ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHTECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Title: BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE USING GLASS FIBER (ICE GLASS) AS A

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE
A thesis is submitted to Adama science and technology university, school of civil
engineering and architecture, department of civil engineering for partial fulfillment
of the award of bachelor degree of science and civil engineering

Submitted To: Civil Engineering Department

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 APPROVAL SHEET
1. Project Advisor Signature Date

Mr. Getahun __________________ ________________

APPROVAL BOARD

Evaluators Signature Date

1. _______________________ __________________ ________________

2. _______________________ __________________ ________________

Department Head Signature Date

__________________________ __________________ ________________

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this research entitled “Partial replacement of fine aggregate by powdered ice glass
“is our own confined work and that all sources of materials used for this research have been duly
acknowledged and we approve this by our signature.

This project is conducted by:

Name ID No Signature

1.Estifanos gashaw A/ur15087/10 _______________

2.Hinkosa kuchane A/ur14372/10 _______________

3.Abrham ephrem A/ur14412/10 _______________

Date of submission: ____________________

This is to certify that the above declaration made by the student is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Mr. Getahun. ______________________

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Our great gratitude goes to almighty GOD who gave us the strength to reach at this point. Then
we would like to thank Adama Science and Technology University, school of civil engineering
and architecture, department of civil engineering for the provision of this platform for us to
experience research conduction on a practical basis and for allowing us to use laboratories and
for the provision of materials and equipment’s necessary for the research. And also we would
like to express our deepest thank to our advisors Mr. Getahun for his excellent and supportive
guide. Finally we would like to thank the construction material laboratory assistant MR. Mesele
for his supportive guide while conducting some experiments and using some laboratory
equipment’s.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

APPROVAL SHEET.......................................................................................................................2
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................4
LIST OF ACRONYM.....................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................10
1.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................10
1.2 Background...........................................................................................................................10
1.3 Statement of the problems.......................................................................................................11
1.4 Objective of the study..............................................................................................................11
1.4.1 General objective..................................................................................................................11
1.4.2 Specific objective..................................................................................................................11
1.5 Significance of the Study.........................................................................................................12
1.6 Scope and limitation of the study............................................................................................12
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................13
LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................13
2.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................13
2.2 AGGREGATE SOURCING INDUSTRY AND ITS CONDITION IN ETHIOPIA..............14
2.3 CONCRETE............................................................................................................................15
2.3.1 Concrete Composition..........................................................................................................16
2.3.2Concrete Properties................................................................................................................17
2.4 GLASS.....................................................................................................................................19
2.4.1 Composition and Properties of Glass...................................................................................19
2.4.2 Classification of Glass..........................................................................................................20
2.4.3 Properties of Glass................................................................................................................20
2.4.4 The percentage of glass replacement....................................................................................21
2.5 PREVIOUS STUDIES............................................................................................................22
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................25
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................25

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3.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................25
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN...................................................................................................26
3.2.1 Material Characterization.....................................................................................................27
3.2.2 Batching of Concrete............................................................................................................33
3.2.3 Concrete Mixing...................................................................................................................35
3.2.4 Casting Concrete Specimen..................................................................................................36
3.2.5 Curing the Specimen.............................................................................................................37

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table3. 1: Grading requirement comparison of fine aggregates...............................................................21

Table3. 2 sieve analysis result for crushed glass........................................................................................23
Table3. 3 Grading comparison of fine aggregate and respective crushed glass (blending)........................24

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 LIST OF FIGURES

figure 3. 1 gradation curb for fine aggregate..............................................................................................22

figure 3. 2 Sieving of fine aggregate by sieve machine.............................................................................23
figure 3. 3 crushing of glass.......................................................................................................................23
figure 3. 4 gradation curve for crushed glass.............................................................................................24
figure 3. 5 (A) Crushed glass blending; (B) Crushed Glass waste being sieved...................................25
figure 3. 6 mixing of concrete ingriden......................................................................................................27
figure 3. 7 casting of concrete....................................................................................................................28
figure 3. 8 curing of concrete...................................................................................................................28

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 LIST OF ACRONYM

CaCo3: Calcium Carbonate

C-25: Compressive Strength of 25 Mpa per Square Millimeter On The 28th Day After Casting.

ASR: Alkaline Silica Reaction

PC: Portland Cement

Co: Carbon Monoxide

M-25: Design Mix of Compressive Strength Of Concrete After 28 Days of Curing Mix Rat.

WGS: Washed Glass Sand SBR:

Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
ρ: Density
V: Volume

ASTU: Adama Science and Technology University

ASTM: American Society for Testing And Material

SoCEA: School of Civil Engineering and Architecture

SSD: Saturated Surface Dry

D10: The Grain Size Corresponding to 10%

D30: The Grain Size Corresponding to 30% D60:

The Grain Size Corresponding to 60%
Cu: Coefficient of Uniform

CC :coefficient of curvature

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter is explaining about the general idea and relevance of the study. It defines
the background, the problem statement, the objectives, the scope and Significance of the
study.

