CHAPTER 1:

INTERNET OF THINGS: INTRODUCTION

I.F. AKYILDIZ

Visiting Distinguished Professor

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
SSN Engineering
Email: ian@ssn.edu.in
 STARTING FROM THE INTERNET

Internet appears everywhere in the world

but it is still a connection between people and people
(700 Million hosts; 1.4 Billion users
IFA’2021 2
 WHAT IS THE INTERNET OF THINGS?
Internet connects all people à “Internet of People”
IoT connects all things à “Internet of Things”

Interconnection of Things or Objects or Machines,

e.g., sensors, actuators, mobile phones, electronic devices, home
appliances, watches, thermostats, cars, clothes, any existing items
interact with each other via Internet.
IFA’2021 3
 WHAT IS INTERNET OF THINGS?

Today more and more physical objects are becoming smart with embedded sensors,
IFA’2021
electronics and software, and get connected in a network which we call “the Internet of Things”
4
 INTERNET OF THINGS: DEFINITION

The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to

a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless
and self-configuring, such as household appliances.
------Wikipedia

By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of

additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of
communication between people and things, and between things themselves.
------WSIS (World Summit on the Information Society) 2005

IFA’2021 5
 SOME OTHER DEFINITIONS
1. ITU Internet Reports, “The Internet of Things”, November 2005.
2. INFSO & EPOSS, “Internet of Things in 2020, Roadmap for the Future”, May 2008

n ITU:
From anytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything.

n EC-INFSO (European Commission for Network and Information Security Agency):

IoT involves things having identities and virtual personalities
operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and
communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts.

IFA’2021 6
 MORE DEFINITIONS: INTERNET OF THINGS

• IoT 2008:
The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and
research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world
of physical objects.

• IoT 2020:
“Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces
using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social,
environmental, and user contexts”.

IFA’2021 7
 History of the IoT

n Kevin Ashton (British Entrepreneur) coined the term IoT in 1999:

– He referred to a global network of RFID connected objects

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 THINGS CONNECTED:
COMMUNICATED BETWEEN PHYSICAL WORLD AND INFORMATION WORLD

IFA’2021 9
 INTERNET OF THINGS GROWTH

During 2008, the number of things

connected to the internet
exceeded
the number of people on Earth.

2003
2010
2015 By 2025, there
will be 50 billion

IFA’2021 10
 IoT Explosion

• Reports from Cisco estimated that there were 8.7 billion connected devices in 2012, with some 50
billion devices expected to connect to the Internet by 2025.
• Huawei predicts that by 2025, a total of 100 billion connections will be generated globally and two million new
sensors will be deployed every hour.
IFA’2021 11
 MAJOR SUBJECT OF 5G CELLULAR SYSTEMS (2020-2025)

Connection of
7 Billion of People and
7 Trillion Things

IoT Names:
• Internet of Everything by CISCO
• Smarter Planet by IBM
IFA’2021 12
 IMPACT

The IoT will radically change life for:

– Private Users:
Domotics, assisted living, e-health, enhanced learning.

– Business Users:
Automation and industrial manufacturing, logistics, business/
process management, intelligent transportation of people and goods.

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 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS

n Scale:
Number of nodes will be many orders of magnitude higher than the current Internet

n Heterogeneity:
Many technologies will need to interact with each other

nPervasivity:
Computing and communication technologies will be embedded in our environments

IFA’2021 14
 INTERNET OF THINGS: PERSPECTIVE

Any TIME
• On the Move
• Outdoors and Indoors
• Nights and Daytime
• Outdoors
• Indoors
• On the Move
Any PLACE
• Human to Human (H2H)
• Human to Thing (H2T)
• Thing to Thing (T2T)

Any THING
IFA’2021
15
 4 Layers Model of IoT

Integrated
Application Smart Logistic Smart Grid Green Building Smart Transport Env. Monitor

Information
Processing
Data Center Search Engine Smart Decision Info. Security Data Mining

