Rolling-Contact Bearings

(Rolling-Contact Bearing, Antifriction Bearing, Rolling Bearing)

Nomenclature of a Ball Bearing

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 Various Types of Ball Bearings

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 Deep-groove Bearings –

These bearings are the most widely used ball bearings. In addition to
radial loads, they carry substantial thrust loads at high speeds, in
either direction. They require careful alignment between shaft and
housing.

The ball complement of a deep-groove bearing is limited to the

number of balls that can be packed into the annular space between
the rings with the inner ring displaced radially. The inner ring is then
snapped into place, and the retainer assembled around the balls. This
limits the load-carrying ability of the bearing, since capacity is
proportional to the number of balls to the 2/3 power.

Filling Notch Bearings –

These bearings have about 20 to 40% more radial load capacity than
deep-groove bearings. The increased capacity comes from additional
balls inserted through the filling notch. Except for the filling notch
and the extra balls, they are geometrically identical to deep-groove
bearings.
But the same filling notch that permits an increased radial load cuts
thrust capacity to about one-third that of deep-groove bearings. At
higher thrust loads, balls start to contact the notch. For the same
reason, tolerance to misalignment is considerably less than that of
deep-groove bearings.

Angular Cantact Bearings –

Angular contact bearings are designed such that a contact angle

between the races and the balls is formed when the bearing is in use.
The major design characteristic of this type of bearing is that one, or
both of the ring races have one shoulder relieved, or higher than the
other. In order for these bearings to function properly, they must be
assembled with a thrust load. This loading (or preload) creates a line
of contact (or contact angle) between the inner race, the ball and the
outer race.
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 Pure radial
Pure thrust (axial)
Combined (rad+axial)

Ring Bearings

Thrust Bearings

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 - In a rolling the starting friction is about twice the running
friction, but still it is negligible in comparison with the
starting friction of sleeve bearing. Load, speed, and the
operating viscosity of the lubricant do effect the frictional
characteristics of a rolling bearing.

- Design of Rolling Bearings is a complicated problem.

Bearing specialists must consider:

Fatique loading, friction, heat, corrosion resistence, kinematic

problems, material properties, lubrication, machining
tolerances, assembly, use and cost.

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 Types of Cages

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 - Having the tools to find the proper catalog ratings, engineers
need only deal with selection of an appropriate bearing among
the readily manufactured, standard bearings.
There are two basic bearing families, namely ball and roller. Each family
includes a variety of bearing designs, depending on the following
requirements:

1) Available space
2) Loads
a) Magnitude of load
b) Direction of load
(1) Radial load
(2) Axial load
(3) Combined load
3) Misalignment
4) Speed
5) Precision
6) Quiet running
7) Stiffness
8) Axial displacement
Radial and Thrust Bearings
Since most types of radial bearings can carry some thrust, there is no sharp
distinction between them; however, bearings having a contact angle α = 45
or smaller (α < 45 degrees) are considered radial bearings and their ratings
are given as radial load.

A. Ball bearing
B. Cylindrical roller bearing
C. Angular contact ball bearing
D. Tapered roller bearing
E. Spherical roller bearing

Bearings with a contact angle a greater than 45 (α > 45 degrees) are

considered thrust bearings and are rated axially.

A. Spherical roller thrust bearing

B. Ball thrust bearing
C. Ball thrust bearing
D. Cylindrical roller thrust bearing

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 Sealed or Shielded?
There are basically two
types of bearings:
shielded vs sealed.
Shields make it hard for
dirt and grime to get in,
but they certainly aren't
dust or watertight. For
superior protection
against the elements, you
need sealed bearings.

Sealed bearings have a

teflon or rubber lip seal
that actually touches the
race and come packed
with a fairly heavy
grease
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 Magneto Bear.
with one shoulder

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 Bearings with a contact angle greater than 45 degrees are
considered thrust bearings and are rated axially.

4. Tapered roller thrust bearings

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 Tapered roller thrust bearings

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 Designation of Rolling Bearings : Bearing designations
clearly identify the bearing and inform about a given
specifications

K Cage with rolling element

L Lipless ring
RB 30 Ball with dia of 30 mm

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 Base Designation:
[Bearing Type] [Dimension Series] [Bore Diameter]
6 - Single row deep groove [width#] [diameter#]
2 – Spherical roller 0 8 00 10mm
3 – Tapered roller 1 9 01 12mm
N – Cylindrical roller 2 0 02 15mm
3 1 03 17mm
4 2 0n n*5mm
5 3
6 4
(Width/ (Outer Dia./
outer Dia.) Bore Dia.)

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 ABEC Tolerance - Precision ball bearings are manufactured to standards
established by the Annular Bearing Engineers Committee (ABEC) of the
American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA). These standards have
been accepted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and conform
essentially to the standards set by the International Standards Organization
(ISO).

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 RUNOUT

Inner ring: The total indicator reading during one complete

revolution of the inner ring with the outer ring remaining
stationary.

Outer ring: The total indicator reading during one complete

revolution of the outer ring with the inner ring remaining
stationary.

FACE RUNOUT

Inner ring: The total indicator reading during one complete

revolution of the inner ring with the outer ring remaining
stationary.