1.2 Background

Ethiopia is undergoing a transformation. The East African state is prioritising a wealth of

construction projects in order to stimulate its economy, reinvigorate its infrastructure and supply
affordable housing and power to its population of close to 100 million. Construction is a huge
part of Ethiopia’s economic recovery. The building sector has seen double digit growth,
expanding by 37% annually, and is ushering in a new phase of development for the country[1].

Concrete is composed of water, cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates. Sand id
commonly used as fine aggregates in concrete mix. It plays an important role in concrete mix
design. So, the consumption of natural sand is very high due to concrete construction. As a result
a large amount of sand is being collected from river which is causing problem to natural
environment of river.

Excavation of sand from environment leads to environment imbalance, so using alternative

material for sand results in reducing environmental impact. Because of the river sand mining
results in lowering of river beds, damage the bridge foundation and other structures situated
closer to the river and coastal areas [2].

Again due to huge consumption of sand everyday it is also becoming an expensive material. So
an alternative solution is needed for developing country like Ethiopia. So there is an imperative
need to develop alternative materials for replacing natural river sand in concrete. For reducing
the usage of raw material large replacement is done using the various by product materials that

10
are available in the present day. Many studies are made with several other materials which gave
the concrete to be a material made of recycled material [3].

If fine aggregate is replaced by waste glass by specific percentage and in specific size
range, it will decrease fine aggregate content and thereby reducing the ill effects of river
dredging and thus making concrete manufacturing industry sustainable. When waste
glasses are reused in making concrete products, the production cost of concrete will go down [4]

1.3 Statement of the problems

 River sand is the major source of fine aggregates in our country and also the price of sand
is increasing from time to time. So we need an alternative material to fill the gap between
demand and supply.
 Concrete production increasing from time to time there fore we need to find alternative
way to reduce production cost

1.4 Objective of the study

1.4.1 General objective
 The general objective of this research is to investigate the compressive and flexural
strength of the concrete by partially replacing the sand with a specific glass known as
“beredo glass”

1.4.2 Specific objective

 Determine the maximum replacement of sand by the glass in the C-25 concrete
production.
 To determine the effect of partially replacing sand by glass on the fresh concrete
properties such as workability and slump.

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  To determine the effect of partially replacing sand by glass on the property of harden
concrete such as compressive and flexural strength and density.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study is believed to be significant because it aims at providing alternative material for sand
in the production of concrete and it also fill the gap between demand and supply of sand by some
amount it also helps to preserve the environment specially for river beds which are used as a
major source of sand finally it can also help us in reduction of production cost of concrete.
Generally it has the following significance
 Environmental friendly
 waste utilization
 Effective usage of recyclable waste
 cost effective.

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

The scope of this research is limited to produce a C-25 concrete using a specific crushed waste
glass as partial replacement of fine aggregate. It is also limited to investigate the physical
properties of fresh concrete such as (i.e workability and slump ) and hardened concrete (i.e
compressive, flexural strength and density). The scope of this research is limited only to a glass
known by the name “beredo glass” which is abundantly used for the in windows and doors and
the only type of glass we used to partially replace sand. there might be a miss calibration in the
compressive and flexural strength machines which needs to be recalibrated.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Construction is one of the fast growing fields worldwide. when we come to our country the
construction industry in Ethiopia is a major driving sector for economic growth. During the past
decade robust public and private expenditure on infrastructure and other construction works has
served as a catalyst for Ethiopia’s rapid economic development. The country has consistently
invested more than 30% of GDP into Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) expenditure since
2010 and as a result, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.
The market value of the construction sector is currently estimated at more than US$7bn.
According to the 2017 edition of African Economic Outlook [5], construction activities in
Ethiopia accounted for 15.9% of GDP at current prices during the 2015/16 fiscal year.
Coarse and fine aggregates are the major inputs for most of the infrastructural systems and
building projects. Approximately three quarter of the volume of concrete is occupied by
aggregate and 90% of asphalt pavement is aggregate [6,7]. This increased the demand of
aggregate in line with the sectoral development. Yasmin, in 2015 based on the annual cement
production volume, estimated the demand of Ethiopian for sand would be approximately 1.5
million tons per year [8].

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2.2 AGGREGATE SOURCING INDUSTRY AND ITS CONDITION IN
ETHIOPIA
A study by Gashaw Assefa and Aklilu Gebregziabher (2020): entitled “Environmental Impact
and Sustainability of Aggregate Production in Ethiopia”, in depth explains the current
situation of the aggregate production and its impact on the environment. Here we reviewed the
research as follows:

2.2.2 Sourcing and aggregate production for Ethiopian construction industry

The natural aggregates are formed as a result of the processes of weathering and abrasion or
through crushing a large parent mass. Engineers are first of all concerned with technical
requirements. However, in the future, probably the environmentalists will take over much of the
standardization work. Quarrying and transport of materials have environmental impacts on the
local neighborhood and society, for instance, with regard to noise, dust, pollution, and effects on
biodiversity. The city of Addis Ababa is growing from time to time very rapidly. Its area which
is 54,000 Ha is being covered by buildings, houses, roads, bridges, etc.
To meet the overgrowing demand, the number and production capacity of quarry sites, coarse
aggregate, and sand deposits are aggressively increasing. Admasu (2015) reported that based on
the data from Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority in 2005 to 2015, the number of
aggregate production plants in the capital has increased from 152 to 257.