Network WWAN WMAN

Construction
Internet
WPAN WLAN

Sensing and
Identification
GPS Smart Device RFID Sensor Sensor
IFA’2021 16
 IoT REFERENCE MODEL

LEVELS Center
7 Collaboration & Processes
(Involving People & Business Processes)
6 Application
(Reporting, Analytics, Control)
5 Data Abstraction
(Aggregation & Access)
Data Accumulation
4 (Storage)
Edge Computing
3 (Data Element Analysis & Transformation)
Connectivity
2 (Communication & Processing Units)
Edge
Sensors, Devices, Machines,
Physical Devices & Controllers
1
Intelligent Edge Nodes of all types

(The “Things” in IoT)

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 Evolving IoT ECOSYSTEM

IoT is composed of many different pieces working in concert to create a new model.

IFA’2021 18
 TOP INDUSTRIES KEY FOR IOT APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT AND REVENUE GENERATION

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 Recent IoT Products

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 A CATEGORIZATION OF APPLICATIONS

nConsumer Applications

nGovernment Applications

nEnterprise Applications

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 CONSUMER APPLICATIONS

n Smart Home: energy management, water management, home and chore

automation, home robots, safety and security, air quality

n Connected Vehicles: autonomous vehicle, navigation, logistics, routing,

operations management, condition-based maintenance

n Healthcare: illness monitoring and management, personal fitness and wellness

n Life and Entertainment: hobby, gardening and water, music, smart pet

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 GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS

n Smart City: Power and lighting, adaptive traffic management, parking meters, surveillance,
events control, natural or human-made disaster management, emergency response system,
resource management

n Smart Transportation: Fleet management, connected car, roadway, rail, aviation, port

n Smart Grid: Demand response, power line efficiency

n Smart Water: Domestic waterworks and waste water management

n Smart Infrastructure: Structural health monitoring

n Environment: Environmental monitoring, air quality, landfill and waste management

IFA’2021 23
 ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS

n Energy (Oil/gas, solar, wind, etc.): Rigs and wells predictive maintenance, operating management, spill accident
management

n Smart Healthcare: Hospital, emergency ambulance service, emergency room, clinic, lab diagnosis, surgery,
research, home care, elder care, billing, industrial IoT, equipment efficiency, asset management

n Smart Retails: Self-checkout, in-store offers, loss prevention, layout optimization, beacon routing, inventory
control, customer relationship management

n Smart Agriculture
n Smart Banking
n Smart Building
n Smart Construction
n Smart Education
n Smart Insurance

IFA’2021 24
 CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS

of IoT

IFA’2021 25
 REMEMBER

n Home Appliances + Communications = Smart Home

n Car + Communications = Smart Car
n Biosensors + Communications = Smart Healthcare
n ...
n ...
n Anything + Communications = Smart Anything

n SMART: Sense data, Store, Compute, Communicate.

Great opportunity for experts in information and communication technologies!

IFA’2021 26
 Applications of IoT
Regional Offices Biosensors

Homes Network Public Places

Transportation & Virtual

Vehicles Environments

IFA’2021 27
 Application of IoT: Smart Home

• Remote Monitoring/Control
(Appliances)

• Safety:
When do the doors open/close?

• Energy Management:

Turn off the lights/AC?

• Maintenance:
Are the sinks/pipes leaking?

• Entertainment Control
• Energy Management
• In-house entertainment Control

IFA’2021 28
 Application of IoT: HEALTHCARE

The global IoT healthcare market is expected to grow from

$32.47 billion in 2015 to $163.24 billion by 2020:

• Remote patient monitoring services

• Mobile health technology
• Telemedicine
• Medication Management
• Improved Clinical Care
• Employee workflow management and
• Inpatient monitoring

IFA’2021 29
 Application of IoT: SHOPPING

When shopping in the market, the

goods will introduce themselves.

When entering the doors, scanners will

identify the tags on her clothing.

When paying for the goods, the microchip

of the credit card will communicate with
checkout reader.
When moving the goods, the reader will
tell the staff to put a new one.

