Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge

1.0 Design Data

1.1 General
Project-
Client :-
Name of River-

Span(m)- 20

Case -Statical calculation

Number Of Girders 3.00

C/C Support 20.6

Clear Width 7.30

Number Of Lanes 2.00

Face of railing to End of 0.40

Multiple presence Factor 1.00

Specifcation Used -ERA Bridge Design Manual 2002/AASHTO LRFD BridgeDesign Spec.1998

Rear Axle Load = 145 KN

P in =
Lane Load 72.5
the Transverse KN
Direction
2
= 9.30 KN/m

Design Tandum Axle Load 110.00 KN

2
Wearing Surface = 0.25 KN/m

Highway Railing Load, 44.48 KN

1.2 Material Property Used:

1.2.1 Concrete:
Type Of Concrete: C-30

f'c= 30.00 Mpa

fc= 12.00 Mpa

3
Density of Concrete γc= 24.00 KN/m

'
Ec =0.043*γc*SQRT(fc )=

Ec = 27691.466 Mpa

-1 -
 1.2.2 Reinforcement:

For bar Diam>=20mm fyk= 400 Mpa

fs= 160 Mpa

For bar Diam<20mm fyk= 276 Mpa

fs= 138 Mpa

Es= 200000 Mpa

Modular Ratio, n=Es/Ec 7.22

Take n= 8 Use the Nearest Integer

1.3 Load and Resistance Factors (LRFD) Design Methedology:

f momen t=φ = 0.9

f shear =φ = 0.9

b= 0.85

Dead Load limit state factor 1.25

Live Load Limit state facctor 1.75

Dead Load Service Limit State 1.00

Live load service limit state 1.30

Fatigue Live Load Factor 0.75

Dyanmic impact allowance

Fatigue abd Fracture 15 %

All other Limit state 33 %

Modulus of rupture=fr=0.63sqrt(fc')
3.450652
= MPa Eq.9.50
Z in Eq. 9.5 = 30000 KPa
For bar Diam>=20mm

rb= 0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+f 0.0325

For bar Diam<20mm

rb= 0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+f 0.0538 0.0403

-2 -
 2.0 Preliminary Dimensions

CRWW
t t min D.H

Edge Beam width

GR.D cross w

web width a c

TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION

Clear Road Way Widht = 7.30 m

Face of Railing to end slab = 0.40 m

Total Top Width = 8.10 m

Span (C/C of Bearings) =S = 20.60 m

Girder Depth=0.07S = 1.442 Take D= 1.45 m

C/C of Girder Spacing(a) = 2.6 Perendicular

Overhang Distance (c) = 1.45 m Perendicular

Cantliver length = 1.26 m Perendicular

Girder web thickness = 0.38 m

Clear Span Between Girders= 2.22 m Perendicular

Top Slab Thickness(t)=a/12 toa/15 0.2167 m to 0.173 m

Take t= 0.22
Fillets=0.1*0.1 b/n Girders and Deck
Minimum overhang Slab Depth=L/10= 0.145 m Perendicular

Take t.o.hmax = 0.22 m Take min t.o.h= 0.22

Edge Beam Width = 0.40 m

Edge Beam H.= 0.40 m

Diaphragm ,use at centre and Ends. Thickness= 0.25 m

Depth of Diap @ cente = 1.20 m

Depth of Diap@ end = 1.20 m
Total number og Diaphragm 3.00
C/C distance b/n Diaphragm = 10.30 m

-3-
 3.0 Deck Slab Design

Reinforced Concrete T-Girder Bridge Design

## Design Of Deck Slab

3.1.1 Design of

I) Analysis

3.1.1.1) Dead Load

W3

W4

Weight Moment Moment

Item (KN/m) arm (m) (KN-m/m)

W1 6.65 0.63 4.19

W2 1.73 1.06 1.83

W3
(Railing) 1.92 0.96 1.84
W4
(Post) 1.80 1.09 1.95

W5 1.03 0.29 0.30

Total 13.13 10.11

3.1.1.2 Live Load

a) Railing Load
Effective overhang strip width, E=1140+0.833X

X= Distance in mm from center of the post to the point under investigation.

X= Centre of Post to Support 1085

E= 2043.81 Take E=2.04m

P= 44.48 KN height of top of rail from top of curb=0.90m

Moment arm =0.90+0.50*0.22
Railing HT= 1.01 m moment arm =1.01m

Railing Live Load Moment, 21.98 KNm

-4-
b) Truck Load

According to Art.7.4 Slabs/Longitudinal Edges, the

wheel is put 300mm from face of rail

X= distance from the load to point of support 0.560 m

Eoverhang = 1140 +0.833*X
E= 1606.48 mm
MLL= 25.27 KNm/m
MLL+IM= 33.61 KNm/m
Distance
lane load from face=of rail to overhanging
moment ( 0.860 m
9.3/3)*0.86^2/(2)= 1.146 KNm/m
M Total = 34.759 KNm/m
Total Design Moment