2.2.3 Production of fine aggregate type, quality, production, and quarrying trend and
method
For central and southeastern part of the country, the most common sources of sands are from
Meki, Langano, Sodere, Koka, Metehara, and Minjar. Generally, the existing quarry
nationwideare not well organized; for example, from all sites in the capital, Denamo reported,
only 10 of the existing aggregate producing firms are well organized in manpower, machinery,
and finance. Gravel and stone quarry operations result in extensive manipulation of the landscape
and of the ecosystems of indigenous to their sites Quarrying activity often has long-term social

14
and environmental impacts. Social challenges related to the increase in quarrying activities in
general include threats to health and safety, farming obstacle, blockage on free movement of
animals, displacement of communities, reduction in agricultural yield, damage of cultural sites,
and the formation of mining villages. Production activities in any industry may harm the
environment through their damaging effects on air, water, soil, and biodiversity . Due to the
production process and luck of standardization, there is a big problem in getting good sand for
production of concrete.

Generally ,the need for increased infrastructural and housing requirements due to the growing
rate of urbanization has led to an ever-increasing demand for both fine and coarse aggregate.
This increase in an unregulated system is raising the environment concern to a level that
immediate intervention is required. Locally quarry activity has created several environmental and
social problems. These problems include change of landscapes and loss of aesthetic value,
contamination of soil, erosion and sedimentation, air and water pollution, loss of biodiversity,
and health problems on the workers and local residents. Even if there are relatively sufficient
laws and proclamations for the protection of the environment, quarry sites are not regularly
inspected of by the authorized bodies while they are operational or after they have been closed
for reclamation purposes. Most quarry sites are just left abandoned. The only environmental
mitigation practices in few quarry sites are planting of trees and collection of waste.

2.3 CONCRETE

United States Army Engineer School, Fort Leonard Wood. 2012 G.C. defines concrete and
explains the composition and properties of concrete as follows:

Concrete is a mixture of aggregate and often controlled amounts of entrained air held together
by a hardened paste made from cement and water. Although there are other kinds of cement, the
word cement, in common usage, refers to Portland cement. A chemical reaction between the
Portland cement and water, not drying of the mixture, causes concrete to harden to a stone like
condition. This reaction is called hydration. Hydration gives off heat, known as the heat of
hydration. Because hydration, not air drying, hardens concrete, freshly placed concrete
submerged underwater will harden. When correctly proportioned, concrete is at first a plastic

15
mass that can be cast or molded into nearly any size or shape. Upon hydration of the cement by
the water, concrete becomes stone like in strength, durability, and hardness.

2.3.1 Concrete Composition

Concrete:- is one of the most versatile, economical, and universally used construction material.
It is among the few building materials produced directly on the job by the user. To know proper
mix, it is important for the user to identify desirable properties and components and to be able to
use factors involved in producing concrete and the methods employed in concrete production.
The main constituents of concrete are:
 Cement
 Water
 Air
 Aggregates (fine and coarse aggregate)
 Admixture (if necessary)

Portland cement: This is the most commonly used of modern hydraulic cements. In this
case, the word hydraulic means that the cement's characteristic of holding aggregate together is
caused by water or other low viscosity fluids. Portland cement is a carefully proportioned and
specially processed chemical combination of lime, silica, iron oxide, and alumina.

Aggregates: Inert filler material (usually sand and stone or gravel) make up between 60 to 80
percent of the volume of normal concrete. Aggregate is often washed when impurities or excess
fines that can retard cement hydration or otherwise deteriorate concrete quality are found. All
aggregate is screened to ensure proper size gradation because concrete differs from other
cement-water-aggregate mixtures in the size of its aggregate. For example, when cement is
mixed with water and an aggregate passing the No 4 sieve, it is called mortar, stucco, or cement
plaster. When cement is mixed with coarse aggregate of more than 1/4-inch, plus fine aggregate
and water, the product is concrete. The physical and chemical properties of the aggregate also
affect concrete properties. Aggregate size, shape, and grade influence the amount of water
required. Aggregate surface texture influences the bond between the aggregate and the cement

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paste. In properly mixed concrete, the paste completely surrounds each aggregate particle and
fills all spaces between the particles. The elastic properties of the aggregate influence the elastic
properties of the concrete and the pastes resistance to shrinkage. Reactions between the cement
paste and the aggregate can either improve or harm the bond between the two and, consequently,
the concrete quality.

Mixing Water: Unless tests or experience indicates that a particular water source is satisfactory,
mixing water should be free from acids, alkalis, oils, and organic purities. The basic ratio of
water to cement determines the strength of concrete. The less water in the mix, as long as it is
workable and not too stiff, the stronger, more durable, and watertight the concrete. Too much
water dilutes cement paste (binder), resulting in weak and porous concrete. Concrete quality
varies widely, depending on the characteristics of its ingredients and the proportion of the mix.

Air: All concrete contains some air. If air is chemically induced into the mix, it is called
entrained air. Entrained air adds beneficial qualities to the concrete such as increased freeze-thaw
capabilities, durability, and water tightness. Entrained air can range from 1.5 to 7.5 percent. Air
that is added to the mix as a result of the mixing process is called entrapped air. Entrapped air
adds nothing to the mix; however, this air can range from 0.5 to 3 percent.

