For this reason, steel reinforcing bars are placed on the tension side as
close to the extreme tension fibers as is compatible with proper fire and corrosion protection
of the steel.
We have the following given dimensions
Top tie beam-25cm*30cm
Intermediate beam-25cm*40cm
Grade beam-25cm*30cm
Material Data
C-25, S-300 Class-I work

2.
3.
4.
4.1.
4.1.1. Design of beam for flexure
Sample calculation of beam design
AXIS-A

Figure 6.1 Bending moment diagram of axis-A from ETABS analysis
Sample for Design of beam
One axis (Axis A) on the beam is selected for sample calculation of beam design
Axis A
D= 400mm b = 250mm

fcd=11.33MPa fyd= 260.87 MPa
Assume - concrete cover 25mm
-Reinforced bar Ø 20mm
-Stirrup Ø 8mm
Minimum depth requirement for serviceability i.e. deflection requirement is given by
(
d≥ 0 . 4+0 .6
400 β a)
f yk l e
, f yk =300 MPa
300 l e l
(
d≥ 0 . 4+0 .6
400 β a) =0 . 85 e
βa
First span (span 1-2) (Intermediate)
Exterior span
Le =4 m ßa = 24
d≥ 0.85 *4000/24 = 177.08mm
Overall depth, D = d + cover + Ø/2 + Øs
D= 177.08mm +25+20/2+8=220.08mm <Dused = 400 mm ok!
d= 400-(25+8+20/2) =357 mm
2) Interior span
Le =3 m ßa = 28
d≥ 0.85 *2700/28 = 81.96mm
Overall depth, D = d + cover + Ø/2 + Øs

D= 81.96mm +25+20/2+8=124.96< Dused = 400 mm ok!
d= 400-(25+8+20/2) =357 mm
Therefore D = 400mm
d = 357mm
dc =43mm
Longitudinal Reinforcement
The geometric ratio of reinforcement and at any section of beam where positive reinforcement
required by analysis shall not be less than that given by
0.6
ρmin = =0 . 002
f yk
…………………………………….EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.1.2
Where: -fyk = 300 Mpa
ρmax
= 0.04, for either tensile or compression reinforcement...…….EBCS-2, 1995 Art.7.1.2.
(3)
for this special case the balance steel ratio is given by
0 . 8 ε cu f cd
ρb = ∗
ε cu + ε yd f yd
0 .8∗0 . 0035 11. 33

ρb = ∗ =0 . 02
260. 87 260 .87
0 .0035+
200 ,000
53
However, for ductility purpose the steel is reduced by 25%,
ρmax =0. 75 ρb =0. 75∗0. 0253=0.0190
Calculate minimum reinforcement for beam according to EBCS 2, 1995, it is:-
0. 6 0. 6
ρmin = = =0 . 002
f yk 300
………… EBCS 2, 1995 Part 2 Section 7.2.1.1

Asmin= ρbd = 0.002*250*357 = 178.5mm2 for intermediate beam
Asmin= ρbd = 0.002*250*259=129.5mm2 for top tie beam and grade beam
Design of member
Sample Calculation
Check T – beam analysis for Maximum Moment
For support 1, M= 108.26KNm
Check T – beam analysis
beff ≤¿ {bw +Le /5 ¿ ¿¿¿

[EBCS-2,1995Art 3.78(1)]
beff ≤¿ {250+5000/5=1250¿¿¿¿
Therefore, be = 1250mm governs. Let s use be=1250
f yd 260 . 87∗106
= =28 .77
0. 8 f cd 0 . 8∗11 . 333∗106
m=
2 . 5 2. 5
= =0 . 08688
m 28 .77
C1 =
C2 = 0.32* m2*fcd = 0.32*28.772*11.333*106 = 3002

Md = 108.26 KN-m
ρ=
1
2 √
(C 1− C 2 −
1
4M
b e∗d 2∗C 2
)
√
6
1 4(108 . 26∗10 )
(0 . 08688− 0 . 007549−
2 1250∗3572∗3002
= )
= 0.00269
0.6
ρmin = =0 . 002
f yk
[EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.1.2]
Where: -fyk = 300 Mpa
ρ>ρmin therefore, ρ=0.00269 governs.
X = ρ*m*d = 0.00269*28.77*357 =27.63mm
Y = 0.8X = 0.8*27.63= 22.1mm <hf(slab thickness)=170mm.
Therefore, the beam is rectangular.
But this checking process is used to span moment.
If the flange of the section is on the tension side when subjected to a moment flanged section
is designed as if it were a rectangular section with width equal to the width web. For support
moments flange is on the tension side. b=bw
Check the reinforcement is double or single
Step3:-Check the section whether to be designed as singly or doubly reinforced section
M sd 108 . 26∗1000
μreq= 2
= =0 .3> 0. 295
f cd bd 11 . 33∗106∗0. 25∗0 .357 2
[EBCS, 2/95]
Let M1=the moment capacity resisted by concrete and this is given by:
M1 = Msection=0.2914*bd2fcd=0.2914*250*3572*11.33=105.2KN-m
M1=105.2KN.m