a) DeadLoad +Railing Load, MTR= 1.25MDL 51.11 KNm/m

b) DeadLoad+Truck Load, MTt= 1.25MDL 73.47 KNm/m

c) Design Moment, Md = Max(Mtt,Mtr) = 73.47 KNm/m

II) Section Design

Mu= 73.47 KNm/m

Maximu reinforcement is limited by ductility requirement, which is given by

Article 5.7.3.3.1 -(Maxdimum Steel Ratio)
a/d=< 0.42 a=<0.42βd β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa
Art.5.7.2.2
then a= 0.357 d Φ= 0.9 for Flexure
a= 37.2992
Mu=0.85Φf'c*a*b*(d-a/2)= 0.2244 f'cbd2

b= 1000.0 mm
2
d 104.5 mm as= 201.1 mm
as= 113.1 mm2
cover= 50 mm

dprovided= 162 mm Bar diam= 12 MM

Bar diam= 16 mm
Depth is Aduquate
fy= 276 Mpa
Reinforcement
a=Asfy/0.85f'cb
a=As/76.99
a= 25.76 -6.7E-02 a As
37.30 ####
ρ=Mu/(Φfybd(d-a/2)=0.01224 Greater than ρmin 26.80 ####
Equ .5.7.3.3.2-1 (Minimum Steel ratio) 25.85 ####
ρmin=0.03f'c/fy= 0.003261 25.77 ####
25.76 ####
2
As=ρbd= 1983.5 mm 25.76 ####

Spacing= 158.4 mm

-5-
 Number of bars per meter width= 6.314 psc use 7 bars

Then provide Φ16 and Φ12 Bars C/C-140 (mm) at top of overhang slab

As provided= 1470.52 mm2 < revise As1983.5 mm2

3.1.2Design of Interior Slab

3.1.2.1) Dead
SlabLoad
2
= 5.28 KN/m
Wearing Surface
= 0.25 KN/m2
Total
2
= 5.53 KN/m

Maximum Postive Moment

M=0.8WL2/8 3.74 KNm/m

Maximum Negative moment 3.74 KNm/m

3.1.2.2) Live Load

Width of Primary strip for postive moment, 2.09 m

Width of Primary strip for negative moment, 1.87 m

So as to get the maximum postive and negative bending moment

slab four wheel loads of two rear axles of design truck were taken

Load arrangement for maximum postive moment at the starting side

Load movement Direction

Assuming Future ext.

72.50KN 72.50KN 72.50KN 72.50KN

0.70 1.80 2.60 1.80

1.45 2.60 2.60 2.60 1.45

Starting point

Load arrangement for maximum negative moment at the starting side

Load movement Direction

72.50KN 72.50KN

0.70 1.80

1.45 2.60 2.60 2.60 1.45

Starting point

-6-
The following results were obtained from the analysis result

A) only one lane loaded Multiple P.FStrip width

MLL(KNm/m)

Mmax.pos(KNm)= 35.7 1.2 2.09 20.50

Mmax.neg(KNm)= 33.8 1.2 1.87 21.69

B)Two Lanes loaded

Mmax.pos(KNm)= 36.9 1.0 2.09 17.66

Mmax.neg(KNm)= 29.5 1.0 1.87 15.78

-7-
Summary of Maximum Moments

Dead MDL-VE= 3.74 KNm/m

MDL+VE= 3.74 KNm/m

LiveLoad+IM
MLL-VE= 28.8 KNm/m

MLL+-VE= 27.26 KNm/m

Factored Design Moments

MDneg=1.25(MDL-ve)+1.75(MLL-ve)55.16 KNm/m

MDpost=1.25(MDL+ve)+1.75(MLL+ve)
52.38 KNm/m

Determination of top

Mu= 55.16 KNm/m

Maximum reinforcement is limited by ductility requirement, which is given by

a/d=< 0.42 a=<0.42βd β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa

Art.5.7.2.2
then a= 0.357 d Φ= 0.9 Flexure

Mu=0.85Φf'c*a*b*(d-a/2)= 0.2244 f'cbd2

b= 1000.0 mm
d=√(Mu/(0.2244f'cb)= 90.52 mm

cover= 50 mm as= 201.06 mm2

dprovided= 162 mm
Bar diam= 16 mm
Depth is Aduquate
fy= 276 Mpa
Reinforcement

a=Asfy/0.85f'cb

a=As/76.99

a= 13.14 -4.2E+02

ρ=Mu/(Φfybd(d-a/2)=0.00882 Greater than ρmin

ρmin=0.03f'c/fy= 0.0033

2
As=ρbd= 1428.6 mm

Spacing= 140.7 mm

Number of bars per meter width= 7.105 psc use 8 bars

-8-
Provide Φ16 Bars C/C -140 mm as top reinforcment at interior parts of deck

Asprovided= 1629.64 mm2 > 1428.6 mm2

Determiantion of bottom reinforement

Mu= 52.38 KNm/m

Maximum reinforcement is limited by ductility requirement,

a/d=< 0.42 a=<0.42βd β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa

Art.5.7.2.2
then a= 0.357 d Φ= 0.9 Flexure

2
Mu=0.85Φf'c*a*b*(d-a/2)= 0.2244 f'cbd

b= 1000.0 mm
d=√(Mu/(0.2244f'cb)= 88.22 mm

cover= 25 mm as= 201.06 mm2

dprovided= 187 mm
Bar diam= 16 mm
Depth is Aduquate
fy= 276 Mpa
Reinforcement
a=Asfy/0.85f'cb

