COMPUT

ERE
NGI
NEE
RING
DI
SCRE
TEMAT
HEMAT
ICS
(
CBCGS-DE
C2017 S
EM3)
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Q1.
a)Pr
ovet
hat1.
1!+2.
2!+3.
3!+…+n.
n!=(
n+1)
!-1whe
reni
sapos
it
ive
i
nte
ger. [
5]
S
olut
ion:
-
L
etp(
n)=1.
1!+2.
2!+3.
3!+-
-+n.
n!
L
etuspr
ovep(
1)i
str
ue;
n=1; => L
HS:1.
1!=1
RHS:
(n+
1)!=-
1 =
> (
2)!–1 =
> 2-
1=1
L
etusa
ssumep(
k)i
str
ue
1.
1!+2.
2!+3.
3!+…+k
.k!=(
k+1)
!-1 ……………………….(
1)
L
HS:
- 1.
1!+2.
2!+3.
3!+…+k
.k!+(
k+1)
(k+
1)!
=
>(k
+1)
!–1+(
k+1)
(k+
1)!
=
>(k
+1)
!+(
k+1)
(k+
1)!-1
=
>(k
+1)
![
1+k
+1]–1
=
>(k
+1)
![
k+2]–1
=
>(k
+2)
!–1
=RHS

T
hust
her
esul
tispr
ove
d.

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Q1.
b)Le
tA=
{a,
b,c
}.S
howt
ha P(
t{ A)
,⊆ }i
sapos
eta
nddr
awi
tsHa
sse
di
agr
am. [
5]
S
olut
ion:
-
S
etconta
inedbe
long
sisa
lwa
ysapa
rti
alor
ders
inc
efora
nys
ubs
etBofA;
Bisas
ubs
etofB
i
sre
fle
xive.
I
fB⊆ Ca
ndC⊆ =
>B=C;
so⊆ i
sant
isy
mme
tri
c
I
fB⊆C,
C⊆Dt
henB⊆D.
So⊆i
str
ans
it
ive
Pa
rti
alor
derr
ela
tionofs
etc
ont
ainme
ntons
etP(
A)i
sasf
oll
ows
:-
R={
{φ}
,φ}
{ }{
;{φ}
,{
a} {
};{ ,
φ}{
b}}
;{φ}
{ ,
{c}
};{
{ ,
φ}{
a,b}
};{
{φ}
,{
a,}
c}{
;{ ,
φ}{
b,}
c}
{
{ ,
φ}{
a,b,
c}}
;{{
a},
{a}
};{
{a,
}{
a, }
b};{
{a}
,{
a,c
}}{
;{}
a,{
a,b,
c}}
;{{
b},
{ }
b};{
{b}
,{
a, }
b}
{
{b}
,{
b,c
}}{
;{b}
,{
a,b,
c}}
;{{
c},
{c}
};{
{c,
}{
a,c
}}{
;{}
c,{
b,c
}}{
;{}
c,{
a,b,
c}}
;{{
a,b}
,{
a,b,
c}}
{
{b,
c},
{a,
b,
c}}
;{{
a,b}
,{
a, }
b};{
{a,
c},
{a,
c}}
;{{
b,}
c,{
b,c
}}{
;{a
,b,
c},
{a,
b,
c}}

Di
agr
aph:
-

{
φ} {
a} {
b} {
c} {
a,b} {
a,c
} {
b,c
} {
a,b,
c}

{
φ} 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

{
a} 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

{
b} 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1

{
c} 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

{
a,b} 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

{
a,c
} 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

{
b,c
} 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

{
a,b,
c} 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

S
tep1:
-re
mov
eloops
:
Re
mov
etr
ans
it
ivee
dge
s:-
{
{ ,
φ}{
a,b}
}{
,φ}
{ ,
{a,
c}}
,{
{ ,
φ}{
b,}
c}{
,φ}
{ {
,a,
b,
c}}
,{
{a,
}{
a,b,
c}}
,{
{b}
,{
a,b,
c}}
,{
{c,
}{
a,b,
c}}

Al
ledg
esa
repoi
nti
ngupwa
rds
.Nowr
epl
acec
irc
lesbydot
sandr
emov
ear
rowsf
rome
dge
s.
Ha
sseDi
agr
am:
-
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Q1.
c)E
xpl
ai
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
erms
:
[
5]
i
. L
att
ic
e
i
i
. Pos
et
i
i
i. Nor
mal
Subg
roup
i
v. Gr
oup
v
. Pl
ana
rGr
aph
S
olut
ion:
-
1.Latt
ice: -Iti
sapos et(
L,≤)i
nwhic
he v
erysubs
et{a,b}consi
st
ingoft
woe l
ement
s
hasale
as tupperboundandag r
eat
estl
owerbound.Wede not
eLUB({
a,b})byavb
andcal
litthejoi
nofa ,
b.si
mil
arl
ywedenoteGLB({
a,b})byaʌba ndcal
l i
tthemeet
ofaandb.

2.Poset:-Arel
ati
onRonas etAisc
all
edpa
rti
alor
derifRisr
e f
lex
ive
,anti
symmetr
ic
andtra
nsi
ti
veposet
.ThesetAtoget
herwi
ththepar
ti
a l
orderRiscal
le
dapa r
ti
al
orde
rsetorsi
mplyapose
t.

3.NormalS
ubgroup:
-Asubgr
oupμofGi
ssai
dtobeanor
mal
subg
roupofGi
ffor
ev
erya∈G,a
H=Ha .
Asubgr
oupofa
nAbel
ia
ng r
oupi
snor
mal
.

4.Group:-Let(
A,*
)beanal
gebr
aics
yst
emwhe
re*i
sag
roupi
fthef
oll
owi
ng
condi
ti
onsa
resat
is
fi
ed.
1.*i
scl
ose
dope
rat
ion.
2.*i
sana
ssoc
iat
iveope
rat
ion
3.T
her
eisa
nide
nti
tyope
rat
ion.
4.E
ver
yel
eme
nti
nAha
sal
efti
nve
rse
.
Be
causeofa
ssoc
iat
ivi
ty,
ale
fti
nve
rseofa
nel
eme
nti
sal
soar
ighti
nve
rseoft
hee
leme
nti
n
agr
oup.
 5.Pl
anarGra
ph:-Agra
phi
cissai
dtobepla
narifitc
anbedra
wnonapl
anei
n
s
uchawaytha
tnoe
dgesc
rossoneanot
herexc
e ptofc
our
seatc
ommonver
ti
ces
.

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Q1.
d)Comme
ntwhe
the
rthef
unc
ti
onfi
sonet
ooneoront
o.Cons
ide
rthe
f
unct
ion [
5]
S
olut
ion:
-
f
:N⟶ Nwhe
reNi
sse
tofna
tur
alnumbe
rsi
ncl
udi
ngz
ero.
2
(
f)=j+2
j
S
olut
ion:
-
2
(
f)= j+2
j
N={
0,1,
2,3……….
}
(
f0)=2
(
f1)=3
(
f2)=6
(
f3)=11
(
f4)=18
F
ore
ver
ynumbe
rn ∈Nwec
anf
inda
not
hern.
sot
heg
ive
nfunc
ti
oni
sonet
oone
.
Butnote
ver
yel
eme
ntofn ∈Ni
sima
geofs
omee
leme
ntn.s
otheg
ive
nfunc
ti
oni
snot
ont
o.

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Q2.a
)F i
ndthenumbe rofwaysapersoncanbedi
str
ibut
edRs601a spoc
ket
moneytohisthre
es ons,s
othatnosonshoul
drecei
vemorethanthe
combinedt
otaloftheothert
wo. (
Assumenofrac
ti
onofarupeeisall
owed)
Sol
uti
on:- [
6]
L
etA,BandCbethe3s
onsa
nda
,ba
ndcbet
hemone
ygi
vent
othe
mre
spe
cti
vel
y.Byt
he
g
ive
nc ondi
ti
ons
;0
a≤b+c
,a+b+c=601c
=601
-
a
a=300
S
imi
l
arl
y,wec
ande
duc
etha
t
b≤30000a
ndc≤300
S
oweha
ve,
a≤300,
b≤300,
c≤300300a
nda+b+c=601
T
hec
orr
espondi
ngmul
ti
nomi
ali
s

(1+x+x2+x3+……+x300)3
601
Thetot
a l
numbe
rofdistribut
ioni
sthec
oef
fi
ci
entofx i
nthee
xpa
nsi
onof
(1+x+x+x+……+x )
2 3 300 3

( )
301 3
(1+x+x2+x3+……+x300)3 = x -
1 301 3 -
3
= -(
x - 1)( 1-
x)
x-1

(1+x+x2+x3+……+x300)3 = -(x903-3x602+3x301-1)×(1+(3)x+(4)x2+….
.+( ) 601)
603 x
1 2 601
601
He
ncet
hec
oef
fi
ci
entofx i
nthea
bov
eex
pre
ssi
oni
s

(660031)-3×(330020)= 45150
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Q2.
b)L
etA={
a ,,,,}
aaaa a
1 2 3 4 5
ndl
etRbear
ela
tiononAwhos
ema
tri
xis

F
indMR*byWa
rsha
ll
’sa
lgor
it
hm. [
6]
S
olut
ion:
-
A={
a ,
a,a,a,a}

[ ]
1 2 3 4 5

1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
MR = 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
MR = W0

[ ]
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
W0 = 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
Comput
ingW1:

C1 =1i
spr
ese
nta
t1,
4

R1 =1i
spr
ese
nta
t1,
4

Put1i
n(1,
1);
(1,
4);
(4,
1);
(4,
4)

[ ]
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
W1 = 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
Comput
ingW1

C2 =1i
spr
ese
nta
t2,
5

R2 =1i
spr
ese
nta
t2

Put1i
n(2,
2)a
nd(
5,2)

[ ]
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
W2 = 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
Comput
ingW3

C3 =1i
spr
ese
nta
tnopos
it
ion

R3 =1i
spr
ese
nta
t4,
5

None
wor
der
edpa
ir,
the
ref
oreW3= W2

[ ]
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
W3 = 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
Comput
ingW4

C4 =1i
spr
ese
nta
t1,
3,4

R4 =1i
spr
ese
nta
t1,
4

Put1i
n(1,
1);
(1,
4);
(3,
1);
(3,
4);
(4,
1);
(4,
4)

[ ]
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
W4 = 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
Comput
ingW5
C5 =1i
spr
ese
nta
t3,
5

R5 =1i
spr
ese
nta
t2,
5

Put1i
n(3,
2);
(3,
5);
(5,
2);
(5,
5)

[ ]
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
W5 = 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
∞
MR = W5

T
rans
it
ivec
los
ure={
(a1,
a1
),
(a1,
a4
),
(a2,
a2
(a3,
), a1
),
(a3,
a2
),
(a3,
a4 (3 5) 4 4 (5 2) 5 5 }
),a,
a, (a,
a),a,a, (
a,)
a

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Q2.
c)F
indt
hec
ompl
etes
olut
ionoft
her
ecur
renc
ere
lat
ion: [
4]
a
n
+2a
n-1
=n+3f
orn≥
1andwi
tha
0
=3
S
olut
ion:
-
a
0
=3

Re
cur
renc
ere
lat
ion:
-an
+2a
n-1
=n+3

T
hec
har
act
eri
st
ic
sequa
tioni
s:
-
α+2=0
α= -2
Homog
enouss
olut
ioni
s:
(
n) n
a
n
= A1(-2)

F
orpa
rti
cul
ars
olut
ion:
n
RHSi
sli
nea
rpol
ynomi
al
,thepa
rti
cul
ars
olut
ionwi
l
lbeoft
hef
orm P0+ P1

a
n
= p0+p1n

a
n-1
= p0+p1(
n-1)

S
ubs
ti
tut
ingt
hes
eva
lue
sing
ive
nequa
tion
P0+P1n+2[
P0+P1(
n- ]=n+3
1)

P0+P1n+2P0+2P1n-2P1=n+3

(3P0-2P1)+3P1n=n+3
Compa
ringc
oef
fi
ci
entonbot
hsi
des
3P0-2P1=3;3P1=1

1
P1=
3
2
3P0- =3
3
11
3P0=
3
11
P0=
9
T
hust
heg
ene
ral
sol
uti
oni
s:
(
n) (
p)
a
n
=a
n
+a
n

n 11 1
a
n
= A1(-2)+ +
9 3
Us
ingi
ni
ti
alc
ondi
ti
on;
a0
=3

n 11 1
n=1
a .
78(-
2)+ + n
9 3

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3 2
Q2.
d)Letf
:R→Rde f
ine
dasf
(x)=x a
ndg
:R→Rde
fine
dasg
(x)=4x +1
2 2
Fi
ndoutgof,
fog
,,
fg [4]
S
olut
ion:
-
2 32 6
1.g
of=g
(f(
x))=g
(x)=4(
x)+1 =4x +1