The moment from the sap output is equal to 108.26KN.m
Msd=108.26KN.m
M1=105.2KN.m
∴ M1<Msd…………….Doubly reinforced section
M2=Msd-M1
M2=108.26KN.m-105.2KN.m=3.06KN.m
Step4:- Tension Reinforcement
As=As1+As2
M2
As2=
fyd ( d −dc )
As1= ρ 1bd
√ √
6
fcd 2∗105 . 2∗10 11 .33
ρ = (1- 1− 2 M 1 ) = ρ = (1- 1− ) = 0.015>
bd 2 fcd fyd 250∗357 ∗11 .33 267 .87
2
ρmin=0. 002
∴ As1= ρ *bd=0.015*250*357=1338.75mm2
M2 3 .06∗106
As2= = =37.36mm2
fyd ( d −dc ) 260 .87∗(357−43)
∴ As=As1+As2=1338.75mm2*37.36mm2=1376.11mm2
Step5:- Number of bars and spacing
As 1376 .11
N= = =4.38 provide 5∅ 20
as 314
No of row required=> (nb+1) + ∅ comp . ¯¿*nb+2*∅ stirups
(nb+1) + ∅ comp . ¯¿*nb+2*∅ stirups …….nb =4.6 bar, →therefore provide 4 bar @ first row
and 1bar @ second row
For span moment 1, M= 85.69KNm

M sd 85. 69∗1000
μreq= 2
= =0 .237< 0 .295
f cd bd 11 . 33∗106∗0. 25∗0 .357 2
---OK! [EBCS, 2/95]
It is singly reinforced beam
d 357
z= . ( 1 + √1−2 μ ) = ×( 1 + √1−2×0 .237 ) = 307 .96mm
2 2
Md 85 . 69 ∗106
A Steel = = =1 066 .62 mm 2
Zf yd 307 . 96∗260. 87
A Steel 1066 . 62
= =3 . 39
as 314 . 16
No of bars,
Provide 4 Ø 20 mm bars.
The other values are tabulated & shown as table below
Flexural reinforcement of the beams on axis-A
All beams are singly reinforced
Top tie beam reinforcement
Mu fcd fyd
Momen Axi As
(KNm b(m d(m) (KN/m2 (KN/m2 μ Z(mm)
t sA [mm2]
) ) ) )
1-2 25.69 0.25 0.259 11.33 260.87

0.135 240.11 410.13
span
2-3 3.45 0.25 0.259 11.33 260.87
moment 0.018 256.63 51.53
3-4 33.5 0.25 0.259 11.33 260.87

0.176 233.70 549.50

1 23.53 0.25 0.259 11.33 260.87

0.124 241.82 372.99
3 23.13 0.25 0.259 11.33 260.87

0.122 242.14 366.18
support
moment
2 34.81 0.25 0.259 11.33 260.87
0.183 232.58 573.73
4 28.9 0.25 0.259 11.33 260.87

0.152 237.52 466.41
Top tie beam reinforcement area
No. Bars No. Bars Total As

Moment Axis A
As [mm2] as for Ø16 calc. Provided Provided
1-2 410.13 201.06 2.04 3 Ø16 603.18

span
2-3 51.53 201.06 0.26 2 Ø16 402.12
moment
3-4 549.50 201.06 2.73 3 Ø16 603.18
1 372.99 201.06 1.86 2 Ø16 402.12
2 366.18 201.06 1.82 2 Ø16 402.12

support
moment
3 573.73 201.06 2.85 3 Ø16 603.18
4 466.41 201.06 2.32 3 Ø16 603.18
Intermediate first floor beam reinforcement
Momen Axi Mu fcd fyd μ Z(mm As

t sA (KNm b(m (KN/m2 (KN/m2

) ) d(m) ) ) ) [mm2]
0.35
1-2 75.78 0.25 11.33 260.87 0.21 314.4
7 923.77
0 6
span
0.35
momen 2-3 23 0.25 11.33 260.87 0.06 345.2
7 255.38
t 4 4
0.35
3-4 85.68 0.25 11.33 260.87 0.23 307.8 1,066.8
7
7 7 0
0.35
1 48.51 0.25 11.33 260.87 0.13 331.1
7 561.56
4 4
0.35
2 45.16 0.25 11.33 260.87 0.12 333.0
7 519.76
support 5 7
momen
t
0.35
3 80.28 0.25 11.33 260.87 0.22 311.5
7 987.90
2 1
0.35
4 56.62 0.25 11.33 260.87 0.15 326.3
7 665.01
7 8
Intermediate beam reinforcement area
Moment Axis A As [mm2] as for No. Bars No. Bars Total As

