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▪ Vacuum tubes: In 1904, the simplest vacuum tube (the diode) was invented by Jhon
Fleming.
By
Dr. Abhijit Bhowmick
SENSE
VIT, Vellore, TN, India
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Evolution of Electronics
Evolution of Electronics
▪ In 1930, Lilienfeld field for patent FET.
▪ In 1907, De Forest invented the triode by inserting a third electrode between cathode
and anode. ▪ In 1947, William Shockley, Jhon Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented first transistor
(solid state) at Bell Lab. The modern transistor (point contact transistor) was a junction
transistor and it was monolithic (base, emitter, and collector are in the same piece of
semiconductor).
❑ Shockley introduced the improved bipolar junction transistor in 1948, which entered
▪The vacuum tube was bulky and fragile device which consumes a significant power. production in the early 1950s and led to the first widespread use of transistors.
It took large area, reliability is poor and required frequent maintenance.
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Evolution of Electronics Impact of Electronics in Industry and Society
▪ The polar transistor continues to be an important device and as a part of IC. ➢ This generation is really very blessed because of the evolution of electronics.
Most often, all types of person from all over the globe has different electronics in
▪ Later in digital circuits, the MOSFET has surpass the bipolar transistor their household (fridge, washing machine, TV etc.).
because of high integration density and low power consumption.
➢ Some of the most common electronics found at home are laptops, mobile
▪ In 1958, Jack Kilby (an American engineer worked at Texas Instruments) phones, PC or table computer and most often (according to statistics) iPad or
demonstrated the first IC (bipolar transistor, resistor, and capacitor) tablets. These electronics showcase different features for the customers to use.
fabricated on a single piece of germanium. They usually have different types of usage and functionalities.
➢ The electronics industry emerged in the 20th century and is today one of the
▪ Designed “feature size” chip – a large number of transistor to be integrated largest global industries. The electronics industry consists of various sectors. The
on one chip. (“feature size” means the size of the elements on chip, which central driving force behind the entire electronics industry is the semiconductor
today is measured in nanometers, is the minimum distance between the industry sector.
source and drain on a MOS transistor). ➢ The size of the industry and the use of toxic materials, as well as the difficulty of
recycling has led to a series of problems with electronic waste. International
▪ 1965 onwards, the number of transistor doubled in every two year (Moore’s regulation and environmental legislation has been developed in an attempt to
law). address the issues.
➢ As sales of electronic products in United States grew from some $200 million in
▪ In 1970, feature size became 10 μ m and in 2010 it became 0.032 μ m . 1927 to over $266 billion in 1990, the electronics industry transformed factories,
offices, and homes, emerging as a key economic sector that rivaled the
▪ Now it is system on chip. chemical, steel, and auto industries in size.
➢ By 2020, the electronics market in India is expected to increase to USD400
billion from USD69.6 billion in 2012. The market is projected to grow to USD
989.37 billion in 2027.
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Resistors Colour Coding Resistors Colour Coding
B. B. ROY of Great Britain has a Very Good Wife Calculate resistance value
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1 0 x (1/10) 5%
R1 Equivalent resistance?
R2
R4
R3
3 0 0 x 10 1%
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Ohm’s Law The Capacitor
• The capacitor is a component which
• There is a mathematical has the ability or “capacity” to store
relationship between the three energy in the form of an electrical
components (V, R, and I) of charge producing a potential difference
electricity. That relationship is (Static Voltage) across its plates, much
Ohm’s Law. like a small rechargeable battery.
– V = volts • The electrical symbol for an capacitor
– R = resistance in ohms is C.
– I = current in amps • A capacitor consists of two or more
parallel conductive (metal) plates which
are not connected or touching each
other, but are electrically separated
either by air or by some form of a good
insulating material such as waxed
paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some
form of a liquid gel as used in
electrolytic capacitors. The insulating
layer between a capacitors plates is Variable capacitor
commonly called the Dielectric.
• Unit measured in Farad (F).
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The Capacitor
Type of capacitors
1. Electrolytic Capacitor
• Standard Units of Capacitance
2. Mica Capacitor
Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F 3. Paper Capacitor
Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F 4. Film Capacitor
Picofarad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F 5. . Film Capacitor
6. Ceramic Capacitor
• Capacitance is defined as being that a capacitor has the capacitance
of One Farad when a charge of One Coulomb is stored on the plates by Mica Capacitor
a voltage of One volt.