Admixtures: When mixing concrete, these substances are added to accelerate or retard the initial
set, improve workability, reduce mixing water requirements, increase strength, or otherwise alter
concrete properties. They usually cause a chemical reaction within the concrete. Admixtures are
normally classified into accelerators, retarders, air-entraining agents, water reducers, and
pozzolans. Many admixtures fall into more than one classification.

2.3.2Concrete Properties

Properties of fresh (plastic) Concrete

Plastic concrete in a relatively fluid state can be readily molded by hand like a clump of
modeling clay. A plastic mix keeps all grains of sand and pieces of gravel or stones encased and
held in place (homogeneous). The degree of plasticity influences the quality and character of the

17
finished product significant changes in the mix proportions affect plasticity. Desirable properties
of plastic concrete are listed below.

Workability: This property describes the relative ease or difficulty of placing and consolidating
concrete in the form. Workability is largely determined by the proportions of fine and coarse
aggregate added to a given quantity of paste. One characteristic of workability is consistency,
which is measured by the slump test. A specific amount of slump is necessary to obtain the
workability required by the intended conditions and method of placement. A very stiff mix has a
low slump and, although difficult to place in heavily reinforced sections, is desirable for many
uses. A more fluid mix is necessary when placing concrete around reinforcing steel.

Non-segregation: Plastic concrete must be homogeneous and carefully handled to keep

segregation to a minimum. For example, plastic concrete should not drop (free-fall) more than
1m nor be transported over long distances without proper agitation

Uniformity: The uniformity of plastic concrete affects both its economy and strength.
Uniformity is determined by how accurately the ingredients are proportioned and mixed
according to specifications. Each separate batch of concrete must be proportioned and mixed
exactly the same to ensure that the total structural mass has uniform structural properties.

Properties of hardened Concrete: This is the end product of any concrete design. The
essential properties it must have are strength, durability, and water tightness.

Strength: The ability of concrete to resist a load in compression, flexure, or shear is a measure
of its strength. Concrete strength is largely determined by the ratio of water to cement in the
mixture (pounds of water and pounds of cement). A sack of cement requires about 2 1/2 gallons
of water for hydration. More water is added to allow for workability, but too much water (a high

18
water and cement (w/c) ratio) reduces concrete strength. The amount of water in economical
concrete mixes ranges from 4 gallons minimum to 7 gallons maximum per sack.

Durability: Climate and weather exposure affect durability. Concrete's ability to resist the
effects of wind, frost, snow, ice, abrasion, and the chemical reaction of soils or salts is a measure
of its durability. As the w/c ratio increases, durability decreases correspondingly. Durability
should be a strong consideration for concrete structures expected to last longer than five years.
Air-entrained concrete has improved freeze-thaw durability.

Water tightness: Tests show that the water tightness of a cement paste depends on the w/c ratio
and the extent of the chemical reaction progress between the cement and water. Corps of
Engineers specifications for water tightness limit the maximum amount of water in concrete
mixtures to 5.5 gallons per sack of cement (w/c = 0.48) for concrete exposed to fresh water and
5.0 gallons per sack (w/c = 0.44) for concrete exposed to salt water. The water tightness of air-
entrained concrete is superior to that of non-air-entrained concrete.

2.4 GLASS
Glass is a hard substance which may be transparent or translucent and brittle in nature. It is
manufactured by fusion process. In this process sand is fused with lime, soda and some other
admixtures and then cooled rapidly. Glass is used in construction purpose and architectural
purpose in engineering. There are various types of glass used in construction for different
purposes for our project we use a glass which is known as “beredo” glass.

2.4.1 Composition and Properties of Glass

Composition, structure:
Architectural glass is made from three principal raw materials, easily found in nature: silica
(SiO2), lime (CaCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The secondary materials are used to
give special properties to glass or to facilitate the glass-making process. A substance in its glassy
form is said to be in its vitreous state. A glass is prepared by cooling a melt more quickly than it
can crystallize. Thus cooling molten silica gives vitreous quartz. Under this condition the solid
mass has no long rang order as judged by the lack of X-ray diffraction peaks, but spectroscopic

19
and other data indicate that each Si atom is surrounded by a tetrahedral array of O atoms (short
range order). The lack of long rang order results from variations of the Si-O-Si angles.

2.4.2 Classification of Glass

Soda-lime glass: This is the most common commercial glass (90% of total production), and also
the least expensive. The chemical and physical properties of soda-lime glass are the basis for its
widespread use
Lead glass: As the name already indicates, lead glass has a high percentage of lead oxide (at least
20% of the batch). Lead glass has a relatively soft surface, making it especially suited for
decorating using grinding, cutting, and engraving processes. This glass will not withstand high
temperatures or sudden changes in temperature.
Borosilicate glass: The third major group, borosilicate glass, is any silicate glass having at least
5% of boric oxide in its composition. It demonstrates greater resistance to thermal changes and
chemical corrosion. Thanks to its properties, borosilicate glass is suitable for use in industrial
chemical process[9].