a=As/76.99

a= 15.49 1.6E+01

ρ=Mu/(Φfybd(d-a/2)=0.00629 Greater than ρmin

ρmin=0.03f'c/fy= 0.003261

As=ρbd= 1176.4 mm2

Spacing= 170.9 mm

Number of bars per meter width= 5.851 psc use 7 bars

Provide Φ16 Bars C/C- 160 mm as bottom reinforcment at interior parts of

Asprovided= 1377.45 mm2 > 1176.4 mm2

Distribution Reinforcement

For Primary reinforcement Parallel to trafic

S= 2.22 m
% of Distribution reinf.=3840/ 81.50

Take %=of Reinf 67 %

-9-
 2
As= 922.89 mm

Diam(mm)= 12 as= 113.1 mm2

Spacing= 122.5 mm Use spacing= 14cm

Provide Φ 12 bar C/C-140mm at top and bottom slab in the Longitudinal

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 4.0 Ananlysis and Design of Girders

4.10 Load

4.1.1 Dead Load

a) Exterior Girder

W3

W4

EXTERIOR GIRDER CROSS SECTION

Dead Load per Linear meter of span

Flange widht= 2.75 m Thickness of Diaphragm = 0.25 m

W1= 14.52 KN/m Dead load from Diaphragm =

W2= 1.73 KN/m
W3= 1.92 KN/m At each end = 6.53 KN
W4= 1.80 KN/m
W5= 1.03 KN/m
Girder= 11.22 KN/m W= 32.93 KN/m
Fillets= 0.12 KN/m P1= 6.53 KN
Wearing Coarse= 0.59 KN/m P2= 6.53 KN
Total= 32.93 KN/m

P1(KN) P2(KN) P1(KN)

W(KN/m)

Ra Rb

b)Interior Girder
Dead Load of the Highly Loaded Interior girder is considered

2.6

w1
w2
0.22

W1= 13.73 KN/m

W2= 11.22 KN/m
Wearing= 0.65 KN/m
Fillets= 0.24 KN/m

-9 -
 Total= 25.84 KN/m
Dead Load of Diaphragm= P1= 13.05 KN P2= 13.05 KN
W= 25.84 KN/m

P1(KN) P2(KN) P1(KN)

W(KN/m)

Ra Rb

4.1.2 Live Load

Distribution factors for lane loads, wheel and tandum axle loads,

According to section 7.5.1 of ERA's bridge design manual live loads shall be distributed to girders based
on lever rule.

a)Exterior Girder

Arrangement of load for maximum reaction on the exterior girder when

only one lane is loaded
P=72.5KN for truck and 55KN for tandum
P P
Assumed Hinge
1.00 1.80 1.25

1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

8.10

Arrangement of load for maximum reaction on the exterior girder when

two lane is loaded
P=72.5KN for truck and 55KN for tandum
P P P P

1.00 1.80 1.20 1.80

0.05
Assumed Hinge
1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

8.10

Multiple Presence factor for one lane loaded = 1.2

Multiple Presence factor for two lane loaded = 1.0

Distribution factor including multiple presence factor shall be computed as follows.

For one lane case, Re(1)=1.20(3.05P+1.25P)/2.6)= 1.985 P

For Two lane load case, Re(2)=1.*P(3.05+1.25+0.05)/2.6= 1.673 P

The one lane case governs the design, Re= 1.985 P

-10 -
B) Interior Girder

Arrangement of load for maximum reaction on the Interior girder when

only one lane is loaded
P=72.5KN for truck and 55KN for tandum
P P
0.80 1.80

1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

Ri
8.10

Arrangement of load for maximum reaction on the Interior girder when

two lane is loaded
P=72.5KN for truck and 55KN for tandum
P P P P

1.20
1.05 1.80 1.80 0.80

1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

Ri
8.10

Multiple Presence factor for one lane loaded = 1.2

Multiple Presence factor for two lane loaded = 1.0

Distribution factor including multiple presence factor shall be computed as follows.

