References

1- Applied Drilling Engineering

Adam T. Bourgoyne jr. and et al.
SPE TEXTBOOK SERIES, VOL.2

2- Petroleum Engineering – Drilling and

Well Completion, C. Gatlin(ed.) Prentice-
Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs,NJ(1960)
 Out Line of Course
1-Drilling Equipments
- The Rig and its basic components

2-Surface and Subsurface Equipments

- The principle and components of
production

3- Corrosion of the oil field Equipments

- Inspection, measurement, control
and prevention
 Rig Components
1- The power system
2- The hoisting system
3- The circulating system
4- The rotary system

5- The well control system

6- The well monitoring system
1- The power system
- The electrical power generators are driven by
fuel, used to operate the system
- Electricity is supplied to electric motors
connected to the drawworks, rotary table and
mud pump
Power system performance
Et = Energy output per energy input
Et = ( P/Qi ) * 100 %
Energy output
P=ω.T
P = Shaft power, hp
ω = angular velocity, rev/min
T = Output torque, hp

P = ω .T
= (2 л N ) . F. r
=2лrNF
Energy input
Qi = Wf . H
Qi = Heat energy input to the engine, hp
Wf = Fuel consumption rate Ibm /min
H = Heat value, Btu /Ibm
Et = ( P/Qi ) * 100
= ((ω .T) / (Wf . H)) * 100
1 hp = 33000 ft - Ibf /min
1 Btu = 779 ft - Ibf
Example:
- A diesel engine gives an output torque of 1,740
ft - Ibf at an engine speed of 1200 rpm. If the
fuel
consumption rate was 31.5 gal / hr what is the
output
Given: power
T = 1740and the efficiency of the engine?
ft - Ibf
N = 1200 rpm
Wf = 31.5 gal / hr
Required: P , Et
Solution:
P=ω.T ω=2лN
= 2 л ( 1200 )
= 7540 rev /min.
T = 1740 ft - Ibf * (1 hp/33000 ft – Ibf / min)
T = 0.05272 hp - min
P = 7540 * 0.05272
= 397.5 hp
Et = ( P/Qi ) * 100 %
Qi = Wf . H H: from the table
H= 19000 Btu / Ibm
Wf = (31.5 gal / hr )* ( 7.2 Ibm / gal )
= 226.8 Ibm / hr
= ( 226.8 Ibm / hr ) * ( 1 hr / 60 min.)
= 3.78 Ibm / min.
Qi = Wf . H
= ( 3.78 Ibm / min.) * ( 19000 Btu / Ibm )
= ( 71820 Btu / min.)
= ( 71820 Btu / min.) * (779 ft – Ibf / Btu )
= ( 55947780 ft – Ibf / min.)
= (55947780 ft – Ibf / min.)*(1 hp/ 33000 ft – Ibf / min.)
= 1695.4 hp
Et = ( P/Qi ) * 100 %
= ( 379.5/1695.4 ) * 100 %
= 23.4 %
H. W:
- A gasoline engine gives an output torque of
1800 ft - Ibf at an engine speed of 1400 rpm. If
the fuel consumption rate was 36 gal / hr what
is the output power and the efficiency of the
engine?
2- The hoisting system
- Hoisting system is used to rise or lower
the drill strings, casing strings and other
subsurface equipment into or out of the hole.
- Two routine drilling operations performed
with the hoisting system are called :
a- Making a connection : adding a new joint of
drill pipe
b- Making a trip : removing the drill string from
the hole to change a portion of the down hole
assembly and then lowering the drill string back
to the hole bottom.
The principle components of the hoisting
system are :
1) Derrick and substructure

2) Blocks and Tackles

3) Drawworks

4) Drilling line

5) Hook
1
2
3
 ‫مجموعة البكرات‬
‫العلويه‬
‫مجموعة البكرات‬
‫المتحركه‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
1
2
1) Derrick and substructure
The derrick is one of the main components of
a drilling rig which provides :
a- Vertical lifting space to allow equipments to be
removed from the well.
b- Strength to raise and lower the drill string.
Standard derricks :
Four sided structures that must be assembled and
disassembled when transporting.
Measures : 140 ft high, 30 ft2 base.
Capable of supporting 1,000,000 Ibs weight.
Derricks that can handle sections called stands
which are composed of two, three or four joints
of drillpipe.
The derrick usually is elevated above the ground
level by placement on a substructure.

