TRADE

PROJECT TITLE
DC POLARITY FINDER DEVICE
NAME
INDEX
PROJECT
PAPER CODE 2601/306A

COURSE NAME DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING (POWER)

CENTRE NAME RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CENTRE CODE

PRESENTED TO KENYA NATIONAL

EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING (POWER OPTION)

SUPERVISOR JOSEPH ROTICH

DATE OF JUNE/JULY 2021

PRESENTATION
DECLARATION
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report is based on my own

work carried out during the course of our study under the supervision of Mr

Rotich . I assert the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of

my research work. I further certify that I. The work contained in the report is

original and has been done by me under the general supervision of my supervisor.

II. The work has not been submitted to any other Institution. Whenever we have

used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other sources, we have

given due credit to them in the text of the report and giving their details in the

references
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the Trade Project entitled “dc polarity finder device” being

submitted by …………………………………………., of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering (Power Option), RVIST, in partial fulfillment of the

award of the Diploma Certificate in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, is a

record of project carried out by him. He has worked under my supervision and

guidance and has fulfilled the requirements which to my knowledge have reached

the requisite standard for submission.

Signature:

……………...

Mr. J. Rotich

Lecturer

Date:
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I carried out the work reported in this project It in the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, RVIST, under the

supervision of Mr. J. Rotich, Lecturer. I solemnly declare that to the best of my

knowledge, no part of this report has been submitted elsewhere for award of a

diploma certificate. All sources of knowledge used have been duly acknowledged

in the references.

Signature:

………………..

Date:
DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my source of

inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been the source of my

strength throughout this program and on His wings only have I soared
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My deepest gratitude goes to God who has provided all that was needed to

complete this project and the program for which it was undertaken for. There was

never lack or want. Throughout this entire study, He took care of everything that

would have stopped me in my tracks and strengthened me even through my most

difficult times.
ABSTRACT
A dc polarity indicating system using a light emitting diode is mounted on the clip

for a battery charger to provide an indication that the battery charger is properly

connected to the battery being charged. In the preferred embodiment, the LED is

connected to a test probe mounted in one of the handles of the negative clip and

connected in series between the test probe and the positive cable. An alternate

embodiment uses the polarity indicating system on battery booster cables.

The battery polarity detection system contains multiple detection terminals, a

control unit, and a charging/discharging circuit. Each detection terminal is

connected to a terminal of a battery. The control unit has an internal default

voltage and is capable of measuring voltage differences between the detection

terminals and comparing the voltage differences with the internal default voltage.

If a voltage difference between a first detection terminal and a second detection

terminal is greater than the internal default voltage, the control unit makes said

first detection terminal of a greater voltage connected to a positive terminal of

the charging/discharging circuit; and the control unit makes the second detection

terminal of zero voltage connected to a negative terminal of the

charging/discharging circuit, thereby forming a complete loop. The battery

polarity detection system can correctly identify the polarity of a battery, avoiding

burning down the battery's control or password IC.

Contents
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................................1
CERTIFICATION............................................................................................................................................2
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................................3
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................................4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................5
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER ONE...........................................................................................................................................10
1.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................10
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................12
1.3 BL0CK DIAGRAM.............................................................................................................................13
1.4 LIMITATION.....................................................................................................................................13
1.5 ADVANTAGES..................................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER TWO..........................................................................................................................................15
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................................15
2.1 PREVIOUS POLARITY FINDER DEVICE RELATED THIS WORK..........................................................16
2.2 OVER VIEW OF LED.........................................................................................................................17
2.3 OVER VIEW OF RESISTOR................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................21
3.1     PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION...............................................................................................................21
3.3 OHM'S LAW.....................................................................................................................................24
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................................26
4.1 TESTING OF LIGHT DIMMER SWITCH..............................................................................................26
4.2 COMPONENTS.................................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................................29
5.0 CONCLUSION, PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................29
5.1 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................29
5.2     PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED...........................................................................................................30
5.3 RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................................................31
5.4 REFERENCE......................................................................................................................................32
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The present invention is generally related to a battery polarity detection

system and method, and more particular to battery polarity detection

system capable identifying a battery's polarity so as to prevent the battery's

control IC is burned down due to polarity misjudgment. Consumer

electronic appliances (e.g., cellular phones, digital cameras, MP3 players,

etc.) are widely popular and these appliances are usually powered by a

rechargeable battery. The battery charger therefore becomes a basic

accessory.

