Trầ n Thái Tông

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Trần Thái Tông

陳 太 宗

Emperor of Đại Việt

Reign 11 January 1226 – 30 January 1258 (32 years, 79 days)

Predecessor Lý Chiêu Hoàng

Successor Trần Thánh Tông

Retired emperor of Trần dynasty

Reign 30 March 1258 – 5 May 1277

Predecessor Trần Thừa

Successor Trần Thánh Tông

Born 17 July 1218

Hương Tức Mặc, (present-day Nam Định)

Died 5 May 1277 (aged 58)

Thăng Long

Burial 31 October 1277

Chiêu Lăng

Spouse Empress Chiêu Thánh (m. 1226–1237)

Empress Thuận Thiên

Issue Trần Thánh Tông

Trần Ích Tắc

Names

Trần Cảnh (陳煚)

Era name and dates

Kiến Trung (建中): 1226–1232

Thiên Ứng Chính Bình (天應政平): 1232–1251

Nguyên Phong (元豐): 1251–1258

Regnal name

Thống Thiên Ngự Cực Long Công Hậu Đức Hiền

Công Hựu Thuận Thánh Văn Thần Vũ Hiếu

Nguyên hoàng đế (統天御極隆功厚德顯功佑順

聖文神武孝元皇帝)

Posthumous name

Thống Thiên Ngự Cực Long Công Mậu Đức Hiển

Hòa Hựu Thuận Thần Văn Thánh Vũ Nguyên

Hiếu Hoàng đế

統天御極隆功茂德顯和佑順神文聖武元孝皇帝
 Temple name

Thái Tông (太宗)

House Trần

Father Trần Thừa

Mother Lady Lê

Trần Thái Tông (17 July 1218 – 5 May 1277), personal name Trần Cảnh or Trần Nhật
Cảnh, temple name Thái Tông, was the first monarch of the Trần Dynasty, reigned Đại
Việt for 33 years (1226–58), being Retired Emperor for 19 years. He reigned during
the first Mongol invasion of Vietnam before eventually abdicating in favor of his son
Trần Hoảng (Trần Thánh Tông) in 1258.

Contents

 1Early life
 2Reign
 3Family
 4Relation with Trần Liễu
 5Notes
 6References

Early life[edit]
The ancestors of the Trần clan originated from the province of Fujian before they
migrated under Trần Kính (陳京, Chén Jīng) to Đại Việt.[1][2] According to a Chinese
writer, Zhou Mi (1232–1298), Trần Nhật Cảnh's real name was Hsieh Sheng-ch'ing, "a
man from Qinglo district in Fujian".[3][4][5]
Trần Cảnh (陳 煚) was born in 1218 in modern-day Nam Định province during the last
years of the Lý. Trần Thủ Độ, his uncle, prepared the way for his marriage to
Empress Lý Chiêu Hoàng, the last empress of the House of Lý, who later abdicated to
make him the founder of the Trần Dynasty in 1226.
His progress to the throne in particular and the replacement of the Trần Dynasty over
the Lý Dynasty in general were mostly thanks to the efforts of Trần Thủ Độ, Trần Cảnh's
uncle. At that time, Trần Thủ Độ was the front commander of capital of the Lý house.
Trần Cảnh's father, Trần Thừa, was also an official under the Lý Dynasty, like Trần Thủ
Độ. He had been "Nội thị phán thủ", one of the most important officials in the Lý
Dynasty.

Reign[edit]
First page of a Buddhist essay in Chữ nho script of Trần Thái Tông, ca. 1260.

