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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work presented in this report entitled “OBJECT
DETECTOR", was carried out by us. We have not submitted the matter embodied in
this report for the award of any other degree or diploma of any other University or
Institute.
We have given due credit to the original authors/sources for all the words, ideas,
diagrams, circuit, experiments, results, that are not our original contribution. We
have used quotation marks to identify verbatim sentences and given credit to the
original authors/sources.
We affirm that no portion of our work is plagiarized, and the experiments and results
reported in the report are not manipulated. In the event of a complaint of plagiarism
and the manipulation of the experiments and results, we will be fully responsible and
answerable.

Name Student 1: DEVENDRA MANI YADAV

Roll No.: 2000540310012
(Candidate Signature)
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that DEVENDRA MANI YADAV (2000540310012) and have

carried out the Project work presented in this report entitled “OBJECT DETECTOR”
for the award of Bachelor of Technology from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Lucknow under my supervision. The thesis embodies results of original
work, and studies are carried out by the student himself/herself and the contents of
the report do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or
to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.

Signature
Prof. Dr.
Professor & Head
Electronics & communication Engineering
BBDITM, Lucknow
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We want to express deepest gratitude to everyone who has helped us in completing

this study successful .First, we express the deepest gratitude to our project supervisor
PROF._______________________________ for the unwavering support, guidance
& important contributions by the way of suggestions for improvement during our
project work.
We are very much thankful to Head of Department, Prof.
_____________________________who understood the complications which we
faced during the project and gave us the freedom to proceed as required.
We are also thankful to the faculty members and staff of Electronics &
communication Engineering Department of BBDITM, Lucknow who have
consistently supported us by pointing out the various shortcomings that they felt
plagued the project at various points of time and helped us directly or indirectly
while completing the project.
Last but not the least there is a deepest gratitude towards our parents and friends
whose support and blessing help us to complete the project successfully.

DEVENDRA MANI YADAV (2000540310012)

 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 2.4.1 Symbol of NPN & PNP transistor ........................... 14

Fig 2.4.2 Symbol of transistor amplification ..........................15

Fig 2.4.3 Schematic of transistor amplification mechanism.....16

Fig 2.4.4 Resistor ..............................................................18

Fig 2.4.5 Electrolytic Capacitor ...........................................19
Fig 2.4.6 Battery Cell .........................................................20
Fig. 2.4.7. System Block ....................................................22
Fig. 2.4.8. Circuit Design and Circuit Operation ...................24
 TABLE OF CONTENT
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CHAPTER ONE ..............................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement .........................................................................................3
1.3 Significance of the project ...............................................................................3
1.4. Aim and Objectives ........................................................................................4
1.4.1. General objective.........................................................................................................4
1.4.2. The specific objectives.................................................................................4
1.5 Scope of the project. ......................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................6

LITTERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................6

2.1 HISTORY ..........................................................................................................................6

2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF A SIREN ............................................................................8
2.3 Approvals or certifications ...............................................................................12
2.4 Circuit Components ........................................................................................13
2.4.1 Transistor ......................................................................................................................13
2.4.2 Resistors ..................................................................................................................... ..17
2.4.3 Capacitor........................................................................................................................

2.4.4 Battery ........................................................................................................................ 20

2.4.5 SIREN................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................22

METHODOLOGY .........................................................................................22
 3.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 22
3.1 System Block .................................................................................................................22
3.2 CIRCUIT DESIGN AND CIRCUIT OPERATION ..................................................24

CHAPTER FOUR ..........................................................................................27

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................27

CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................29

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................................29

5.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................29

5.2 RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................... 29
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................30
 Introduction
Infrared technology addresses a wide variety of wireless applications. The
main areas are sensing and remote controls. In the electromagnetic
spectrum, the infrared portion is divided into three regions: near infrared
region, mid infrared region and far infrared region. The basic concept of
an Infrared Sensor which is used as Obstacle detector is to transmit an
infrared signal, this infrared signal bounces from the surface of an object
and the signal is received at the infrared receiver. Infrared sensors can be
passive or active. Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared
detectors. Passive infrared sensors do not use any infrared source and
detects energy emitted by obstacles in the field of view. They are of two
types: quantum and thermal. Thermal infrared sensors use infrared
energy as the source of heat and are independent of wavelength.
Thermocouples, pyroelectric detectors and bolometers are the common
types of thermal infrared detectors.
 SCOPE OF OBJECT DETECTOR

Object detection is a computer vision technique that allows us to identify

and locate objects in an image or video. With this kind of identification and
localization, object detection can be used to count objects in a scene and
determine and track their precise locations, all while accurately labeling them.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE