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Edexcel GCE
Economics
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 2: Managing the Economy

Wednesday 3 June 2009 – Afternoon Paper Reference

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M34480A
©2009 Edexcel Limited.
*M34480A0128*
1/1/1/1/1/1/

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Answer EITHER Question 1 OR Question 2

If you answer Question 1 put a cross in this box .


Question 1 Measures of economic performance
Figure 1 Measures of economic performance, selected developed countries

Current account
Inflation Human
Economic of the Balance of
(% increase in Development
growth % Payments
CPI) Index (HDI) value
(2006) (% of GDP)
(2006) (2005)
(2006)
France 2.0 1.8 =-1.8 0.952
Germany 2.0 1.8 =5.1 0.935
Spain 2.7 2.8 -10.2 0.949
United Kingdom 2.3 2.0 =-3.6 0.946
Source: www.imf.org (2007 report) and www.undp.org (2007 report of HDI based on 2005 values)

Figure 2 School enrolment figures and HDI ranks, selected developed


and developing economies (2005)

Economy Combined HDI Rank


enrolment
ratio for
primary and
secondary
education (%)
France 99.5 110
Spain 98.5 113
United Kingdom 97.5 116
Pakistan 44.5 136
Kenya 60.5 148
Ethiopia 44.5 169
Niger 24.5 174
Source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics (2007 report based on 2005 figures)


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M34480A_GCE_AS_Economics_Unit_2_2 2 01/12/2008 12:42:02
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(a) With reference to Figure 1,





(i) explain what is meant by the term economic growth.


(4)
(ii) outline how the Consumer Price Index is calculated.


(4)
(iii) discuss two reasons why economic growth is inadequate as a measure of


changes in living standards over time.
(12)
(b) (i) Does Spain’s current account balance as shown in Figure 1 represent a net



injection or withdrawal? Explain your answer.
(4)
(ii) Outline two possible reasons for Spain’s current account balance, with


reference to the data in Figure 1.
(6)
(c) With reference to Figures 1 and 2,


(i) explain what is meant by the term Human Development Index.


(4)
*(ii) evaluate the advantages of the HDI in making comparisons between countries.


(16)
*(d) Evaluate the use of supply side policies to achieve economic growth.


(30)

*M34480A0 8*

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(a) With reference to Figure 1,




(i) explain what is meant by the term economic growth.


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(4)

(ii) outline how the Consumer Price Index is calculated.


The CPI measure of inflation starts by sorting through a large collection of survey data from  


which basket of goods and services is formed to reflect the consumer habits of the average family  

in a nation. then, these goods and services are weight are weighted according to the quantity  

bought by multiplying the average pirce of the good or service by the weight to provide a

weighted value of the basket when all the prices are added up. also, a base year is selected, where  

the raw value of the basket in that year is given the index value of 100. lastly, annual changes in

the raw value of this basket are indexed and compared to the base year with a simple percentage  

change calculation between annual index figures generating the inflation rate year on year.







(4)

*M34480A0 8*

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(iii) discuss two reasons why economic growth is inadequate as a measure of




changes in living standards over time.

Economic growth only account for the quantity of output produced. providing no information regarding

the quality of output. this is highly significant as production can lead to severe negative production 

externalities such as the costs of air pollution, resource degradation. the existence of these externalities

drastically reduce living standards and development but is not account for in GDP figures.
economic growth does not provide information regarding the distribution of income. increases in Real  


GDP per capital may only benefit the elite is becausw or a small part of population. this is because such  

growth may have been generated from one dominant sector in the economy with income earned going  

only to those who work in that sector. in addtion, growth generated may have been captial intensive

where only captial owners benefit from higher income In addition, corrupt governments may prevent the  

effective redistribution of income from higher levels of GDP and increase in tax revenue promoting

income inequality in society. even though the economy experiences growth, the poor may see no  

improvement in their 1iving standards witin relative and abosolute poverty remaining.