As the appliances compete fiercely with their unique and appealing shapes

and colors, the rechargeable batteries used are usually specially designed

and their chargers are therefore not compatible.

As such, there are so-called universal chargers that can be used to charge

batteries of different sizes, specification, terminals, and polarities. The

chargers need to detect the correct polarity of the batteries and the power

is then correctly applied to charge the batteries.These conventional

chargers have the following disadvantage.

Some of the lithium batteries have their terminals equipped with control IC

or password IC (C pin). For these terminals, no positive or negative power

should be applied. Otherwise, the control or password IC then could be

burned down.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
 a battery polarity detection system is provided herein so as to obviate the

problem of burning down the control or password IC of a battery due to

misjudgment of the battery's terminals.

To achieve the objective, the battery polarity detection system contains multiple

detection terminals, each connected to a terminal of a battery; a control unit

having an internal default voltage capable of measuring voltage differences

between the detection terminals and comparing the voltage differences with the

internal default voltage; and a charging/discharging circuit. If a voltage difference

between a first detection terminal and a second detection terminal is greater than

the internal default voltage, the control unit makes said first detection terminal of

a greater voltage connected to a positive terminal of the charging/discharging

circuit; and the control unit makes the second detection terminal of zero voltage

connected to a negative terminal of the charging/discharging circuit, thereby

forming a complete loop

1.3 BL0CK DIAGRAM
1.4 LIMITATION
 Cannot be used to test alternating current
 Not used for extremely high voltages

PROBE
1.5 ADVANTAGES RESISTOR
The possibility of connecting battery charger cables or battery booster cables to a

battery in reverse polarity is one problem that must always be guarded against. In

the case of battery chargers, an improper connection can result in substantial

damage being done to the battery as well as the possibility that the battery is

permanently destroyed due to excessive discharge. As power is supplied to the

improperly connected battery, arcing can occur between the battery terminals,

thereby creating a significant risk of igniting the acid fumes around the battery

vents and exploding the battery. Furthermore, since the improperly connected
RED LED
(OUTPUT)
battery is a much greater impedance load on the charging system than one

properly connected, the charger produces excessive current levels, which also

GREEN
increases the risk of arcing between terminals as well as internal LEDof the
ignition
(OUTPUT)
electrolyte due to the heat created.
 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
A polarity indicator system is therefore required to provide some form of

indication that the particular clips for the cables of the battery charger, or for the

battery jumper cables, are connected to the battery in the proper manner. Such a

system should be designed so that in the event the polarity test connections are

made improperly, no damage to the battery takes place while the polarity

indicator is connected. Furthermore, when the polarity indicator is properly

connected for a test, current requirements for indicating a proper connection

should be small enough not to further drain the little remaining battery energy.

Another requirement is that no sparks be created when connecting the polarity

indicator to the battery terminal, whether these connections are correct polarity

wise or not.
2.1 PREVIOUS POLARITY FINDER DEVICE RELATED THIS WORK
There were other polarity finders in the market such as;
1. Positive and negative finder

2. Polarity detector

3. Battery terminals finder

2.2 OVER VIEW OF LED
LEDs are so common, they come in dozens of different shapes and sizes. The LEDs

you are most likely to use are the through hole LEDs with two legs. There are lots

of LEDs that are small and hard to solder but these are easy to use with a

breadboard because they have long wires we can stick in. The clear or clear-ish

bulb is what protects the light emitter (thats where the magic happens). In fact,

the first two letters of LED stand for Light Emitting.

A really nice thing about LEDs is that they are very simple. Unlike some chips that

have dozens of pins with names and special uses, LEDs have only two wires. One

wire is the anode (positive) and another is the cathode (negative). The two wires

have different names because LEDs only work in one direction and we need to

keep track of which pin is which. One goes to the positive voltage and the other

goes to the negative voltage. Electronic parts that only work in 'one direction' like

this are called Diodes, thats what the last letter of LED stands for.