2.4.3 Properties of Glass [10]

1. Transparency of Glass
Transparency is the main property of glass which allows the vision of outside world through it.
The transparency of glass can be from both sides or from one side only. In one side transparency,
glass behaves like mirror from the other side.
2. Strength of Glass
Strength of glass depends on modulus of rupture value of glass. In general glass is a brittle
material but by adding admixtures and laminates we can make it as more strong.
3. Workability of Glass

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A glass can be molded into any shape or it can be blown during melting. So, workability of glass
is superior property of glass.
4. Transmittance
The visible fraction of light that passing through glass is the property of visible transmittance.
5. U value of Glass
U value represents the amount of heat transferred through glass. If a glass is said to be insulated
unit then it should have lower u value.

2.4.4 The percentage of glass replacement

Different studies have been done to investigate the optimum percentage of glass that can be used
as a partial replacement to cement to produce concrete[11]. Investigated the use of (5, 10 and
20%) of waste glass as a partial replacement to cement. The glass waste powder used was
slightly higher in particle size distribution than that of sand. The optimum percentage of waste
glass was found to be 10% based on compressive strength test results. The experimental results
showed that the compressive strength of the waste glass concrete was less than that without
waste glass. The ASR expansion test results showed that the ASR expansion decreased with
increasing the percentage of waste glass powder because the pozzolanic reaction of the glass
powder consumed the alkali hydroxide concentration and the CH of the concrete mixture. The
researchers concluded that 30% replacement of cement by glass waste is required to reduce the
ASR expansion below 0.1%.
Studied the use of different percentages (15, 20 and 23%) of milled waste glass with an average
particle size of 25 mm as a partial replacement for cement in two filed study projects, a pavement
section used as a sidewalk and maintenance vehicle access route and a concrete driveway,
sidewalk and curbs at the Michigan State University. The compressive strength results showed
that concrete with 15 and 20% waste glass replacement showed a higher compressive strength
compared to that concrete without waste glass. While concrete with 23% waste glass
replacement showed the same compressive strength of that concrete without waste glass [12].

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2.5 PREVIOUS STUDIES

Sadoon Abdallah, Mizi Fan, (june, 2014) on their paper titled “Characteristics of concrete
with waste glass as fine aggregate replacement” conducted their research by using percentage
replacement of 0%, 5%, 15% and 20% of fine aggregate by crushed waste glass with water to
cement ratio of 0.55 and mix ratio of 1:2.2:2.7 and tasted the compressive strength at 7, 14, 28
days. They found that the slump of concrete containing waste glass of fine aggregate
replacement decreases with increase in the waste glass content and compressive strength of the
concrete with partial replacement of sand by finely crushed waste glass increases with the
increment ratio of waste glass especially at the later ages, with optimum replacement being 20%,
in which the compressive strength at 20% replacement being 5.28% higher than the ordinary
concrete.

Amon Ray patil, Tushar Saxena(june,2019) on their paper titled “Recycling waste glass as
partial replacement of sand in concrete-effects on compressive strength” conducted similar
research but with percentage replacement of 0%, 5%, 10%, 12%, 20% with water to cement ratio
of 0.45 for mix ratio of 1:1.8:2.5 and casted another sample with water to cement ratio of 0.5 for
the mix 1:2.1:2.8 and checked their compressive strength at7,14,28 days and they found that as
the percentage of glass replacement increases the workability of fresh concrete decreases due to
the angular nature of the glass and compressive strength increases with increase in percentage of
glass up to optimum level of replacement which is due to angular nature of the particle
facilitating increased bonding in the cement paste and the optimum replacement was at 10%.
they also found out water to cement ratio of 0.5 showed a better result for M-25 grade of
concrete mix and it’s also highly workable than 0.45 water to cement ratio mix.

H.Dabiri, M.K. Shorbatdor,A. Kavyani,M.Baghdadi,(April,2018) on their paper titled “the

effect of replacing sand with waste glass particle on the physical mechanical parameter of
concrete” conducted a study by replacing fine aggregate by waste glass at percentage of 0%,
10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and added micro silica on some of their samples to reduce the
alkali silica reaction and measured the compressive strength at 7 +and 28 days. they found that

22
with increase in percentage of glass the compressive strength also increases with optimum
replacement at 50% and also the concrete with micro silica to prevent the alkali silica reaction
results in increased compressive strength than the samples with no micro silica.

Mukesh C. Limbachiya in this paper titled “bulk engineering and Durability Properties of
washed glass sand concrete” reports the results of an Experimental programme aimed at
examining the performance of Portland- Cement concrete produced with washed glass sand
(WGS), as natural sand Substitute- by mass. The effects of up to 50% WGS on fresh,
engineering and Durability related properties have been established and its suitability for use in a
Range of normal-grade concrete production assessed. WGS characteristics results showed that
the post-container glass waste can be crushed to provide WGS of Physical properties that satisfy
the current requirements set in appropriate Standards for natural sand for concrete. The density
and waste absorption of WGS Was found to be lower than natural sand. The results for fresh
concrete showed a Reduction in workability of concrete with increases WGS proportion beyond
20% in the mix, although slump measurements remained within the allowable margin of +25
mm. the mixes with high proportions of WGS were found to be less cohesive. Studies of
hardened concrete properties, comprising bulk engineering properties ( compressive cube and
cylinder strength, flexural, modulus of elasticity, Drying shrinkage) and durability ( near surface
absorption, alkali silica reaction) Showed similar performance for concrete produced with natural
aggregates and Up to 15% WGS.

