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1) Trickling filters
2) Rotating biological contactors (RBC), Submerged RBC (SBC)
3) Combined attached and suspended growth processes
Classification
1) Aerobic Processes
Trickling Filters, TF (High Rate, Low Rate, Roughing Filters)
Rotating Biological Contactors, RBC
Packed-bed Reactors
Activated Biofilter, ABF
Biological Tower
2) Anoxic Process
Fixed-film denitrification
3) Anaerobic Processes
Anaerobic filter process
Expanded bed
Principal advantages and disadvantages of aerobic attached growth processes over the activated sludge
process
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Advantages
Disadvantages
Actual limitations:
1) make it difficult to accomplish biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal compared to single-sludge
biological nutrient removal suspended growth designs
2) results in an effluent with a higher turbidity than activated-sludge treatment.
- the placement of packing material in the aeration tank of the activated-sludge process
Theses are upflow and downflow packed-bed reactors and fluidized-bed reactors that do not use
secondary clarification.
To be continued …..
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A. Basic Mechanism
2. Biofilms
1) aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and higher animals (e.g., sludge
worms, filter-fly larvae, rotifers, snails, etc.)
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b. Facultative system
1) Although TF is classified as an aerobic treatment device, the microbial film on the filter medium is
aerobic to depth of only 0.1-0.2 mm. The zone next to the medium is anoxic to anaerobic.
d. Common organisms
4. Growth Phases
c. Endogenous growth
- Overall operation of a trickling filter may be considered in the endogenous growth phase.
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Natural
draft air
100 ft (30 m)
Wastewater id distributed
by hydraulic head
Underdrain
Effluent
Influent Underdrain collects treated WW
and supply air (O2)
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b. Filter media
1) provide:
i) a surface for biological growth and
ii) voids for passage of liquid and air.
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C. Rotary distributor
c. Underdrain system
2) Circulates air
- permits circulation of air through the bed.
- the need for free passage of air controls the size of opening in the underdrain.
3) Recycle line
- to dilute the strength of the incoming wastewater
- to maintain the biological slime layer in a moist condition.
3. Operation
a. Spray
- primary effluent is sprayed on a bed of media (e.g., crushed rock or plastic media) coated with
biological films.
b. Microbial metabolism
- As the wastewater flows over the microbial film, the soluble organics are rapidly metabolized and
the colloidal organics adsorbed onto the surface.
c. Reoxygenation
- Dissolved oxygen extracted from the liquid layer is replenished by reoxygenation from the
surrounding air.
d. Sloughing
- losing the slime layer
- a function of the organic and hydraulic loading on the filter.
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4. Operational problems
b. Plugging
- Plugging of the air passages with excess microbial growth, as a result of organic overload, can create
anaerobic and foul odors.
- organic overload
5. Air movement
* June and august are transition zone, then system become anoxic
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
5. Level of Treatment
Classifications are:
or
1) Single-stage
2) Two-stage
Low-rate TFs (Fig. 12.26, VH p.466) - or Standard Rate
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Roughing filters
Figure 10-31 (ME, p. 617) shows intermediate-rate and high-rate trickling-filter flow diagrams with various
recirculation patterns:
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4) Recirculation Control
- recirculation is done
a. only during periods of low wastewater flow
b. at a rate proportional to raw-wastewater flow
c. at a constant rate at all times
d. at two or more constant rates predetermined automatically
or by manual control.
b. The BOD load on a TF is calculated using the raw BOD in the primary
effluent applied to the filter, without regarding to the BOD in the
recirculated flow.
* The hydraulic load is computed using the raw-wastewater flow plus recirculation flow.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Low-rate 15 (5-25) 240 0.05 (0.03-0.06) 0
High-rate 35 (25-45) 560 0.25 (0.16-0.48) 1.5 (0.5-3.0)
Two-stage 55 (45-65) 880 0.25 (0.16-0.48) 1.5 (0.5-3.0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
In a low-rate trickling filter, the relationship between BOD load and hydraulic load depends on the
strength of the applied wastewater.
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1) Based on data collected from filter plants at military installations in the United States in the
early 1940s.
100 E
E = ------------------------ ==> ---- = E1
w 100
1 + 0.0561 (---)0.5
VF
w
--- = volumetric BOD loading, lb/1000 ft3/day
V
1 + R
F = -------------
(1 + 0.1 R)2
recirculation flow QR
where R = recirculation ratio = --------------------- = ---
raw wastewater flow Q
100
E2 = ------------------------
0.0561 w2
1 + (------)(----)0.5
1-E1 VF
w2
--- = BOD loading, lb/1000 ft3/day
V
E = E20 (1.035)T-20
The raw-wastewater flow from a municiparity is 1.5 mgd with an average BOD strength 180 mg/L.