Outer ring: The total indicator reading during one complete

revolution of the outer ring with the inner ring remaining
stationary.

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 5. BEARING LIFE AND BEARING LOAD CAPACITY

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 Bearing-Life Recommendations for Various of
Classes of Machinery
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 Experiments show that two groups of identical bearings
tested under different load F1 and F2 will have respective
lives according to the relation:
( load: P or F )
p
L1  P2 
=  
L2  P1 
Units of L are revolutions
The results of many tests for various kinds of bearings result
in:
p=3 for ball bearings
p=10/3 for roller bearings (cylindrical and tapered roller)

The tested life-failure criterion at different loads are plotted

on a graph using log-log tranformation.

L1 P1p = L2 P2p = constant

Load-life Curve (log-log curve)

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 ( L10 )1 Pr1p = ( L10 ) 2 Prp2 = (1)C p
(Basic rating life 1 million with %90 reliability)
(Basic load rating-catolog load rating C)

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 In Steyr catalog a2 & a3 are combined to give a single
correction factor a23
(a23 combined material & operating conditions factor)

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 P: Equivalent dynamic load (depends on radial (Fr) and
axial (Fa) load on the bearing)

Note: We use CISO in Steyr Catalog

CISO – required standard by ISO
Cmod – Steyr Company specified Cmod > CISO
(They claim that their bearings exceed ISO specs)

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 ν vs. T Graph can be used to find nominal viscosity at 40oC

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 ν Fig. 3
a23 depends on viscosity ratio χ=
ν1
Fig. 2

Ideal Oper. Cond

Normal Op. Cond.

Unfavorable Op. Cond.

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 Combbined Radial and Thrust Loading

Two dimensionless groups can be formed:

Fe/VFr and Fa/VFr P = Fe

When these two dimensionless groups are plotted the data can be
approximated by two straight-line segments. The e is intersection
of these two curves.
P Fa
=1 when ≤e
VFr VFr
P F Fa
=X+Y a when >e
VFr VFr VFr

P = Fe

X is the ordinate intercept and

Y is the slop of the line

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 Figure 2.2/3

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 Maximum permissile axial load of cylindrical roller bearing

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 Static radial & axial load factors given in table 2.3/1 p43

Static Carrying Safety : used only in cases of:

Oscillation, Slow rotation (n<33rpm), Dynamic
loading with schocks

Reference values for S0 are given in Section 2.3.3 on page 44

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 Tandem, O - or X – Arrangements:
X – Arrangements : (direct or face to face mounting)
Used when there is unavoidable shaft bending or housing
misalignments that must be tolerated. Thrust loads are
observed in either direction by one bearing only. Due to the
small support range, characterized by lower rigidity and less
ability to absorb tilting moments

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 O - Arrangements : (indirect or back to back mounting)
Used when a very rigit assembly is required.

Thrust loads are observed in either direction by one bearing

only. High rigitity and a great ability to absorb tilting
moments

Tandem Arrangements : Used when there is extremely high

thrust load in one direction, where high speed and space
limitations prevent the use of single but larger bearings or
simpler arangements. Thrust loads, equally distributed over
both bearing, are observed in one direction only

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 Tape roller bearings ( and angular contact roll bearings)
exert an induced thrust load on the shaft when a pure
radial load is applied. Another bearing which can take
this thrust should be used to counterbalance it.

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 Axial thrust load is taken into account in the life calculation
of the bearing which is effecting the smaller thrust load if
Fa/Fr>e
FrA FrB

A B
Fa

Induced
thrust loads
FrA FrB

Fa A ΦA ΦB B

Tendency Tendency
to slide left to slide right

Needed thrust to
keep cone in place
FrA FrB

Fa A ΦA ΦB B
Tendency
Tendency
to slide right
to slide left

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 FrA FrB

ΦA Φ A − Fa
A Fa B
Tendency
Tendency
to slide right
to slide left

Assume that ΦA > ΦB

Then bearing cone B will be pushed left with force ΦA
Assume that ΦA > ΦB and also

an axial Force Fa acting right

Φ A − Fa ≥ Φ B or (Fa ≤ Φ A − Φ B )
Then cone B will still be pushed left with force larger than Φ B
Equivalent axial load on B Φ A − Fa = FaB

If we keep increase increasing Fa , Then at some point

Φ A − Fa < Φ B or ( Φ A − Φ B < Fa )
FrA FrB

Φ B + Fa
A ΦB B
Fa Fa
Tendency
Tendency
to slide right
to slide left

Now cone A is pushed right.

Equivalent axial load on A Φ B + Fa = FaA

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 85

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 .

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 ν vs. T Graph can be used to find nominal viscosity at 40oC

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 ν Fig. 3
a23 depends on viscosity ratio χ=
ν1
Fig. 2

Ideal Oper. Cond

Normal Op. Cond.

Unfavorable Op. Cond.

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 Figure 2.2/3

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 A B
FaA=1.2kN

FrA=4.2kN FrB=3.0kN

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 Page 83 (Steyr)

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 (n/ng – application maximum operating speed
divided by rated bearig operating speed for
grease lubrication)

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 Page 91 (Steyr)

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 Page 103 (Steyr)

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