Lecture 2D

PULSE-WIDTH-MODULATED DC-AC Inverters

Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM

 Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM
❏ known also as a single-pulse PWM control
❏ All generated pulses have equal-pulse widths.
❏ Multiple pulses is achieved by comparing a square-wave
reference voltage waveform vref(t) to a triangular control (carrier)
voltage waveform.
Examples of Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM

one-pulse output Two-pulse output

Examples of Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM

Three -pulse output Seven -pulse output

Why the number of carrier signal is always Odd?

 Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM
k: the number of pulses can be found
as:

the carrier time Ts is three time during

half period of reference time

3Ts=0.5To
for k of pulses then

K equal to the number of periods of the control signal

per half a period of the reference signal
 Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM
❏ Example:
What is K for the aside PWM?

What is mf for the aside PWM?

What is 𝜶 for the aside PWM? if

ma=1

k = ? and mf = ?, 𝜶=?
 A
VP, tri
VP, tri-VP, ref
VP, ref D o E

M C
B

ABC=ADE then
Ts=𝝅/k
Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM

for single pulse PWM, k=1,𝞪=2

for 𝞪 can be found in time as follows:

𝞪 degree converting to t second

twidth
t

Ts
Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM

for two pulse PWM, k=2,𝞪=3, the

start of each pulse is t1, t2, t3 ,t4
where t3=t1+0.5To and t4=t2+0.5To

Ts Ts Ts

Ts
t3 t4
t1 t2

t1+twidth 0.5To
 Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM
❏ The width of each pulse is
equal to:

❏ The maximum width of each

pulse occurs when ma = 1
❏ The maximum conduction
angle width of each pulse is

This is for ma=1pulse

For any ma
 Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM
❏ Example: find the conduction angle width of the following
k-pulse inverter output in terms of i, k, and ma, where ith is
pulse width
the start of the ith pulse is:
 Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM
❏ for, k = 2 and ma = 0.5
the angles at which the pulses start are

because of the symmetry

where

where
 Output voltage of multiple PWM inverter

the average voltage during each Ts is

Ts
 Harmonics of k Equal Pulses
Since it is an odd function only, the odd
harmonics exist in the bn coefficients:
Harmonics of k Equal Pulses

for the nth harmonic component for the

k-pulse output voltage
 Harmonics of k Equal Pulses
for example, for single pulse PWM, k=1,

This equation is similar to what we have

derived previously as a function of α.
 Exampl
e
For a uniform PWM with a value of k = 5 and a modulation index ma = 0.2, calculate the
output harmonic components up to the fifteenth harmonic.

Using k = 5 and
ma = 0.2، n till 15
Table shows the values of the first 15 harmonics
=5

the magnitude of the lower harmonics (third, fifth, seventh)

decreases with respect to the fundamental component

increase in magnitude for the higher-order harmonics with

respect to the fundamental. higher-order harmonics
produce a negligible ripple that can be easily filtered out.
Exampl
e

the plot for the harmonic contents

The higher the modulation index, the lower

the THD!

The THD for this example is 223%

Exampl
e

Harmonic contents for k = 1 to k = 7 and ma = 0.2

the ratio of the harmonic to the fundamental is relatively unchanged as the number of pulses increases within a half-cycle