2 2 3
2.f
og=f
(g(
x))=f
(4x +1)=(
4x+1)

2 3 33
3.f =f
of=f
(f
(x)
)=f
(x)=(
x)

4x +1)=4(
4x+1)+1
2 2 2 2
4.g =g
og=g
(g(
x))=g
(

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Q3.a)Giventhatastudenthadpr epa
r e
d,thepr
obabi
l
ityopass i
ngac ert
ain
entranceexamis0.99.Giventhatastudentdi
dnotpr
epare,thepr obabi
li
tyof
thepa s
singtheentr
anc ei
se x
ami s0.5.Ass
umethatt
heproba bi
lit
yo
prepari
ngis0.7.Thestudentfai
l
sinthee xam.Whati
stheproba bi
lit
ythathe
orshedi dnotprepar
e. [
6]
S
olut
ion:
-
Pr
oba
bil
i
tyt
reedi
agr
am

Wewi
l
lfi
nd:
'
P(
Fai
l|Pr)=P(
Fai
l∩ Pr
’)
'
P(
Fai
l|Pr)=P(
Fai
l∩ Pr
’)+P(
Fai
l∩ Pr
)

' 0.
3×0.95
P(
Fai
l|Pr)= = 0.
976
0.
3×0.
95+0.
7×0.
01

Pr
oba
bil
i
ty=0.
976

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Q3.
b)De f
ineanequiva
lencer
elat
ionwit
he x
ampl
e.L
e t‘
T’beasetoftri
angl
es
i
naplanea nddef
ineRasthesetR={ (
a,b)
|a,
b∈Ta ndaiscong
r uenttob}
t
henshowt hatRi
sa nequi
val
encerel
ati
on. [
6]
S
olut
ion:
-
Arel
ati
onRonas
etAi
sca
ll
eda
nequi
val
enc
ere
lat
ioni
fi
tisr
efl
exs
ives
ymme
tri
cand
t
rans
it
ive.
e
g:-l
etA=I
RandRbe‘
qua
li
tyofnumbe
rs‘
.
Cons
ide
ral
lsubs
etsofauni
ver
sal
seta
ndRbet
her
ela
tion‘
equa
li
tyofs
ets
’.
Ai
sse
toft
ri
ang
lesa
ndRi
s‘s
imi
l
ari
ty’
oft
ri
ang
les
.
Di
gra
phofequi
val
enc
ere
lat
ionwi
llha
veal
oop.
Edg
efr
omb,ai
fa,
bispr
ese
nta
ndi
far
e
f
roma ,
bandar
efr
omb,c
;ther
eshoul
dbear
efr
omatoc.
L
etTbes
etoft
ri
ang
lesi
napl
ace
.
S
inc
eev
eryt
ri
ang
lei
scong
rue
ntt
oit
sel
f;Ri
sre
fle
xiv
e.
I
f∆ai
scong
rue
ntt
o∆b,
the
n∆bi
scong
rue
ntt
o∆a
;Ri
ssy
mme
tri
c
I
f∆a≅∆ba
nd∆b≅∆ci
mpl
i
es∆a≅∆c
;
Ri
str
ans
it
ive
.
T
her
efor
eRi
sequi
val
enc
ere
lat
ion.

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--
Q3.
c)L
etA=B=
R,t
hes
etofr
eal
numbers
.Letf:
A→Bbeg
ive
nbyt
hef
ormul
a
3
f
(x)=2x-1andl
etg
:B→Abegiv
enbythefor
mul
a

1 1 3
g
(x)= y+ .
Showthatfi
sbi
j
ect
ionbe
twe
enAa
ndBa
ndgi
sa
2 2
bi
j
ect
ionbet
wee
nBa ndA. [
4]
S
olut
ion:
-
3
fi
sbi
j
ect
ioni
fi
tisonet
oonea
ndont
ofx
()=2x-1t
obeonet
oonea
ndont
o
I
fa,
b∈A
S
ucht
hatf
(a)=f
(b)
3 3
2a-1=2b -1
3 3
a =b
a=b
fi
sonet
oone
3
nowf
ory=2x-1
3
1+y=2x
1+y 3
=x
2
 3 y+1
x=
2

F
ore
achy∈B;
the
ree
xis
tuni
quexi
nA
S
ucht
hatf
(x)=y
fi
sont
o
fi
sbi
j
ect
ive
yi
sbi
j
ect
ivei
fi
tisonet
oonea
ndont
o
g
(a)=g
(b)

3 a1 3 b1
+ = +
22 22

Cubi
ngbot
hsi
des
;
a 1 b 1
+ = +
2 2 2 2
a=b
gi
sonet
oone
.
Nowf
orx∈A;
the
ree
xis
tsuni
queyi
nBs
ucht
hatg
(y)=x
gi
sont
o.
S
ogi
sbi
j
ect
ive
.

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--
Q3.
d)Letz
n
de
notethes
etoftheint
ege
rs{0,
1, 2,…,n-
1}.
LetObeabi
nar
y
ope
rat
iononzn
de
notes
uchthataOb=t hereminde
rofabdiv
ide
dbyn.
i
) Cons
truc
tthet
abl
efort
heope
rat
ionOf
orn=
4
i
i
) S
howt
hat(
zn
,
O)i
sas
emi
groupf
ora
nyn. [
4]
S
olut
ion:
-
1.T
abl
efort
heope
rat
ion*f
orn=
4

*
4
0 1 2 3

0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 2 3
 2 0 2 0 2

3 0 3 2 1

2.T
hes
etz
n
i
scl
ose
dunde
rtheope
rat
ion*be
caus
efora
nya
,b,
∈zn

(
a*b)∈ z
n

(
a*4
b)*
4
c=a*
4
(b*
4
c)

L
eta
=1;
b=2;
c=3

(
1*4
2)*
4
3=1*
4
(2*
4
3)

2*
4
3=1*
4
(2)

2=2
I
sas
soc
iat
iveope
rat
ion
F
roma
bov
ede
duc
ti
on;
(,
zn
*
)iss
emi
groupf
orn.

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Q4.
a) [
6]
1. Among50student
sinacl
ass,26gota
nAi nthefi
rstexa
mi nat
ion
and21gotanAinthesec
onde xami
nation.I
f17studentsdidnot
getanAinei
therex
aminat
ion,howma nystudent
sg otanAi n
bothex
aminati
ons
?
2. I
ft henumbe rofstudentswhog otanAinthef i
rstexaminati
onis
equa l
tothatinthes e
conde x
ami nati
on.I
fthetotalnumbe rof
studentswhog otanAi nexact
lyonee xa
mina t
ionis40a ndif4
studentsdi
dnotg etanAi nei
the rexami
nationthende t
e r
mine
thenumbe rofs t
udentswhog ota nAinthefir
stexaminationonl
y,
whog otAint heseconde x
amina ti
ononlyandwhog otanAi n
bot ht
hee x
ami nati
on.
S
olut
ion:
a
)Le
tTbenoofs
tude
nts
L
etFbes
tude
ntswhog n1ste
otAi xam
L
etSbes
tude
ntswhog n2nde
otAi xam
 n(
T)=50;n(
F)=26;n(
S)=21
noofs
tude
ntswhodi
dnotg
etonAi
nei
the
rex
ami
nat
ion=17
noofs
tude
ntsg
ota
nAi
natl
eas
tonee
xami
nat
ioni
s50-
17=33
noofs
tude
ntsg
otAi
nbot
hex
amsi
sn(
F∩S
)
33=n(
F)+n(
S)–n(
F∩S
)
N(
F∩S
)=47-
33=14

b)Numbe
rofs
tude
ntswhog
ota n1ste
nAi xame
qua
ltot
ha n2nde
ti xam;
n(F
)=n(
S)
T
ota
lnoofs
tude
ntswhog
ota
nAi
nex
act
lyonee
xami
nat
ioni
s40
N(
F)+n(
S)-2n(
F∩S
)=40 …………….
(1)
4s
tude
ntsdi
dnotg
eta
nAi
natl
eas
tonee
xami
nat
ioni
s50-
4=46
F
rom(
i)
;
n(
F)+n(
S)–2n(
F∩S
)=40
n(
F)+n(
S)-
nF∩S
)–n(
F∩S
)=40
46–n(
F∩S
)=40
n(
F∩S
)=6 ……………(
2)
6s
tude
ntsg
ota
nAi
nbot
hex
ami
nat
ions
Us
inge
qua
tion(
i)
n(
F)+n(
S)–2n(
F∩S
)=40
n(
F)+n(
S)–(
2x6)=
40
n(
F)+n(
S)=52
n(
F)=n(
S)=52/
2=26
n(
F)–n(
F∩S
)=26-
6=20g
otAi
nfi
rs
tex
am
n(
S)–n(
F∩S
)=26-
6=20g
otAi
nfi
rs
tex
am.
-
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--
Q4.
b)Cons
ide
rthe(
2,5)g
roupe
ncodi
ngf
unc
ti
on [
6]
2 5
e
:B→B de
fine
dby:
e
(00)
=000000 e
(01)
=01110
e
(10)
=10101 e
(11)
=11011
De
codet
hef
oll
owi
ngwor
dsr
ela
tiv
etoama
ximuml
i
kel
i
hoodde
codi
ng
f
unc
ti
on:
i
) 11110 i
i
)10011 i
i
i)
10100
S
olut
ion:
-
2 5
e:
B → B de
fine
dby
;
e
(00)=00000 e
(01)=01110
e
(10)=10101 e
(11)=11011
de
codi
ngt
abl
e;

00 01 10 11

00000 01110 10101 11011

00001 01111 10100 11010

00010 01100 10111 11001

00100 01010 10001 11111

01000 00110 11101 10011

10000 11110 00101 01011

1.Were
ce i
vethewor
d11110wef
ir
stl
oca
tei
tin2ndc
olumn.
Thewor
datt
opi
s01110.
Wedecode11110a
s01
2.Were
ce i
vet
heword10011wef
ir
stl
oca
tei
tin4th c
olumn.
Thewor
datt
opi
s11011.
Wedecodei
tas11
3.Were
ce i
vet
heword10100wef
ir
stl
oca
tei
tin3rd c
olumn.
Thewor
datt
opi
s10101.
Wedecodei
tas10.

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Q4.
c)(
i) I
sev
eryE
ule
ria
ngr
aphaHa
mil
toni
an? [
4]
3. I
sev
eryHa
mil
toni
ang
raphaE
ule
ria
n?
E
xpl
ai
nwi
tht
hene
ces
sar
ygr
aph.
S
olut
ion:
-
1.L
etG=(V,
E)beag
raph.
Aeul
eri
ang
raphi
sag
raphwhi
chpa
sse
sthr
oug
hev
erye
dge
e
xac
tl
yonce.
L
etG1(
V1,
E1)beagra
ph.AHamil
toni
anci
rcui
tisonewhic
hpass
est
hroug
heve r
y
v
ert
exexa
ctlyone
.Agra
phisca
ll
edHa mi
l
tonia
ni fi
tpos
sesaHami
l
toni
anci
rcui
t.

E
ule
ria
n:a
,b,
c,
d,a
Ha
mil
toni
an:
a,b,
c,
d,a

E
ule
ria
n:c
,a,
b,c
,e,
d,c
NoHa
mil
toni
an
He
ncee
ver
yeul
eri
ang
raphi
snotHa
mil
toni
an.

2.I
nHa
mil
toni
ang
raph,
wene
edt
ovi
si
tea
chv
ert
exonc
eex
ceptl
astv
ert
ex.
 Repet
it
ionofe
dgei
snotne
ces
sar
y.T
her
efor
eHa
mil
toni
ang
raphma
ynotbe
Eul
eri
an.

Ha
mil
toni
anbutnote
ule
ria
n(s
inc
eiti
snotpos
sibl
etoc
ove
ral
ledg
esa
tonc
e).

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--
Q4.
d)Gi
vent
hepa
rit
yche
ckma
tri
x. [
4]

|
1 1 0 1 0 0
H= 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
|
F
indt
heminimumdis
tanc
eoft
hec
odeg
ene
rat
edbyH.
Howma
nye
rror
sit
c
andete
ctandcor
rec
t?
S
olut
ion:
-

|1 1 0 1 0 0
H= 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1
|
I
ntheg
ive
npa
rit
yche
ckma
tri
x,a
llc
olumnsa
redi
st
inc
tandnonz
ero.
S
od>
=3
Wec
anusetheprope
rtyt
hattheminimumdis
tanc
eofabina
ryl
ine
arcodei
sequa
ltot
he
s
mal
les
tnoofcol
umnsofthepari
tycheckma
tri
xHt ha
tsumupt
ozero.
Wec
ans
osumoff
ir
stt
hre
ecol
umnsi
sze
ros
omi
ni
mumdi
st=3
I
tca
ncor
rec
t(dmin-1)
/2=1e
rror

I
tca
nde
tec
tdmin-1=2e
rror
s.