however, a high GDP means


this in turn that firms will have more profits to employ more people and invest more on capital goods.
so traditional economics states that rising in living standards because more human wangts can be
satisfied. GDP may be a very useful international benchmark to evaluate standards of living. however, it


is not the best one. becaue it is purely a single measue of development-it only measures changes in
income. this is a big flaw as development comprises of far more than just higher incomes. health care


and education factors are also pivotal to development. as a consequence, there is a more appropriate
measure of development can be used. which is human developmen index HDI)
















*M34480A0 8*

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(b) (i) Does Spain’s current account balance as shown in Figure 1 represent a net



injection or withdrawal? Explain your answer.

current account balance is part of the balance of payments account. A major component of the current


account is the balance of trade. according to figure 1, it is a deficit, so withdrawal.









(4)
(ii) Outline two possible reasons for Spain’s current account balance, with


reference to the data in Figure 1.

the inflation rate of Spain was relatively high, so the price com patitiveness decrease, may lead to a  


deficit on balance of payments due to the reduces of exports revenue.

besides, the economy growth rate is relatively high, so the income of poeple may increase and they

could perchase more imports, which may also cause a deficit.












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(c) With reference to Figures 1 and 2,




(i) explain what is meant by the term Human Development Index.


HDI is a measurement of the living quality of poeple live in a country which includes life expectancy,


GDP per head and education.
the HDI of France was 0.952 according to the figure 1.









(4)
*(ii) evaluate the advantages of the HDI in making comparisons between countries.


HDI contains not only GDP per head but also education and health care factors, so it could measure  

the life quality of poeple more comprehensive and reflect a more realistic situation. it will reduce the

impact of inflation rate.


there has a comparasion between different countries, so it has good contrast.


however, income reditribution, the gap between rich and poor can be shown.


Data collection may not be comprehensive or accurate.
enviornmental condition may could not be reflect.













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The HDI in measuring incomes, school and health progress is more encompassing and broader measure  


of development than any single indicator. though GDP per head still comprises one third of the index,
using GDP per head alone is too narrow considering what development consists of. the HDI is therefore  

extremely useful when it comes to comparing development progress between countries. In addition, GDP

per head simply maps economic growth but that may not translate into development outcomes  

improving due to corrupt governance, captial intensive production or one sector dominance. The HDI  


purely focuses on development outcomes. i.e. whether economic growth had led to improved education  

and health care. therefore one would expect a positive correlation between GDP per head and the HDI  


rank but any mismatch can guide policy and resource allocation for development in the future.
furthermore, the HDI allows country to measure their development progress over time. as a composite  

and trusted indicator of development, countries can meaningfully track their development progress from

year to year and decade to decade enabling judgements to be made over policies used and government  

effectiveness of development.


The HDI clearly indicates where development progress may need to be concentrated and thus is an  

excellent tool for effective policy decisions and for the efficient direction of aid money coming into

developing country. the breakdown of the HDI is very clear and a marked strength of the measure  

making it easier to finalise and justify these important decisions.


The HDI does not differentiate between different rate of development progress within a country, for  

example, the difference in development outcomes between urban and rural areas. in this sense, the HDI  


does not account for income inequality within a country and the impact of inequality in development.
Incomes, schooling and health care scores are weighted equally in the HDI which can be argued to be  

arbitrary especially if it is clear that a certain area such as healthcare is lacking more than another. this

makes it harder to efficientlv allocate funds and may lead to aid money directed to areas that are not  

utmost need.


the HDI in only comparising three areas of development could be argued that to be quite narrow in its  

outlook as developmen consists of a multitude of factors such as freedom, gender equality,


infrastructure, poverty alleviation and a clean environment; all factors not directly measured in the HDI.
however, it can be argued that the selectivity and focus of the HDI on three major pillars of  

development is right especially when other aspects are difficult to neasure and could reduce the

reliability and value of HDI if included.









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if a country is operating at or very close to full employmer of output, then supply-side policies are  

needed to increase long term, potential growth.


