TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THƯƠNG MẠI

HỌC KỲ II - NĂM HỌC 2021 – 2022

(Phần dành cho sinh viên/ học viên)

Bài thi học phần: Ngữ âm – Âm vị học Số báo danh: 19

Mã số đề thi: 5 Lớp: 2203ENTH2811
Ngày thi: 20/05/2022 Tổng số trang: 5 Họ và tên: Nguyễn Phương Linh

Điểm kết luận: GV chấm thi 1: …….………………………......

GV chấm thi 2: …….………………………......

Ghi chú/
Nội dung chấm Giáo viên chấm 1 Giáo viên chấm 2
Điểm KL
1.
(1,5 pt)
Question 1 2.
(5,0 pts) (2,0 pts)
3.
(1,5 pts)
a.
Question 2 (2,5 pts)
(5,0 pts) b.
(2,5 pts)

Total

ANSWERS FOR QUESTION 1

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Part 1:
- The definition of stress: Stress is an extra force exerted on a particular syllable or a particular
word in spoken language. The stresses syllable or word is said with greater energy, and stands
out in a word, phrase, or sentence.
Stress is usually represented in the phonemic chart and transcription by the symbol /ˈ/ placed
before the stressed syllable.
Unlike some other language, English has flexible stress. It means that stress patterns can help
differentiate the meanings of 2 words or phrases that otherwise appear to be the same. In short,
stress is used to make words more understandable on the word level and is especially apparent in
the pronunciation of individual words and their parts.
For example:
* Word stress: the word “record”
+ As a noun, it is pronounced “/ˈrekərd/”, stressed on the first syllable. Normally, people see it
in 2 following ways. One, a written account of something that is kept so that it can be looked at
and used in the future. Two, the best result or the highest or lowest level that has ever been
reached, especially in sport.
+ As a verb, people pronounce it “/rɪˈkɔːrd/” and stress on the second syllable. It refers to the
act of keeping a permanent account of facts or events by writing them down, filming them,
storing, etc, or the act of making a copy of something or converting sound into a permanent
form, so that you can enjoy it again.
None of the above is similar to the noun “record”. Therefore, they are 2 different words
distinguished by stress and meanings.
* Sentence stress: Mary BOUGHT a new house YESterday.
By raising his voice on the word “bought” and speaking it in a certain different amount of time
compared to other words, the speaker shows that he is amazed by how rich Mary is.
Emphasizing the first syllable of yesterday also helps listeners get more information and
understand that Mary bought a house very quickly. The speaker's purpose is for the listeners to
visualize Mary's wealth and understand his surprise.
- The nature of stress: All stressed syllables are more prominent than unstressed syllables. Four
different factors are important:
1. The loudness: Stressed syllables are louder than unstressed syllables. This is a direct result
of speech production factors.
2. The length: It’s one of the affective components in prominence. A stressed syllable has a
longer duration and strong vowels than unstressed syllables.

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 3. The pitch: It’s a very important part of the perceptual characteristic of speech sound. It
relates to the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords and to the musical notion of low/high
pitched notes. Stressed syllables come with higher pitch which makes them prominent.
4. The quality of vowel: A syllable will tend to be more prominent if it contains a vowel that
is different in quality from neighboring vowels
For example:
- Levels of stress: There are 3 levels of stress in English: Primary Stress, Secondary Stress, and
Unstressed Syllables.
+ Primary Stress (tonic/nuclear): is the strongest type of stress. The stressed syllable with be
stressed loudest and longest in the word. It is marked by a small vertical line high up just
before the syllable it relates to.
+ Secondary Stress (non-tonic): refers to syllables that are stressed weaker than primary stress
but stronger than unstressed syllables. They are found in words of 4 or 5 syllables and
represented in a transcription with a low mark. The change in pitch is not quite as noticeable.
Although it happens in others, the position of secondary stress in English is not fully
predictable as with primary stress.
+ Unstressed syllables: can be regarded as being the absence of any recognizable amount of
prominence. People rush through them quick and shorten them so much that the vowel in the
syllable seems to disappear.

Part 2:
STT Minimal pairs Examples

VOWEL 1. /iː/ and /ɪ/ 


skim – scheme
sip – seep

SOUNDS  chick – cheek

2 /æ/ and /e/  cattle – kettle

 tamper – temper
 marry – merry

3 /e/ and /eɪ/  vend – veined

 fleck – flake
 wend - waned

4 /æ/ and /ʌ/  hatch – hutch

 stack – stuck

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  badge – budge

5 /əʊ/ and /aʊ/  tote – tout

 moaned – mound
 crone – crown

6 /ʊ/ and /uː/  would – wooed

 could – cooed
 pull – pool

7 /ɜ:/ and /ɔ:/  firm – form

 shirt – short
 worm – warm

8 /aɪ/ and /eɪ/  tile – tale

 white – wait
 climb – claim

9 /ɪ/ and /aɪ/  will – while

 miss – mice
 knit - knight

10 /æ/ and /eɪ/  act – ached

 stack – stake
 van - vein

CONSONANT 11 /k/ and /g/  crumble – grumble

 kale – gale
SOUNDS  back – bag

12 /kw/ and /k/  quirk – kirk

 quill – kill
 quart – court

13 /ð/ and /z/  breathe – breeze

 bathe – baize
 clothe – close

14 /ʃ/ and /tʃ/  batch – bash

 chore – shore

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  hutch - hush

15 /ŋk/ and /ŋ/  sank – sang

 mong – mung
 kink – king

16 /dʒ/ and /dʒi/*  dinge – dingy

 smudge – smudgy
 edge – edgy

17 /h/ and no /h/  hair – heir

(initial consonant  hill – ill
sounds)  hitch - itch

18 /b/ and /v/  berry – very

 bowels – vowels
 rebel – revel

19 /l/ and /r/  lobe – robe

 splat – sprat
 alive – arrive

20 /d/ and /ð/  bladder – blather

 wordy – worthy
 dare – there

---The end---

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