For one lane case, Ri(1)=1.2(P+.80P/2.6) 1.569 P

For Two lane load case, Ri(2)=1(P+(1.4+0.80)P/2.6= 1.846 P

For Two lane load case, Ri= 1.846 P

Lane Loading
Exterior Girder

Arrangement of lane load for maximum reaction on the Exterior girder

when only one lane is loaded

3.00
W=3.1KN/m
1.00

1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

Re
8.10
Arrangement of lane load for maximum reaction on the Exterior girder
when only one lane is loaded

3.00 3.00

1.00 1.00

1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

Re
8.10

Multiple Presence factor for one lane loaded = 1.2

Multiple Presence factor for two lane loaded = 1.0
Distributed lane load including multiple presence factor shall be computed as follows.
For one lane loaded case, Re(1)=1.20*3.1*3.0*1.55/2.6= 6.653 KN/m

For two lane loade case, Re(2)=1.0(3.05*3.1*3.05/2)/2.6= 5.546 KN/m

The one lane loading case governs the design,

Re= 6.653 KN/m

-11 -
B) Interior Girder

Arrangement of lane load for maximum reaction on the Interior girder

when only one lane is loaded

3.00
1.10 W=3.1KN/m 1.10

1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

Ri
8.10
Arrangement of lane load for maximum reaction on the Interior girder
when only one lane is loaded

3.00 3.00

1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

Ri
8.10

Multiple Presence factor for one lane loaded = 1.2

Multiple Presence factor for two lane loaded = 1.0

Distributed lane load including multiple presence factor shall be computed as follows.

For one lane load case, Ri(1)=1.2*2*1.5*3.1*(1.1+1.5/2)/2.6 7.94 KN/m

For Two lane load case, Ri(2)=1.*2*2.6*3.1*(2.6/2)/2.6 8.06 KN/m

The two lane load case governs the design, Ri= 8.06 KN/m

Summary of Transversal Distributed Loads

Dead Loads
Exterior Girder- We= 32.93 P1= 6.53 P2= 6.53

Interior Girder- Wi= 25.84 P1= 13.05 P2= 13.05

Track and Tandum Loads

Exterior Girder- Shear at support 1.985 P

Moment and shear at span 1.985 P

Interior Girder- Shear at support 1.846 P

Moment and shear in span 1.846 P

Lane Loading
Exterior Girder- We= 6.653 KN/m

Interior Girder- Wi= 8.06 KN/m

-12 -
4.20 Analysis for Moment and Shear
4.2.1 Shear and Moment due to dead load

a)Exterior Girder

P1(KN) P2(KN) P3(KN)

W(KN/m)

Ra S Rb

P1=P3= 6.53 KN S= 20.6 m

W= 32.93 KN/m P2= 6.53 KN

Ra=Rb=P1+P2/2+WS/2= 348.92 KN

Shear at X V=Ra-P1-WX= 342.39 - 32.93 X

2 2
Moment at XRaX-P1X-Wx /2 342.39 X- 16.46 X

Point of L X(m) VDL(KN) MDL(KNm) Remark

0.000 0 342.39 0.00 Maximum shear

0.050 1.03 308.48 335.20
0.100 2.06 274.57 635.47
0.150 3.09 240.65 900.80
0.200 4.12 206.74 1131.21
0.250 5.15 172.83 1326.69
0.300 6.18 138.91 1487.24
0.350 7.21 105.00 1612.85
0.400 8.24 71.09 1703.54
0.425 8.755 54.13 1735.79
0.450 9.27 37.18 1759.30
0.475 9.785 20.22 1774.08
0.500 10.3 3.26 1780.12 Maximum Moment

a) Interior Girder

P1(KN) P2(KN) P3(KN)

W(KN/m)

Ra S Rb

-13 -
 P1=P3= 13.05 KN S= 20.60 m

W= 25.84 KN/m P2= 13.05 KN

Ra=Rb=P1+P2/2+WS/2= 285.69 KN

Shear at X V=Ra-P1-WX= 272.63 - 25.84 X

2 2
Moment at XRaX-P1X-Wx /2 272.63 X- 12.92 X

Point(x/L) X(m) VDL(KN) MDL(KNm) Remark

0.000 0 272.63 0.00 Maximum shear

0.050 1.03 246.02 267.11
0.100 2.06 219.41 506.81
0.150 3.09 192.80 719.10
0.200 4.12 166.19 903.98
0.250 5.15 139.58 1061.45
0.300 6.18 112.97 1191.51
0.350 7.21 86.36 1294.17
0.400 8.24 59.75 1369.41
0.425 8.755 46.44 1396.76
0.450 9.27 33.14 1417.25
0.475 9.785 19.83 1430.89
0.500 10.3 6.53 1437.68 Maximum Moment

4.2.2 Shear and moment due to Track Loading

Influence Line for maximum Bending moments

XY/L

X Y

4.3 4.3 laod case 1

4.3 4.3 Load case 2

Case 1
M(x)=72.5XY/L+72.5X(Y-4.3)/L+17.5x(Y-8.6)/L

M(x)=72.5XY/L*(2.24-6.38/Y)

M(X)=P*C1 P= 72.5

C1=XY/L*(2.24-6.38/Y)
Case2
M(X)=72.5XY/L+72.5Y/L*(X-4.3)

M(X)=72.5XY/L(2.24-4.3/X-1.038/Y)