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--
Q5a)Expl
ai
npigeonhol
epri
nci
pl
eandexte
nde dpi
geonholepr
inc
ipl
e.Show
t
hati
na nyroomofpeopl
ewhohavebee
ndoi ngsomehandshaki
ngtherewil
l
al
waysbeatlea
sttwopeopl
ewhohaveshake
nha ndsinthesa
menumbe rof
t
imes. [6]
S
olut
ion:
-
Pi
geonhol
epri
ncipl
e:Ifnpi
geonsa
reass
igne
dtompi
geonhol
esa
ndm<nt
hena
tle
ast
onepi
geonhol
econtai
nstwoormorepi
geons
.

Ex
tendedpi
geonhol
e:Ifnpi
geonsar
ea s
sig
nedf
ormpig
eonhol
est
henoneoft
he
pi
geonhol
esmustobt
ainatl
east
(n-
m[ ]
1)
+1pig
eons
.

Therearenpe oplei naparty

.(n≥2) .I
fnotwope opl
ehav esha k
enha ndswithequa l
numbe rofpe oplet henthei
rha ndshakecountmus tdi
fferbya tleast1. S
ot hepossibl
e
choi
ceforha nds ha kecountwoul dbe0,1……n- 1.Thes
ea ree xact
lync hoicesandnpe ople
.
I
ftheree xi
tape rs
onwi th(n-1)handshakecount, t
her
ec anbeape rsonwi th0ha ndshak
e
count.Thusre ducingtheposs i
blechoic
esto(n-1).Nowduet opigeonhol epri
ncipl
e, we
havethatatle asttwope rs
onwi llhavesamenumbe rofha ndshakec ount.

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--
Q5.
b)Det
erminewhet
hert
heposetwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngHa
ssedi
agr
amsa
re
l
att
ic
eornot.
Just
if
yyoura
nswer
. [
6]
S
olut
ion:
-
1.L
UB:
-

V a b c d e f g

a a b e d e f g

b b b e d e f g

c c e c f e f g

d d d f d f f g

e e e e f e f g

f f f f f f f g

g g g g g g g g

GL
B:-

^ a b c d e f g

a a a a a a a a

b a b a b b b b

c a a c a c c c

d a b a d b d d

e a b c b e e e

f a b c d e f f

g a b c d e f g
 2.L
UB:
-

V a b c d e f g h

a a b c d e f g h

b b b f d f f g h

c c f c f e f g h

d d d f d f f h h

e e f e f e f g h

f f f f f f f h h

g g g g h g h g h

h h h h h h h h h

GL
B:-

^ a b c d e f g h

a a a a a a a a a

b a b a b a b b b

c a a c a c a c a

d a b a d a d b d

e a a c a e e e e

f a b a d e f - f

g a b c b e - g g

h a b a d e f g h
-
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--
--
Q5.c
)Fromthefol
lowi
ngdig
raphs,wri
tet
her
ela
tionas
etofor
der
edpa
irs
.
Arethere
lat
ionse
quiv
ale
ncerela
tions
? [4]

S
olut
ion:
-

Ane
qui
val
enc
ere
lat
ioni
sre
fle
xiv
e,s
ymme
tri
candt
rans
it
ive
.
R1= {
(ab)
, ,
(a,
c)(
,b,
a)( d)
,b, ,
(c,
c),
(c,
d)}
R1i
snotr
efl
exi
vebe
caus
e(a
,a),
(b,
b),
and(
d,d)doe
snote
xis
t

R1i
snote
qui
val
enc
e.
R2 = {
(a,
a)(
, b)
b, ,
(c,
c)(
,ab)(
, ,b,
c),
(c,
a)}

Rel
a t
ionR2i
sref
lex
ivea
ndt
rans
it
ivebutnots
ymme
tri
cbe
caus
e(a
,b)e
xis
tsbut(
b,a
),(
c,
b)
(a
,c)donotbel
ongtoR2

He
nceR2i
snote
qui
val
enc
ere
lat
ion.

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Q5.
d)Forthese
tX={2,3,
6,12,24,36},
are
lat
ion≤isdef
ineda
sx≤yi
fx
di
vi
desy.DrawtheHa
ssedi
agra
mf or(X,≤)
.Answerthef
oll
owi
ng:
i
)Wha
tar
ethema
xima
landt
hemi
ni
mal
ele
ment
s?
i
i
)Gi
veonee
xampl
eofc
hai
nanda
nti
cha
in
i
i
i)
Ist
hepos
etal
att
ic
e. [
4]
S
olut
ion:
-

R= {( )( )((
2,
2,2, 12)(
6,2,
24)(
6, ,6,
24)
,2, (
,
36)(
36)(
2,
,12,12)(
3)(
,3, 6)(
,3,
24)(
,12,
,3,
,12,
12)(
,3,
36)(
24)(
,3,
24)
,24, ,
(
36)(
36,
,6,
36)
6)(
,6,
}
12)

Ha
ssedi
agr
am:
-
1.Ma
xima
l:24,
36
Mi
ni
mal
:2,
3

2.Cha
in={
2,6,
12,
24}
Ant
ic
hai
n={
2,3}
T
hispos
eti
snotal
att
ic
e
-
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Q6.
a)Pr
ovet
hatt
hes
et(
1,2,
3,4,
5,6}i
sag
roupunde
rmul
ti
pl
ic
ati
onmodul
o
7. [6]
S
olut
ion:
-
Mul
ti
pl
ic
ati
onmodul
e7t
abl
efors
etAi
s

X7 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 1 2 3 4 5 6

2 2 4 6 1 3 5

3 3 6 2 5 1 4

4 4 1 5 2 6 3

5 5 3 1 6 4 2

6 6 5 4 3 2 1

1i
side
nti
tye
leme
ntofa
lge
bra
ics
yst
em
aX71=a=1X7a

e
g:-1X71=1;2X71=2;
3X71=3……………….
.6X71=6
-
1 -
1
r
eca
llt
hata i
stha
tel
eme
ntofGs
ucht
hata*a
2X74=1 i
nve
rseof2=4

3X75=1 i
nve
rseof3=5

6X76=1 i
nve
rseof6=6
'
Weha
ve2=2
2
2 =2X72 = 4
3
2 =2X72 = 4X72=1
4
2 =8X72 = 1X72=2

He
nce|
2|=3
2i
snotg
ene
rat
or
'
Weha
ve3=3
2
3 =3X73 = 2
3
3 =9X73 = 2X73=6
4
3 =27X73 = 6X73=4
5 4
3 = 3 X73 = 4X73=5
6 5
3 = 3 X73 = 5X73=1

3i
sge
ner
atoroft
hisg
roupa
ndi
scy
cli
c

Subgr
oupgene
rat
edby{3,
4}i
sde
not
edby<
{3,
4}>s
inc
e3,
4ar
eel
eme
ntoft
hiss
ett
hey
havetobet
herei
n<3,
4>
I
nve
rseof3i
s5a
nd4i
s2
3,
4,5,
2∈<
{3,
4}>
3X74 =5 X_74=5 5X74 =6

3X73 = 2X_73=2 6X76 =1

3X75 =1 X_75=1 5X71 =5

4X74 = 2 X_74=2 1X71 = 1

3X72 =6 X_72=6 5X72 = 3

5X75 =4 3X76 =4

5X76 =2 2X72 =4

<
3,4>=<
1,2,
3,4,
5,6>
S
ubg
roupg
ene
rat
edby<
{3,
4}>i
sthes
etAi
ts
elf
.

He
ncet
hes
et(
1,2,
3,4,
5,6}i
sag
roupunde
rmul
ti
pl
ic
ati
onmodul
o7.

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--
Q6.
b)Gi
venag
ene
rat
ingf
unc
ti
on,
findoutc
orr
espondi
ngs
eque
nce [
6]
1 x
i
) i
i) 2
3-
6x 1-
5x+6x
S
olut
ion:
-
1 1
1. =
3-
6x 3(
1- )
2x
Thesi
mpleg e
omet
ri
cfunc
ti
ont
hatg
ive
sthes
umofg
eome
tri
cse
rie
s
1 ∞ n
= ⅀n=0x
1-x
Re
pla
cex by2x
1 ∞ n n
= ⅀n=02.x
1-
2x
Mul
ti
pl
ythi
sby1/
3
1 1 ∞ n n
= ⅀n=02.
x
3(
1- ) 3
2x

T
hea
ssoc
iat
eds
eque
ncei
248
(
s0,,, ,
333
…… )
x
2. 2
1-
5x+6x
2
Wek 1-5x+6x =(
now: 1-2x
)(1-3x
)
x x
T
her
efor
e 2 =
1-
5x+6x (
1-2x)
(1-
3x)
x=A(
1- )+ B(
3x 1-2x
)
Putx=½ a
nd 1/
3
Weg
etA=-
1andB=1
1 1
= ⅀n=0(
3x -2x)
∞ nn nn
f
(x)= +
(1-
3x) (1-
2x)
n n
a
n
= 3 -2 f
orn≥0

S
eque
ncei
s(0,
1,5,
19,
65,
…..
)

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Q6.
c)De
ter
minewhe
the
rthef
oll
owi
ngg
raphsa
rei
somor
phi
cornot
.[
4]

G1 G2

S
olut
ion:
-
Hencebot
hgraphG1 a
ndG2 cont
ain8vert
ic
esand10edge
snoofve
rti
cesofde
gre
e2i
n
bothgr
aphsa
re4.Thenumberofvert
ic
esofdeg
ree3inbot
hgr
aphsar
e4.

Foradjac
ency, c
onsi
de rthevert
ex1ofde gr
ee3.InG1i
tisa
djace
nttotwov er
ti
cesof
degr
e e3a nd1verte
xofde g
ree2.Buti
nG2t he
redoesnotexi
stanyve
rtexofdegr
ee3
whic
hi sadjac
enttodeg r
e e3and1v er
texofdegr
ee2.Henceadj
acenc
yisnotprese
nted.
Henceg i
vengraphsarenotisomorphi
c.

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Q6.
d)Pr
ovet
hef
oll
owi
ng(
usel
awsofs
ett
heor
y) [
4]
A×(
X∩Y)=(
A×X)∩(
A×Y)
S
olut
ion:
-
A×(
X∩Y)=(
A×X)∩(
A×Y)
L
et(
a,)∈A×(
x X∩Y) …………….
.(1)
Byde
fini
ti
onoft
heCa
rte
sia
npr
oduc
t
a ∈Aa
ndx∈X∩YY
i
nce
,x∈X∩Y
x∈X a
nd x∈Y
(
a,x
)∈A×X a
nd (
a,x
)∈A×Y
(
a,x
) ∈(
A×X )∩ (A×Y)
A×(
X∩Y) ⊆ (
A×X)∩ (
A×Y) …………….
.(2)
Ag
ainl
et;
(a,
x)∈ (
A×X)& (
a,)∈ (
x A×Y)
a∈ A,x∈X & x ∈ YY
∈ AA& x∈X∩Y
(
a,)∈A×(
x X∩Y)
A×X )∩ (A×Y)⊆ A×(
( X∩Y) ………….
.(3)
F
rom(
1)a
nd(
2)weg
et,

A×(
X∩Y) = (
A×X )∩ (A×Y)

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 COMPUT
ERE
NGI
NEE
RING
DI
SCRE
TEMAT
HEMAT
ICS
S
EM–3(
CBCGSDE
C-18)
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Q1]a
)Twodi
cea
rer
oll
ed,
findt
hepr
oba
bil
i
tyt
hatt
hes
umi
s (
6)

1.E
qua
lto1 2.
Equa
lto4 3.
Les
stha
n13

S
olut
ion:
-
T
wodi
cea
rer
oll
ed
2
S
ampl
espa
ce=6 =36

Pos
sibl
ecombi
nat
ions

(
1,1) (
1,2) (
1,3) (
1,4) (
1,5) (
1,6)

(
2,1) (
2,2) (
2,3) (
2,4) (
2,5) (
2,6)

(
3,1) (
3,2) (
3,3) (
3,4) (
3,5) (
3,6)

(
4,1) (
4,2) (
4,3) (
4,4) (
4,5) (
4,6)