1)
government spend more on education. for example, this include spending on apprenticeship schemes,
adult retraining and school curriculum reform if successful  

this will improve the skills and therefore productivity of the labor force raising human capital.
 

this reduces structural unemployment by proving skills to fill job vacancies in the economy,
 

increasing the quality of labor and thus LAS shifts from LRAS1 to LRAS2
   

reducing corporation tax. reducing corporation tax increase the incentive for firms to invest. firms  

have a greater level of retained profits to fund investment, which involves spending on new captial,  

upgrading machinery, building a new factory, improvin improving technology, engaging in research   

and development and spending on innovation. this investment improves both the quantitv and the    

quality of the capital stock in the economv whilst also improving the productive efficiency of the  

economy, increasing LRAS from LRAS1 to LRAS2.  

privatization. privatization of industries creates a profit motive in the industry. more firms enter    

the market to make profit, increasing competiton. competition and profit maximization objective    

incentivises maximum efficiency where firms aim to lower their costs of production as much as  

possible to charge lower price than rivals. this increases the productive efficiency of the economy,
increasing LRAS f' r from LRAS1 to LRAS2.  

描述图:potential growth and actual growth increase from Y1 to Y2. this is because with greater  

demand in the economy, firms respond by increasing output. this increase in output is an increase  

in real GDP, which is an increase in economic growth.  

1. supply-side policies are very expensive to implement. consider govenment spending on    

infrastructure which reduces the costs of production of firms, improving the efficiency of business    

operation. spending on improving the road network or building bridge etc will cost of million of    

pounds. there is a hugh opporunity cost involed here. if money have been borrowed, taxes will have  

to rise in the future burdening future tax payers.


 

perhaps to fund these supply side policies, cuts


 

have been or will have to be made elsewhere in the econom (such as on policing or health care/  

education). this will have negative implications on those who rely on the dav to day function of  

such services.  

supplf-side policies also take a long time to have an effect on productivity and efficiencv. any   

improvements in the education system or training schemes for example can take 5 to 15 vears before    

any improvement in productivity occurs that increases the productive capacity of the economy. this  

does severely reduce their short term impact.  

supply side policies are not guarantted to work.there is no guarantee that the government providing    

subsidies to firms will lead to an increase in research and development and then new technology    

which will boost AS. firms may decide to use the subsidy to pay off debts or pay greater dividends to  

shareholders or increase savings.  

whether supply side policies will be effective or not depend on the initial level of economic
   

acttivity. if an economy is already operating with large level of spare capacity, for example excess    

labor and captial, it will be more effective for expansionary demand side monetary or fiscal policies  

to stimulate aggregate demand using up this spare capacity to increase actual growth.  

supply-side policies will merely increase the potential output of the economy leaving actual growth    

and the other macroeconomic variables unchanged. in this case, there is no need for a greater labor  

force or capital stock. what is needed is for spare capacity that does exist to be used up ie. actual  

demand-side growth not supply-side potential growth.



(16)

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demand-side policy:
If a country is operating inside its PPC, therefore below the full employment level of output (i.e. there is a negative  

output gap), then expansionary fiscal and monetary policies are appropriate to increase short term, actual  

economic growth.
1, expansionary monetary policy. A cut in interest rate will reduce the costs of borrowing. This will make it cheaper  

for consumers to borrow, reducing the opportunity cost of doing so. Upon borrowing, the disposable income of  

consumers increase allowing them to spend on items such as houses, cars and furniture. This increases  

consumption in the AD equation shifting AD to the right from AD1 to AD2. In addition, a cut in interest rate will  

reduce the costs of borrowing for firms and hence increase the marginal propensity for firms to invest increasing I  

in the AD equation shifting AD to the right from AD1 to AD2.


AD1 to AD2..
2. expansionary fiscal policy. Governments could reduce the marginal rate of income tax for these in lower income  

tax bands or increase the income tax free allowance. As these consumers have a higher marginal propensity to  

consume, consumption would increase in the economy increasing AD from AD1 to AD2. in adition, governments  

can boost then spending in the economy for example by spending on infrastructure, education, healthcare, public  

sector wages etc. As G is a core component of AD, this will significant increase AD from AD1 to AD2 and  

generate a large multiplier effect in the economy whereby an initial increase in spending(AD) will increase  

incomes in the economy facilitating further round of spending and income generation. The end result is an even  

greater final increase in AD.