Substructure : must support not only the derrick

with its load but also the weight of other large
pieces of equipment.
Monkey Board :for manual handling of drill pipes
and collars. 3
2) Blocks and Tackles
Used to provide a mechanical advantage, which
permits easier handling of large loads.
Consist of :
- The crown block.
- The travelling block.
- The drilling line. 1

Crown blocks : it sets at the top of the derrick.

Travelling blocks: moves up and down the derrick
during making/breaking of drillpipe joints.

Each block has a number of pulleys.

Drilling line : is reeved over the crown block in
the top and down to the travelling block.
Deadline : the line does not move (Fs)
Fastline : line wound onto the drawworks(Ff)
1

The tensile strength of the drilling line and the

number of times it is reeved through the blocks
will depend on the load which must be supported
by the hoisting system

Hook : a large hook with a snap - shut is

suspended from the travelling block which used
to suspend the drillstring.
Elevator : a set of clamps used when running or
pulling the drillstring or casing into or out of the
hole, connected to the travelling block.

Tension in the Blocks and Tackles

Frictionless system : no friction in block and tackle
(pulley)
Therefore, the tension in the drilling line is
constant
W = n Ff W = total load N = number of lines
Ff = drawworks load ( Fastline tension )
Ff = W/n
Pi = Ff * vf Pi = input power of the block and
tackle
vf = velocity of the fast line 3

Ph = W * vb Ph = output power or hook power

W = the travelling block load
(total load )
vb = velocity of the travelling
block
vb = vf /n

E = (Ph / Pi ) E = block and tackle efficiency

E = (Ph / Pi )
E = (W * vb / Ff * vf )
E = ( (n Ff * vf /n) / (Ff * vf) )
E=1
Actual system : There is a power loss due to
friction

Average efficiency factor for block and tackles system

Number of lines ( N ) Efficiency ( E)
6 0.874
8 0.841
10 0.810
12 0.770
14 0.740
E = (Ph / Pi )
E = (W * vb / Ff * vf )
E = ( (W * vf /n) / (Ff * vf) )
E = (W /Ff * n )
Ff = W/(E * n )
Derrick load (Fd) 2

Fd = W + Ff + Fs Ff = W/(E * n )
Fs= W/n
Fd = W + W/(E * n ) + W/n
Fd = W + W/(E * n ) + W/n
Fd = ( ( 1 + E + En ) / En ) * W
* The total derrick load is not distributed equally
over all four derrick legs
A B

Dead line
Lines to block

Fast line

C D
The tension in the fast line ( W/En) is distributed
over C and D legs
The tension in the dead line ( W/n) is distributed
over leg A
The tension in hook (total load = W) is
distributed over all legs ( A, B, C and D)

Maximum equivalent derrick load ( Fde )

The load on leg A is greater than the load on the
other three legs. Since if any leg fails, the entire
derrick also fails.
Fde = 4 * W(n+4)/(4n) Fde = (n+4/n) * W
The derrick efficiency factor ( Ed )
Ed = Fd / Fde Fd = (1 + E + En / En ) * W
Fde = (n+4/n) * W

Ed = [ ( 1 + E + En / En ) * W ] / [ (n+4/n) * W ]

Failure on the drilling line can result in:

1- Injury to the drilling personnel
2- Damage to the rig
3- Loss of the drillstring in the hole
Example
A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 Ibf. The
drawworks can provide input power to the block
and tackle system as high as 500 hp. Eight lines
are strung between the crown block and
travelling block.
Calculate:
1- The tension in the fast line
2- The maximum hook horsepower
3- The maximum hoisting speed
4- Actual derrick load
5- The maximum equivalent derrick load
6- The derrick efficiency factor
Solution
1- Ff = W / E * n n=8 E = 0.841
= 300,000 / ( 0.841 * 8 )
Ff = 44,590 Ibf