(
5,1) (
5,2) (
5,3) (
5,4) (
5,5) (
5,6)

(
6,1) (
6,2) (
6,3) (
6,4) (
6,5) (
6,6)

1.S
umofr
oll
ofdi
e=1

S
inc
emi
ni
mums
umwhe
ntwodi
cea
rer
oll
ed=2

noofpos
sibl
eoutc
omes 0
T
her
efor
e,P(
sumofr
oll
ofdi
ce=1)= =
tot
alnoofout
comes 36

P(
sumofr
oll
ofdi
ce=1)=0

2.S
umofr
oll
ofdi
e=4
 noofpos
sibl
eoutc
omes 3 1
T
her
efor
e,P(
sumofr
oll
ofdi
ce=4)= = =
tot
alnoofout
comes 36 12

1
P(
sumofr
oll
ofdi
ce=4)=
12

3.S
umofr
oll
ofdi
e=13

Ma
ximums
umwhe
ntwodi
cea
rer
oll
ed=12

noofpos
sibl
eoutc
omes 0
T
her
efor
e,P(
sumofr
oll
ofdi
ce=13)= =
tot
alnoofout
comes 36

P(
sumofr
oll
ofdi
ce=13)=0

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Q1]b)Us
ethel
awsofl
ogi
ctos
howt
hat (
6)

[
(p→q)^~q]→~pi
sat
aut
olog
y

S
olut
ion:
-
L
HS-[
: p→q)^~q]→~p
(

~[
(p→q)^~q]v~p …….
.[p→q=~pvq]

~[
(~p→q)^~q]v~p …….
.[p→q=~pvq]

~[
(~p→~q)v(
qʌ~q]v~p …….
.[di
str
ibut
ive
]

~[
(~pʌ~q)vF]v~p …….
.[pʌ~p=F]

~[
(~pʌ~q)]v~p …….
.[pʌF=p]

~(
[ ~q)]v~p
~p)ʌ~( …….
.[ p∩q)=~pv~q]
~(

[
pvq]v~p ………….
~(~p)= p

pv~p)vq ……………….
( [as
soc
iat
ive
]

Tvq ……….
[pv~p=T
]

[
(p→q)^~q]→~pi
sat
aut
olog
y
-
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Q1]c)Det
erminet
hematr
ixofthepar
tial
orderofdiv
isi
bi
li
tyonthese
tA.
Dra
wt heHass
ediagr
amoftheposet
.Indi
cat
et hos
ewhicha r
echai
ns (8)

1.A={
1,2,
3,5,
6,10,
15,
30}

2.A={
3,6,
12,
36,
72}

S
olut
ion:
-
1.A={
1,2,
3,5,
6,10,
15,
30}

[ ]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
MA = 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Ha
ssedi
agr
am:
-
 2.A={
3,6,
12,
36,
72}

[ ]
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
MA = 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1

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Q2]a
)Fi
ndt
hec
ompl
eme
ntofe
ache
leme
nti
nD42 (
6)

S
olut
ion:
-
D42={
1,2,
3,
6,
7,
14,
21,
42}

[ ]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
M= 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ha
ssedi
agr
am:
-

E
leme
nt Compl
eme
nt

1 42

2 21

3 14

6 7

7 6

14 3

21 2

42 1

T
heg
ive
nla
tti
ceD42 i
scompl
eme
nte
dla
tti
ce.
-
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Q2]b)Le
tQbet hesetofposi
ti
verati
onalnumberswhic
hcanbee xpr
ess
edi
n
a b
t
heform23 whe r
eaa ndbareinte
gers
.Provethata
lgebr
aics
truc
ture(
Q,.
)
i
sag r
oup.Whe r
e.isamulti
pl
ica
tionoper
a t
ion. (
6)

S
olut
ion:
-
S
inc
efore
ver
ypa
ira
,b∈Z;
the
ree
xis
tsauni
quee
leme
nt

As
soc
iat
iv -(
e: b)
a. .
c=(
a).
(b.
c)

L
HS:
-
a b cd e f
[
23 .
23].
(23)
a
+c b+d e f
[
2 3 ].
(23)
a
+c+e b+d+f
2 3 …………….
.(1)

RHS
:-

(2a3b).(2c3d.2e3f)
(2a3b).(2c+e3d+f)
a
+c+e b+d+f
2 3 ………………(
2)

E
qua
tion(
1)i
sequa
ltoe
qua
tion(
2)

‘
.‘i
sas
soc
iat
ive

I
dent
it
yel
eme
nt:
-a.
e=a
a b a b
2.
3.e
()= 23

e=1
-
1
I
nve
rse: a =e
-a.
a b -
1
23 .
a =1
-
1 -
a -
b
a =2 3 ∈Q

‘
.‘i
sag
roup

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Q2]c)
Def
inei
somorphi
cgr
aphs
.Showwhe
the
rthef
oll
owi
ngg
raphsa
re
i
somor
phi
cornot. (
8)

S
olut
ion:
-
T
wog
raphsa
res
aidt
obei
somor
phi
cif
:

1.T
heyha
ves
amenumbe
rofv
ert
ic
es

2.T
heyha
ves
amenumbe
rofe
dge
s

3.T
heymus
tha
vet
hes
amede
gre
eofv
ert
ic
es.

n(
G1)=4

n(
G2)=4

noofe
dge
sinG1=6

noofe
dge
sinG2=6

de
gre
eofa=4,
deg
reeofa
’=3

de
gre
eofG1a
ndG2a
renote
qua
l

he
nce
,G1a
ndG2a
renoti
somor
phi
c.
-
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Q3]a
)Det
ermi
newhi c
hoft
hef
oll
owi
ngg
raphc
ont
ainsa
nEul
eri
anor
Hami
lt
oni
anci
rcui
t. (
6)

S
olut
ion:
-
F
ig(
a)

NotE
ule
ria
nasde
gre
eofai
s3whi
chi
sodd

Y
esHa
mil
toni
anc
irc
uiti
spr
ese
nt

a-b-c-d-e-f

F
ig(
b)
NotE
ule
ria
nasba
ndga
reofoddde
gre
enotHa
mil
toni
ana
sea
chv
ert
exc
annotbev
isi
ted.

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Q3]b)F
ora
lls
etsA,
XandYs
howt
hat (
6)

X∩Y)=(
A×( A×X)∩(
A×Y)

S
olut
ion:
-
X∩Y)=(
P=A×(
T A×X)∩(
A×Y)

L
HS:
-

=A×(
X ∩Y)

={
(x,
y)|x∈Aa
ndy∈X∩Y}

={
(x,
y)|x∈Aa
nd(
y∈Xa
ndy ∈Y)
}

={
(x,
y)|(
x∈Aa
ndy∈X)(
y∈Xa
ndy ∈Y}

={
(x,
y)|( ndy∈X}∩ {
x∈Aa (x,
y)|x∈Aa
ndy ∈Y}

=(
A×X)∩(
A×Y)

=RHS

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--
Q3]c)L
etf(
x)=x+2,g(x
)=x–2a ndh(x
)=3xforx∈R,whe reR=s
etofr
eal
numbers
.Fi
nd(gof
),(
fog
),(
fof
),(
gog)
,(f
oh)
,(
hog)
,(hof
),(
fohog) (
8)

S
olut
ion:
-
1.g
of=g
(f(
x))=g
(x+
2)=(
x+2)–2=x

2.f
og=f
(g(
x))=f
(x-
2)= (
x-2)+2=x

3.f
of=f
(f
(x)
) =f
(x+
2)=x
+2+
2=x
+4

4.g
og=g
(g(
x))=g
(x-
2)=(
x-2)
-2=x
-4

5.f
oh=f
(h(
x))=f
(3x
)=(
3x)+2=3x
+2

6.hog=h(
f(
x))=h(
x+2)=3(
x+2)=3x
+6

7.f
ohog=f
[h(
g(x
))]=f
[h(
x-2)
]=f
[3(
x-2)
]=f
(3x
-6)=3x
-6+
2=3x
-4
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Q4]a )L
etRisabi
naryrel
ati
on.LetS={(a,
b)|(a
,c)∈Rand(c
,b)∈Rfors
ome
c}showthati
fRisanequi
valenc
er el
ati
onthenSisal
soane
quival
enc
e
rel
ati
on. (6)

S
olut
ion:
-
Ri
sequi
val
enc
ere
lat
ion;
the
ref
oreRi
sre
fle
xiv
e,s
ymme
tri
candt
rans
it
ive
.

L
eta
,b,
cbea
nyt
hre
eel
eme
nts

Byda
tai
faRba
ndaRc =
> bRc

Put
ti
ngc=
a;weg
et;

aRba
ndaRa=
>bRa

butbyr
efl
exi
ve;
aRai
str
ue

i
faRb;
the
nbRa

t
her
efor
eSi
ssy
mme
tri
c

i
faRba
ndaRct
henbRc

s
inc
eRi
ssy
mme
tri
cifaRb,
the
nbRa

bRaa
ndaRcg
ivebRc

t
her
efor
eSi
str
ans
it
ive

Si
sre
fle
xiv
e,s
ymme
tri
candt
rans
it
ive

T
her
efor
eSi
sequi
val
enc
ere
lat
ion.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q4]b)De
ter
minet
heg
ene
rat
ingf
unc
ti
onoft
henume
ricf
unc
ti
ona
r
whe
re
r r
+1
1.a
r= 3 +4 , r≥0

2.a
r
=5 ,r≥0 (
6)
S
olut
ion:
-
0 1
1.a
0
=3 + 4 =4
1 2
a
1
=3 + 4 =19
2 3
a
2
=3 + 4 =73

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--

Ge
ner
ati
ngf
unc
ti
on
∞ n 2
⅀n=0 a
nx = a
0
+a
1
x+ a
2
x +_
___
___
___
___
_
2
= 4+19x+73x + _
___
___
__

2.F
ort
aki
ng5

a
0
=5;
a1
=5;
a2
=5;
…………….
.

Ge
ner
ati
ngf
unc
ti
on;
∞ n 2
⅀n=0 a
nx = a
0
+a
1
x+ a
2
x +_
___
___
___
___
_
2
= 5+5x+5x + _
___
___
__
2
1+x+x….
=5( .
)
-
1
= 5( )
1-x

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
3 6
Q4]c
)Cons
ide
rthe(
3,6)e
ncodi
ngf
unc
ti
one:
B → B de
fine
dby

e
(000)=000000 e
(001)=001100 e
(100)=100101 e
(111)=111010

e
(010)=010011 e
(011)=011111 e
(110)=110110 e
(101)=101001

decodethef
oll
owi
ngwor
dsr
ela
tiv
etoama
ximuml
i
kel
i
hoodde
codi
ng
funct
ion

1.000101 2.
010101 (
8)
S
olut
ion:
-
3 6
e:
B →B

e
(000)=000000 e
(001)=001100

e
(010)=010011 e
(011)=011111

e
(100)=100101 e
(101)=101001

e
(110)=110110 e
(111)=111010

000000 001100 010011 011111 100101 101001 110110 111010

000001 001101 010010 011110 100100 101000 110111 111011

000010 001110 010001 011101 100111 101011 110100 111000

000100 001000 010111 011011 100001 101101 110010 111110

001000 000100 011011 010111 101101 100001 111110 110010

010000 011100 000011 001111 110101 111001 100110 101010

100000 101100 110011 111111 000101 001001 010110 011010

100011 101111 110000 111100 000110 001010 010101 011001

t
h
1.000101i
sre
cei
vedi
n5 c
olumna
ndi
sunde
rli
nedt
hewor
datt
opi
s100101

Byda
tae
(100)=100101

d(
100101)=100

2.010101i
sre
cei
ve n7thc
di olumna
ndi
sunde
rli
ned.
Thewor
datt
opi
s110110

e
(110)=110110

d(
110110)=110

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q5]a)Det
ermi
nethenumbe
rofpos
it
ivei
nte
ger
snwhe
re1≤n≤100a
ndn
i
snotdi
vi
si
bleby2,
3or5. (
6)
S
olut
ion:
-
n(
S)=noofi
nte
ger
sint
hes
et=100

n(
T)=noofi
nte
ger
sdi
vi
si
bl
eby2=100/
2=50

n(
T’)=noofi
nte
ger
sdi
vi
si
bl
eby3=100/
3=33

n(
F)=noofi
nte
ger
sdi
vi
si
bl
eby5=100/
5=20

100 100
n(
T∩T
’)= =16; n(
T’∩F
)= =6
2×3 5×3

100 100
n(
T∩F
)= =10; n(
T∩T
’∩F)= =3
2×5 2×3×5

noofi
nte
ger
sdi
vi
si
bl
eby2or3or5

n(
T∪T
’∩F
)=n(
T)+n(
T’)+n(
F)–n(
T∩T
’)–n(
T∩F
)–n(
T’∩F
)+n(
T∩T
’∩F)

