Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

A Review Paper on Strength Classification of Rock

Material Based on Particle Size and Mineralogical
Composition for Production of Sustainable Concrete
Avneesh Patel Abhyudaya Verma
U.G Student U.G Student
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
KIET group of institutions KIET group of institutions
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Krishna kumar Yadav Kashif khan

U.G Student U.G Student
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
KIET group of institutions KIET group of institutions
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Yasir Karim
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
KIET group of institutions
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract:- Lately, the advancement in the cutting-edge
creation and the resulting development in the looking at
use have incited a fast reduction in available ordinary
resources. Regardless, a high volume of the advanced
creation has delivered a ton of waste materials which
negatively influence the environment. In such way, the
marble business makes a titanic proportion of waste to
some degree as of late and fills on a very basic level on
time. The marble waste is generally a significantly
dirtying kind of current wastes in light of its astoundingly
acid neutralizer nature and its gathering and taking care
of strategies, all of which force real prosperity threats to
the ecological variables. This article highlights identical
consideration at on impact in actual properties of coarse
total. (Molten stones - Granite stone, Sedimentary stone -
Kota stone and Metamorphic stone - marble stone) Look
at the compressive strength of regular Portland concrete
cement and their trademarked actual solidity. For
example, strainer examination, explicit gravity, water
retention and total effect esteem were done on totals to
find out their actual terrain that influence the solidity of
cement. Like substantial strength examination be bound
via trademark significant grade's toughness 25 Pascal as
it were. Water concrete proportion of 0.5 blend was
utilized to project substantial blocks which had been
dampen for 1 week and 4 weeks full day time frames
individually. Compressive strength check is done over
through the moulded 3D squares viewed as inside the
specified worth of substantial strength of 36.00 N/mm2
considering 7-weeks hydration time according to the
Indian Standard determination. The 7-weeks substantial
3D squares mould herewith totals demonstrates that,
despite the modest strength of 25N/mm2. Molten rock -
squashed rock stone cement having the strength of
36.37N/mm2 after that Kota stone 37.58 N/mm2 and
Metamorphic stone – marble 34.97 N/mm2 in a specific
sequence, Kota stone cement gave the most noteworthy
solidarity to be 37.58 N/mm2.
Keywords:- Granite Stone, Kota Stone, Marble Stone, Coarse
Aggregate, Characteristic Strength.
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely utilized artificial material
on the planet, next along with water being most widely used
material [1, 2, 4]. The limiting medium used to incorporate
all the particles into a very hard composite material is the
second major component of concrete. Almost all notable
often utilised confining means outlined respectively
manufactured process among cement and water. Outcome for
significant features impressively more splendid in light of the
fact that for most purposes it offers fitting planning properties
for negligible cost.
As previously said, one of the components for producing
concrete is absolute. Substance, for instance, shattered stone,
clinker(waste), silica rock connected through restricting
expert design, that critical piece of this kind as concrete, dark
top as well as covered macadam. Complete could be
designated as aggregates, both fine and coarse. Fine complete
sand is defined as typical sand with particles ranging in size
from 5mm to the best particles, but not include dust. In this
evaluation, the emphasis will be on coarse aggregate, which
is regular stone or crushed stone generally approximately
20mm in normal size.

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Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
All out, a piece of which is course, is used basically to
give mass to the significant. As moderate filler, which is
significantly more affordable than concrete, most outrageous
Concrete manufacturing may be cost-effective. gained by
utilize whatever amount of complete as could sensibly be
anticipated. The use of all out in like manner astonishingly
further creates the two-volume sufficiency as well as strength
about ensuing concrete. Absolute gives around 75% about the
significant figure because of that their effect is basic [6,10].
The consistently held view that all out is an absolutely idle
filler in concrete isn't exact, it's genuine qualities and now and
again its substance association impact on a moving degree of
concrete characteristics in the two its rigid and plastic
condition concrete toughness are conventionally thought to
be as most significant property in Portland substantial Fig 1:- (Crushed Kota Stone)
concrete. But in various presence of mind cases other brand
name, for instance, strength and permeability may truly be  Molten rocks:
huger. Incidentally, strength, when in doubt, gives a general These are outlined from solidifying and cooling of
portrait of idea about concrete since strength be clearly magma. This magma can be gotten from partial melts of past
associated with development of moistened substantial rocks in either a planet's mantle or covering. Ordinarily, the
mixture. In addition, the concrete’s strength continually be a melting of rocks is achieved by somewhere around one of
urgent part for that fundamental model. three cycles explicitly, an extension in temperature, a
reducing in pressure, or a change of design. Model Granite,
Considering the critical responsibility of complete to the Basalt, Pumice.
strength of concrete, this paper attempts to check out at the
effect of genuine properties of coarse aggregate  In this venture we have involved Granite as molten rock.
 Sedimentary stone.
 Volcanic rocks.
 Transformative rocks.