2- E = Ph / Pi
Ph = E * Pi
Ph = 0.841 * 500
Ph = 420.5 hp

3- Ph = W * vb
v b = Ph / W
v b = Ph / W
Ph = 420.5 hp * (33000 ft – Ibf/ min) /hp
Ph = 13876500 ft – Ibf / min
vb = (13876500 ft – Ibf/ min) / 300,000 Ibf
vb = 46.3 ft / min

4- Fd = (1 + E + En / En ) * W
Fd = ( 1 + 0.841 + 0.841 * 8 / 0.841 * 8 ) * 300,000
Fd = 382,090 Ibf
5- Fde = (n+4/n) * W
Fde = (8+4/8) * 300,000
Fde = 450,000 Ibf

6- Ed = Fd / Fde
Ed = 382,090 / 450,000
Ed = 0.849 or 84.9 %
H.W
A rig must hoist a load of 450,000 Ibf. The
drawworks can provide input power to the block
and tackle system as high as 620 hp. Ten lines are
strung between the crown block and travelling
block.
Calculate:
1- The tension in the fast line
2- The maximum hook horsepower
3- The maximum hoisting speed
4- Actual derrick load
5- The maximum equivalent derrick load
6- The derrick efficiency factor
Drawworks
The drawworks consist of a large revolving drum
Around which the drilling line is spooled. The
drum of the drawworks is connected to an
electric motor.
The principle parts of the drawworks are:
1-The drum
2- The brakes
3- The transmission
The drawworks provide the hoisting and braking
power required to raise or lower the heavy
strings of pipe.
Two types of auxiliary brakes commonly used:
1- The hydrodynamic type.
2- The electromagnetic type
The power output by the drawworks, HPd will
be proportional to the drawworks load, which
is equal to the load on the fast line Ff, times the
velocity of the fast line vf
HPd = Ff * vf / 33000 hp
3- The circulating system
The circulating system is used to circulate drilling
Fluid down through the drillstring and up the
Annulus, carrying the drilled cutting from the face
of the bit to the surface.
Two main functions of the drilling fluid are :
1- Clean the hole of cutting made by the bit
2- Exert a hydrostatic pressure to prevent
formation fluids entering the borehole.
3- Cooling the bit.
4- Supporting the walls of the well.
Drilling fluid (mud) is a mixture of water, clay,
weighting material ( Barite) and chemical
Drilling fluid (mud) is mixed and then
circulated downhole by large pumps

Pumps Stand pipe Kelly hose

Flow line Swivel

Pit Kelly

Shale shaker Drill pipe

Mud
Annulus Bit Drill collar
line
- The properties of the mud are checked
continuously.
- If the properties of the mud change then the
chemicals will be added to the mud.
- Mud pits : are usually a series of large tanks
used for:
1- Circulating
2- Mixing and storing fresh mud
- Mud pumps : forces the drilling fluid up
through the circulating system

2
- At least 2 pumps installed on the rig.
- At shallow depths they are connected in parallel.
To deliver high flow rates.
- At deep wells they are connected in series.
To provide high pressure and lower
flow rates.

Positive displacement : type pumps are used to

deliver high volumes and
high pressure.
a- Duplex ( 2 cylinders ) – on land rigs

b- Triplex ( 3 cylinders ) – offshore rigs

The advantages of Positive Displacement pumps:
1- Pump fluids containing high solids content.
2- Operate over a wide range of pressures and
flow rates.
3- Reliable.
4- Simple to operate and easy to maintain.
The horsepower delivered by a pump can be
calculated from the following:
HHP = P * Q / 1714 HHP = horsepower
Q = flow rate (gpm)
P = discharge pressure (psi)
a- Duplex pump
As the piston moves forward discharging fluid
a head of it, the inlet port allows fluid to enter
the chamber behind it.
V1 = π dL * Ls / 4 V1 = volume displacement
dL = liner diameter
Ls = stroke length