Use a design BOD loading of 15 lb/1000 ft3/day, a hydraulic loading of 2-4 mil gal/acre/day and a
depth between 5 and 7 ft.
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Assume that 1) overflow rates of 600 gpd/ft2 for the primary clarifier and 800 gpd/ft2 for the
final clarifier, 2) the BOD removal in the primary clarifier is 35%, and (3) the recirculation ratio R =
0.
(Solution)
i) At 5 ft depth,
Volume 97,600 ft3
A = -------- = ---------- = 19,520 ft2
Depth 5 ft
Q 1.5 MGD
Hydraulic load = --- = ---------- = 3.4 MGD/acre
A 0.45 acre
ii) At 6 ft depth,
Volume 97,600 ft3
A = ------- = ---------- = 16,270 ft2 = 0.37 acre
Depth 6 ft
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Hydraulic load
Q 1.5 MGD
--- = ---------- = 4.1 MGD/acre (Little too high)
A 0.37 acre
2
48,800 ft3
h = ------------- = 6.2 ft
(3.14)(50 ft)
100 100
E = -------------------- = ---------------------- = 82.2%
1 + 0.0561 (w/VF)0.5 1 + 0.0561 (15/1)0.5
1 + R 1 + 0
= ------------ = ---------- = 1.0
(1 + 0.1R)2 [1+0.1(0)2
QR
R = recirculation ratio = ---- = 0
Q
b. Effect of temperature
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Q So Q No
Volumetric BOD Loading Volumetric TKN Loading
V V
Q So Q No
Specific BOD Loading Specific TKN Loading
A A
Total surface area, m2 = (Specific surface area, m2/m3) (Total volume m3)
A 10-m diameter single-stage trickling filter contains conventional cross-flow plastic packing at a depth
of 6.1 m. Primary effluent with the characteristics given below is applied to the filter.
(Solutions)
Given:
a. Filter depth, D = 6.1 m
b. Filter diameter = 10 m
QSo QNo
Volumetric BOD Loading Volumetric TKN Loading
V V
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4000 m3 120 g 1 kg
3 3
BOD loading rate
Q So
d m 10 g 1.00 kg
V 479 m3 m3 .d
4000 m3 25 g 1 kg
3 3
Q So d m 10 g 0.21 kg TKN
TKN 3
V 479 m m3 . d
From Fig. 9-8 (4th ME 910), at a loading of 1.0 kg BOD/m3.d, the BOD removal efficiency is about 82 %.
From Table 9-2 (4th ME 898), the specific surface area of the packing (plastic-conventional) is ~ 90 m2/m3
= 2.3 g TKN/m2. d
5. Can nitrification be expected?
the BOD loading (1.0 kg/m3-d) for combined BOD removal and nitrification is too high.
the BOD loading ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 kg BOD/m3. d is appropriate.
The specific TKN loading (2.3 g TKN/m2. d) for combined BOD removal and nitrification is too
high.
TKN loading ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 g TKN/m2. d is appropriate.
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At the higher BOD loading, the heterotrophic bacteria outcompete the nitrifying bacteria for sites on the
packing surface and thus control the slime biomass population.
1
E1 (9-11)
W1
1 0.4432
V1F
where
E1 = BOD removal efficiency for first-stage filter at 20°C, including recirculation, fraction
W1 = BOD loading to filter, kg/d
V1 = volume of filter packing, m3
F = recirculation factor
1 R
F (9-12)
1 01. R2
where F = recirculation factor
R = recycle ratio, unit less (generally 0 – 2.0)
1
E2 (9-13)
0.4432 W2
1
1 E1 VF
. ) T 20
ET E 20 (1035 (9-14)
QT
Hydraulic loading
A
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Example 9-3 Trickling Filter Sizing Using NRC Equations (4th ME 913)
A municipal wastewater having a BOD of 200 g/m3 is to be treated by a two-stage trickling filter. The
desired effluent quality is 25 g/m3 of BOD. If both of the filter depths are to be 1.83 m and the
recirculation ratio is 2:1, find the required filter diameter.