Sedimentary rocks make up to 66% of the world's frame,

with 34 % being the liquid and the groundbreaking. Liquid
rocks, anyway, they structure the majority of 34 %. The
inspiration driving why sedimentary rocks addresses a large
portion of the stones on the world's surface is in light of the
fact that they are fundamentally noticed ocean profundities
bowls which records to 70% of complete district of the earth.
The three stone sorts are furthermore requested considering
science, environment of game plan and how they are outlined.

 Sedimentary rocks
These are molded by the affirmation of material at the
Earth's surface or inside streams. Sedimentation is the total
name for processes that cause mineral and regular particles
(trash) to settle and accumulate or minerals to empower from
a response. Buildup can be detrital, substance or normal
leftovers.
 In this undertaking we have utilized Kota stone as
Sedimentary stone.
Fig 2:- (Crushed Granite Stone)
 Transformative rocks
Transformative rocks are basically shakes that have
experience change due to high strain and temperature under
zone of diagenesis. Protolith suggests the principal stone,
going before change. In inferior extraordinary rocks, one-of-
a-kind surfaces are routinely saved allowing one to choose the
conceivable protolith.

 In this undertaking we have involved Marble as

Metamorphic stone.

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Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
Fig 3:- (Crushed marble stone)
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS
A. Materials
 Materials for components of cement
The materials explicitly concrete, fine and coarse
(Igneous stone - Granite stone, Sedimentary stone-Kota stone
and marble stone) aggregates and water used with the
ultimate objective of this audit were picked and attempted by
Indian Standard Codes of preparing or subtleties.
 Fine Aggregate (Sand):
The fine utilised throughout was an uncrushed kind
obtained locally. It was freed via regular corruptions in sort
of sediment and earth.
 Coarse Aggregates:
Liquid crushed stone, sedimentary stone, and coarse
aggregates were formed from following three parental rock
types. - Kota stone along with extraordinary stone - marble].
And the most outrageous proportion in all courses used falls
between 10mm - 20mm using the method for sifter
assessment. That an all rocks come in a variety of forms, are
powerful, and upsetting.
 Surface Cement:
Typical PCC G45 which was secretly gotten of ACC
brand. The Cement’s specific gravity and unit weight are 3.15
and 1440kg/m3, respectively.
 Water:
The water utilised for mixing and easing the substantial
was spigot water that had been cleaned of contaminants such
as residue, necessary salt, mud, damaging, and normal matter.
Water thickness as well as PH value are 1000kg/m3 and 6.8
correspondingly.
B. Methods To Test Physical Properties Of Materials-
 Grading of Aggregates:
Conceivably the primary component for making
valuable concrete is incredible assessing of aggregate. Sifter
assessment procedure was embraced, therefore. Sifter
assessment suggests the technique engaged with isolating an
illustration of all out into parts of same atom sizes.
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ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Specific gravity (Gs):
Explicit gravity is all around described as the extent of
the mass of a given volume of material to the mass of a
comparable volume of water at a comparative temperature.
 Unit Weight and Void Ratio:
Mass thickness gives significant information in regard
to the shape and assessing of the aggregate. Mass thickness
insinuates the mass of material (counting solid particles and
any contained water) per unit volume, including the voids
between the particles. Dry procedure was used for the
affirmation of mass thickness and was finished.
 Porosity:
The porosity of sums impacts the association among
them, and the substantial paste as well as the gravity. Pores
contrast throughout a broad range in amounts with pores;
some absolute pores are completely inside the solid, while
others open to the surface, allowing water to enter the pores.
Its size, contents, and total volume of pores all influence the
total and speed of water entry.
 Water Absorption:
Assimilation of water suggests that extension in
majority of illustrations in all out because of the invasion of
water within the oven's water-accessible gaps dried absolute
for example , the rate at which the mass of a doused model
and a surface dried full model decreases after grill drying for
1 day from the mass of such grill dried model.
WATER ABSORPTION (%) = [(W1-W2) *100]/W2
Weight of immersed totals in air: W1
Weight of hot air-dry totals: W2
 Aggregates (Impact/Crushing values):
Total effect esteem displays relevant information extent
completely out of the block of a complete to immediate shock
/ collision and absolute resistance to being beaten by a
logically put in compressive weight. Those aggregates have
been tested in such a dry surface environment.
 Aggregate (Impact/Crushing values):
Total effect esteem displays relevant information extent
about The general degree of a completes resistance to having
beaten under such a dynamically applied compressive weight
is assessed by an all out to be expected shock or impact and
all out crushing respect. . The aggregates were attempted in a
surface dry condition.
Total IMPACT VALUE = (B/A) x 100
Where A = weight of dry example
B = weight of total going through 2.36 mm IS strainer.
 Slump test:
The rut trial of new significant mixes was directed to
decide significant handiness. Hang test is the most used
preliminary of assessing usefulness of concrete. It is used
profitably as a control test and offers a hint of the consistency
of concrete starting with one cluster then onto the next.
Mechanical get together for hang test includes a metallic
shape as a frustum of a cone.
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Cone Bottom breadth = 20cm
Cone Top breadth = 10cm
Cone Height = 30cm
 Compressive strength test:
Compressive strength is the constraint of a material or
plan to with stand critically planned pushing force. Exactly
when removed compressive strength is reached, delicate
materials are crushed. The compressive strength is used to
choose the hardness of cubical and round and empty instances
of concrete [19,20].
Compressive strength = P/A (N/mm2)
P= Applied load (N)
A= area of specimen(mm2)
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Specific Gravity (Coarse Aggregates):
Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity, however many
rocks have an apparent specific gravity of 2.50 to 2.80.
Igneous Rock – Granite stone, Sedimentary Rock – Kota
stone, and Metamorphic Rock – Marble stone exhibit specific
gravity values of 2.65, 2.63, and 2.58The research shows
typical granite and Kota-stone rocks are in the usual range,
however marble rocks stand just below the lowest limit. It's
because metamorphic rock seems to have a greater proportion
of porosity over granite and sedimentary pebbles.
B. Water absorption of Coarse Aggregates:
The water absorption value of the Granite stone, Kota
Stone and Marble aggregates are listed in Table 1The
percentage water absorption of metamorphic rock-marble
aggregates significantly greater than those of Granite and
Kota stone aggregates. It's because metamorphic rock
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
aggregate has larger pores, which are important for proper
absorption.
C. Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) of Coarse Aggregates:
Table 1 below shows the result of the impact value test
conducted on three specimens of rock aggregates, with a
mean of 24.84 percent almost 25%, metamorphic rock-
marble aggregate is the poorest of the three samples. It may
be due to the rock's weak parent material or the
metamorphism mechanism softening it. When such aggregate
is being used in heavy-duty concrete floor finishes, their
maximum impact and crushing values are 20%, 30% for
pavement wearing surfaces, and 45 percent for all the other
concrete works. Smaller the AIV number, the more durable
the aggregate, and its capacity to withstand impact and
breaking force.
D. Fresh characteristics of ordinary PCC:
 Slump Test (concrete design for 100mm slump)
The substantial created with volcanic stone squashed
stone and sedimentary stone - Kota stone totals recorded a
medium usefulness with droop upsides of 85.5, and 90 for
substantial grade of 25 N/mm2, while that of transformative
stone total recorded a low functionality as displayed in Table
1. However, the substantial blend shows a sensible downturn
esteem, yet it possesses most reduced compacting factor
esteem when contrasted and concrete delivered plus the two
additional complete stone samples.
 Compacting Factor:
Compacting factor as shown in Table 1 indicate that out
of the three samples of aggregates used in producing concrete
for this study, metamorphic rock – marble stone aggregate
produced the low compacting factor value for the concrete
indicating a low level of workability.