IFA’2021 30
 Adoption of IoT Networks: Transportation
• Save lives and property
• Reduce emissions and
• Cut commuting time and effort

IFA’2021 31
 Adoption of IoT Networks: Transportation

1.3GB/h

(Multiple)
3G, 4G/ LTE
External
SATELLITE
WiFi
DSRC
Internal 802.11p
WiFi

Bluetooth SCV
Gateway

Tethered
connection

IFA’2021 32
 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION

• Driver warning, autopilot, emergency self stop, traffic management

• Real-time vehicle tracking and fleet management

• Route planning information, high-precision estimated arrival times
• Valuable data for insurance companies

IFA’2021 33
 Application of IoT: Smart Environment Domain

* Comfortable Homes and Offices

(IoT is a green technology!)

• Smart Industrial Plants

• Smart Entertainment Environments (gym)
• Smart Schools

IFA’2021 34
 Adoption of IoT Networks: SMART GRID

Utility companies use IoT to improve

* asset performance
* reduce costs
* infrastructure management
* lower supply chain risks and
* empower employees and consumers
* More efficient and proactive maintenance

By the end of 2017, annual smart grid spending

in China could total $20 billion,
.”
with smart meters comprising
$2 billion of that total

IFA’2021 35
 Application of IoT: Monitoring the Environment

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 Military Applications:
Command, Control, Communications, Computing, Intelligence,
Surveillance, Reconnaissance, Targeting (C4ISRT)

! Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition

! Battlefield surveillance
! Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain
! Targeting
! Battle damage assessment
! Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) attack detection and reconnaissance

37
IFA’2021
 FURTHER MILITARY APPLICATIONS

! Intrusion detection (mine fields)

! Detection of firing gun (small arms) location
! Chemical (biological) attack detection
! Targeting and target tracking systems
! Enhanced navigation systems
! Battle damage assessment system
! Enhanced logistics systems

IFA’2021 38
 ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

! Environmental monitoring in marine, soil, and atmospheric contexts

! Tracking the movements of birds, small animals, and insects
! Precision Agriculture
! Intelligent Irrigation
! Earth monitoring and planetary exploration
! Flood Detection
! Fire Detection
! Pollution study
! Meteorological or geophysical apps
IFA’2021 39
 HABITAT MONITORING
GREAT DUCK ISLAND IN MAINE

IFA’2021 40
 ZEBRANET

n Animal Tracking – Use collars

with GPS to monitor the walking
patterns of zebras in Kenya
– Collect detailed, accurate position
logs of each zebra
– Have a high data recovery rate
– Autonomous Operation

IFA’2021 41
 FOREST FIRE DETECTION: FIREBUG

– Temperature and
humidity sensor

– Barometric pressure
sensor

– GPS unit

– Accelerometer

– Light Intensity
Sensor

42

IFA’2021 42
 DISASTER RELIEF OPERATIONS

n Earthquake-rubbled buildings (robots and sensors):

locate survivors, evaluate structural damage

IFA’2021 43
 HEALTH APPLICATIONS

! Patient Monitoring

! Helping Disabled

! Diagnostics

! Telemonitoring of human physiological data

! Tracking and monitoring doctors and patients inside a hospital

IFA’2021 44
 CODEBLUE: WSNS FOR MEDICAL CARE (M-HEALTH)

n NSF, NIH, U.S. Army, Sun Microsystems and Microsoft Corporation

n Motivation - Vital sign data poorly integrated with pre-hospital and hospital-based patient care records

IFA’2021 45
 CODEBLUE FOR MEDICAL CARE

– Small wearable sensors

– Wireless pulse oximeter
– Based on the Mica2, MicaZ, and Telos sensor node platforms
– Custom sensor board with pulse oximeter or EKG circuitry
– Pluto mote
lScaled-down version of the Telos
lRechargeable Li-ion battery
l Small USB connector

IFA’2021 46
 WIRELESS AUTOMATIC METER READING (WAMR) SYSTEMS FOR POWER UTILITIES:
M2M COMMUNICATION

IFA’2021 47
 SMART ROADS: M2M

* Traffic monitoring, accident detection, recovery assistance

* Finding out empty parking lots in a city, without asking a

server (car-to-car communication)