M(x)=P*C2 P=72.50

C2=XY/L(2.24-4.3/X-1.038/Y)

-14 -
 Influence Line For maximum shear force

Y/L
-X/L
X Y
4.3 4.3

v(x)=72.5Y/L+72.5*(Y-4.30)/L+17.5*(Y-8.6)/L

V(x)=72.5Y/L(2.24-6.38/Y)

V(x)=P*C3 P=72.50

C3=Y/L(2.24-6.38/Y)

4.2.3 Shear and Moment Due to Tandum Loading

IL for Bending Moment

XY/L

X Y
1.2 Load case 1

M(x)=55*XY/L+55*(Y-1.2)/L

M(X)=55*XY/L(2-1.2/Y)

M(x)=P*C4 P=72.50

C4=55/72.50XY/L(2-1.2/Y)

IL for Shear
Y/L

-X/L

X Y
1.2

V(x)=55*Y/L+55*(Y-1.2/Y)

V(X)=55*Y/L(*(2-1.2/Y)

V(x)=P*C5 P=72.50

C5=55/72.5*Y/L*(2-1.2/Y)
Comparison shall be mase between track loading and tandem loading to determine the design
Moment and shear due to live load.

-15 -
Coefficients for Bending moment

C1=XY/L*(2.24-6.38/Y) Track load case 1

C2=XY/L(2.24-4.3/X-1.038/Y) Track load case 2

C4=55/72.50XY/L(2-1.2/Y) Tandum Axle load

Coeficients for shear

C3=Y/L(2.24-6.38/Y) Track Loading

C5=55/72.5*Y/L*(2-1.2/Y) Tandum Loading

X Y C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 CmaxM CmaxV

0 20.6 0.00 0 1.93 0.00 1.47 0.00 1.93

1.03 19.57 1.87 0.00 1.82 1.44 1.40 1.87 1.82
2.06 18.54 3.51 0.00 1.71 2.72 1.32 3.51 1.71
3.09 17.51 4.93 2.07 1.59 3.85 1.25 4.93 1.59
4.12 16.48 6.11 3.74 1.48 4.82 1.17 6.11 1.48
5.15 15.45 7.06 5.17 1.37 5.63 1.09 7.06 1.37
6.18 14.42 7.78 6.37 1.26 6.29 1.02 7.78 1.26
7.21 13.39 8.26 7.34 1.15 6.79 0.94 8.26 1.15
8.24 12.36 8.52 8.08 1.03 7.14 0.87 8.52 1.03
8.755 11.845 8.56 8.36 0.98 7.25 0.83 8.56 0.98
9.27 11.33 8.55 8.59 0.92 7.33 0.79 8.59 0.92
9.785 10.815 8.48 8.76 0.87 7.36 0.75 8.76 0.87
10.3 10.3 8.35 8.87 0.81 7.36 0.71 8.87 0.81

Maximum moment and shear due to live load considering 33% impact.

MLL+IM=1.33*(Df*CmaxM*P) Df_interior= 1.846

VLL+IM=1.33*DfCmaxV*P Df_exeterior=1.985

X CmaxM CmaxV MLL+IM_Ext. MLL+IM_Int VLL+IM Ex VLL+IM_in

0.000 0.00 1.93 0.00 0.00 369.465 343.593

1.030 1.87 1.82 358.47 333.37 348.028 323.657
2.060 3.51 1.71 672.78 625.66 326.590 303.721
3.090 4.93 1.59 942.92 876.89 305.153 283.785
4.120 6.11 1.48 1168.91 1087.06 283.716 263.849
5.150 7.06 1.37 1350.74 1256.15 262.279 243.913
6.180 7.78 1.26 1488.40 1384.17 240.842 223.977
7.210 8.26 1.15 1581.91 1471.13 219.404 204.040
8.240 8.52 1.03 1631.25 1517.02 197.967 184.104
8.755 8.56 0.98 1639.36 1524.56 187.248 174.136
9.270 8.59 0.92 1643.88 1528.76 176.530 164.168
9.785 8.76 0.87 1676.05 1558.68 165.811 154.200
10.300 8.87 0.81 1697.18 1578.33 155.093 144.232

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4.2.4 Shear and moment due to lane loading

Wi= 8.060 KN/m

We= 6.653 KN/m

Interior Ra=Rb= 83.02 KN

Exterior Ra=Rb= 68.53 KN

X M_in M_ex V_in V_ex

0 0 0.00 83.02 68.53

1.03 81.23 67.05 74.72 61.67
2.06 153.92 127.05 66.41 54.82
3.09 218.05 179.99 58.11 47.97
4.12 273.63 225.86 49.81 41.12
5.15 320.66 264.68 41.51 34.26
6.18 359.14 296.45 33.21 27.41
7.21 389.06 321.15 24.91 20.56
8.24 410.44 338.80 16.60 13.71
8.755 417.92 344.97 12.45 10.28
9.27 423.27 349.38 8.30 6.85
9.785 426.47 352.03 4.15 3.43
10.3 427.54 352.91 0.00 0.00