V. Kishore Kumar et al studied the effects of glass fiber on strength and durability properties of
Geopolymer concrete. Sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide were used as alkali activators and
its ratio is kept as 2.7. Alkali solution to fly ash ratio as 0.35 and glass fibers was added with the
variation of 0.005% to 0.035% by volume of concrete. A 12M molarity of sodium silicate and
sodium hydroxide was used as alkali activator.

23
In general from the studies above it can be concluded that the compressive and flexural strength
of the concrete with partial replacement of sand with glass up to a certain limit will increase. But
workability and slump decreases as percentage of partial replacement increases.And for our
research we select partial replacement of sand with specific glass known as “beredo glass” at a
percentage of 0,5,10 and 20. And investigate the compressive and flexural strength of the
concrete.

CHAPTER THREE

24
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Concrete ingredients are firstly collected from various locations then the material is tested i.e.
test which are usually performed to check the material’s physical properties. The proportioning
of quantity of cement, materials like fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and Glass has been done
by weight as per the mix design. Water were measured by volume. Concrete was design for C25
grade. The mixing process is carried out manually and the procedure for mixing is as follows
The materials are laid in uniform layers, one on the other in order – fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and glass as per the percentage like 5%, 10% and 20% respectively Dry mixing Is
done, then cement is added and in last water is added. Fresh concrete is tested to check the slump
of concrete, as addition of different percentage of glass may change the slump of concrete then
concrete is filled in empty moulds and kept for 24 hours. After 24 hours cubes are de-mould and
placed in curing tank for curing. After that compressive and flexural tests were done after 7,and
28 days of curing. All the laboratory investigations on the aggregates, crushed glass waste as
well as concretes tests of control group and experimental group were carried out in ASTU, Civil
Engineering Department, Construction Material Laboratory.
Generally, the following sections outline the methodology used to investigate the suitability of
partially replaced sand by crushed glass waste on concrete properties.

3.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

In an experiment, data from an experimental group is compared with data from a control group.
An experimental group is a test sample or the group that receives an experimental procedure.
This group is exposed to changes in the independent variable being tested. A control group is a
group separated from the rest of the experimental such that the independent variable being tested
cannot influence the result. The research consists of one experimental group, which compared
against the control group

Control Groups

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The control group of the experiment includes four samples specimens for both compressive and
flexural for 7 and 28 day tests, whose constituent includes river sand, aggregate, cement and
water. These samples were prepared and tested for workability, compressive and flexural
strength at the ages of 7 and 28 days.

Experimental Groups
The experimental group consists of specimens composed of varying proportions of crushed
waste glass and river sand, coarse aggregate, cement and water. The proportion of crushed waste
glass and sand varies according to percentage of replacement of sand by glass waste;

 5% crushed waste glass, 95% river sand

 10% crushed waste glass, 90% river sand
 20% crushed waste glass, 80% river sand

The experimental group consists of 12 cubic and 6 flexural specimens with a total of 18
specimens and where tested for workability, compressive and flexural strength tests at ages of 7
and 28 days.
Independent Variables: variables their values are independent of other variables. Independent
variables encountered in this research are tests on river sand, like silt content, moisture content
and gradation, specific gravity of course aggregate.
Dependent variables: are variables their value depends in the independent variables.
Workability, compressive and flexural strength of concrete were dependent variables of the
experiment.

3.2.1 Material Characterization

3.2.1.1 Coarse Aggregates

The course aggregate used to conduct the experiments in the research is found from ASTU
compound. the size of coarse aggregate used ranges from 14mm to 20mm. Moisture content and

26
gradation tests were conducted to investigate the physical properties of coarse aggregate used in
the experiment. A total weight of 126.08 kg of coarse aggregate was used for the research.

3.2.1.2 Fine Aggregate (River Sand)

Natural river sand for this research was obtained from ASTU compound. The river sand where
air dried for 24 hours before testing or being used for sample preparation, after transported from
construction site. The sand was tasted for silt content, moisture content and gradation in order to
investigate its physical properties. The total amount of river sand used for the research weights
about 56.48kg.