=50+33+20–16–10–6+3

=74

Noofi
nte
ger
snodi
vi
si
bl
eby2or3or5

̅
T∪T'
 N( ∪F)=n(
S)–n(
T∪T
’∪F
)

=100–74 =26

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q5]b)Us
ema
the
mat
ic
ali
nduc
ti
ont
oshowt
hat

1+5+9+…………….
.+(
4n-
3)=n(
2n-
1) (
6)

S
olut
ion:
-
L
etuspr
oveP(
1)i
str
ue

L
HS:
4(1)–3=1

RHS:
1(2-1)=1

L
HS=RHS

P(
1)i
str
ue

L
etusa
ssumeP(
k)i
str
ue

1+5+9+………….
.(4k
-3)=k
(2k–1)

L
etuspr
oveP(
k+1)i
str
ue

1+5+9+……….
.(4k–3)+4(
k+1)–3=(
k+1)
[2(
k+1)
-1]

L
HS:
k(2k-
1)+(
4k+1)
2
=2k-k+4k+1
2
=2k +3k+1
2
=2k +2k+k+1

=2k
(k+
1)+1(
k+1)

=(
2k+
1)(
k+1)

=(
k+1)

=RHS

T
her
efor
eP(
k)i
str
uef
ora
llk∈N

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q5]c)Fi
ndtheg r
ea t
estl
owerboundandle
astuppe
rboundoftheset{3,
9,12}
and{1,
2,4,
5,10}i
ftheyexi
st
sinthepose
t(z+,
/).
Whe r
e/isther
ela
tionof
div
isi
bi
li
ty. (8)

S
olut
ion:
-
1.S={
3,9,
12}

GL
B:-

ʌ 3 9 12

3 3 3 3

9 3 9 3

12 3 3 12

L
UB:
-

v 3 9 12

3 3 9 12

9 9 9 -

12 12 - 12

2.S={
1,2,
4,5,
10}
 GL
B:-

ʌ 1 2 4 5 10

1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 1 2

4 2 2 4 1 2

5 1 1 1 5 5

10 2 2 2 5 10

L
UB:
-

v 1 2 4 5 10

1 1 2 4 5 10

2 2 2 4 10 10

4 4 4 4 - -

5 5 10 - 5 10

10 10 10 - 10 10

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q6]a)Le
tA={ 1,
2,3,
4}andL
e tR={(
1,1)
,(1,
2),(
1,4)
,(2,
4),
(3,
1),
(3,
2),
(4,
2),
(
4,3)
,(4,
4)}.
findtransi
ti
vec
losur
ebyWa rshal
l
’salg
orit
hm. (
6)

S
olut
ion:
-
A={
1,2,
3,4}
R={
(1,
1),
(1,
2),
(1,
4),
(2,
4),
(3,
1),
(3,
2),
(4,
2),
(4,
3),
(4,
4)}

[ ]
1 1 0 1
MR = 0 0 0 1
1 10 0
0 1 1 1

[ ]
1 1 0 1
W0= 0 0 0 1
1 10 0
0 1 1 1
C1→1i
sat1,
3

R1→1i
sat1,
2,4

Re
pla
ceby1a
t(1,
1),
(1,
2),
(1,
4),
(3,
1),
(3,
2),
(3,
4)

[ ]
1 1 0 1
W1= 0 0 0 1
1 10 1
0 1 1 1
C2→1i
sat1,
3

R2→1i
sat4

Re
pla
cea
t(1,
4)a
nd(
3,4)

[ ]
1 1 0 1
W2= 0 0 0 1
1 10 1
0 1 1 1
C3→1i
sat4

R3→1i
sat1,
2,4

Re
pla
ceby1a
t(4,
1),
(4,
2)(
4,4)

[ ]
1 1 0 1
W3= 0 0 0 1
1 10 1
1 1 1 1
C4→1i
sat1,
2,3,
4

R4→1i
sat1,
2,3,
4

Re
pla
ceby1i
nal
lcombi
nat
ions
 [ ]
1 1 1 1
W4= 1 1 1 1
1 11 1
1 1 1 1
00
(
R ={ 1)(
1, 2)(
,1, 3)(
,1, 4)(
,1, 1)(
,2, 2)(
,2, 3)(
,2, 4)(
,2, 1)
,3, (
, 2)(
3, 3)
,3, ,

(
3,4)
,(
4,1)
,(
4,2)(
,4,3)
,(4,
4)}

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q6]b)LetH={[
0]6
,[
3]6
}f
indt
hel
efta
ndr
ightc
ose
tsi
ngr
oupZ6.
IsHa
nor
ma l
subgr
oupofgroupofZ6 (
6)

S
olut
ion:
-
T
abl
eofZ6

+6 0 1 2 3 4 5

0 0 1 2 3 4 5

1 1 2 3 4 5 0

2 2 3 4 5 0 1

3 3 4 5 0 1 2

4 4 5 0 1 2 3

5 5 0 1 2 3 4

T
heg
roupZ6i
sabe
li
ana
sa+b=b+af
ora
,b∈Z6

L
eftc
ose
tofH={
[0]
,[
3]}wi
thr
espe
ctt
oai
nthes
etZ6i
s

a
H={
a*h|
h∈H}

0H={
0+0,
0+3}={
0,3}; 1H={
1+0,
1+3}={
1,4}

2H={
2+0,
2+3}={
2,5}
; 3H={
3+0,
3+3}={
3,0}

4H={
4+0,
4+3}={
4,1}
; 5H={
5+0,
5+3}={
5,2}

Ri
ghtc
ose
tofH={
[0]
,[
3]}wr
tai
nse
t

Ha={
h*a|h∈H}
H0={
0+0,
3+0}={
0,3}
; H1={
0+1,
3+1}={
1,4}

H2={
0+2,
3+2}={
2,5}
; H3={
0+3,
3+3}={
3,0}

H4={
0+4,
3+4}={
4,7}
; H5={
0+5,
3+5}={
5,8}

Cl
ear
lyweha
ve,

H0=0H,
1H=H1,
2H=H2,
…………5H=H5

Hi
sanor
mal
subg
roupofZ6

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q6]c
)Fi
ndt
hec
ompl
etes
olut
ionoft
her
ecur
renc
ere
lat
ion

a
n
+2a
n-1
=n+3f
orn≥1a
ndwi
tha
0
=3 (
8)

S
olut
ion:
-
T
hec
har
act
eri
st
ic
sequa
tion:
-r+2=0

r= -2
(
h) n
S
olut
ioni
san
=B(-2)
(
p)
L
etpa
rti
cul
ars
olut
ionbea
n
=a
n+b

Put
ti
ngt
hisv
alueofa
n
i
ngi
vene
qua
tion

(
an+b)+2[
a( 1)
n- +b]=n+3

n+(
3a 3b-
2a)=n+3
1
3a=1=> a=
3

And3b-2a=3

11
b=
9

n n 11
T
ota
lsol
uti
ona
n
=B(-2)+ +
3 9

Cons
tanti
sfoundbyi
ni
ti
alc
ondi
ti
on

11
3=B+
9
 16
B=
9

16 n n 11
Re
qui
reds
olut
ion:
-an
= (-2)+ +
9 3 9

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
 DI
SCRE
TES
TRUCT
URE
COMPUT
ERE
NGI
NEE
RING
MAY2018
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q1.
a)Provebyinduct
iont
hatt
hes
um oft
hec
ube
soft
hre
econs
ecut
ive
numbe
rsisdi
vi
si
bleby9. [
5]
S
olut
ion:
- L
ett
hec
ons
ecut
ivenumbe
rsben,
n+1,
n+2
3
P(
n)n +(
: n+1)
3
+(
n+2)
3
=9k
3 3 3
L
HS:
1 +2 +3 =>1+8+27=36

36i
sdi
vi
si
bl
eby9

L
etusa
ssumeP(
k)i
str
ue;

k +(
k+1) +(
k+2)
3 3 3
L
HS: =9m

=
>(k+1)
3
+(
k+2)
3
=9m-k
3

L
etuspr
oveP(
k+1)i
str
ue;

k+1)+(
k+2) +(
k+3)
33 3
L
HS:
(

=>9m-k +(
k+3)
3 3

3 3 2
=>9m-k +k +9k +27k+27
2
=>9m +9k +27k+27
2
m +k +3k+3)
=>9(

Whi
chi
mpl
i
esP(
k+1)i
str
ue

T
her
efor
e,P(
k)i
str
ue

T
her
efor
e,P(
n)i
str
ue.

He
ncef
orn∈N,
ther
esul
tist
rue
.
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q1.
b)F
indt
heg
ene
rat
ingf
unc
ti
onf
ort
hef
ini
tes
eque
nce
s.

i
)2,
2,2,
2,2,
2 i
i
)1,
1,1,
1,1,
1 [
5]
S
olut
ion:
0 1 2 3
1.Mul
ti
pl
yi
ngt
hes
eque
nces
ucc
ess
ive
lybyx,,
x x,
x,….
0 1 2 3
2x +2x +2x +2x +….
0 1 2 3
2(
x +x + x +x +….
)

2(
1-)
x-1

2
Ans:
1-
x

0 1 2 3
2.Mul
ti
pl
yi
ngt
hes
eque
nces
ucc
ess
ive
lybyx,,
x x,
x,….
0 1 2 3
x +x + x +x +….
0 1 2 3
x +x + x +x +….
( )

(
1-)
x-1

1
Ans:
1-
x

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q1.c
)Aboxc ont
ains6whi
t ebal
lsandr
edbal
l
s .I
nhowma nyways4bal
lsc
an
bedrawnf
romt heboxif
,i)the
ya r
etobeofanycol
or i
i
)allt
hebal
lst
obeof
thesamec
olor. [5]
S
olut
ion:

1.T
her
ear
e11ba
ll
sand4a
ret
obedr
awn.
T
hisc
anbedonei
n11C4=330

2.Al
ltheba
ll
sofs
amec
olor
:

4whi
teba
ll
sca
nbedr
awnf
rom6C4
 4r
edba
ll
sca
nbedr
awnf
rom5C4

Numbe
rofwa
ys=6C4.
5C4 = 15x5 =75

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q1.
d)F
indt
hec
ompl
eme
ntofe
ache
leme
nti
nD30 [
5]

S
ol: D30={
1,2,
3,
5,
6,
10,
15,
30}

1 ˅ 30

2 ˅ 30

3 ˅ 30

5 ˅ 30

6 ˅ 30

10 ˅ 30

15 ˅ 30

30 ˅ 30

1 ˄ 1

2 ˄ 1

3 ˄ 1

5 ˄ 1

6 ˄ 1

10 ˄ 1

15 ˄ 1

30 ˄ 1
-
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--
Q2.
a)Def
ineIsomorphi
sm ofg
raphs
.Findifthefol
l
owi
ngtwogra
phsare
i
somor
phi
c.Ify
e s
,fi
ndtheone-
to-
onecorr
esponde
ncebe
twe
enthever
ti
ces
.
[
8]

S
olut
ion:

I
ftwog
raphsa
rei
somor
phi
cthe
n:

i
) T
heymus
tha
ves
amenumbe
rofv
ert
ic
es.
i
i
) T
heymus
tha
ves
amenumbe
rofe
dge
s.
i
i
i) T
heymus
tha
ves
amede
gre
eofv
ert
ic
es.
n(
G1)
=8 n(
G2)
=8

no.
ofe
dge
s=12 no.
ofe
dge
s=12

de
gre
eofe
achv
ert
ex=
3 de
gre
eofe
achv
ert
ex=
3

Ans
:Theg
raphsa
rei
somor
phi
c.

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Q2.
b)Inacer t
aincol
le
g e4%oftheboy sand1%oft hegir
lsa
retal
l
e rt
han1.8
mts.F
urthe
rmor e60%oft hest
udentsa r
eg i
rl
s.Iastude
ntatra
ndomi sta
ll
er
t
han1.8mt s,whatistheproba
bil
it
yt hatthestude
ntwa saboy?Just
if
yyour
ans
we r
. [8]
S
olut
ion:

F
ort
hec
onv
eni
enc
esuppos
ethe
rea
re1000s
tude
ntsi
nthec
oll
ege
.

T
her
efor
e,

T
all
ert
han1.
8 L
esst
han1.
8 T
ota
l

Boy
s 16 384 400

Gi
rl
s 6 594 600

T
ota
l 22 978 1000
S
inc
ethes
tude
nts
ele
cte
datr
andomi
sfoundt
obet
all
ert
han1.
8,t
hes
tude
nti
soneof22.