* Vehicle tracking and detection

IFA’2021 48
 BUILDINGS (OR BRIDGES)

- High-rise buildings self-detect structural faults

– Reduce energy wastage by proper humidity, ventilation, air

conditioning (HVAC) control

– Needs measurements about room occupancy, temperature,

air flow, …

– Monitor mechanical stress after earthquakes

IFA’2021 49
 FURTHER APPLICATIONS

! Monitoring Product Quality

! Intrusion detection into industrial sites

! Control of leakages in chemical plants

! Factory Floor Automation
! Constructing Smart Homes

! Constructing Smart Office Spaces

! Smart Spaces

IFA’2021 50
 INTERNET OF UNDERWATER THINGS

IFA’2021 51
 UNDERWATER NETWORKS
I.F. AKYILDIZ, D. POMPILI, T. MELODIA,
“UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC SENSOR NETWORKS: RESEARCH CHALLENGES”,
AD HOC NETWORKS (ELSEVIER) JOURNAL, MARCH 2005.

Applications:
! Ocean Sampling Networks
! Pollution Monitoring and other environmental monitoring
(chemical, biological)
! Disaster Prevention
! Assisted Navigation
! Distributed Tactical Surveillance
! Mine Reconnaissance

IFA’2021 52
 ARCHITECTURE OF UNDERWATER NETWORKS

53
IFA’2021
 INTERNET OF UNDERGROUND THINGS

IFA’2021 54
 WIRELESS UNDERGROUND NETWORKS
I.F. AKYILDIZ AND ERICH STUNTEBECK,
“WIRELESS UNDERGROUND SENSOR NETWORKS: RESEARCH CHALLENGES”,
AD HOC NETWORKS (ELSEVIER) JOURNAL, NOV. 2006.

Sink

Soil Condition
Sensor

-Water
-Salinity
-Temperature

IFA’2021 55
 UNDERGROUND SENSOR NETWORKS

COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
through in
SOIL MINES & TUNNELS

IFA’2021 56
 APPLICATIONS
n Environmental Security:
– Earthquake and landslide prediction and monitoring
– Groundwater monitoring
– Toxic substance monitoring near wells and aquifers

n National Security:
– Concealed and autonomous border patrol
– Intruder detection

n Personal Safety:
– Mine disaster prevention & rescue
– Road & subway accident prevention & rescue

IFA’2021 57
 APPLICATIONS

n Soil condition monitoring for intelligent agriculture and landscaping

n Oil Reservoir monitoring for upstream oil & gas industry

n Intelligent traffic system in road & subway tunnels

IFA’2021 58
 APPLICATIONS

n Underground infrastructure monitoring such as

* pipes
* electrical wiring,
* liquid storage tanks
* underground fuel tanks
* septic tanks

n Monitoring the structural health of any underground

components of a building, bridge, or dam

IFA’2021 59
 APPLICATIONS

n Sports field monitoring

n Golf courses

n Soccer fields

n Baseball fields

n Grass tennis courts

IFA’2021 60
 APPLICATION: PIPELINE MONITORING
MAJOR UNDETECTED PIPE LEAK IN 2006
[NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 15, 2006 ]

n The largest oil spill occurred on the tundra of Alaska's North Slope
– 270 K gallons of thick crude oil spilled over two acres

n Oil escaped through a pinprick-size hole in a corroded 34-inch pipe

n Most of the oil seeped beneath the snow without attracting the attention of
workers monitoring alarm systems

n The spill went undetected for as long as five days

IFA’2021 61
 Underground Pipeline Monitoring
Z. Sun, et.al., "MISE-PIPE: Magnetic Induction-based Wireless Sensor Networks for Underground
Pipeline Monitoring," Ad Hoc Networks Journal (Elsevier), May 2011.