4.2.5 Ultimate Maximum shear and moments

Load factors 1.25 and 1.75 are used as per strength I limit state Load combination requirement

X MTin MTex VTint VTex

0.000 0.00 0.00 1087.36 1194.47

1.030 1059.43 1163.66 1004.68 1102.58
2.060 1997.77 2194.03 922.00 1010.68
3.090 2815.02 3091.10 839.32 918.78
4.120 3511.17 3854.87 756.64 826.88
5.150 4086.22 4485.35 673.96 734.98
6.180 4540.19 4982.53 591.28 643.08
7.210 4873.05 5346.42 508.60 551.19
8.240 5084.82 5577.01 425.92 459.29
8.755 5145.30 5642.31 384.58 413.34
9.270 5187.62 5687.33 343.24 367.39
9.785 5262.63 5766.73 301.90 321.44
10.300 5307.37 5812.81 260.57 275.49

-17 -
 Bending Moment Diagram MT int MT ext
7000.00

6000.00

5000.00
Moment(KNm)

4000.00

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Distance(m)

Shear Force Diagram VT int

1400.0
VT ext

1200.0

1000.0
Shear Force(KN)

800.0

600.0

400.0

200.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
Distance(m)

-18 -
 5.1 Design of Girders for Bending Moment

a) Exterior Girder

Effective flang width=Be=Bi/2+Min[S/8,6t+0.5bw,width of overhang]

S/8= 2.58 m
6t+0.5bw= 1.51 m
Width of overhang= 1.45 m

Effective flange width for interior Girder=Bi=Min[S/4,12ts+bw,Girder spacing]

S/4= 5.15 m
12ts+bw= 3.02 m
Girder spacing= 2.6 m

Compression Flange width -the effective slab width shall be taken as

effective for compression.

b= 2.75 m
D= 1.45 m

2.75

1.45 0.22
0.096

0.07
0.083 0.083
0.083

check for depth

Mu= 5812.81 KNm/m

Maximu reinforcement is limited by ductility requirement, which is given by

a/d=< 0.42 a=<0.42βd β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa

Art.5.7.2.2
then a= 0.357 d Φ= 0.9 Flexure

2
Mu=0.85Φf'c*a*b*(d-a/2)= 0.2244 f'cbd

b= 2750.0 mm
d=√(Mu/(0.2244f'cb)= 560.4 mm

cover= 50 mm

dprovided= 1134.80 mm

Depth is Aduquate

No. of bar 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Y 0.071 0.102 0.118 0.1468 0.166 0.193 0.214 0.254 0.265

Maximum Bending moment for design from Strenght I combination 5812.811 KNm

21
 Section capacity and Reinforcement
2
Trail No. of bar Y(m) As(m ) d(m) a(mm) Remark Mu(KNm)
1 4 0.071 0.003216991 1.379 18.4 Rec 1586.417
2 6 0.102 0.004825486 1.348 27.5 Rec 2317.804
3 8 0.118 0.006433982 1.332 36.7 Rec 3042.720
4 10 0.1468 0.008042477 1.303 45.9 Rec 3706.733
5 12 0.166 0.009650973 1.284 55.1 Rec 4365.434
6 14 0.193 0.011259468 1.257 64.2 Rec 4964.969
7 16 0.214 0.012867964 1.236 73.4 Rec 5555.717
8 18 0.254 0.0144765 1.196 82.6 Rec 6015.728

The section capacity for 18 bars is = 6015.7283 KNm > 5812.8109 KNm
Use 18 diam 32 bars OK!
b) Interior Girder
b= 2.60 m
D= 1.45 m

2.6

1.45

Depth of section is adequate as the exterior B.M is greater than the interior!

Maximum Bending Moment for Strength I Combination Mu= 5307.4 KNm

d=D-Y Mu=Φasfy(d-a/2)
a=Asfy/0.85f'cb

2
Trail No. of bar Y(m) As(m ) d(m) a(mm) Remark MCap(KNm)
1 4 0.071 0.003217 1.379 19.4 Rec 1585.804
2 6 0.102 0.004825 1.348 29.1 Rec 2316.425
3 8 0.118 0.006434 1.332 38.8 Rec 3040.268
4 10 0.1468 0.008042 1.303 48.5 Rec 3702.902
5 12 0.166 0.009651 1.284 58.2 Rec 4359.917
6 14 0.193 0.011259 1.257 67.9 Rec 4957.460
7 16 0.214 0.012868 1.236 77.6 Rec 5545.909
8 18 0.254 0.014476 1.196 87.3 Rec 6003.315
The section capacity is calculated as
Mu=Φasfy(d-a/2) = 6003.31 KNm 16 diam 32 satisfy but

5.20 Checking for Steel Ratios, Reinf. Distribution and Servicablity Requirements

5.2.1 Maximum Steel Ratio

For rectangular sections with flexural non prestressed reinforcement only.