Butoneof22s
tude
nts
,16a
reboy
s

16 8
T
her
efor
e,t
her
equi
redpr
oba
bil
i
ty= =
22 11

Ans:
8/11

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Q2.
c)Prove ∽(p∨(∼p∧q) )and∼p∧ ∼qa
rel
ogi
cal
l
yequi
val
entby
dev
elopi
ngaser
iesofl
ogi
cal
equiv
ale
nce
s. [4]
S
olut
ion:

ByDi
st
ri
but
ivel
aw,

=> ∽ (
(∼p∨p)∧ (
p∨q)
)

=> ∽ (
T∧(
p∨q)
) [
(∼p∨p)=T]

=> ∽ (
(p∨q)
)

=> ∽ p∧ ∽ q ByDe
mor
gan’
s

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Q3.a
)Provet
hatsetG={
1,2,
3,4,
5,6}i
saf
ini
tea
bel
i
ang
roupofor
der6wit
h
re
spectt
omult
ipl
i
cati
onmodulo7. [
8]
S
olut
ion:

X7 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 1 2 3 4 5 6

2 2 4 6 1 3 5

3 3 6 2 5 1 4

4 4 1 5 2 6 3

5 5 3 1 6 4 2

6 6 5 4 3 2 1
F
romt
het
abl
e,X7i
sas
soc
iat
ive

E
g:2X7(
3X75)=2X71=
2

(
2X73)X75)=6X75=
2

aX7e=a

He
ree
=1,
ide
nti
tye
leme
nt=1
-
1
aX7a =e

E
ver
yel
eme
ntha
samul
ti
pl
ic
ati
vei
nve
rse
.

Al
so,
aX7e=bX7a

4X75=6

5X74=6

Ans:
The
ref
ore
,Gi
sabe
li
ang
roup.

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Q3.
b)L
etA=
{1,
2,3,
4,5}
,le
tR=
{{1,
1},
{1,
2},
{2,
1},
{2,
2},
{3,
3},
{3,
4},
{4,
3},
{4,
4},
{5,
5}}
a
ndS={
{1,
1},
{2,
2},{
3,3}
,{
4,4}
,{
4,5}
,{
5,4},
{5,
5}}bet
her
ela
tionsonA.
Findthe
s
mal
l
estequi
v a
lencecontai
ni
ngrela
t i
onRa ndS. [
8]
S
olut
ion.

1 1 0 0 0
MR: 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0

MS
: 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 1 1
 1 1 0 0 0
MR∪S= 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 1
F
indi
ng W5 0 0 0 1 1 byWa
rsha
ll
’sAl
gor
it
hm,

C1:1 i
sat 1,
2

R1:
1isa
t1,
2

Put1i
n(1,
1),
(1,
2),
(2,
1),
(2,
2)

1 1 0 0 0
W1= 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0
C2:1 i
sat 0 0 1 1 1 1,
2

R2:1 i
sat 0 0 0 1 1 1,
2

Put 1 i
n (
1,1)
,(1,
2),
(2,
1),
(2,
2)

1 1 0 0 0
W2= 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 1
C3:1 i
sat 0 0 0 1 1 3,
4

R3:1 i
sat 3,
4

Put1i
n(3,
3),
(3,
4),
(4,
3),
(4,
4)

1 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0
 0 0 1 1 1

W3= 0 0 0 1 1

C4:
1isa
t4,
5,6

R4:
1isa
t4,
5,6

Put1i
n(4,
4),
(4,
5),
(4,
6),
(5,
4),
(5,
5),
(5,
6),
(6,
4),
(6,
5),
(6,
6)

1 1 0 0 0
W4= 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 1
C5:1 i
sat 0 0 0 1 1 5,
6

R5:1 i
sat 5,
6

Put1i
n(5,
5),
(5,
6),
(6,
5),
(6,
6)

1 1 0 0 0
W5= 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 1
T
her
efor
e, 0 0 0 1 1
t
rans
it
ive closur
e=
{
(1,
1),
(1,
2),
(2,
1),
(3,
3),
(3,
4),
(4,
3),
(4,
4),
(4,
5),
(5,4)
,(
5,5)
}

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Q3.
c)T
estwhe
the
rthef
oll
owi
ngf
unc
ti
oni
sone
-to-
one
,ont
oorbot
h.
2
f
:Z→Z,
f(x
)=x +x+1 [
8]
S
ol:
Thes
eti
sZ
T
ote
stwhe
the
rfunc
ti
oni
sinj
ect
ive
,

(x1)=f(x2)
f
2 2
=>x
1
+x
1
+1=x
2
+x
2
+1

=>(
x x)
-
2 1
(
x1
+x
2
+1)=0

T
her
efor
e, x-x =0;
2 1
x
1
+x
2
+1=0

x
2
=x
1
; x
2
=-
1-x
1

T
her
efor
e,fi
snoti
nj
ect
ive
.
2
y=x +x+1
Now,

I
fy=
0;x
1
+x
2
+1=0

-1± 1-
4
x= =>xi
sima
gina
ry,
ie,∉Z
2
T
her
efor
e,fi
snots
urj
ect
ive
.

Ans
:Thef
unc
ti
onfi
snotone
-to-
oneoront
o

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--
2 5
Q4.
a)S
howt
hatt
he(
2,5)e
ncodi
ngf
unc
ti
one
:B→B de
fine
dby

e
(00)
=00000 e
(01)
=01110

e
(10)
=10101 e
(11)
=11011i
sag
roupc
ode
.

Howma
nye
rror
swi
l
litde
tec
tandc
orr
ect
? [
8]

S
ol:

 00000 01110 10101 11011

00000 00000 01110 10101 11011

01110 01110 00000 11011 10101

10101 10101 11011 00000 01110

11011 11011 10101 01110 00000

F
romdi
agona
lel
eme
nts
,00000i
side
nti
tye
leme
nt.

x
⨁y∈Nf
orx
,y∈N

E
ver
yel
eme
ntha
sit
sinv
ers
e.

T
her
efor
e,ei
sag
roupc
ode
.

00000,
01110=
(w,
x)
=3

00000,
10101=
(w,
y)=
3

00000,
11011=
(w,
z)
=4

01110,
10101=
(x
,y)
=4

01110,
11011=
(x
,z)
=3

10101,
11011=
(y
,z)
=3

T
her
efor
e,t
hemi
ni
mumdi
st
anc
e=3

k
+1=
3,

k
=2

Ans
:Itc
ande
tec
t2orl
esse
rror
s.

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--
--
100
Q4.
b)L
etH= 0 1 1

111

100
3 6
be a pa
rit
y c
hec
kma
tri
x.De
ter
minet
heg
roupc
odee
H:B→B
010

001

[
8]
S
ol:
 3
B={
000,
001,
010,
011,
100,
101,
110,
111}

x
1
=b1h11+b2h21+b3h31

x
2
=b1h12+b2h22+b3h32

x
3
=b1h13+b2h23+b3h33

[ ]
1 0 0
ButH= 0 1 1
1 1 1

S
ubs
ti
tut
ingt
hev
alue
s;

(
e000)=000x xx
1 2 3

x
1
=0.
1+0.
0+0.
1=0

x
2
=0.
0+0.
1+0.
1=0

x
3
=0.
0+0.
1+0.
1=0

(
e001)=001x xx
1 2 3

x
1
=0.
1+0.
0+1.
1=1

x
2
=0.
0+0.
1+1.
1=1

x
3
=0.
0+0.
1+1.
1=1

(
e010)=010x xx
1 2 3

x
1
=0.
1+1.
0+0.
1=0

x
2
=0.
0+1.
1+0.
1=1

x
3
=0.
0+1.
1+0.
1=1

(
e011)=011x xx
1 2 3

x
1
=0.
1+1.
0+1.
1=0

x
2
=0.
0+1.
1+1.
1=0

x
3
=0.
0+1.
1+1.
1=0
 (
e100)=100x xx
1 2 3

x
1
=1.
1+0.
0+0.
1=1

x
2
=1.
0+0.
1+0.
1=0

x
3
=1.
0+0.
1+0.
1=0

(
e101)=101x xx
1 2 3

x
1
=1.
1+0.
0+1.
1=0

x
2
=1.
0+0.
1+1.
1=1

x
3
=1.
0+0.
1+1.
1=1

(
e110)=110x xx
1 2 3

x
1
=1.
1+1.
0+0.
1=1

x
2
=1.
0+1.
1+0.
1=1

x
3
=1.
0+1.
1+0.
1=1

(
e111)=111x xx
1 2 3

x
1
=1.
1+1.
0+1.
1=0

x
2
=1.
0+1.
1+1.
1=0

x
3
=1.
0+1.
1+1.
1=0

e
(000)=000000 e
(100)=100100

e
(001)=001111 e
(101)=101011

e
(010)=010011 e
(110)=110111

e
(011)=011100 e
(111)=111000

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--
Q4.
c)Howmanyfr
iendsmusty
ouhavet
ogua
rant
eet
hata
tle
astf
iv
eofthe
m
wil
lha
vebi
rt
hday
sinthesamemont
h? [
4]

S
ol:Sinc
etherearetwe
lvemont
hscons
ide
ringe
vendi
st
ri
but
ion,i
fthe
rea
re48f
ri
ends
,
a
tle
ast4wil
lha
v ebi
rt
hdayi
nthes
amemonth.

He
nce
,ifweha
ve49f
ri
ends
,the
nfi
veoft
hemwi
l
lha
vebi
rt
hda
yint
hes
amemont
h.

Orbye
xte
nde
dpi
geonhol
epr
inc
ipl
e,

[]
n-
1
12
+1=5

[]
=>
n-
1
12
=4

=>n-1=48

T
her
efor
e,n=
49.

Ans
:Tot
alf
ri
endsne
ede
dsot
hata
tle
astf
iv
eoft
hemwi
l
lha
vebi
rt
hda
ysi
nthes
amemont
h
=49

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--
--
--
Q5)a]L
etGbeasetofr
ati
ona
lnumbersot
hert
han1.L
e t*bea
noper
ati
on
onGdefi
nedbya*b=a+b–a bfora
lla,b∈G.Pr
ovethat(
G,*)i
sa group
(8)

S
olut
ion:
-
L
eta
,b∈G

As
sume
,a+b-a
b=1

a-b+b-a
b=0

(
a-1)
(-b+1)=0

a=1a
ndb=1;
sinc
ea,
b∈Gt
hes
etofr
ati
ona
lnumbe
rs

a*(
b*c
)=a*(
b+c-bc
)=a+(
b+c-bc
)-a
(b+c+bc
)

=a+b+c-bc-a
b-a
c-a
bc
Gi
sas
soc
iat
ive

a*0=0; 0∈Gi
side
nti
ty
-
1 -
1
a*a =0; ae
xis
ts∀(
x,y)∈R

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--
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--
--
--
--
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--
--
--
--
--
--
Q5]b)s
olv
ea -7 r+10a
r a r-
2
=6+8rg
ive
na0
=1,
a1
=1 [
4mk
]

S
olut
ion:
-
a-7 r+10a
r a r-
2
=0
2
r-7r+10=0

(
r- (
2)r5)=0 r=2;
- 5

Root
sar
ere
alr
ati
ona
landdi
st
inc
t

L
ett
hes
olut
ionbe
(
n) n
a
n
=A2 +B5

F
(r)i
sli
nea
r;wea
ssumepa
rti
cul
ars
olut
iona
sar
+b

(
an+b)-7[
a( 1)
n- +b]+10[
a( 2)
n- +b]-6-8n=0

(
4a8)
- n+(
-13a 6)=0
+4b-

4a-8=0

a=2

-
26+4b-6=0

b=8
n n
S
olut
ion:
-an
=2(
2)+3(
5)+2n+8

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--
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--
--
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--
--
--
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--
--
--
--
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--
--
--
--
--
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--
--
--
--
--
--
Q5]c
)Le
tA=
{a,
b,c
,d,
e,
f,
g,
h}.
Cons
ide
rthef
oll
owi
ngs
ubs
etsofA

A1={
a,b,
c,d} A2={
a,c
,e,
g,h} A3={
a,c
,e,
g}

A4={
b,d} A5=
{f,
h}

De
ter
minewhe
the
rfol
l
owi
ngi
spa
rti
ti
onofAornot
.Jus
ti
fyy
oura
nswe
r.
 1.{
A1,
A2} 2.
{A3,
A4,
A5} (
8)

S
olut
ion:
-
F
orpa
rti
ti
onA1 ∪A2 ∪…….
.
An=A

AndAi ∩Aj=∅;i≠j

Cons
i rA1={
de a,b,
cd} a
, nd A2={
a,c
,e,
g,
h}

A1 ∪A2={
a,b,
cd}∪{
, a,c
,e,
gh}= {
, a,b,
c,
d,
g,
h,
e}≠A

A1 ∩A2={
a,}≠0
c

{A1,
A2}i
snotapa
rti
ti
on

Cons
ide
rA3,
A4,A5,

A3={
a,c
,e,
g};A4={
b,d}
;A5={
f,
h}

A3 ∪A4 ∪A5={
a,b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
gh}=A
,

A3 ∩A4=∅

A4 ∩A5=∅

A3 ∩A5=∅

A3,
A4,
A5i
sapa
rti
ti
on.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
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--
Q6]a)Dra
wt heHas
seDiag
ramoft
hefoll
owingsetsunde
rthepa
rti
alor
der
re
lat
iondi
videsa
ndindi
cat
ewhi
charechai
ns.Jus
ti
fyyourans
wers
.( 8)

1.A={
2,4,
12,
24}

2.A={
1,3,
5,15,
30}

S
olut
ion:
-
T
heg
ive
npa
rti
alor
derr
ela
tioni
sdi
vi
des

1.A={
2,4,
12,
24}
 2.