Ø20 calc. Provided Provided
1-2
923.77 314 2.94 3 Ø20 942
span
2-3
moment 255.38 314 0.81 2 Ø20 628
3-4
1,066.80 314 3.40 4 Ø20 1256
1
561.56 314 1.79 2 Ø20 628
2
support 519.76 314 1.66 2 Ø20 628
moment
3
987.90 314 3.15 4 Ø20 1256
4 573.73 314 1.83 2 Ø20 628
Grade beam reinforcement
fcd fyd
Momen Axis Mu
d(m) (KN/m2 (KN/m2 μ Z(mm) As [mm2]
t A (KNm) b(m)
) )
span
1-2 0.25 11.33 260.87 366.18
moment 23.13 0.259 0.122 242.14
2-3 0.25 11.33 260.87 29.76

2.00 0.259 0.011 257.63
3-4 0.25 11.33 260.87 672.41

40.00 0.259 0.211 228.04
1 0.25 11.33 260.87 301.68

19.29 0.259 0.102 245.11
2 0.25 11.33 260.87 289.77

18.57 0.259 0.098 245.66
support
moment
3 0.25 11.33 260.87 499.11
30.73 0.259 0.162 236.02
Grade beam reinforcement area
4 0.25 11.33 260.87 289.94

18.58 0.259 No. 0.098 245.65
Axis As as for No. Bars Total As
Moment Bars
A [mm2] Ø16 Provided Provided
calc.
1-2 366.1751 201 2 Ø16 402

1.822
span
2-3 29.75843 201 2 Ø16 402
moment 0.148
3-4 672.4072 201 4 Ø16 804

3.345
1 301.6833 201 2 Ø16 402

1.501
2 289.7746 201 2 Ø16 402

1.442
support
moment
3 499.1103 201 3 Ø16 603
2.483
4 289.9396 201 2 Ø16 402

1.442
5.1.2. Beam design for shear

Shear Reinforcement
All beams, except joists of slabs, shall be provided with at least the minimum web
Reinforcement given by:
0. 4 0 .4
= =0 . 0013
f yk 300
ρmin = ………….…..…….………..EBCS 2, 1995 Art.7.2.1.2
The maximum spacing between stirrups
Smax= 0.5d < 300mm, if Vsd<2/3VRd ………..…………….EBCS 2, 1995 Art.7.2.1.2

Smax = 0.3d < 200mm, if Vsd>2/3 VRd
Where:- Vsd= acting shear along critical section
VRd=shear resistance of section limiting value of ultimate shear force for

prevention of diagonal compression failure in concrete, the shear resistance VRd of a section
given by the following equation shall not be less than the applied shear force, Vsd
VRd= 0.25 fcd *bw *d……………………….……………… EBCS 2, 1995 Art.4.5.2 (1)
The minimum shear resistance of concrete in beams
Vc = 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d ………………………………….EBCS 2, 1995 Art 4.5.3.1(1)
Where:- k 1=(1+50 ρ)<2. 0
k 2=1. 6−d >1 . 0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50% of the bottom
reinforcement is contained, k2= 1
As
ρ=
bd
Design of Shear Reinforcement
For longitudinal axis,
A v∗d∗f yd
S
Vs = ……………………..………………. (EBCS 2, 1995 Art. 4.5.4(4)
Where: - Av = is the area of shear resistance within the distance S.
Sample Calculation
Axis-5 First floor
For span: 1-2

2 2
(0 . 8 f cu )3 =0.21* (0 . 8∗25)3 N
f ctd=0 .21 =1 . 03
γc 1 .5 mm 2
As 3∗314
= =0 . 0106> ρ min=0 . 0013
bw d 250∗357
ρ=