On the return the fluid behind the piston is

discharged while fluid on the other hand side is
allowed in.
V2 = π (dL2 - dr2 ) Ls / 4 dr = rod diameter
The volumetric efficiency ( Ev) depends on the type
of pump, and is between 0.9 and 1.0
Total displacement ( in gallons )of one pump
revolution is
2( V1 +V2 ) * Ev = 2π (2dL2 - dr2 ) Ls * Ev/ 4
Pump output
Q = (2dL2 - dr2 ) Ls * Ev * R / 147
Q = flow rate (gpm)
Ls = stroke length(in.)
dL = liner diameter(in.)
R = pump speed (spm)
dr = rod diameter(in.)
Ev = volumetric efficiency
Example :
A duplex pump having 7” liners, 3” rod diameter
and 12” stroke operating at 110 spm and
discharge pressure of 2800 psi.
Calculate:
- The volumetric output at 95% efficiency.
- The horsepower output of the pump when
operating under the condition above.
solution :
Q = (2dL2 - dr2 ) Ls * Ev * R / 147
Q = [2*(7)2 - (3)2 ] * (12) * (0.95) * (110) / 147
Q = 690 gpm
HHP = P * Q / 1714
HHP = 2800 * 690 / 1714
HHP = 1127 hp
b- Triplex pump
The piston discharge in only one direction, so the
the rod diameter does not affect the pump output.
The volume for one pump revolution is:
3V1 * Ev = 3πdL2 * Ls * Ev/ 98.03
Pump output
Q = dL2 * Ls * Ev * R / 98.03
Q = flow rate (gpm)
Ls = stroke length(in.)
dL = liner diameter(in.)
R = pump speed (spm)
Example :
A triplex pump having 6” liners and 11” stroke
operating at 120 spm and discharge pressure of
3000 psi.
Calculate:
- The volumetric output at 100% efficiency.
- The horsepower output of the pump when
operating under the condition above.
solution :
Q = dL2 * Ls * Ev * R / 98.03
= (6)2 *(11) * (1.00) * (120) / 98.03
Q = 485 gpm
HHP = P * Q / 1714
HHP = 3000 * 485 / 1714
HHP = 849 hp

Shale shaker
The shale shaker is a contaminate removing device
It is used to remove the coarser drill cutting from
the mud.
It is the first solids – removing device and is
located at the end of the mud line.
The shale shaker is composed of one or more
vibrating screens through which the mud return
pass.
• If the mud contains gas, the circulating system
may include a degasser to remove it.
Jet hopper
It is used for adding material to the mud system to
achieve the desired physical and chemical
properties.
4- The rotary system
The rotary system is used to rotate the drillstring,
and therefore the drill bit on the bottom of the
borehole.
The rotary system includes all the equipment used
to achieve bit rotation.
The rotary may be mechanically driven by
sprocket and chain from the drawworks.
In some cases, an independent engine is used to
drive the rotary.
The main parts of the rotary system are :
1- Swivel
2- Kelly
3- Rotary drive
4- Rotary table

5- Drill stem
a- Drill pipe
b- Drill collars
c- Accessories
d- Bit
1- Swivel
The Swivel is placed at the top of Drillstring.
The main functions are:
1- Supports the weight of the drillstring
2- Permits the string to rotate
3-Allows mud to be pumped while the string
is rotating
• Even though the swivel does not rotate, it
allows everything below it to rotate
• The rotary hose is connected to a gooseneck
fitting to the swivel; drilling fluid is pumped
into the gooseneck, through the swivel, and
down the Kelly
2- Kelly
- The kelly has hexagonal or a square shape
- The kelly is the first section of pipe below
the swivel
- The main function is to transfer motion to
the drillpipe
- The kelly serves also as a medium for
transporting mud down the drill pipes and
to the bit.
- During tripping in or out, the kelly complex
rests in a side hole, called a rathole drilled
especially for the purpose.