Gradation
As been observed from sieve analysis test conducted particle size of natural river sand used for
the experiment ranges from 4.75mm to 150μm. The grading requirement of the fine aggregates
and the respective grading of natural river sand used for the experiment is shown in the table 3.1
SIEVE NO SIEVE WIGHT OF WIGHT OF WIGHT OF WIGHT OF FINER%
SIZE(mm) SIEVE RETAINED RETAINED FINE SAND
(KG) SAND+SIEVE SAND(KG) (KG)
(KG)
4 4.75 0.439 0.439 0 56.48 100
10 2 0.517 3.337 2.82 53.66 95.0071
16 1.18 0.434 11.734 11.3 42.36 75
30 0.6 0.406 25.826 25.42 16.94 29.9929
40 0.425 0.367 9.957 9.59 7.35 13.0135
50 0.3 0.372 5.742 5.37 1.98 3.50567
100 0.15 0.342 1.462 1.12 0.86 1.52266
200 0.075 0.332 1.172 0.84 0.02 0.03541
pan 0.252 0.252 0 0.02 0.03541
TOTAL
MASS=56.48

Table3. 1: Grading requirement comparison of fine aggregates

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Fineness modulus FM = 56.48/100 = 0.56

figure 3. 1 gradation curb for fine aggregate

D10 =0.4
D30=0.68
D60=0.96

Cu = D60/D10 = 0.96/0.4 =2.4

Cc = D30^2/(D60*D10) = 1.124

For well graded sand Cu must be less than 4 and Cc must be b/n 1 and 3 Cu = 2.4 < 4

1<Cc = 1.124 <3

Therefore, our sand is well grade

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figure 3. 2 Sieving of fine aggregate by sieve machine

3.2.1.3 Crushed Glass Waste

Waste glass for this experiment was collected from waste window and door glass sheet dumped
at work shop outside of the university the work shop is found around “posta” we only collect a
certain type of glass which is known locally as “beredo” glass. From those collected waste glass
sheet, total of 20 kg crushed glass were used to conduct the test. The preparation of crushed
waste glass for substituent of natural river sand for the experiment involves;

 Collection of sheet glass: The glass were collected from work shop outside the compose
the glass sheets were transported manually from the dump site to laboratory center (i.e.
ASTU Material Laboratory).

 Crushing of sheet glass: As tried to discuss in the introduction section of the research,
the aim of this experiment is to investigate concrete property of partially replaced fine
aggregate with glass. Hence the sheet glass was crushed so that it have the same particle
size as standard fine aggregate, manually.

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 figure 3. 3 crushing of glass

 Gradation and Blending Crushed glass waste: The crushed glass waste were blended
by different proportion of weight that retained in 150μm,300μm,600μm, 1.18mm,
2.36mm and4.75mm sieve sizes, so that the grinded glass fulfills the grading
requirements for fine aggregates for each percentage of replacement. The grading
requirement of the fine aggregates and the respective grading of crushed glass waste
used for the experiment is shown in the table 3.2.

SIEVE NO SIEVE WIGHT OF WIGHT OF WIGHT OF WIGHT OF FINER%

SIZE(mm) SIEVE RETAINED RETAINED FINEGLASS
(KG) GLASS+SIEVE GLASS(KG) (KG)
(KG)
4 4.75 0.439 0.439 0 6.08 100
10 2 0.517 0.947 0.43 5.65 92.9276
16 1.18 0.434 1.524 1.09 4.55 74.8355
30 0.6 0.406 2.956 2.55 2 32.8947
40 0.425 0.367 1.577 1.21 0.79 12.9934
50 0.3 0.372 0.902 0.53 0.26 4.27632
100 0.15 0.342 0.602 0.26 0.173 2.84539
200 0.075 0.332 0.505 0.173 0 0
pan 0.252 0.252 0 0 0

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 TOTAL
MASS=6.08

table3. 2 sieve analysis result for crushed glass

figure 3. 4 gradation curve for crushed glass

D10 = 0.4
D30 = 0.58
D60 = 0.89

Cu = D60/D10 = 0.92/0.4 = 2.23

Cc = D30^2/(D60*D10) = 1.095

For wall graded sand Cu must be less than 4 and Cc must be b/n 1 @ 3

Cu = 2.16 < 4
1<Cc = 1.095 <3
Therefore, our glass as a sand is well graded

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Sieve size (mm) Percentage passing (%) Percentage passing of crushed
Lower limit Upper limit Glass used (%)
4.75 95 100 100
2.36 80 100 87
1.18 50 80 69
0.6 25 60 48
0.425 15 30 13
0.3 10 30 1
0.15 2 10 0
0.075 0 0 0
table3. 3 Grading comparison of fine aggregate and respective crushed glass (blending)

figure 3. 5 (A) Crushed glass blending; (B) Crushed Glass waste being sieved

The physical properties of glass waste utilized and the tests conduct to observe these tastes are
covered in the next chapter.

3.2.1.4 Cement
In this research work, the pozzolanic Portland Cement, Dangote 3X class of strength 32.5R
which manufactured by Dangote cement Factory and bought by our own money.

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3.2.1.5 Water
The water used for specimen casting as well as water used for curing was tap water stored in the
tanker, supplied by ASTU. We obtain it from our civil construction lab.