So, ρ=0.0106
k1 = (1+50ρ) <2.0
k1= (1+50*0.0106) =1.53<2.0 (OK!!)
k2 = (1.6-d) > 1.0
k2= (1.6-0.357) = 1.243>1.0 (OK!)
Concrete shear strength
Vc = 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
= 0.25*1.03*1.53*1.243*250*357
= 43707 N=43.71KN
Diagonal compression resistance of concrete
VRd= 0.25 * fcd * bw * d
= 0.25 *11.33 *250 *357
VRd = 252800.60N = 252.8KN.
2/3 VRd= (2/3)*252.8 = 168.53KN
Critical section for shear is considered at‘d’ distance from the face of support or Critical
section
=d + column size/2
= 0.357 + 0.4/2 = 0.557 m
Vsd at critical section:
Vsd of Right
2. 57 2. 57−0 . 482
= =
125. 62 Vsd
Vsd Right = 102.06KN>Vc= 43.71 KN, there is excess shear. Therefore shear reinforcement
is required for excess shear.
Vsd< VRD No diagonal compression failure
Vsd of Left
2 . 43 2. 43−0 . 482
= =94.91KN
118. 4 Vsd
Vsd Right= 94.91KN > Vc= 43.71KN, there is excess shear. Therefore shear reinforcement is
required for excess shear.
Maximum spacing of two leg Ø8mm bar stirrup:
S-max=0.3d= 0.3*357 =107.1 mm 200 mm, ifVsd>2/3VRd= 168.53 KN
0.5d= 0.5*357 =178.5 mm300 mm, if Vsd < 2/3VRd=168.53KN
Av∗fyd∗d
Sv=
Vsd−Vc
In this special case when Vsd > Vc
Spacing of two leg Ø8 mm vertical stirrup required by excess shear:
Av∗fyd∗d
Spacing Sv=
Vsd−Vc
Vs = Vsd – Vc = 102.06-43.71= 58.35KN
Consider `8mm stirrups with 2 legs
Av = 2 * π∗¿ 82 * /4 =100.53mm2
Av∗fyd∗d 100 .53∗260 . 87∗357

Sv= = =160 . 45 mmSmax=0.5d= 0.5*357 =178.5 mm300
Vsd−Vc ( 58 . 35 )∗1000
mm (because Vsd < 2/3VRd)
Use `8 stirrups c/c 150mm.

Shear reinforcement of the beams on axis A
Top tie Beam
Membe Support ρ K1 Vc Vrd Vsd Smax Vs Vtot

r (KN) (KN) (KN) (mm) (KN) (KN
)
1-2 Left 0.010 1.52 47.88 290.4 104. Φ8c/c50mm 26.8 74.7
5 5 1 2 8 6
Right 0.010 1.52 47.88 290.4 100. Φ8c/c50mm 26.8 74.7

5 5 1 1 8 6
2-3 Left 0.004 1.22 38.48 290.4 50.2 Φ8c/c100mm 26.8 65.3
5 5 1 6 8 6
Right 0.006 1.30 40.83 290.4 56.4 Φ8c/c90mm 26.8 67.7

0 1 6 8 1
3-4 Left 0.006 1.30 40.83 290.4 55.5 Φ8c/c90mm 26.8 67.7
0 1 9 8 1
Right 0.004 1.22 38.48 290.4 51.3 Φ8c/c100mm 26.8 65.3

5 5 1 4 8 6

Support As.cal As.eff. Lb. Lb.net

ember (mm2) (mm2) (mm) (mm)
1-2 Left 1238 1231.49 443.225 443.225
Right 942.66 1077.568 443.225 387.734
2-3 Left 408.01 461.814 443.225 391.586
Right 528.934 615.752 443.225 380.732
3-4 Left 507.44 615.752 443.225 365.261
Right 427.549 461.814 443.225 410.339
*** Vds<Vc; Minimum shear reinforcement is provided


4.1.2. Development length
The reinforcement shall be properly anchored at each end to prevent bond failure.
Basic anchorage length
The basic anchorage length lb diameter d of the bar is given as
l b =( φ /4 )
( )
f yd
f bd
[EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.1.6.1]
f bd=2f ctd
, the design bond strength for deformed compression bar of good bond Condition
f bd=1.03∗2=2.06 Mpa
-
l b =( 20/4 ) ( 2. 06 )
260 . 87
=633 mm
Required anchorage length
A scal
lb , net =al b ≥0 .3 l b ≥¿ {10 φ ¿ ¿¿¿
A seff
[EBCS-2, 1995 Art7.1.6.2]
Where: - Ascal = theoretical area of reinforcement required by the design
Aseff = Area of reinforcement actually provided
Α=1.0 for straight bar in tension or compression zone.
First Member A-B on axis-5, @ first floor
Ascal = 923.77mm2
Aseff = 3*314.26 = 942mm2
Structural design project for G +4 hospital building page 104

923.77
l bnet =1 . 0∗633 . 18∗ =620 . 93 mm
942
0 .3 l b =0 .3∗633. 18=189 . 95 mm
>200 OK.
Use lnet =620mm →The other members are done with the similar fashion
5.2. COLUMN DESIGN