a/de<=0.42 a-distance from extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis(mm)

de=the compression effective depth(mm)
Exterior Girder, a= 82.6 mm de= 1195.6
a/d= 0.069 < 0.42 OK

Interior Girder, a= 87.3 mm de= 1195.6

a/d= 0.073 < 0.42 OK

22
 5.2.2 Minimum Steel Ratio,

For components containing no prestessing steel the minimum reinforcement provision shall considered
satisfied if
ρmin>=0.03f'c/fy 0.002250

In T-beam where the web is in tension determination of steel ration shall be based on the width of the web

Number of bars extending through out the span =1/3of total number of bars 6.0

ρ=As/(Bw*d)= 0.00876 > 0.00225 OK!

5.2.3 Serviceablity Requirement

5.2.3.1 Fatigue Limit state

The range between the maximum and the minimum stress in striagth reinforcement caused by the live load
plus impact shall not exceed,

ff = 145-0.33fmin+55(r/h) Where, r/h= 0.30

fatgue load factor = 0.75

The interior Girder shall be checked for fatigue
The section is rectangular, since a= 87.3 mm < 220mm
As prov.= 14476.46 mm2 t/d= 0.1840

ρ=As/(b*d)= 0.00466 ρn= 0.0373

2
K=ρn+0.5(t/d) /(ρn+(t/d))= 0.1138

2 3
j=6-6(t/d)+2(t/d) -(t/d) /(6-3(t/d))= 0.9100

Dynamic Load allowance for fatigue limit state 15 %

U=0.75(LL+IM) Fatigue Limit state
MLL+I= 1381.26 Factored Live L. MLL+I = 1035.94

MDL= 1437.68 Mmin=MDL

2
fmin=Mmin/Asjd= 91.28 N/mm

2
ff=145-0.33*fmin+55(r/h)= 131.38 N/mm

f(LL+I) = M(LL+I)/Asjd = 65.7757 < 131.38

Comment: STRESS IS WITH IN THE RANGE

5.2.3.3 Control of Defelection

The Gross Moment of Inertia is computed as follows

1
8.10

2 2 2

1.28
0.38
Area Y AY
1 1.782 1.34 2.38788 Ybar= 1.021 m
2 1.4022 0.615 0.862353
Total 3.184 3.25

23
 24.18 115.87
4
Ig= 0.5964 m 1.927153
501.41 121.03
Loads
Live load-Four times track load

P1=P2= 290 KN P3= 70 KN

Lane load(2X)= 18.6 KN/m

Dead Load =1*D_int+2*D_ext = 91.69 KN/m

Servicablity load factor,dead load= 1.00

The super structure is analayised for the above load using STAAD(struactural software)
the maximum dead load and live load defelection are taken from the software output.
Using a load factor for live load and dead load service limit state as 1.3 and 1.0 respectively.The
dyanmic impact allowance for this case is taken as 33% of live load.
Accordingly,
Dead Load defelection= 2.589 cm at center of span

Total= 3.841 cm

Live load defelection= 1.252 cm at centre of span

Allowable Live load deflection=S/800= 2.58 cm Ok

Provision of Camber
Dead Load defelection= 2.589

Long term defelection=4*immediate defelection= 10.36

Therefore provide 10.00cm of camber at centre of span

5.3 Bar cutting and Resisting Moment

At least one third the postive moment reinforcement should be extended in to supports

For Interior girders=1/3*20= 6.00 extend 6.00 bars

For exterior girder=1/3*20= 6.00 extend 6.00 bars

Reinforcement shall be extended beyond it is no longer needed to resist flexure for a length
equal to the maximum of the followings.

the effective depth of the members= 1195.6 mm

15 times the diameter of the bar= 480 mm

1/20 of the clear span= 1000 mm

Take extended length of bar= 1195.6 mm

The basic development length of no, 11 bar is computed as follows

Ldb=0.02Abfy/sqrt(f'c)= 1174.7 mm

For bars with clear spacing of 2db or less ,Ld=2*Ldb

2bd=2*3.2 6.4 cm

Clear spacing between bars=8.3-3.2= 5.1 cm

Therefore Ld=Ldb*2= 2349 mm

24
 Standard Hooked-Bar

d=12db

a=4db/63mm Min

b=4db

db= 32 mm
a= 128 mm 6 21 2.575 17.575
b= 128 mm 7.5 21 2.575 16.075
d= 384 mm 9.5 21 2.575 14.075
11.5 21 2.575 12.075
half circle= 402.12 mm 14 21 2.575 9.575
18 21 2.575 5.575
C= 530.12 mm
Revised a= 201.1
Revised C= 585.1 mm