3.2.2 Batching of Concrete

Since the experiment is investigation of properties of concrete of C-25 grades concrete, we
calculate our own mix ratio and we get a mix ratio of C-25 ( 1:2:4 ) with water to cement ratio of
0.5 were used. Having selected mix ratio, the concrete ingredients were batched by weight for
control group (concrete with 0 % of replacement of sand by glass). The ingredients of concrete
specimen other than control group have the same quantity of cement, coarse aggregate and water,
but varying amount of sand and grinded glass waste. The computation of ingredient of concrete
in the experiment involves;

Step 1: Determination of mold volume used to cast specimens. cubic molds and flexural molds
with dimension of 150×150×150mm for cubic mold and 100mm×100×500mm for flexural mold
were used.
Volume of cubic mold =(0.15𝑚)3 =0.003375𝑚3
volume of flexural mold =0.1m×0.1m×0.5m=0.005m3

Step 2: Total volume of concrete to cast 16 cubes and 8 flexural samples

For cubes =16×0.003375=0.054𝑚3

For flexural (cylinder) =8×0.005=0.04m3
Total volume of concrete = 0.054m3+0.04m3=0.094m3
Step 3: Calculating total wet volume of concrete including the wastage

0.094×1.3×1.05=0.12831𝑚3

Step 4: Calculating the amount in (Kg) of each concrete ingredients to cast 16 cubes and 8
flexural samples.

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 Mix ratio for C-25 =1:2:4

 Density of Cement=1440Kg/ 𝑚3

 Density of Sand=1600Kg/ 𝑚3

 Density of course aggregate=1720Kg/ 𝑚3

For cubes
 Volume Cement =1/7×0.054 𝑚3 = 0.0077 𝑚3
 Mass of Cement =ρ×v=1440 Kg/ 𝑚3×1.3*1.05*0.007714 𝑚3=15.16KG

 Volume of Sand =2/7*0.054m3 = 0.01543m3

 Mass of sand(KG) = 0.01543m3×1600*1.3*1.05 =24.7 KG where 5%,10% and 20%of
24.7KG will be replaced by glass

 Volume of course aggregate =4/7*1.3*1.05*0.054m3 =0.031m3

 Mass of course aggregate =0.031m3*1720Kg/m3 =72.45KG

For flexural samples

 volume of cement = 1/7×0.04m3 =0.00571m3

 Mass of cement for flexural = 0.00571m3×1440m3/KG*1.3*1.05 =11.23KG

 Volume of sand = 2/7*0.04m3 =0.011m3

 Mass of sand = 0.01143*1.3*1.05*1600KG/m3 = 33.7KG where 5%,10% and 20% of
18.29kg will be replaced by glass

 Volume of course aggregate = 4/7*0.040 = 0.023m3

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  Mass of course aggregate = 0.023m3*1.3*1.05*1720KG/m3 = 54KG

Step 5: Total amount of ingredients used in our study in KG are

Mass of Cement=11.12Kg+8.23Kg = 26.39KG

Mass of Sand= 33.7KG+24.9KG= 58.6KG – 2.12(sand amount after it replaced) = 56.48KG
Mass of Course Aggregate=53.07Kg+39.56KG =126.5KG

3.2.3 Concrete Mixing

Equipment utilized for the test like slump cone, specimen moulds were cleaned and the slump
cone and moulds were coated with oil coating to ensure that no water escaped during filling,
preventing adhesion of cement and to avoid segregation of specimen as well. Having
proportioned constituent of concrete (i.e. cement, coarse aggregate, natural river sand, grinded
glass waste and water), the proportioned crushed glass waste and natural sand were mixed before
mixed with coarse aggregates. Thereafter aggregates (i.e natural river sand, crushed glass waste
and coarse aggregate) were dry mixed for few minutes. The cement and water were added to the
dry mix thoroughly and mixed for extra few minutes. Finally the fresh concrete where used to fill
the slump cone in order to determine the slump of the mix then the moulds are filled with fresh
concrete.

figure 3. 6 mixing of concrete ingriden

3.2.4 Casting Concrete Specimen

A total of eight series of mixture are prepared in the laboratory that is four for cubic samples and
four for flexural samples. The four trial specimen includes a control mixture using only fine

35
aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement and water plus three experimental mixture consisting of
coarse aggregates, cement, water and varying proportion of fine aggregate compositions (i.e. 5%
crushed glass waste and 95% natural river sand ,10% crushed glass waste and 90% natural river
sand, sand 20% crushed glass waste and 80% natural river sand ).
The fresh concrete was poured into cube moulds having dimensions of
150𝑚𝑚∗150𝑚𝑚∗150𝑚𝑚 for cubic moulds and 100mm*100mm*500mm for flexural
moulds by three layers. Each layer was compacted 25 times with the help of a tamping rod and
the side of the specimen was compacted by rammer. After the third layer is filled, the top surface
of the specimens was finished with flatten board. Finally, after 24 hours the mould was removed.

figure 3. 7 casting of concrete

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3.2.5 Curing the Specimen
The casted specimens where taken out of the mould after being shaped for 24 hours. Then
identification codes were written on each concrete specimen and were placed in the curing tanker
and have been cured until the age of testing reaches for our case 7 and 28days.

figure 3. 8 curing of concrete

Reference

37
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[3] What are the Materials for Replacement of Sand in Concrete? - Happho
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[5] http://www. 2017 edition of African Economic Outlook.com/articles/

[6] Neville AM, Brooks JJ, Adam M.Concrete Technology. 2nd ed. England: British Library;
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[8] Yasmin Y, Abebe D. Fine Aggregate Production and Its Environmental Impact in Some
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[10] http://www.glassonweb.com/articles/
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[12] R. Nassar, P. Soroushian, Strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete containing
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