Sink

Flow Direction Sensor (powered by fluid flow)

IFA’2021 62
 APPLICATION: Intelligent Irrigation

n Irrigation: 69% of worldwide water consumption. Fresh Water Usage in the World
(2007)
n Current solution:
– Apply uniform irrigation in the whole field using
predetermined plan.
Irrigation 69%
n Intelligent irrigation:
– Apply right amount of water at the right location
and right time.
– Depends on underground sensor networks

IFA’2021 63
 APPLICATION: Border Patrol
Z. Sun et.al.,
"BorderSense: Border Patrol through Advanced Wireless Sensor Networks,"
Ad Hoc Networks Journal (Elsevier), May 2011.

n Conventional Border Patrol Systems:

– Extensive human resources needed
– Intruder can avoid the check points

n New border patrol system:

– Hybrid sensor system consists of:
lUnderground sensors
lUnmanned aerial vehicle

IFA’2021 64
 APPLICATION: Oil Reservoir Monitoring

n Terrestrial/seabed oil recovery

n Large but thin fracture filled with
water/oil
n Very small sensor (<1 cm)
n RF-challenged environment
– Water/oil + soil + tunnel

IFA’2021 65
 APPLICATION: Mine Disaster Prevention & Rescue

n No existing technique
supports disaster-immune
communication and
localization in UG mines.

n Based on our research on

mine communications, the
hybrid EM-MI system can
realize the disaster immunity.

IFA’2021 66
 INTERNET OF SPACE THINGS

Coffee mug size

Satellites

Univ of New Mexico

IFA’2021 67
 4 LAYERS MODEL OF IOT

Integrated
Application Smart Logistic Smart Grid Green Building Smart Transport Env. Monitor

Information
Processing Data Center Search Engine Smart Decision Info. Security Data Mining

Network WWAN WMAN

Construction
Internet
WPAN WLAN

Sensing and
Identification
GPS Smart Device RFID Sensor Sensor
IFA’2021 68
 IOT AND WSN

n WSN is IoT， IoT aka WSN è IoT ＝ WSN à NOT TRUE !!!

• IoT is not WSN à IoT ≠WSN à TRUE

• IoT contains WSN à IoT ≥WSN à TRUE

IFA’2021 69
 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ARCHITECTURE

Internet,
Sink
Satellite, UAV

Sink
Task
Manager

I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci,

“Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey”, Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, March 2002.

IFA’2021 70
IFA’2021 71
 CHARACTERISTICS OF WSNS

n Scalability
– Support large number of nodes
– Performance should not degrade with increasing number of nodes

n Wide Range of Densities

– Vast or small number of nodes per unit area, very application-dependent

n Limited Resources for each Device

– Low amount of energy
– Low cost, size, and weight per node
– Nodes may not have a global ID such as an IP address

n Mostly Static Topology

- Topology of a sensor network may change frequently due to node failure and node mobility

IFA’2021 72
 CHARACTERISTICS OF WSNS

n Service in WSN
– Not simply moving bits like traditional networks
– In-network processing
l Provide answers (not just numbers)
– Communication is triggered by queries or events
– Asymmetric flow of information

n Quality of Service
– Traditional QoS metrics do not apply

n Fault Tolerance
– Be robust against node failure
l Running out of energy, physical destruction

IFA’2021 73
 CHARACTERISTICS OF WSNS

n Lifetime
– The network should fulfill its task as long as possible
– Definition depends on the application
– Lifetime of individual nodes relatively unimportant
– But often treated equivalently

n Programmability
– Re-programming of nodes in the field might be necessary, improve flexibility

n Maintainability
– WSN has to adapt to changes, self-monitoring, adapt operation
– Incorporate possible additional resources, e.g., newly deployed nodes

IFA’2021 74
 DIFFERENCES FROM AD-HOC NETWORKS

n Number of sensor nodes can be several orders of magnitude higher

n Sensor nodes are densely deployed and are prone to failures

n Topology of a sensor network may change frequently due to node

failure and node mobility

n Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacities, and memory

n Need tight integration with sensing tasks (very application dependent networking)

IFA’2021 75
 SENSOR NODE HARDWARE
SoC (System on Chip) Sensor Hardware
Standard Sensor Hardware
Sensor Processor Transceiver
Sensor
Transducer
Processor
Memory
+ Transceive
r
Transducer Memory

Power Management or
Power Management or Power Management + Energy Harvesting
Power Management + Energy Harvesting
SoC combines Processor + Transceiver
on the same chip.