Material Properties
Concrete - Grade C-25 Steel - Grade S300
Fck=20,000kpa [EBCS 2 Table 2.3] Fyk=300kpa
Fctk=1,500 kpa [EBCS 2 Table 2.4] PSF=1.15
PSF=1.5 [EBCS 2 Table 3.1] Fyd=261 kpa
Fcd=11333.33kpa Es= 200,000 kpa
Fctd=1,000 kpa As (min) =0.00072[EBCS-2 7.2.4.2]
Ecm=29,000 kpa [EBCS 2 Table 2.5] As (max) =0.0072[EBCS-2 7.2.4.2]
Analysis Result:
Axial (KNm) Mom. x-x (KNm) Mom y-y(KNm)
-1049.11 -8.78 -28.31
-1049.11 13.06 29.73 Dimensions

in x-x direction: Dimensions in y-y direction:
Depth Width Depth Width
B1 = 0.40 0.25 B1 =0.40 0.25
B2 = 0.40 0.25 B2 = 0.40 0.25
B3 = 0.40 0.25 B3 = 0.40 0.25

C1 = 0.25 0.25 C1 = 0.25 0.25
C2 = 0.25 0.25 C2 = 0.25 0.25
C3 = 0.25 0.25 C3 = 0.25 0.25
Dimensions in x-x direction: Dimensions in y-y direction:
Lb1 = 4.0 Lb1 = 4.0
Lb2 = 2.0 Lb2 = 3.0
Lc1 = 3.00 Lc1 = 3.00
Lc2 = 3.00 Lc2 = 3.00
Lc3 = 3.00 Lc3 = 3.00
4.2.
4.3.
5.2.1. DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
Checking the column slenderness
For sway frames, the greater of
λ ≤ 25
15
√ νd
Or λ≤
For non-sway frames
25 M 1
50−
M2
λ≤
Limits of Slenderness: λ ≤ 50−25 ( MM 12 ) EBCS - 2, 4.4.6

M 1 −8.78 M 1 −28.31
= =−0.67 = =−0.95
M 2 13.06 M 2 29.73
λ≤66.75 λ≤98.75
¿
But, the slenderness ratio is: λ= i
Le =Effective buckling length Ig = 0.001 EBCS-2, 4.4.5
rmin= Radius of gyration =

√ Ag
Ig
Ag= gross area of column section
Ig =moment of inertia of column section
Ag = 0.25*0.25=0.0625m2
1 3 4
Ig= ∗0.25∗0.25 =0.000325 m
12
rmin =
√ 0.000325
0.0625
=0.072
Effective Buckling Length:
KC2
About x-x direction. About y-y direction.
Kb1 Kb2
Ic1 = 0.00036 Ic1 = 0.00036 K Ic1 = 0.00036 Ic1 = 0.00036
c1
Ic2 = 0.00036 Ic3 =Kb30.00036 Kb4Ic2 = 0.00036 Ic3 = 0.00036
Ib1 = 0.00107 Ib3 = 0.00107 KC3 Ib1 = 0.00107 Ib3 = 0.00000
Ib2 = 0.00107 Ib4 = 0.00107 Ib2 = 0.00107 Ib4 = 0.00107
a1 = 0.393 a2 = 0.45 a1 = 0.393 a2 = 0.45
α mean= 0.423 αmean = 0.423
The effective buckling length:

0.423+0.4
Le = *3=2.02m ≥ 0.7*3=2.1m , not ok! Take Le=2.1m
0.423+0.8
Slenderness Ratio:
¿ 2.1
λ= rmin = =29.17
0.072
λ=29.17≤66.75 Not Slender that means it is a short column. Ignore Secondary Effects
Reinforcement calculation
The minimum lateral dimension of column shall be at least 150 mm.
The area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.008*Ac and not more than 0.08*Ac. The
upper Limit shall be observed even where bars overlap.
The minimum number of longitudinal reinforcement bars shall be 6 for bars in a circular arrangement
and 4 bars in a rectangular arrangement.
The diameter of longitudinal bars shall not be less than 12 mm.
The column is reinforced according to EBCS-2 1995 part 2 design charts for biaxially bending
columns.
Design moments:
After determining amplified moments and made an allowance for imperfection (Ma), the total design
moment Mtot is calculated as
etot = ee + ea + e2 or Mtot =M1+Ma+M2‘
Mtot = Ma+M2 ...................................................................... *
Where: M1=1st order (computed) moment
Ma =moment due to imperfection
M2’ =moment due to lateral displacement
M2 is obtained by amplifying the first order moment
Therefore, M1+M2’ is equal to M2