The longer lead goes to the more-positive voltage

Current goes in one direction, from the anode (positive) to the cathode (negative)

LEDs that are 'backwards' won't work - but they won't break either

It's all a little confusing - we often have to think about which is which. So to make

it easy, there's only one thing you need to remember and that's the LED wont

light up if you put it in backwards. If you're ever having LED problems where they

are not lighting, just flip it around. Its very hard to damage an LED by putting it in

backwards so don't be scared if you do.

2.3 OVER VIEW OF RESISTOR
The unit or resistance is the Ohm, Ω and resistor values may be seen quoted in

terms of Ohms - Ω, thousands of Ohms or kilohms - kΩ and millions of Ohms,

megohms, MΩ. When written on circuits values like 10k may be seen meaning 10

kilohm, or 10 kΩ. The Omega sign is often omitted and the decimal point replaced

by the multipler: e.g. 1R5 would be 1.5 Ohms, 100R is 100Ω, 4k7 is 4.7 kΩ, 2M2 is

2.2MΩ and so forth.

There are many different types of resistor. Some are for special applications like

being used as variable resistors, and others are used for surge limitation whilst

others provide a variable resistance with temperature. All of these characteristics

can be used.

However, for fixed resistors there are different characteristics that need to be

taken into account.

Even though the actual resistance of the component is of paramount importance,

other characteristics also need to be taken into consideration. Power dissipation,

noise, inductance, thermal stability and a number of other characteristics may all

have a bearing on the operation of the circuit in which the resistor is used.
Different materials and different structures within the resistor can have a major

impact. Accordingly, when selecting a resistor to be used, these characteristics

must also be taken into consideration.

 CHAPTER THREE

3.1     PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, a polar ity indicator is provided for

use in conjunction with a battery, charger. The polarity indicator includes a test

probe mounted on one handle of the negative clip. A light emitting diode is

connected between the test probe and the positive clip in such a manner that it is

forward biased when the positive clip and the test probe are appropriately

connected to the positive and negative terminals of a battery, respectively,

thereby illuminating to indicate that the positive clip is properly connected and

the negative clip can be connected to the other terminal. Preferably, the light

emitting diode is mounted in conjunction with the test probe at the end of one of

the handles of the negative clip so that an imme diate indication is provided to

the charger operator when he contacts the test probe to the battery terminal. A

resistance placed in series with the light emitting diode acts to prevent excessive

current flow which may cause damage to the light emitting diode or excessive

drain of the battery. An alternate embodiment of the polarity indicator system is

provided wherein a battery booster cable pair 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 50 55 60 65 2

has one cable set modified in a manner similar to that discussed above for the

battery charger. The test probe is mounted in the clip handle of one of the battery
booster cable sets. The LED is mounted in conjunction with the test probe and

connected between the test probe and the clip itself or the cable conductor con

nected to that clip. The modified booster cable set can then be used in

accordance with a similar procedure to indicate the negative and positive

terminals. This invention provides a quick, safe system for de termining that a

battery charger or battery booster cables are properly connected. The light

emitting diode minimizes the possibility of further draining the battery by the

polarity test since current flow in a reverse direc tion is not permitted and

forward current flow is limited to that required to light the LED. The LED also mini

mizes the possibility of sparks being produced during the test operation.

Furthermore, mounting of the light emitting diode in conjunction with the test

probe pro vides the operator an immediate indication that the clips are properly

connected, thereby eliminating the need of the operator to hold the probe at one

location and moni tor a signal indicator at a different location. A better

understanding of the invention and its ad vantages can be seen in the following

description of the figures and the preferred embodiments.

3.2     DESIGN ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION
3.3 OHM'S LAW
What is interesting about the law we just learned (KVL) is that in no place do we

use the resistance of the resistor. It never shows up in the equation. Yet from our

previous experiements we know for a fact that changing the resistance affects

how bright the LED is. There must be something else going on, lets keep working

on understanding the details….