Transceiver
Processor SoC
Sensor/
Communication
Sensor/
IFA’2021
Communication 76
 Architecture of a “Thing” in IoT
Power Management Module
it
t Un • Ultra-capacitors
Energy Storage Module m en n it
ag e le
n tU ag
e • PMU
• Lithium Battery • Energy Harvesting Ma
n
ge me
o du Im sor
n
r na M Se
• AAA/AA Batteries we H
ent
a
Po rM Se um re
w e
ge m ns idit ssu r
Po na o or y r e
M a Gyr P so
n
Se
er ht st
ic
gy g Pow Lig sor
n c ou r
er st in
e S A so le
n
E rv e
p
Tem sor Se
n
odu
Ha
n M
ing
Se
le ns
r y odu iF i Se
e
B att in gM W

r vest er e
Ha io Be
y R ad s ce iv Zig Sensing Module
rg n
Ene l
T ra • Gyroscope
na ng
S ig ces s i th • Acoustic Sensors
RF Module P ro to o le • Pressure Sensors
Bl u e
odu Humidity Sensors
M •
• Signal Processing RF • Temperature Sensors
• Wifi • Image Sensors
• ZigBee • Light Sensors
• Bluetooth LE • Gas RFID Sensors
• Radio Transceiver • Mcro Flow Sensors

IFA’2021 77
 Sensor Node Hardware: STM32 IoT Node

n Main components
– Base (Processor + Transceiver)
– Sensor Board

IFA’2021 78
 1G SENSOR NETWORK TESTBED
@ BWN LAB

IFA’2021 79
 2G SENSOR NETWORK TESTBED
@ BWN LAB (ZIGBEE)

IFA’2021 80
 3G SENSOR NETWORK TESTBED
@ BWN LAB (NFC AND SUB-GHZ)

Underground Communication

NFC 13.56MHz
IFA’2021 81
 4G SENSOR NETWORK TESTBED @ BWN LAB
(IoT Sensor Development Board)

STM32 IoT Node NI USRP – 6GHz

IFA’2021 82
 TIMELINE FOR SENSOR DEVICES

IFA’2021 83
 TIMELINE FOR SENSOR DEVICES (UPDATED)

IFA’2021 84
 Examples for Sensor Nodes

Dust Smart Dust

Rockwell WINS JPL Sensor Webs

IFA’2021 85
 Examples for Sensor Nodes
Rene Mote Dot Mote

MICA Mote weC Mote

IFA’2021 86
 EXAMPLES FOR SENSORS: LOW END

n Mica2DOT (2003)
– 16Kb program memory
– RFM TR1000 (CSMA/ASK)
– Lightweight and small

n Mica2 & Cricket platform (2003)

– 128Kb program memory
– ChipconCC1000 (CSMA/FSK)
– 40Khz Ultrasounders (Cricket only)

n MicaZ (2004) & Telos (2005)

– 128Kb (MicaZ), 48Kb (Telos) program memory
– 802.15.4/Zigbee stack
– Spread Spectrum radio handles multipath better
– Integrated antenna (Telos only)

IFA’2021
 SENSOR TYPES: MICA SENSOR BOARD

n Light
– Thermopile
– Ultraviolet Sounder
– IR Light Temperature
– Visible Light
– Color sensors
n Magnetic Accelerometer
n Sound
– Ultrasound
n Accelerometers 1.25 in
n Temperature sensors
n Pressure sensors
n Humidity
n Touch sensors
Magnetometer 2.25 in
Microphone

IFA’2021 88
 EXAMPLES FOR SENSORS: HIGH-END

n Imote (2003) & Imote2

– Higher processing power
– Bluetooth (Imote, Imote2), 802.11 (Imote2 only) capable

n Stargate (2005) & Stargate 2.0

– Pentium class processor
– Linux OS => easy development (C/C++)
– More processing capabilities => energy intensive
– 802.11 capable