. Film Capacitor
Paper Capacitor
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Capacitors Colour Coding The Inductor
• An inductor is a passive electrical component
that opposes sudden changes in current.
Inductors are also known as coils or chokes.
The electrical symbol for an inductor is L.
• Inductors slow down current surges or
spikes by temporarily storing energy in an
electro-magnetic field and then releasing it
back into the circuit.
• Major purposes:
1. Choking, blocking, attenuating, or filtering/
smoothing high frequency noise in electrical
circuits
2. Storing and transferring energy in power
converters (dc-dc or ac-dc)
3.Creating tuned oscillators or LC (inductor /
capacitor) "tank" circuits
4. Impedance matching
• Unit measured in the Henry (H).
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Inductance
Type of Inductors
1. Air-core inductor
2. Iron-core inductor
3. Toroidal inductor
4. Laminated core inductor
5. Powered iron-core inductor Air-core inductor
Iron-core inductor
Toroidal inductor
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Parameters of Resistor, Capacitor, and
Parameters of Resistor, Capacitor, and
Inductor
Inductor
What is equivalent
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Electro-mechanical Components Electro-mechanical Components
Types of Relay Based on the principle of operation
Electrothermal relay: Contactor : It is a device which is used for repeatedly establishing and
When two different materials are joined together it forms into a bimetallic strip. When interrupting an electric circuit under normal conditions.
this strip is energized it tends to bend, this property is used in such a way that the
bending nature makes a connection with the contacts.
Applications:
Electromechanical relay:
With the help of few mechanical parts and based on the property of an electromagnet Lighting control:
a connection is made with the contacts. Contactors are often used to provide central control of large
Solid State relay: lighting installations, such as an office building or retail
Instead of using mechanical parts as in electrothermal and electromechanical relays, building.
it uses semiconductor devices. So, the switching speed of the device can be made Magnetic starter:
easier and faster. The main advantages of this relay are its more life span and faster A magnetic starter is a device designed to provide power to
switching operation compared to other relays. electric motors. It includes a contactor as an essential
Hybrid relay: component, while also providing power-cutoff, under-
It is the combination of both electromechanical and solid-state relays. voltage, and overload protection.
Vacuum contactor:
Vacuum contactors utilize vacuum bottle encapsulated contacts to suppress the
Types of Relay Based on the polarity:
arc. This arc suppression allows the contacts to be much smaller and use less
Polarized relay:
space than air break contacts at higher currents.
These are similar to the electromechanical relays but there exists both permanent
Mercury relay:
magnet and electromagnet in it, the movement of the armature depends on the
A mercury relay, sometimes called a mercury displacement relay, or, mercury
polarity of the input signal applied to the coil. Used in telegraphy applications.
contactor, is a relay that uses the liquid metal mercury in an insulated sealed
Non-polarized relay:
container as the switching element.
The coil in these relays doesn’t have any polarities and its operation remains
unchanged even if the polarity of the input signal is altered.
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What’s the difference between a Contactor and a Control Relay? : A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC (Alternating current)
to a constant DC (Direct current). A regulated power supply is used to
➢ The key difference between control relays and contactors is the rating of ensure that the output remains constant even if the input changes.
current that they are designed to handle. Contactors are used for loads A regulated DC power supply is also known as a linear power supply, it is
that have comparatively higher currents and higher system voltages. an embedded circuit and consists of various blocks.
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Regulated Power Supply Function Generator
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Multimeter CRO
A multimeter is one of the most useful tools for any electrical purpose, The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is an electronic test instrument,
such as testing the voltage, current, resistance, and continuity it is used to obtain waveforms when the different input signals are given. In
measurements and more. There are two types of multimeters available the early days, it is called as an Oscillograph. The oscilloscope observes
such as analog and digital. the changes in the electrical signals over time, thus the voltage and time
describe a shape and it is continuously graphed beside a scale. By seeing
the waveform, we can analyze some properties like amplitude, frequency,
rise time, distortion, time interval, and etc.
Analog Digital
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Thank you
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