(Solution)
1. Compute E1 and E2
So – S (200 – 25) g/m3
Overall efficiency, ET = ----------- (100) = -------------------- (100) = 87.5%
So (200 g/m3)
ET = E1 + E2 (1 - E1) = 0.875
1 R 1 2
F 2.08
1 01. R 2
1 01. (2)2
First Filter
4. Compute the volume for the first stage [using Eq. (9-11), ME 913].
1
E1
W1
1 0.4432
VF
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1
0.646
1514
1 0.4432
V 2.08
Solve for V1, V1 = 476 m3
V1 476 m3
A1 260 m2
h 1.83 m
Second Filter
1
E2
0.4432 W2
1
1 E1 V2 F
1
0.646
0.4432 536
1
1 0.646 V2 (2.08)
V 1345 m3
A2 735 m2
h 1.83 m
Diameter, 2r = 30.6 m
a. Filter-stage filter:
W1 (1514 kg/d)
BOD loading = ------ = --------------- = 3.18 kg/m3. d
V1 476 m3
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b. Second-stage filter:
W2 (536 kg/d)
BOD loading = ------ = --------------- = 0.40 kg/ m3. d
V2 1345 m3
a. First-stage filter:
Hydraulic loading
QT
1 2 7570 m3 / d
0.061 m3 / m2 .min
A1
260 m 1440 min/ d
2
b. Second-stage filter:
Hydraulic loading
QT
1 2 7570 m3 / d
0.022 m3 / m2 .min
A2
735 m 1440 min/ d
2
. m3
0.022m3 1440 min 3168
(High rate filter)
m2 .min d m2 . d
Note:
So – S2
ET = ------------- (1)
So
So – S1
E1 = ------------ (2)
So
S1 – S2
E2 = ------------ (3)
S1
Solve (2) for S1, then substitute into (3); then solve (3) for S2, then substitute (3) into (1).
ET = E1 + E2 (1-E1)
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kD
Se n
q
e (9-19; 4thME 917)
So
0.5 0.5
D S1
k 2 k1 1 (9-22; 4thME 918)
D2 S2
where k2 = normalized value of k for the site-specific packing depth and influent BOD concentration
k1 = k value at depth of 6.1 m (20 ft) and influent BOD of 150 mg/L (g/m3)
See Table 9-6 Normalized Germain equation k1 values from pilot-plant studies for different
wastewaters (4th ME 918)
e.g., k1 = 0.210 (L/s)0.5/m2 for domestic wastewater
. ) T 20
k T k 20 (1035 (9-20; 4thME 917)
Rotational speed, n
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Example 9-4. Design of Trickling Filter with Plastic Packing (4th ME 906)
Given the following design flow rates and primary effluent wastewater characteristics, determine the
following design parameters for a trickling filter design assuming 2 towers at 6.1 m depth, cross-flow
plastic packing with a specific surface area of 90 m2/m3, a packing coefficient ‘n’ value of 0.5 and a 2-arm
distributor system. The required minimum wetting rate of 0.5 L/m2.s. Assume a secondary clarifier depth
of 4.2 m.
Design Conditions:
(Solution)
Given:
Number of towers = 2
Depth of tower = 6.1 m
Surface area (cross-flow plastic packing) = 90 m2/m3
Packing coefficient ‘n’ value = 0.5
Number of distributor arms = 2
Required minimum wetting rate = 0.5 L/m2.s
Secondary clarifier depth = 4.2 m
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0.5 0.5
D S1
k 2 k1 1
D2 S2
Calculate k2
0.5 0.5
D S1
k 2 k1 1
D2 S2
150 g / m
0.5
0.5 3
61
. m
0.210 ( L / s) 0.5 / m2
61
. m
125 g / m 2
0.230 ( L / s) 0.5 / m2
At T = 14°C,
. ) T 20 0.230 (1035
k T k 20 (1035 . )1420 0187
. (L/s)0.5 /m2
2. Determine the hydraulic application rate and the filter area, volume, and diameter.
a. Using Eq. (9-19), determine the hydraulic application rate, q. (Note that q = Q/A)
kD
Se qn
e
So
1/ n
1/ 0.5
0187
kD . 61 .
q 0.3875 L / m2 . s
S 125
ln o ln 20
S e
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Flow, Q is
15,140 m3 103 L d
Q 3 175.2 L / s
d m 86,400 s
Filter area, A is
175.2 L
Q s
A 452.2 m2
q 0.3875 L
m2 . s
A = π r2
1/ 2 1/ 2
A 2261
.
r 8.49 m
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Total pumping rate = (q + qr) (A) = (0.5 L/m2.s)( 452.2 m2) = 226 L/s
226 L m3 3600 s
= --------- -------- --------- = 814 m3/hr
s 103 L h
5. Determine flushing and normal dose rate using the data given in Table 9-3.
a. For flushing
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Note: Because of the different speed requirements for normal and flushing operation, a distributor drive
with variable speed capability should be used.
----------
Because the ratio of the peak to average flow rate = 1.5 (given), the average overflow rate controls the
design.
Use 2 clarifiers.
Area of each clarifier = 573.5 m2 /2 = 286.7 m2
A = π r2
1/ 2 1/ 2
A 286.7
r 9.55
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