S.no PROPERTY RESULTS

GRANITE STONE KOTA STONE MARBLE STONE
1. Apparent specific gravity 2.65 2.63 2.58
2. Water absorption 0.46% 0.5% 0.59%
3. Aggregate impact value 16.27% 18.64% 24.54%
4. Slump(25N/mm2) 85.5mm 90 75mm
5. Compacting Factor(25N/mm2) 0.93 0.93 0.92
Table 1. Physical and Chemical properties of the different coarse aggregates.

 Compressive strength:
Compressive strength of the concrete produced from the various coarse aggregates at water cement ratio of 0.5 and design
concrete strengths of 25N/mm2are presented in Table 2 and Figure (A) and (B) and (C) respectively. In all the three coarse aggregates
used, the compressive strength of concrete increased with increasing age of hydration.

Concrete Type Compressive strength(N/mm2) at W/C= 0.5

1 Week 2 Week 4 Week
Granite 19.43 26.18 36.37
Kota stone 22.31 26.30 37.58
Marble 17.43 23.77 34.97
Table 2 Compressive strength of the substantial delivered from the different coarse totals at water concrete proportion of
0.5 and configuration substantial qualities of 25N/mm2

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ISSN No:-2456-2165

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Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
IV. CONCLUSIONS

Conclusions based on test results-

 Metamorphic Rock - At all restoration ages, the overall

compressive strength of crushed Kota stone was the
highest, this would be due to the fact that squashed Kota
stone is major areas of strength for exceptionally, plan
between particles which improves legitimate holding
between the total particles and concrete glue.
 Igneous rock - squashed stone total created greater
compressive strength than transformative stone - marble
stone total. This is so because That's because the total of
crushed stones is more grounded and tougher than the
total of transformational stones used in the study.
 Metamorphic stone - the multitude of three total
examples utilized in substantial creation, transformative
stone - marble stone total delivered minimal compressive
strength for all ages of restoration (hydration periods). Its
due to the fact that marble total is frail and less intense in
nature.

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[2]. Lalonde and Jones (1961). “Concrete Engineering
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[3]. Barry, R. (1999) “Structure’s construction” Volume 1,
Part 6, East-West Press Limited, New Delhi, India.
[4]. “Report on U.S concrete organisation” (2001) Library
of Congress, New York, USA.
[5]. Taylor G.D. (1994) Civil structure accoutrements,
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Bedford Square, London
[8]. Gambir, M.L (2006). “Construction technology” 3rd
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