As per EBCS -2, 1995 Art 4.4.10.2(4), for different eccentricity at the ends, the critical end section
shall be checked for first order moments.
etot = eo2 + ea
Mtot = ML + Ma ………………………………………... **
2100
ea = =7mm≥ 20 mm not ok! Take ea =20mm=0.02m
300
ee(x-x) = max of 0.6e02 + 0.4e01 & 0.4e02 ee(y-y) =max of 0.6 e02 + 0.4e01
& 0.4e02
Axial (KNm) Mom. x-x (KNm) Mom y-y(KNm)
-1049.11 -8.78 =M1 -28.31=M1
-1049.11 13.06=M2 29.73=M2
Md −8.78
e01 = - = =-0.0084 e01 = -28.31/1049.11=-0.027
Nd 1049.11
13.06
e02 = =0.0124 e02 = 29.73/1049.11=0.0283
1049.11
ee = 0.0041 &0.00496 ee= 0.0062 & 0.0113
ee(x-x) =max of (0.0041 & 0.00496)=0.00496m
ee(y-y)= max of (0.0062 &0.0113) =0.0113m
etot(x-x) =ee + ea =0.00496+0.02= 0.025m
etot(y-y)= ee+ea=0.0113+0.02 = 0.0313m
Msd x-x = etot(x-x)*Nd = 0.025*1049.11= 26.23KN-m
Msd y-y = etot(y-y)*Nd= 0.0313*1049.11=32.84KN-m
Reinforcement Calculation:

ϕl
Column x-section=b x h = 250x250mm and b’=h’=c.cover+ϕtie+ =25+8+20/2=43mm
2
b' h' 43 mm
Cover ratio = = but b= =0.17
b h 250 mm
Nsd=1049.11KN=1049.11*10^3N
fcd =11.33*10^6N/mm2 & Ac =250*250=6.25*10^4
N sd M sd ,x  x M sd ,y  y
 sd   sd ,x  x   sd,y  y 
fcd Ac fcd Ac h fcd Ac b
3N
1049.11∗10
υsd = 11.33 N 2 =1.48 but use 1.4
2
∗250∗250 mm
mm
26.23∗106 Nmm 32.84∗106 Nmm

μsd,x-x= =-0.15 and μsd,y-y= =0.19
11.33∗250∗250∗250 11.33∗250∗250∗250
h'/h=b'/b ω
0.1 0.5
0.17 ω=0.64
0.2 0.7
w = 0.64 by interpolating EBCS 2 - 1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No. 10
ω∗fcd∗Ac 0.64∗11.33∗250∗250
As, tot = = =1737.26mm2
fyd 260.87
AS, tot/4 = 1737.62/4=434.32mm
Number of bars →area of single ϕ20 bar =314.12mm2

1737.62
N= =5.53
314.12
Therefore provide 6 ϕ20 bar
5.2.2. Design of column for shear
Lateral reinforcement
(EBCS-2 1995 Art 7.2.4.3 (2))
The diameter of ties or spirals shall not be less than 6mm or 1/4th of diameter of longitudinal bars. The
centre to centre spacing of lateral reinforcement shall not exceed:-
12 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars
Least dimension of columns
300mm
Ties shall be arranged such that every bar or groups of bars in a corner and alternate longitudinal bars
shall have provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than 1350 and for no bars
shall be further 150mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar.
Up to five longitudinal bars in each corner may be secured against lateral buckling by means of the
main ties. The centre to centre distance between the outer most of these bars and the corner bar shall
not exceed 15 times the diameter of the tie.
The shear force Vc carried by the concrete in member without significant axial forces shall be taken as:
k 1 =(1 .5+50 ρ)≤2 . 0

Where
k 2 =1 .6−d ¿ 1. 0
(d in meters)For members where more than 50% of the bottom of
Reinforcement is curtailed, K2 =1.0
As
ρ=
bw d

As – the area of tensile reinforcement anchored beyond the intersection of the steel and the line of a
possible 45o crack starting from the edge of the section.
And for member subjected to axial compression the following equation may be used to compute the
additional shear force Vcn carried by the concrete.
0 . 1×b w ×d
V cn = N sd
Ac
----------------------------------------------------EBCS-2, 1995, Art. 4.5.3.2
Where, Nsd is the design axial force.
Therefore the total shear force,Vtot, resisted by the concrete becomes
Vtot = Vc + Vcn
0. 1×b w ×d
N sd
Ac
Vtotal= 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d+
Check for shear (selected column for sample in above reinforcement calculation)
Max shear force =8.28 KN, it occurs at the foundation column with Nsd=1049.11KN
The shear reinforcement is calculated by taking the cross section of column and the axial load of the
columns on each story. Comparing our result with the maximum shear on the columns:
Dimension 25*25cm
Limiting value of ultimate shear force:
v RD =0.25 f ctd b w d
= 0.25*11.33*250*250
= 177 KN > 8.28KN