Next we're going to throw in another important law. This one is called Ohm's Law-

and it describes how resistors work.

Voltage across a resistor (volts) = Current through the resistor (amperes)*

The Resistance of the resistor (ohms)

There's a more common shorthand notation which you'll see very often:

V=I*R

Or the two other ways of writing to solve for current or resistance:

I=V/R

R=V/I

The V is for voltage, the R is for resistance and the I, confusingly, is for current.

Yeah, that I is a little annoying isn't it, since theres not even a single I in the word
current? Unfortunately, there are 100 years working against us here, so just bear

with us on that one.

 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 TESTING OF LIGHT DIMMER SWITCH
test probe means mounted in conjunction with the second charger clip such that

said test probe is 4,145,648 5 electrically insulated from said second charger clip;

and (b) light emitting diode means connected between the test probe and a first

booster conductor, so that upon connection of a first clip of said first conduc tor

to a selected first terminal of a battery and contact of the test probe to the other

terminal of the battery, an indication of the polarity between the two battery

terminals is provided by whether or not said light emitting diode lights up. 5 10 15

20 25 30 35 45 50 55 65 6 6. The apparatus recited in claim 5, wherein the light

emitting diode is mounted in conjunction with the test probe so that it may be

easily seen by the user. 7. The apparatus recited in claim 6, further compris ing

means for restricting the flow of current through the light emitting diode. 8. The

apparatus recited in claim 7, wherein the light emitting diode is connected

between the first clip and the test probe such that it will be forward biased and

will light up when the first clip is connected to the positive battery terminal and

the test probe is contacted to the negative battery terminal.

4.2 COMPONENTS

No Item Type Rate(Ksh) Quantity Total

5. PCB 2×3 cm 20 1 30

6. led red 5 2 5

6. led green 5 2 5

8. conductor Copper 10 cm 4 1 5

9. Solder Aluminum 10 1 10

11. cover plastic 20 1 20

TOTAL 550
No Item Quantity Rate(Ksh) Total

1. Binding 1 20 20

2. Bundles 1 100 100

3. Printing 1 300 300

4. Photocopying 1 90 90

TOTAL 510
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION, PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION
Ever thought of opening an electronic circuit and not being able to detect the

positive and negative terminals of a battery, in a moment that you don't have a

multimeter for analysis?

With this in mind, we have decided to present a circuit capable of identifying the

positive and negative terminals of a battery, for example. And for this, you will

only use diodes and LED's

5.2     PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
1.    Poor Planning – includes not prioritizing effectively, not having a proper

business plan, not breaking down the development into phases.

2.    Lack of Leadership –Project Manager lacks the relevant

business/management expertise this will lead to poor decision making.

3.    People Problems – leads to unresolved conflicts which could have a

detrimental effect on the project.  A Project Manager needs expert

communication skills to keep everybody on board and in agreement.

4.    Vague/Changing Requirements – it’s essential that the project requirements

are defined clearly and completely from the start.  Change requests can cause the

project to drift and miss deadlines.

5.    Lifecycle Problems – often caused by poor planning or changing

requirements.  Initial testing techniques should be rigorous in order to avoid

repeated errors.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION

In future I recommend that this project can be improved so that;

 It can have display other than LED

 It can use single LED with both colors in it.

 It can be simplified more than how this project is simple.

5.4 REFERENCE
 https://www.igmguru.com/data.../msbi-certification-training/

 Willison, John S. (April 2004). "Agile Software Development for an Agile

Force". CrossTalk. STSC (April 2004). Archived from the original on October 29,

2005.

 Bourque, Pierre; Fairley, Richard E., eds. (2014). "Chapter 5". Guide to the

Software Engineering Body of Knowledge. 3.0. IEEE Computer

Society. ISBN 978-0-7695-5166-1. Retrieved January 2, 2018.

 IEEE (1998). IEEE standard for software test documentation. New York:

IEEE. ISBN 978-0-7381-1443-9.

  Tran, Eushiuan (1999).  "Verification/Validation/Certification" (coursework).

Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved August 13,  2008.