IFA’2021
 Examples for Sensor Nodes

Whale Satellite Tracker

Nordic Bluetooth Beacon
NRF51822

CC1350 – Launchpad Processor : TI CC1350

Transceiver: 2.4GHz ( BLE ) + Sub GHz (868/915MHz)

IFA’2021 90
 TELOS BY MOTEIV

IFA’2021 91
 TELOS BY MOTEIV.COM

Robust, Easy to use, Lower Cost

Integrated Humidity & Temperature sensor

n CC2420 radio, 2.4 GHz, 250 kbps

n Motorola HCS08 processor

– Lower power consumption, 1.8V operation, faster wakeup time
– 40 MHz CPU clock, 10K RAM; 48K Flash
– 50m indoor; 125m outdoor ranges

IFA’2021 92
 STM32 IoT Node

IFA’2021 93
 STM32 IoT Node Specs

– Robust, Easy to use, Lower Cost

– Sensors:
l HTS221 Capacitive digital sensor for relative humidity and temperature
l LIS3MDL High-performance MEMS 3-axis magnetometer and 3D accelerometer
l LSM6DSL 3D MEMS gyroscope
l LPS22HB MEMS nano pressure sensor: 260-1260 hPa absolute digital output
barometer
l VL53L0X Time-of-flight and gesture-detection sensor
l MP34DT01 Digital omnidirectional MEMS microphones

IFA’2021 94
 STM32 IoT Node Specs

nSTM32L4 series MCU with ARM Cortex core

nMemory
– 1 Megabyte of Flash memory and 128 Kbytes of SRAM
(via the STM32L4 MCU) – 80 MHz
– 64-Mbit Quad-SPI (Macronix) Flash memory

IFA’2021 95
 STM32 IoT Node Specs

nBluetooth – BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) (SPBTLE-RF)

nWi-Fi – 2.4GHz Wi-Fi® module Inventek ISM43362-M3G-L44
(802.11 b/g/n compliant)
nSub-GHz RF - 915 MHz (SPSGRF)
nNFC-tag IC (M24LR)

IFA’2021 96
 Single-Board Microcontroller

Arduino: ($20)

• 8-bit Atmel AVR or 32-bit Atmel ARM

• Many different microprocessor products

• Interface to Ethernet, GPS, etc..

• Applications: Drones, Phones, Oscilloscopes

• Hundreds of microcontrollers exist !! See WIKIPEDIA

IFA’2021 97
 Single-Board Computers

Raspberry Pi V4 Model B ($35)

• Dual 4K Displays
• 1.5 GHz-bit quad-core ATM Cortex-A72
• Up to 4GB RAM
• OS: Linus, Windows 10, Free BSD, etc
• MicroSDHC, USB3, Gigabit Ethernet,
802.11ac WIFI, Bluetooth

IFA’2021 98
 Single Board AI Engines ($150)

• Google Coral Development Board

• Edge Tenor Processing Unit
• Machine Learning accelerator
• Cyrptographic co-processor
• Gigabit Ethernet, WiFi Bluetooth
• USB, MicroSD
• HDMI, 3.5mm Audio
• Mendel LINUX, TensorFlow Lite,.

• Similar products exist from NVIDIA (JETSON NANO)

IFA’2021 99
 SENSOR TASKS

n Temperature
n Humidity
n Vehicular Movement
n Lightning Condition
n Pressure
n Soil Makeup
n Noise Levels
n Presence or Absence of Certain Types of Objects
n Mechanical Stress Levels on Attached Objects
n Current Characteristics (Speed, Direction, Size) of an Object ….

IFA’2021 100
 MARKET OVERVIEW

IFA’2021 101
 IoT Market Opportunity

• US$19 Trillion (Internet of Everything by Cisco)

• US$10-15 Trillion (Industrial Internet by GE)

• US$7.1 Trillion (Gartner)

• US$1.7 Trillion (IDC)

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