2
6∗3.14∗20
Shear resistance of cross-section: As= =1884mm2
4
1884
ρ= = 0.03
250∗250

k1= (1+50*0.03) = 2.5<2.0 ;K2=2
k2= 1.6-d, (deff =D-cover-Ø/2- Øb =250-25-20/2-8=207mm
= 1.6 – 0.207 = 1.393 >1 ………………………….safe! For members where more than 50% of the
bottom of Reinforcement is curtailed, K2 =1.0
Vc = 0.25*1.03*2*1.393*250*250= 44.84KN
Additional shear capacity of concrete:
0 . 1×b w ×d
V cn = N sd
Ac
250∗250¿
V cn=0.1×207∗207×1049.11¿ ¿
¿
= 71.93KN
Vtot = Vc + Vcn
Vtot=44.84+71.93=116.77KN>8.28KN (max. shear) ……………Safe!!
Nominal shear reinforcement is to be provided
For reinforcing the cross section to resist shear force ties are used as lateral reinforcement.
Hence, the centre to centre spacing between the ties is smaller of
12Фmin = 12 x 20 = 240 mm
C/C≤ Least dimension of columns (in our case) = 250 mm
300 mm
è Provide ϕ8 c/c 240mm.


CHAPTER 5
6. Footing Design
Selection of type of footing depends majorly on bearing capacity of supporting soil & cost. Starting by
trying isolated footing (as always the case) we can see that the load coming from the building can
efficiently be transmitted to the supporting soil. This is resulted from moderate load and good bearing
capacity of the soil. Hence isolated footing is designed.
Since we are using ultimate limit state design method, the allowable soil stress is multiplied by a factor
of average factor of dead load and live load (which is normally employed) and factored loads are taken
for analysis and design.
As in the case of column, design of footing started by grouping similar loading condition. One sample
footing design is done following formal procedure as shown below.
Not assume the length to breadth of footing is kept the same as that of column.
5.
5.1.
5.1.1. LOAD CALCULATION
I. Maximum factored loading from super structure(Pmax)-highly axial load
Pmax =1454.97 KN
Mx = -3.63KN-m
My = -0.58 KN-m
Depth of footing below the NGL=3m
Thickness of footing pad D=0.5m
Unit weight of selected soil is rsoil=16KN/m3
Unit weight of concrete rcr=25KN/m3
For cohesive silt soil =280KN/m2………………EBCS-7/1995-------------- table 6.3

Concrete cover =50mm …………….EBCS-7/1995--------------table 10.2
Reinforced bar øb 20mm
Since the load from super structure is factored therefore, the allowable bearing capacity of the soil must
be factored by an average
Psoil= Load from the soil weight =
Pf= load from footing pad = (BL*0.5*rcr)
Ptotal = Pcl + 1.3 (Psoil+ Pf)
To be save use maximum value

Provide 1.7m and 2.3m isolated footing
Calculation of bearing stress
x=2.3/2=1.15
1.70m a=0.4
b=0.4
bw y=1.7/2=0.85
Pmax = 2.30m
Pmax = 23.4*1.72 + 1448.73 = 1516.356KN

For structural design difficult to design each stress so, average
5.1.2. DETERIMINATION OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH
In the structural design of footings adequacy of the thickness of the footing and provide the necessary
reinforcement to withstand punching shear and shear diagonal tension (wide beam shear) moment and
bond stress should be checked. For the structural design a simplifying assumption is made in which the
contact pressure distribution is assumed uniform and it magnitude is taken as the average of the each
side contact pressure
WIDE BEAM CRATERIA
Note conceder in longer direction because to get large Vd value

Applied pressure from soil and self weight
Up-lift pressure from bottom
Resultant value is 659.28KPa – 132.6KPa = 526.68
Critical section for Vd is at ‘d’ distance from the face of the column because crack is propagate at 450
Material:-
Concrete grade(fcu) C-25
fck =0.8fcuk =0.8*25=20MPa

5.1.3. CHECK DEPTH FOR FLEXTURE
For actual design it is better to use actual value

Take
CHACK DEPTH FOR PUNCHING SHEAR
Critical section for punching shear is at 0.5d distance from face of column


Revised ‘d’ value

Calculation flexural reinforcement
Step 5 CALCULAT FLAXTURAL REAINFORCEMENT
5.1 IN THE LONGER DIRECTION
Critical section for bending moment is at the face of the support
by interpolation Ks=3.97