Actual growth increase from Y1 to Y2. This Is because with greater demand in the economy, firms respond by  

increasing output exhausting spare capacity. Y2 is now closer to the full employment level of output. This increase  

in output is an increase in real GDP, which is an increase in economic growth.

1) Inflation in the economy is likely to increase from P1 to P2 as spare capacity in the economy is being exhausted  

therefore there is more competition for resources and pressure put on existing factors of production increasing the  

prices of them. This puts upward pressure on prices and causes demand-pull inflation. Macroeconomic is about  

achieving all objectives not having to sacrifice one in pursuit of another hence is conflict of objectives is a cause  

for concern.
2) The deterioration of government finance. Expansionary fiscal policies would cost the government billions of  

pounds where funding would carry a severe opportunity cost. If the money had to be borrowed, taxes in the future  

would have to rise to pay back debts gathered. If indirect, regressive tax such as VAT or fuel duty increased to part  

fund this spending, the poor would suffer worsening income inequality going against a macroeconomic objective.

Policies to increase short term economic growth evaluation. 1. The initial level of economic activity. If the  

economy is initially operating with a large level of spare capacity( a large negative output gap), an increase in AD  

would most likely lead to a larger increase in output and decrease in unemployment. This is because with more  

spare capacity in the economy, it is relatively simple for firms to expand production by using up excess labor and  

capital that is unemployed in the economy. The lack of pressure on factors of production will also limit the rise in  

inflation, potentially with no demand pull inflationary effect at all, therefore not making export less competitive  

and worsening the current account position.

With low levels of spare capacity, the economy is close to fully utilizing all available factors of production  

including labor and capital. It therefore becomes extremely difficult for firms to find new workers to increase  

production or to increase their level of capital to produce more. As a result, the level of output and employment  

will not increase as much but the enormous pressure on the limited factors of production remaining will lead a  

mich greater rise in inflation and as a result a large deterioration of current account position.

2. The level of consumer and business confidence in the economy. If the level of consumer and business confidence  

is very low, a reduction in interest rates or income taxes, may have little impact on stimulating aggregate demand  

as consumers may be mindful of their future employment prospect. If the economy is in recession for example,
consumers may be cautious against redundancies and job losses and may be more inclined to save money.
Businesses may be concerned about lower profits and thus may be unwilling to borrow money or used retained  

profits to fund investment projects. Aggregate demand is unlikely to increase if at all leaving the four key  

macroeconomic objectives of government unaltered.

3. The state of government finances. If the government is in strong financial position i.e. a budget surplus,
financing expansionary fiscal policy is not a burden as theory suggests. The opportunity cost argument reduces in  

weight and future tax rises or spending cuts will not need to take place to fund such policies. However, if budget  

deficits are large and unstainable, the long term impact of expansionary fiscal policy could be severe with austerity  

the likely result. in that sense, the long term costs of such policies could outweigh the short term benefits.

4. The size of multiplier. The greater size of the multiplier, the less interest rates will need to be cut and the less the
government will need to increase spending or cut taxes in order to have large favorable impact on AD, growth
and employment in the ecbnomy; vice versa if the multiplier is small.
however, calculating the multiplier is difficult and highly assumptive therfore baasing fiscal policy decisions on it is
dangerous with no guarantee of success.
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*(d) Evaluate the use of supply side policies to achieve economic growth.


supply side policies is government policies designed to increase the productivity potential of the economy  

and push long-run aggregate supply curve to the right.