During his reign Trần Thái Tông used three era names: Kiến Trung (1225–1232), Thiên
Ứng Chính Bình (1232–1250) and Nguyên Phong (1251–1258).
In the autumn of 1257, Mongol general Uriyangkhadai addressed three letters to Trần
Thái Tông demanding passage through to southern China in order to attack the Song
dynasty.[6] After the three successive envoys were imprisoned in the capital Thang
Long (modern-day Hanoi) of Dai Viet, Uriyangkhadai invaded Dai Viet.[6] A battle was
fought in which the Vietnamese used war elephants: the emperor even led his army
from atop an elephant. Aju ordered his troops to fire arrows at the elephants' feet. The
animals turned in panic and caused disorder in the Đại Việt army, which was routed.
The Vietnamese senior leaders were able to escape on pre-prepared boats while part of
their army was destroyed at No Nguyen (modern Viet Tri on the Hong River). The
remainder of the royal army again suffered a major defeat in a fierce battle at the Phu
Lo bridge the day after. This led the Tran leadership to evacuate the capital. The
Vietnamese annals report that the evacuation was "in an orderly manner;" however this
is viewed as a embellishment because the Vietnamese must have retreated in disarray
to leave their weapons behind in the capital.[7] While Chinese source material incorrectly
stated that Uriyangkhadai withdrew from Vietnam due to poor climate, [8][9] Uriyangkhadai
left Thang Long after nine days to invade the Song dynasty. [9] After the Mongol
departure, Trần Thái Tông agreed to send tribute every 3 years to the court of
the Mongol Empire.
Learned in both Confucianism and Buddhism, he ruled the country wisely and authored
several profound works on Buddhism, the most famous of which is Khoa Hu Luc
(Instructions on Emptiness), a Zen manual. A prodigious writer, he left behind a
substantial number of works, of which only a small number survive.
A boy student was given money in exchange for becoming a eunuch by the emperor in
1254 since many men castrated themselves to become eunuchs during the Tran and Ly
dynasties.[10]
In 1258 he abdicated the throne in favor of his son, crown prince Trần Hoảng.

Family[edit]
There is nothing that gives reference to exactly how many children he had, but it is
known that he had children by the name of Trần Trịnh [11] (died prematurely), Tĩnh Quốc
Vương Trần Quốc Khang,[12] Trần Hoảng, Chiêu Minh Vương Trần Quang Khải, Trần
Nhật Vĩnh, Chiêu Quốc Vương Trần Ích Tắc, Chiêu Văn Vương Trần Nhật Duật, Chiêu
Đạo Vương Trần Quang Xưởng, princesses Thiên Thành (wife of Hưng đạo
Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn), Thiều Dương, Thuỵ Bảo, An Tư.
Tomb of Trần Thái Tông in Long Hưng, Thái Bình Province.

 Father: Trần Thái Tổ
 Mother: Lady Lê thị
 Brother(s) and sister(s):

1. Older brother: King of Yên Sinh

2. Older sister: Princess Thụy Bà, adoptive mother of Great King of Hưng Đạo
3. Younger brother: King of Khâm Thiên
4. Younger brother: King of Hoài Đức

 Consort(s) and their Issue(s):

1. Empress Consort Chiêu Thánh

1. Crown Prince Trần Trịnh
2. Empress Consort Thuận Thiên
1. Prince Trần Quốc Khang, later King of Tĩnh Quốc
2. Crown Prince Trần Hoảng, later Emperor Trần Thánh Tông
3. Prince Trần Quang Khải, later Great King of Chiêu Minh

 Other Issues:

1. Prince Trần Nhật Vĩnh, King of Bình Nguyên

2. Prince Trần Duy, King of Vũ Uy
3. Prince Trần Quang Xưởng, King of Chiêu Đạo
4. Prince Trần Ích Tắc, King of Chiêu Quốc
5. Prince Trần Nhật Duật, King of Chiêu Văn
6. Prince Trần Uất, King of Minh Hiến
7. Princess Thiên Thành, later Queen Nguyên Từ of Great King of Hưng Đạo
8. Princess Thiều Dương
9. Princess Thụy Bảo, later wife of General Trần Bình Trọng
10. Princess An Tư, later wife of Prince Toghan of Yuan dynasty. Prince Toghan
was the ninth son of Kublai Khan.