T
hepos
eti
sac
hai
n

3.B={
1,3,
5,15,
30}

T
hepos
eti
snotac
hai
n

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
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--
--
--
--
--

Q6]b)L
ett
hef
unc
ti
onsf
,ga
ndhde
fine
dasf
oll
ows
: (
8)

f
:R-
>R,
f(x
)=2x+3
g
:R-
>R,
g(x
)=3x+4

h:
R->R,
h(x
)=4x

f
indg
of,
fog
,foha
ndg
ofoh

S
olut
ion:
-
1.g
of = g
(f(
x))

= g
(2x
+3)

= 3(
2x+
3)+
4

= 6x
+9+
4

= 6x
+13

2.f
og = f
(g(
x))

= f
(3x
+4)

= 2(
3x+
4)+
3

= 6x
+8+
3

= 6x
+11

3.f
oh = f
(h(
x))

= f
(4x
)

= 2(
4x)
+3

= 8x
+3

4.g
ofoh = g
(f(
h(x
)))

= g
(f(
4x)
)

= g
(2(
4x)
+3)

= g
(8x
+3)

= 24x
+9+
4
 = 24x
+13

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--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
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--
--
Q6]c
)De
ter
mineE
ule
rCy
clea
ndpa
thi
ngr
aphs
hownbe
low (
4)

S
olut
ion:
-

NoE
ule
ria
npa
the
xis
tsa
s4v
ert
ic
esa
reofoddde
gre
ei.
ea,
c,g
,fa
reofoddde
gre
e=3

T
heg
raphi
snotE
ule
ria
nasnote
ver
yve
rte
xha
sev
ende
gre
e.

-
--
--
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--
--
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--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
 DISCRETE STRUCTURES
MAY 19 (CBCS)

Q1 a) Prove using Mathematical Induction

2+5+8+….+(3n-1)=n(3n+1)/2 (5)

Solution:
Let P(n)= 2+5+8+….+(3n-1)=n(3n+1)/2

Step1: n=1
LHS=3x1-1
=2

RHS=1(3x1+1)/2
=2
LHS=RHS
P(n) is true for n=1.

Step2:
Let P(n) be true for n=k
2+5+8+….+(3k-1)=k(3k+1)/2 ……………………………(1)

Now we have to prove that P(n) is true for n=k+1

2+5+8+….(3k-1)+[3(k+1)-1]=(k+1)[3(k+1)+1]/2
LHS= 2+5+8+….(3k-1)+[3(k+1)-1]
=k(3k+1)/2+[3(k+1)-1]
=(3k2+k)/2+[3k+2]
=3k2+7k+4/2
=(k+1)(3k+4)/2

RHS=(k+1)[3(k+1)+1]/2
=(k+1)(3k+4)/2

LHS=RHS
P(n) is true for n=k+1

Hence from step1 and step2

By the principal of mathematical induction
2+5+8+….+(3n-1)=n(3n+1)/2

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________
 Q1 b) Find the generating function for the following finite sequences
I) 1,2,3,4,……….
II) 2,2,2,2,2 (5)
Solution:

I) If {am}={a0,a1,a2,a3….} is a sequence of real numbers and x is a real variable then

Ordinary generating function of the sequence is infinite sum

g(x)= 
n 0
an xn =a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +……..
For sequence {an}={1,2,3,4,…….}
g(x)= 1+ 2 x + 3 x2 + 4 x3 +……..
=(1-x)-2
=1/(1-x)2
The generating function g(x) =1/(1-x)2

II) If {am}={a0,a1,a2,a3….} is a sequence of real numbers and x is a real

variable then Ordinary generating function of the sequence is infinite sum

g(x)= 
n 0
an xn =a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +……..
For sequence {an}={2,2,2,2,2}
g(x)= 2+ 2 x + 2 x2 + 2 x3 +2 x4 which id GP with first term a=2 number of terms n=5
and common ration r=x
In GP sum of series
a n
Sn = (r -1)
r -1

2
The generating function g(x) = (x5 -1)
x 1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

Q1 c) Let A={1,4,7,13} and R={(1,4), (4,7), (7,4),(1,13)}

Find Transitive closure using Warshall’s Algorithm.
(5)
Solution:

1 4 7 13
1 0 1 0 1
4 0 0 1 0
Relation matrix W= MR= 
7 0 1 0 0
 
13 0 0 0 0
Step1: First we copy all 1’s from W to matrix W1.

We observe W has no 1’s at first column and has 1’s at 4 and 13 in first row.
⸫ W1 is same as W

1 4 7 13
1 0 1 0 1
4 0 0 1 0
W1=
7 0 1 0 0
 
13 0 0 0 0

Step 2: We copy all 1’s from W1 to W2.

We observe that W1 has 1’s at (1,7) position in second column and at(7) position in
second row. So we add 1’s at (1,7) and (7,7) position in W2.

1 4 7 13
1 0 1 1 1
4 0 0 1 0
W2=
7 0 1 1 0
 
13 0 0 0 0

Step 3:we copy all 1’s from W2 to W3.

We observe that W2 has 1’s at (1,4,7) position in third column and (4,7) position in third
row
So we add 1’s at (1,4), (1,7),(4,4),(4,7),(7,4)(7,7) in W3.

1 4 7 13
1 0 1 1 1
4 0 1 1 0
W3=
7 0 1 1 0
 
13 0 0 0 0

Step4: First we copy all 1’s from W3 to matrix W4.

We observe W3 has 1’s at (13) position in fourth column and has no 1’s at fouth row.
⸫ W3 is same as W4
 1 4 7 13
1 0 1 1 1
4 0 1 1 0
W4=
7 0 1 1 0
 
13 0 0 0 0

Hence by Warshall’s Algorithm

Transitive closure={(1,4)(1,7)(1,13)(4,4)(4,7)(7,4)(7,7)}

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

Q1 d) Let f: R O R, where f(x)=2x-1 and f-1(x)=(x+1)/2

Find (f O f-1)(x)
Solution: (5)

f(x)=2x-1
f-1(x)=(x+1)/2

(f O f-1)(x)= f(f-1(x))

x 1
=f( )
2

x 1
= 2( )-1
2

=x+1-1
=x

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________
 Q2 a) Define lattice. Check if the following diagram is a lattice or not. (4)

Solution:
A posset (L,≤) in which every pair (a,b) of L has a LUB(least Upper Bound) and GLB
(Greatest Lower bound ) is called a lattice.
For eg.
Let R be a relation of divisibility. Consider the set of divisors of 625
i. e. D625={1,5,25,125,625}

The hasse diagram for D625 is

We observe that every pair of elements of D625 has a LUB and GLB.
Also each LUB and GLB ε D625.
The given diagram is lattice because it has LUB and GLB.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________
 Q2 b) Prove that set G={1,2,3,4,5,6} is a finite abelian group of order 6 w.r.t
multiplication module 7.
Solution: (8)

X7 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 4 6 1 3 5
3 3 6 2 5 1 4
4 4 1 5 2 6 3
5 5 3 1 6 4 2
6 6 5 4 3 2 1

G1:
Consider any three numbers from table
5 x (6 x 3)=5 x 4=6
(5 x 6) x 3=2 x 3=6
As 5 x (6 x 3)=(5 x 6) x 3
Hence x is associative.

G2:
From table we observe first row is same as header.
I Ꞓ G

Hence Identity of x exists.

G3:
Consider any two number from table
4 x 2 =1 and 2 x 4=1

Hence x is commutative.

G4:
Inverse of x exists.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________
Q2 c) A travel company surveyed it’s travelers, to learn how much of their travel is
taken with an Airplane, a Train or a car. The following data is known; make a
complete Venn Diagram with all the data. The number of people who flew was 1307.
The number of people who both flew and used a train was 602. The people who used
all three were 398 in number. Those who flew but didn’t drive came to total 599.
Those who drove but did not use train totaled 1097. There were 610 people who
used both trains and cars. The number of people who used either a car or train or
both was 2050. Lastly, 421 people used none of these .Find out how many people
drove but used neither a train nor an airplane, and also, how many people were in
the entire survey.

Solution: (8)

Let A be the set of people who flew

Let C be the set of people who travelled by car
Let T be the set of people who travelled by train
N(AᴖTᴖC)= 398

N(A)= 1307

N(AᴖT)=602
The people who flewed and travelled by train but didn’t travelled by car
= N(AᴖT) - N(AᴖTᴖC)
= 602-398

= 204

People who flew but didn’t drive are 599.

Therefore people who only flew are 599- 204=395
 N(C)= 1097
N(CᴖT)=610
The people who travelled by car and train but didn’t flew
= N(CᴖT) - N(AᴖTᴖC)
=610-398
= 212

The people who flewed and travelled by car but didn’t travelled by train are =310

Those who drove but did not use train totaled 1097
The people who travelled by only car = 1097-310=787
The people who travelled by only train= 139

The no of people who drove but used neither a train nor an airplane= 787
The no of people in entire survey were =2866

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

Q3 a) Prove ¬(p ˅ ( ¬p ˄ q )) and ( ¬p ˄ ¬q) are logically equivalent by

developing a series of logical equivalences.
Solution: (4)

¬(p ˅ ( ¬p ˄ q ))

¬ p ˄ ¬( ¬p ˄ q) By Demorgan’s law
¬p ˄ ( p ˅ ¬q) By double negation
(¬p ˄ p) ˅ (¬p ˄ ¬q) By distributive law
F ˅ (¬p ˄ ¬q) (¬p ˄ p)= F
(¬p ˄ ¬q) By Identity law

Hence ¬(p ˅ ( ¬p ˄ q )) and ( ¬p ˄ ¬q) are logically equivalent.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

Q3 b) Consider the (3,5) group encoding function defined by (8)

e(000)=00000
e(010)=01001
e(100)=10011
e(110)=11010
e(001)=00110
e(011)=01111
 e(101)=10101
e(111)=11000
Decode the following words relative to maximum likelihood decoding functions.
i)11001 ii)01010 iii)00111

Solution:
The decoding table is as follows:

00000 00110 01001 01111 10011 10101 11010 11000

00001 00111 01000 01110 10010 10100 11011 11001
00010 00100 01011 01101 10001 10111 11000 11010
00100 00010 01101 01011 10111 10001 11110 11100
01000 01110 00001 00111 11011 11101 10010 10000
10000 10110 11001 11111 00011 00101 01010 01000
10001 10111 11000 11110 00010 00100 01011 01001
10010 10100 11011 11101 00001 00111 01000 01010

1) Encoded word= 11001

Corresponding encode word belongs to the column 01001
Therefore d(11001)=010

2) Encoded word= 01010

Corresponding encode word belongs to the column 11010
Therefore d(01010)=110

3) Encoded word= 00111

Corresponding encode word belongs to the column 00110
Therefore d(00110)=001

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

Q3c) Mention all the elements of set D36 also specify R on D36 as aRb if a|b. Mention
Domain and range of R. Explain if the relation is equivalence relation or a Partially
Ordered Relation. If it is A Partially Ordered Relation, draw its Hasse Diagram.
Solution: (8)

D36={1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36}

R={(1,1)(1,2)(1,3)(1,4)(1,6)(1,9)(1,12)(1,18)(1,36)(2,2)(2,3)(2,4)(2,6)(2,9)(2,12)(2,18)(2,
36)(3,3)(3,4)(3,6)(3,9)(3,12)(3,18)(3,36)(4,4)(4,6)(4,9)(4,12)(4,18)(4,36)(6,6)(6,9)(6,12)
6,18)(6,36)(9,9)(9,12)(9,18)(9,36)(12,12)(12,18)(12,36)(18,18)(18,36)(36,36)}
 Domain of R ={1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36}
Range of R={1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36}

A relation R on a set A is called a partial order relation if it satisfies the following three
properties:

 Relation R is Reflexive, i.e. aRa ∀ a∈A.