(LRAS shifts to the right, draw a graph)
release the inflation pressure.

improve the productivity, e c o n o m y g r o w t h , promote balance of payments  

spend more on education, labour force in the long run could be improved, also the mobility of labour.


however, there will be time lag


opportunity cost






















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......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*M34480A01228*
M34480A_GCE_AS_Economics_Unit_2_12 12 01/12/2008 12:42:03
更多咨询请登录 www.qyconsult.com 群尧咨询

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13
*M34480A01328* Turn over

M34480A_GCE_AS_Economics_Unit_2_13 13 01/12/2008 12:42:03


更多咨询请登录 www.qyconsult.com 群尧咨询

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......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(30)

(Total for Question 1 = 80 marks)

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If you answer Question 2 put a cross in this box .


Question 2 Demand management
Extract 1 Bank of England cuts interest rates again
The Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee today voted to reduce the official
interest rate. The prospects for global output growth abroad have worsened and the
disruption to world financial markets has continued. In the UK, credit conditions for
households and businesses are tightening. Consumer spending growth appears to have
eased. Although the substantial fall in the sterling exchange rate is likely to lessen the 5
effects of the fall in aggregate demand, output growth has moderated to around its
historical average rate and business surveys suggest that further slowing is in prospect.
These developments might lead to CPI inflation falling below target in the long run.
CPI inflation, at 2.1% in December 2007, was close to the inflation target, but higher
energy and food prices are expected to raise the rate of inflation, possibly quite sharply, 10
in the short run. The lower level of sterling will significantly increase import costs.
Source: Adapted from press release February 2008 www.bankofengland.co.uk

Figure 1 The Bank of England’s official interest rate

6.25 February 2008


6.00
5.75
5.50
5.25
5.00
% 4.75
4.50
4.25
4.00
3.75
3.50
3.25
3.00 November 2008
2.75
Mar Sep Mar Sep Mar Sep
06 06 07 07 08 08

Source: www.bankofengland.co.uk November 2008

Figure 2 Government fiscal position as a percentage of GDP

-1
%
-2

-3

2004 2005 2006 2007


Source: www.statistics.gov.uk 7 April 2008

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Extract 2 Government budget deficit


Provisional estimates show that for the calendar year 2007 the UK recorded a
government budget deficit of £39.4 billion, which was equivalent to 2.8 per cent of gross
domestic product (GDP).
Source: www.statistics.gov.uk 7 April 2008

Figure 3 Unemployment in the UK


Million people
2.00

1.75

1.50

1.25

1.00
Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

Source: ONS

(a) (i) What is meant by an inflation target (Extract 1, line 9)?


(4)
(ii) Using the evidence from Extract 1 and Figure 1, analyse two possible reasons
why the MPC took the decision to cut the official interest rate in February 2008.
(10)
(iii) Assess the likely impact of a cut in interest rates on the distribution of income.
(8)
With reference to Extract 2 and Figure 2,
(b) (i) Explain the phrase government budget deficit.
(4)
*(ii) Evaluate why a change in the government budget deficit may lead to a more
than proportional change in aggregate demand. Use an aggregate demand
and supply diagram to illustrate your answer.
(14)
(c) With reference to Figure 3, explain two costs of unemployment.
(10)
*(d) To what extent do demand-side policies lead to conflicts between macroeconomic
objectives?
(30)

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(a) (i) What is meant by an inflation target (Extract 1, line 9)?

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......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(4)

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(ii) Using the evidence from Extract 1 and Figure 1, analyse two possible reasons


why the MPC took the decision to cut the official interest rate in February 2008.
two possible reason






















(10)

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(iii) Assess the likely impact of a cut in interest rates on the distribution of income.

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(8)

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With reference to Extract 2 and Figure 2,



(b) (i) Explain the phrase government budget deficit.



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(4)
*(ii) Evaluate why a change in the government budget deficit may lead to a more


than proportional change in aggregate demand. Use an aggregate demand
and supply diagram to illustrate your answer.
The multiplier shows how an increase in planned injections into the economy leads to a larger  

increase in output and income. This is because the initial injection sets off rounds of spending. It    


is based on the idea that 'one person's spending is another person's income' Image that    

government spent ¥100m on building a new road. This ¥100m is paid to a building contractor    

who will spend some of this on buying equipment, materials, paying for labor, paying its


   

overheads, and paying out to shareholders. For example, it may spend ¥80m. The rest is saved.  