Relation with Trầ n Liễu[edit]

Trần Liễu was Trần Thái Tông's elder brother. In 1237, Trần Thái Tông and Empress
Chiêu Thành still did not have any son to maintain the continuation of his dynasty, due
to Trần Trịnh's premature death.
At that time, Princess Thuận Thiên, Trần Liễu's wife, had been pregnant with Quốc
Khang for 3 months. Trần Thủ Độ and his wife princess Thiên Cực advised the emperor
to arrogate the pregnancy to himself to maintain the continuity of the dynasty. Taking
their advice, the emperor gave injunction to appoint princess Thuận Thiên the status of
empress, and demote Chiêu Hoàng to princess. In response, Trần Liễu took his army to
Cai River to rebel.
This incident embarrassed Trần Thái Tông and he left the capital for Yên Tử mountain.
Only after taking advice from the Buddhist priests Trần Thủ Độ and Phù Vân, did he
return to the capital. Two weeks later, Trần Liễu surrendered. Trần Thủ Độ intended to
behead him, but Trần Thái Tông intervened by covering him with his body, so that Trần
Thủ Độ could not do anything. Afterwards, he gave him his territory, consisting of Yên
Phụ, Yên Dưỡng, Yên Sinh, Yên Hưng, and Yên Bang.
Due to the name of his territory, Liễu was also called "Yên Sinh Vương."

Notes[edit]
1. ^ "Ham sắc, Tô Trung Từ tự hại mình". Báo Mới. 21 February 2013. Archived from  the original on 12
March 2017.
2. ^ "Nhà Trần khởi nghiệp". Retrieved  3 September 2017.
3. ^ Taylor, K. W.  (2013). A History of the Vietnamese.  Cambridge University Press. p.  120. ISBN 978-
0-521-87586-8.  Tran Ly, Tran Canh's grandfather who had led the Tran family into court politics, was
the grandson of an emigrant from Fujian.
4. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên  (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản  ed.), Hanoi: Social
Science Publishing House, p. 159
5. ^ Lo 2012, p. 203.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Lien, Vu Hong; Sharrock, Peter (2014). "The First Mongol Invasion (1257–8
CE)".  Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam. Reaktion Books.  ISBN  978-
1780233888.
7. ^ Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam by Vu Hong Lien, Peter Sharrock, Chapter
6.
8. ^ Buell, P.D. "Mongols in Vietnam: end of one era, beginning of another". First Congress of the Asian
Association of World Historians 29–31 May 2009 Osaka University Nakanoshima-Center.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b Haw, Stephen G. (2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in
1242 and 1260".  Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 76 (3):
361–371. doi:10.1017/S0041977X13000475.  JSTOR  24692275.
10. ^ K. W. Taylor (9 May 2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press.
pp.  121–. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
11. ^ from Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
12. ^ de facto the offspring of Trần Liễu and Princess Thuận Thiên

References[edit]
 Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan
bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
 Lo, Jung-pang (2012). Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.). China as a Sea Power, 1127-1368:
A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese
People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods. Singapore: NUS Press.

Trần Thái Tông

House of Trần
Born: 1218 Died: 1277

Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Trần dynasty Succeeded by
Lý Chiêu Hoàng 1226–1258 Trần Thánh Tông
as Empress of Lý dynasty
Preceded by Retired Emperor of Trần dynasty Succeeded by
Trần Thừa 1258–1277 Trần Thánh Tông

hideLý royal family (notable members)

Colour note

Lý Thái Tổ

Lý Thái Tông

Lý Thánh Tông

Sùng Hiền hầu Lý Nhân Tô

Lý Thần Tông
 Lý Anh Tông

Lý Long Tường Lý Nguyên vương Lý Cao Tông

Lý Thẩm Lý Huệ Tô

Trần Thái Tông Lý Chiêu Ho

Notes:

 Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
 National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Ha