 Relation R is Antisymmetric, i.e., aRb and bRa ⟹a = b.
 Relation R is transitive, i.e., aRb and bRc ⟹aRc.

For D36 Relation R is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive

Hence it is partial order relation.

Hasse diagram of D36 is

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________
 Q4a) Explain Extended pigeonhole principle. How many friends must you have to
guarantee that at least five of them should will have birthdays in the same month.
Solution: (4)
Extended pigeonhole principal
It states that if n pigeons are assigned to m pigeonholes (The number of pigeons is very
large than the number of pigeonholes), then one of the pigeonholes must contain at least
[(n-1)/m]+1 pigeons.
Here Number of pigeons = n = ?
No. of pigeonholes = m = 12 (months)
∴ [(n−1)/m]+1=5
[(n−1)/12]+1=5
n - 1 = 48

n = 49 [ No. of pigeons]

∴ 49 friends should be their to guarantee that at-least five of them must have birthday in
a same month of year.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

Q4b) Define Euler path and Hamilton path.

I) Determine Euler cycle and path in graph shown in (a)
II) Determine Hamiltonian cycle and path in graph shown in (b) (8)
 Solution:

Euler path: An Euler path is a path that uses every edge of a graph exactly once.
Euler circuit: An Euler circuit is a circuit that yses edges of a graph exactly once and
which starts and ends with same vertex.
Criteria for Euler cycle:
If a connected graph G has a Euler circuit,then all vertices Of G must have a even degree
In fig(a)
Since vertices B and D have odd degree.
Therefore there is no Euler cycle for fig(a).

Criteria for Euler path:

If a connected graph G has a Euler path then it must have exactly two vertices with odd
degree. The two endpoits of Euler path must be the vertices with odd degree.

The Euler path- BACDBED

Hamilton path: Hamiltonian path is a graph that visits each vertex exactly once.
Hamiltonian circuit: Hamiltonian circuit is a path that visitsevery vertex exactly once
and which starts and ends on the same vertex.

Criteria for Hamiltonian circuit:

The given condition are necessary but not sufficient
A) A simple graph with n vertices (n>=3) is Hamiltonian if every vertex has degree
n/2 or greater.
B) A graph with n vertices (n>=3) is hamiltonian if for every pair of non-adjacent , the
sum of their degrees is n or greater.
For graph (b)
Hamiltonian path= abcdb
There is no hamiltonian cycle.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________
 Q4c) In a group of 6 boys and 4 girls, four children are to be selected. In how many
different ways can they be selected such that at least one boy should be there?
Solution: (8)
In a group of 6 boys and 4 girls, four children are to be selected such that
at least one boy should be there.
So we can have

(four boys) or (three boys and one girl) or (two boys and two girls) or (one boy and three
girls)

This combination question can be solved as

=(6C4)+(6C3∗ 4C1)+(6C2∗ 4C2)+(6C1∗ 4C3)
=[6×5/2×1]+[(6×5×4/3×2×1)×4]+[(6×5/2×1)(4×3/2×1)]+[6×4]
=15+80+90+24
=209
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

Q5a) Let G be a group. Prove that the identity element e is unique.

Solution: (4)
As the identity element e∈G is defined such that ae=a ∀a∈G.
While the inverse does exist in the group and multiplication by the inverse element gives
us the identity element, which assumes that the identity element is unique.
A more standard way to show this is suppose that e,f are both the identity elements of a
group GG.
Then, e= e o f since f is the identity element.
=f since e is the identity element.
This shows that the identity element is indeed unique.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________
 Q5b) A pack contains 4 blue, 2 red and 3 black pens. If 2 pens are drawn at random
from the pack, Not replaced and then another pen is drawn. What is the probability
of drawing 2 blue pens and 1 black pen?
(8)
Solution:
Total blue pens: 4
Total red pens: 2
Total black pens: 3
Total pens: 4+2+3= 9
Probability of drawing 2 blue pens= 4C2 / 9C2 =4 x 3/ 9 x 8= 1/6
After these the pens are not replaced. Therefore there are only 7 pens left.

Probability of drawing 1 black pen from 7 pens= 3C1 / 7C1 = 3/7

Probability of drawing 2 blue pen and 1 black pen= 1/6 x 3/7 = 1/14

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

Q5c) Let A be a set of integers, let R be a relation on AxA defined by (a,b) R (c,d) if
and only if a+d=b+c.
Prove that R is an equivalent relation.
Solution: (8)
Relation R is defined by (a,b) R (c,d) if and only if a+d=b+c.
I) Put a=c and b=d in a+d=b+c
∴ c+d=d+c, which is true

∴ (c,d) R (c,d)
Therefore R is reflexive.

II) Let (a,b ) R(c,d)

∴ a+d=b+c
 ∴ b+c=a+d

∴ c+b=d+a

∴ (c,d)R(a,b)

∴ R is symmetric.

III) Let (a,b)R(c,d) and (c,d)R(e,f)

∴ a+d=b+c …………………………………(1)
And c+f=d+c ………………………………….(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
(a+d)+(c+f)=(b+c)+(d+c)
∴ a+f=b+e

∴ (a,b)R(e,f)
Hence R is an equivalence relation.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

Q6a) Define reflexive closure and symmetric closure of a relation. Also find
reflexive and symmetric closure of R.
A={1,2,3,4}
B={(1,1),(1,2),(1,4),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4)}
Solution: (4)
Reflexive closure: A relation R' is the reflexive closure of a relation R if and only if
(1) R' is reflexive,
(2) R ⸦ R', and
(3) for any relation R'', if R ⸦ R'' and R'' is reflexive, then R' ⸦ R'' , that is, R' is the
smallest relation that satisfies (1) and (2).

Symmetric closure:A relation R' is the symmetric closure of a relation R if and only if
(1) R' is symmetric,
(2) R ⸦ R', and
(3) for any relation R'', if R ⸦ R'', and R'' is symmetric, then R' ⸦ R'' , that is, R' is the
smallest relation that satisfies (1) and (2).
 A={1,2,3,4}
B={(1,1),(1,2),(1,4),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4)}
If ∆ is euality relation then Reflexive closure R1 = ∆ ᴜ R ……….(1)
Symmetric closure R2 = R U R-1 …………..(2)

Reflexive closure:
∆={(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4)}
From (1)
Reflexive closure R1=∆ ᴜ R=
{(1,1),(1,2),(1,4),(2,2),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4)}

Symmetric closure:

R-1= {(1,1),(2,1),(4,1),(4,2),(1,3),(2,3),(2,4),(3,4)}
R2=R U R-1= {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3)}

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________________________________

1 0 0
0 1 1
1 1 1
Q6b) let H=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

Be a parity matrix. Determine the group code B3 ---> B6

Solution: (8)
Let eH: Bm --->Bn be encoding function.
If b=b1b2b3……bm then
eH(b)=b1b2b3……bm x1x2x3……xr…………….(1)
 Where r=n-m and
Xr=b1.h1r+ b2.h2r+b3.h3r…bm.hmr……………….(2)
Let B={0,1}
∴B3={000,001,010,011,100,101,110,111}
1 0 0
0 1 1
1 1 1
Given B3 ---> B6 and H=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

Here m=3, n=6

h11=1, h12 =0, h13=0, h21=0, h22=1,h23=1,h31=1,h32=1,h33=1

∴r=n-m=6-3=3

 For b=000, b1=0,b2=0,b3=0

∴From (1), eH(000)=b1b2b3x1x2x3

=000x1x2x3

∴From (2), xr=b1.h1r+ b2.h2r+b3.h3r

=0.h1r+ 0.h2r+0.h3r=0

∴ x1=0, x2=0,x3=o

∴eH(000)=000000

 For b=001, b1=0,b2=0,b3=1

∴From (1), eH(001)=b1b2b3x1x2x3

=001x1x2x3

∴From (2), xr=b1.h1r+ b2.h2r+b3.h3r

 =0.h1r+ 0.h2r+1.h3r=h3r

∴ x1=h31=1 ,x2=h32=1, x3=h33=1

∴eH(001)=000111

 For b=010, b1=0,b2=1,b3=0

∴From (1), eH(010)=b1b2b3x1x2x3

=010x1x2x3

∴From (2), xr=b1.h1r+ b2.h2r+b3.h3r

=0.h1r+ 1.h2r+0.h3r=h2r

∴ x1=h21=0 ,x2=h22=1, x3=h23=1

∴eH(010)=010011

 For b=011, b1=0,b2=1,b3=1

∴From (1), eH(011)=b1b2b3x1x2x3

=011x1x2x3

∴From (2), xr=b1.h1r+ b2.h2r+b3.h3r

=0.h1r+ 1.h2r+1.h3r=h2r+h3r

∴ x1=h21+h31=0+1=1 ,x2=h22+h32=1+1=0, x3=h32+h33=1+1=0

∴eH(011)=011100

 For b=100, b1=1,b2=1,b3=0

∴From (1), eH(100)=b1b2b3x1x2x3

=100x1x2x3

∴From (2), xr=b1.h1r+ b2.h2r+b3.h3r

 =1.h1r+ 0.h2r+0.h3r=h1r

∴ x1=h11=1 ,x2=h12=0, x3=h13=0

∴eH(100)=100100

 For b=101, b1=1,b2=0,b3=1

∴From (1), eH(101)=b1b2b3x1x2x3

=101x1x2x3

∴From (2), xr=b1.h1r+ b2.h2r+b3.h3r

=1.h1r+ 0.h2r+1.h3r=h1r+h3r

∴ x1=h11+h31=1+1=0 ,x2=h12+h32=0+1=1, x3=h13+h33=0+1=1

∴eH(101)=101011

 For b=110, b1=1,b2=1,b3=0

∴From (1), eH(110)=b1b2b3x1x2x3

=110x1x2x3

∴From (2), xr=b1.h1r+ b2.h2r+b3.h3r

=1.h1r+ 1.h2r+0.h3r=h1r+h2r

∴ x1=h11+h21=1+0=1 ,x2=h12+h22=0+1=1, x3=h13+h23=0+1=1

∴eH(110)=110111

 For b=111, b1=1,b2=1,b3=1

∴From (1), eH(111)=b1b2b3x1x2x3

=111x1x2x3

∴From (2), xr=b1.h1r+ b2.h2r+b3.h3r

 =1.h1r+ 1.h2r+1.h3r=h1r+h2r+h3r

∴ x1=h11+h21+h31=1+0+1=0 ,

x2=h12+h22+h32=0+1+1=0,

x3=h13+h23+h33=0+1+1=0

∴eH(111)=111000

Hence the(3,6) encoding function eH:B3 ---> B6 is defined as:

e(000)=000000,e(001)=001111,e(010)=010011,e(011)=010011,e(100)=100100,e(101)=1
01011,e(110)=110111,e(111)=111000.

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Q6c) Determine if following graphs G1 and G2 are isomorphic or not. (8)

Solution:

Two graphs G(V,E) and H(V’,E’) isomorphic if

1) There is one to one correspondence f from V to V’ such that f(V1)=V1’ and

f(V2)=V2’ for every (v1, v2)Ꞓ V and (v1’, v2’)Ꞓ V’
2) G and H should have equal no. Of edges.
3) G and H should have equal no. Of vertices.
4) G and H should have same degree of vertices
5) Adjacency property is observed in each vertex.
 From the above two graphs:

Graph G1
Number of vertices 6
Number of Edges 6

Vertex Degree of vertex Adjacent vertices

A 1 B(3)
B 3 A(1), C(3), E(2)
C 3 B(3), D(1), F(2)
D 1 C(3)
E 2 B(3), F(2)
F 2 E(3),C(2)

Graph G2
Number of vertices 6
Number of Edges 6

Vertex Degree of vertex Adjacent vertices

Y 1 V(2)
V 2 Y(1), U(3)
X 2 Z(2), U(3)
Z 2 X(2),W(2)
U 3 V(2), X(2),W(2)
W 2 U(3),Z(2)

We observe that,

There are equal no of edges and vertices for both graph.

Graph G1 has 2 vertices with degree 1, two vertices with degree 2 and two vertices with

degree 2.
 Graph G2 has one vertices with degree 1, four vertices with degree 2 and one vertex with

degree 3.

Therefore, the degree in two graphs are not equal.

Hence the two graphs are not isomorphic.

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