The various groups which have receive the money now go and spend some of this ¥80m. The

shareholders might buy a holiday, the employees pay for their food, the suppliers pay their    

employees, and buy their materials. Of the ¥80m, ¥64m may be spent. This then become income for    


anther set of people who again go and spend some of it. the initial $100m creats a series of    

successively smaller increases in spending throughout the economy(in the case $100m + 80m + 64m...)  

the initial injection has a multiplied effect on the economy. The size of the multiplier will depend on

 

how much is spent at each stage, i.e. the marginal propensity to consume(MPC). The larger the MPC,  

the bigger the overall effect. in the case, the MPC is 0.8, so multiplier is 5 (the multiplier can be

 

calculated using the equation 1/(1-MPC)). so initial injection $100m will lead to an increase of $500m    

in national income. As shown below: the initial increase in AD causes a rise in output from Y1 to Y2  

. but, secondary effects lead to a further increase in AD3 and an increase in real output Y3 due to
the multiplier effects.






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It is worth noting that the multiplier effect can also be expressed as 1/(mps+mpm+mrt) is the four
sectors(households, government, firms and foreign sector)are taken into account. Where MRT=marginal 


rate of tax( amount paid in tax out of each income). MPM= marginal propensity to import(amount spent
 on imports out of each extra income). MPS = marginal propensity to save(amount saved out of each 


extra income).


However, the multiplier process doe not go on forever. Because as the economy approaches full
employment, aggregate supply become more inelastic and so prices increase rather than output, i.e
nominal national income may increase but real national income will not increase as much. At full


employment output cannot increase. In addition, the size of the multiplier may be small. Because with
higher tax rates, more of each income is given to the govemment and leas is spent on goods and services.


Furthermore, if the economy is open rather than closed, consumers will buy imports-this reduces the
amount of money passed on at each stage of the multiplier process within the country, i.e. it reduced the


marginal propensity to consume within the country. Also, if the exchange rate of country depreciates,
imported goods and services may become more expensive, so marginal propensity to import may become


larger as households have to spend higher income to imports.










(14)
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(c) With reference to Figure 3, explain two costs of unemployment.




Furthermore, if the economy is open rather than closed, consumers will  


buy imports-this reduces the amount of money passed on at each stage of the multiplier process  

within the country, i.e. it reduced the marginal propensity to consume within the country. Also, if  


the exchange rate of country depreciates, imported goods and services may become more  

expensive, so marginal propensity to import may become larger as households have to spend  

higher income to imports.


Deterioration of government finances. High unemployment is likely to lead to a worsening of

government finances with both budget deficit and the national debt increasing. This is because  

unemployment increases government spending through automatic stabilizers often in place in

developed country. Government spending on unemployment benefit to deal with the social  

costs that high unemployment cause .e.g. spending more on police services to deal higher  


crime rates and rioting, spending on health services to deal with anxiety, panic attacks and  

stress issues, spending on judiciary services to deal with martial breakdown and crime. Tax  

revenues will decrease from income tax as income are lower in the economy, corporation tax as

profits will be lower for businesses and expenditure taxes like VAT as consumer spending will  

have reduced. Debt fulled government spending will result in future tax rises to pay off debts

which could restrain economic growth and increase income inequality alongside cuts to  

government spending in certain areas like infrastructure, public transport, health and

education all of which will burden the poor more who use such services more than the rich.
These policies are known as austerity policies, forced on an economy with uncontrolled debt  


burdens.

Hysteresis. The phenomenon of hysteresis is the most dangerous consequences of


     

unemployment, occurring when unemployment become long term. The longer someone is out of

work, the greater the loss of skills and human capital as that person becomes detached from the

working environment. furthermore, skills possessed may become out dated and no longer in  


demand by employers who seek to employ those with modern skill set instead. As a result, the  

unemployed adjust their standard of living to a lower level with the stigma of unemployment  

falling the more it persists. As a consequence, labor supply will be permanently lower in the


medium term harming future potential growth rates as LRAS will decrease but also actual
growth as AD decrease due to lower income and reduced spending.