Length of each bar for flexural reinforcement is determined below

2
No of bars As(m ) Y(ext) Y(int) deff_ext deff_int a(ex) a(int) Mcap(ex) Mcap(int)
18 0.01447646 0.2544 0.2544 1.196 1.196 82.6 87.3 6015.73 6003.31
16 0.01286796 0.214 0.214 1.236 1.236 73.4 77.6 5555.72 5545.91
14 0.01125947 0.193 0.193 1.257 1.257 64.2 67.9 4964.97 4957.46
12 0.00965097 0.166 0.166 1.284 1.284 55.1 58.2 4365.43 4359.92
10 0.00804248 0.1468 0.1468 1.303 1.303 45.9 48.5 3706.73 3702.90
8 0.00643398 0.118 0.118 1.332 1.332 36.7 38.8 3042.72 3040.27
6 0.00482549 0.102 0.102 1.348 1.348 27.5 29.1 2317.80 2316.42
4 0.00321699 0.071 0.071 1.379 1.379 18.4 19.4 1586.42 1585.80

Exterior Girder
Actual Moment Moment cap. Bar length
x(m) (KN-m/m) No bar (KN-m/m) (m) Bar symbol No
0.000 0.00 6 2317.80 22.114 G&G1 6
1.030 1163.66
2.060 2194.03 8 3042.72 17.575 G2 &G3 2
3.090 3091.10 10 3706.73 16.075 G4 & G5 2
4.120 3854.87 12 4365.43 14.075 G6 & G7 2
5.150 4485.35 14 4964.97 12.075 G8 & G9 2
6.180 4982.53
7.210 5346.42 16 5555.72 9.575 G10 & G11 2
8.240 5577.01 18 6015.73 5.575 G12 & G13 2
8.755 5642.31
9.270 5687.33
9.785 5766.73
10.300 5812.81

25
 Interior Girder

x(m) Actual Moment No bar Moment cap. Bar length Bar symbol No
0.000 0.00 6 2316.42 22.214 G 6
1.030 1059.43
2.060 1997.77 8 3040.27 17.58 G1 2
3.090 2815.02 10 3702.90 16.08 G2 2
4.120 3511.17 12 4359.92 14.08 G3 2
5.150 4086.22 14 4957.46 12.08 G4 2
6.180 4540.19
7.210 4873.05 16 5545.91 9.58 G5 2
8.240 5084.82 18 6003.31 5.58 G6 2
8.755 5145.30
9.270 5187.62
9.785 5262.63
10.300 5307.37

5.40 Skin reinforcement

Askin>=0.001(de-760)<=As/1200 As/1200= 4.02

0.001(de-760)= 0.4356 < 4.02

2
Take Ask= 435.6 mm /m

2
Usung Diam 12 a= 113.10 mm

spacing = 259.6 m

Provide on diam 16 bar on both face of the girder

No of bar on one face= 5.6

Use 6 bar on each face 6.00

26
6.0 Design of Girder for shear

Nominal shear resistance Vn is determined as:

Correction factor for skewness= 1.0
Vn=Vc+Vs

Vc=bvdv*0.083B*sqrt(f'c)=

bv=web effective width = 0.38 mm

dv=effective shear depth = 1.154 mm

B=factor of ablity of section to resist tension= 2.0 traditional value

Vc= 398.82 KN Reduction factor φ= 0.90

ΦVc= 358.937 KN

Vs=Avfyde/s S=Avfyde/Vs= 78.47 /Vs (m)

If diam 12 bar are used a= 113.10 mm2

Vs=Vu-ΦVc= Vu-320.75=

Minimum transverse reinforcement

Av=0.083*bvS/fy*sqrt(f'c)

Max.spacing=s=Avfy/(0.083*bv*sqrt(f'c)

If diam 12 is used Av= 226.19 mm2

Smax= 361.4 mm

Maximum spacing for traverse reinforcement

If Vu<0.1*fc'*bv*dv then s<=0.8*dv 923.45 mm

If Vu>=0.1*fc'*bv*dv then s<=0.4*dv 461.72 mm

0.1f'cdv*bv= 1315.92 KN

Therefore maximum spacing shall be 38 cm

Shear reinforcement ranges for the sections of the girder is computed as follows

The maximum shear forces of the girder are used for design

27
Correction factor for shear due to obtuse support=r= 1.0 +0.2*(Lt3/Kg)tanθ= 1

X Vu Vs Sreq(mm) Smax Sprovided

0 1194.47 835.54 93.9 361.38 9cm

1.03 1102.58 743.64 105.5 361.38 9cm
2.06 1010.68 651.74 120.4 361.38 9cm
3.09 918.78 559.84 140.2 361.38 13cm
4.12 826.88 467.94 167.7 361.38 13cm
5.15 734.98 376.05 208.7 361.38 13cm
6.18 643.08 284.15 276.2 361.38 13cm
7.21 551.19 192.25 408.2 361.38 25cm
8.24 459.29 100.35 782.0 361.38 25cm
8.755 413.34 54.40 1442.5 361.38 25cm
9.27 367.39 8.45 9283.8 361.38 25cm
9.785 321.44 -37.50 -2092.8 361.38 25cm
10.3 275.49 -83.45 -940.4 361.38 25cm

28