PROVIDE ø20mmC/C300mm
Calculate required bond length
Need of bending moment of bar‼
5.2 IN SHORT DIRECTION
Critical section of bending moment is face of the column

In the Km table minimum value is Km=19 since our Km-value is les than the minimum use use Km=19
Corresponding Ks value are 3.95
PROVIDE ø20mmC/C350mm
5.2.2 BOND LENGTH
Need of bending moment of bar‼

Step-6 detail drawing
x=2.7/2=1.35
4 3 bw
d
2.70m a=0.4
b=0.4
bw y=2.7/2=1.35
1 2
2.70m

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Integrated design semester project

ADVISOR APPROVAL SHEET

Jonathan K. ___________ __________

EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL SHEET

1. ______________ ________________ _____________

2. _____________ ______________ _______________

Structural design for G+4 hospital building Page i

1.1. ROOF ANALYSES AND DESIGN................................................................................................1

1.1. ROOF WIND LOAD ANALYSIS..............................................................................................1

1.2. NET WIND LOAD ON DOU PICTH........................................................................................6

1.3. DOUPITCH ROOF DESIGN......................................................................................................10

1.4. ANALYSIS DESIGN OF EGA SHEET..........................................................................................10

1.3.2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PURLIN...............................................................................15

2. SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN........................................................................................................29

2.1. Depth of slab for deflection requirement.............................................................................29

2.2. DESIGN LOAD DETERMINATION FOR SLAB...........................................................................34

2.3. DESIGN MOMENT DETERMINATION.....................................................................................40

2.4. REINFORCEMENT DESIGN FOR SLAB.....................................................................................53

2.5. DESIGN 0F GROUND FOOL SLAB...........................................................................................60

3. STAIRCASE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN...............................................................................................64

3.1. STAIR LOAD ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................65

4. FRAME ANALYSIS AND DESIGN.........................................................................................................75

4.1. BEAM DESIGN.......................................................................................................................75

4.1.1. Design of beam for flexure...........................................................................................75

4.1.2. Beam design for shear..................................................................................................87

4.1.2. Development length.....................................................................................................93

4.2. COLUMN DESIGN..................................................................................................................94

4.2.1. DESIGN FOR FLEXURE...................................................................................................95

Structural design for G+4 hospital buildingPage ii

4.2.2. Design of column for shear...........................................................................................99

5.1.1. LOAD CALCULATION...................................................................................................103

5.1.2. DETERIMINATION OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH.....................................................................106

5.1.3. CHECK DEPTH FOR FLEXTURE.....................................................................................108

Structural design for G+4 hospital buildingPage iii

2.1. ROOF ANALYSES AND DESIGN

1.1. ROOF WIND LOAD ANALYSIS

We=qref. *Ce(Ze)* Cpe--------------------------------------------------EBCS1,1995 Art 3.5.2

qref = Reference mean wind velocity pressure.

Ze = reference height appropriate to the relevant pressure coefficient.

Reference mean wind velocity pressure, (qref)

qref= ρ/2 * Vref2

Vref = reference mean wind velocity

ρ = density of air at T0c (200c adopted for Ethiopia)

Reference Mean wind velocity,(Vref )

Structural design for G+4 hospital buildingPage 1

(commonly referred to as having a mean return period of 50 years

CDIR = is the directional factor to be taken as 1.0.

CTem= is the temporary seasonal factor to be taken as 1.0.

CAlt= is the altitude factor to be taken as 1.0.

Wolaita sodo is found 1600m above sea level

Structural design for G+4 hospital buildingPage 2

ρair=0.98 Kg/m3 This value obtained by interpolation

Therefore Reference mean wind velocity pressure, (qref)

KT= the terrain factor as defined in sect.3.8.2 EBCS 1/95

Cr (z) = is the roughness coefficient as defined in sect.3.8.3 EBCS 1/95

Ct(z) = is the topography coefficient as defined in sect.3.8.4 EBCS 1/95

Cr (Z) = KT ln (Z/Z0).............................for Zmin≤Z≤200m

Cr (Z) = Cr (Zmin).................................for Z< Zmin

Z0 = 0.3 for Wolaita sodo case (sub-urban area) roughness length

Zmin= 8 Minimum height which depends on the terrain category

Z= 16m total height of the building

Structural design for G+4 hospital buildingPage 3

Zmin =8m ------------------------------(EBCS 1/95) Art 3.8.3

Jonathan K. _

1. __ _

2. _ _____

We=qref. Ce(Ze) Cpe--------------------------------------------------EBCS1,1995 Art 3.5.2

Wnet = Ce (ze) * Cpe * qref – Ce (zi) Cpi qref

Wnet = Ce (ze) * Cpe * qref – Ce (zi) Cpi qref