(10)

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*(d) To what extent do demand-side policies lead to conflicts between macroeconomic




objectives?

Expansionary fiscal policy can increase aggregate demand through spending more by the  


government. Government could redcue the marginal rate of income tax for those in lower income  

tax band or increase tax free allawance. As these consumers have a higher marginal propensity to  

consume, consumptin would increase in the economy increasing AD from AD1 to AD2. Due to

the greater demand in the economy, firms respond by increasing output exhausting spare capacity  

an hence increasing real output from Y1 to Y2, which is an increase in economic growth.


However, inflation in the economy is likely to increase from P1 to P2 as spare capacity in the  


economy is being exhausted therefore there is more competition for resources and pressure put  

on existing factors of production increasing the price of them. Expansionary fiscal policy can  

increase aggregate demand through spending more by the government. Government could redcue

the marginal rate of income tax for those in lower income tax band or increase tax free  

allawance.





However, there may be negative externalties. An increase in production may lead to the rapid  

depeltion of natural resources and other negative externalities in production such as excessive air  

pollution, deforestation, resources degration and a loss of biodiversity. Resources depletion is a

concern as natural resources are exhaustible risking, leading to countries, especially developing  

countries, being converted from being resource rich to being resources poor. There must be a

heavy burden on futher generations and a contraint on the long term sustainable economic  

development.


in addition, unemployment may decrease due to the economy growth derived from expansionary  

demand-side policies. because labor is a derived demand, derived from the demand for goods and  

services. as the demand for goods anservices is high, firms will need more workers to produce

extra output, thus reducing unemployment. However, there may be negative externalties. An  

increase in production may lead to the rapid depeltion of natural resources and other negative

externalities in production such as excessive air pollution, deforestation, resources degration and  

a loss of biodiversity. Resources depletion is a concern as natural resources are exhaustible risking  


, leading to countries, especially developing countries, being converted from being resource rich to  

being resources poor. There must be a heavy burden on futher generations and a contraint on  

the long term sustainable economic  



However, monetarists claimed that the trade-off between inflation and unemployment is true in

 

short run but not true in the long run. they argue that the point B is not sustainable . since the  

economy is already is at full employment, wages must be increased to get labors to worker over  

time. Firms may cut back production as point B has caused their costs to rise, workers may also  

demand for higher wages or stop working overtime, people had expectations concerning what  

would happen to pricrs and built this into their demand for wages while firms had similar

 

expectations for costs so adjusted prices to take this into account. As a result, SRAS shifts  

upwards and the economy will return to point Qfe and also the point B on SRPC will move to

 

point C as labor& may be laid off or leave from the labor market due to lower real wage. As a  

result, Phillips curve in the long run is a straight line and there is no trade off betwpen
 

unemployment and inflation.
Unemployment is a lagging indication. When the economy goes into recession, it takes time for
firms to respond to decline in output by getting rid of workers. Because workers may be

protected by contracts and not job loss the jobe right away. In contrast, when the economy
recovers, we will see a rise in business and consumer confidence and GDP rises. However, it may

take time for firms to have the confidence to find and employ new workers. As a result, full
employment and economic growth can only be consistent in the long run.

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......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25
*M34480A02528* Turn over

M34480A_GCE_AS_Economics_Unit_2_25 25 01/12/2008 12:42:05


更多咨询请登录 www.qyconsult.com 群尧咨询

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(30)

(Total for Question 2 = 80 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 80 MARKS


END

26
*M34480A02628*
M34480A_GCE_AS_Economics_Unit_2_26 26 01/12/2008 12:42:05
更多咨询请登录 www.qyconsult.com 群尧咨询

BLANK PAGE

27
*M34480A02728*
M34480A_GCE_AS_Economics_Unit_2_27 27 01/12/2008 12:42:05
更多咨询请登录 www.qyconsult.com 群尧咨询

BLANK PAGE

28
*M34480A02828*
M34480A_GCE_AS_Economics_Unit_2_28 28 01/12/2008 12:42:05

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