Energy and Civilization

A History

Vaclav Smil

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rlvtokH;jyKrSKrsm; (ykH 5.3)onfrsm;rMum
rDrSmyif tajccstaeESihfaum?a&GUvsm;taeESifhaum trsKd;trnftvGefrsm;onfh
tokH;csrSKrsm;tjzpfwdk;csJUjcif;cH
&onf/
 (ykH
5.3)/[ufbefausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;63rSwGif;trSwfpDonfapmapmydkif;a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifacwf\
pHerlemjyt*Fvdyf
ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;wpfckjzpfonf/rdkif;\
a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifonfacgif;wdkiftjrifhygtaqmufttkHxJwGifxkdifxm;jcif;
jzpfNyD;BudK;&pfjcif;ESifhav0ifavxGuf,EÅ&m;udkarmif;ESifonf/
[J(1844)rSjyefvnful;,lazmfjyonf/

todomtjrifomqkH;tokH;jyKrSKonf
ra&wGufEdkifatmifrsm;aompuf&kHrsm;\ pufcg;ywfBudK;rsm;armif;
ESifjcif;ESifh 19&mpkukef;vrf;?a&vrf;o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;udk
awmfvSefajymif;vJjcif;jzpfonf/rD;oabFmrsm;wDxGif
azmfxkwfjcif;ESifh rD;&xm;pufacgif;rsm;wDxGifazmfxkwfjcif;onf
wpfcsdefwnf;wpfNydKifwnf;jzpfyGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
yxrqkH;rD;oabFmrsm;udk
jyifopfjynf? ,lEdkufwufpwdwfpfESifhpaumhwfvJefwdkYwGif1780jynfhvGefESp
frsm;twGif;
wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; yxrqkH;pD;yGm;jzpfatmifjrifrSK&onfhoabFmrsm;onf
t*FvefwGif (yufx&pfcf
rD;vm\]&Sm;vuf'ef;'ufpf}64)1802ckESifh ,lEdkufwufpwdwfpfwGif(a&mbmhwfzl;
vfwif\]uvJrkef;}651807ckus
59 Richard Trevithick 60 Oliver Evans 61 Jacob Perkins 62 George Henry Corliss 63 Hebburn Colliery
64 Charlotte Dundas 65 Clermont
rSoma&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf/
apmapmydkif;jrpfwGif;oGm;oabFmtm;vkH;udk
(yJhydkif;odkYr[kwfcg;v,fydkif;) ,ufbD;rsm;uwGef;tm;ay;
armif;ESifjcif;jzpfovdk &Guftjynfhwyfqifaom&GufoabFmrsm;uvnf;
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qkH;tufwfvJef;wpfcfjzwful;c&D;onf 1833ckwGif ]&GdKif,,fvf0D;vf,rf}\ ubufcf-
vef'efc&D;jzpfonf?(z&dkif;?
1896)/ yxrqkH;taemufbufywfc&D;onf
1838ckwGif ,ufbD;wyfrD;oabFmrsm;jzpfaom ]qD;&Dtufpf}ESifh
]*&dwf0ufpfwef}wdkY\tajy;NydKifyGJjzpf&m xdkESpfonf*ReftJ&pfcfqifu
yxrqkH;atmifjrifrSK&aom0uftlyefum
udkpwiftokH;jyKaomESpfjzpfonf/ ydkBuD;NyD;ydkjrefaomrD;oabFmrsm;u
ajrmuftufwfvJef;wpfcfjzwful;aomc&D;
onfESifhukefpnftpnfum;qkH;c&D;rsm;xHrSESifh aemufydkif;wGif
at;&SmESifhMopaMwvsodkYoGm;onfh c&D;a0;vrf;
aMumif;rsm;xHrS &GufoabFmrsm;ae&mudk
wjznf;jznf;tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufvmonf/4if;wdkYu 1815ESifh1930t
Mum; Oa&myrS yifv,f&yfjcm;c&D;yef;wdkifrsm; txl;ojzifh
ajrmuftrJ&dumodkYxGufcGmMuaom a&TUajymif;tajc
pdkufoloef;60\trsm;pkudk o,fydkYay;cJhonf?
(bdef;Zf66?1991)/wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif ausmufrD;aoG;okH;yifv,ful;
oabFmrsm;onf ,ltufpfEdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'\
ta&;ygaomvufudkifwkwfrsm;jzpfvmonf? (&SL;vfrJef67?2015)/
a&aEG;aiGUokH;ukef;vrf;o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;onf
tvm;wlyiftpydkif;aES;auG;aomfvnf; aemifwGifrD;&
xm;vrf;rsm;vsifjrefpGmysHUESHUoGm;rSKu
aemufvdkufvmonf/1804ckwGif&pfcs'fx&ufAopfcfjyKvkyfaom oGef;oH
&xm;vrf;ay: pufwifprf;oyfMunfhjcif;aemufudk ao;i,faom
yk*¾vduydkif&xm;vrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;vdkufvm
onf/yxrqkH;trsm;jynfol&xm;vrf;jzpfaom vpfAmyl;vfrSrJef;csufpfwm&xm;vrf;udk
1830jynfhESpfusrSom
zGifhvSpfEdkifjcif;jzpf&m xdk&xm;udk a*smhcsfpwD;AJefqif68(1781-
1848)\ ]a&mhuuf}uqGJjcif;jzpfonf/'DZdkif;topf
wpfykHwpfacgif;u pGrf;&nfydkxda&mufNyD;
ydkjrefaompufrsm;xGufay:vmaponf/ 1900jynfhta&mufwGif t
aumif;qkH;rD;&xm;pufacgif;onf 1930jynfhvGefESpfrsm;rSpufacgif;rsm;xuf
5qtxdydkrsm;aomzdtm;ESifh 12%
xufydkaompGrf;&nfxda&mufrSKESifh tvkyfvkyfEdkifonf? (a'gvfbD?1920)/ (100
km/h)xufydkaomtjrefESKef;onf
ykHrSefjzpfvmNyD; 1930jynfhvGefESpfrsm;twGif;
ajyjypfoGufvufonfhykHoP²mefazmfxm;aom pufacgif;rsm;u
(200 km/h)tjrefESKef;em;csOf;uyfvm&kHomru ausmfyifausmfoGm;onf?(ykH 5.4)/
 (ykH
5.4)/a&aEG;aiGUpufacgif;acwfrSxif&Sm;aompufrsm;/yxrqkH;pD;yGm;jzpfpufjzpfaompwD;AJ
efqif\1829]a&mhuuf}/
4if;uaemufayguf'DZdkif;rSeforQ\t*Fg&yf2ckudkazmfxkwfay;cJh&m ueufwif;a&mh'ftwdkjzifh
bD;rsm;tm;a&GUaponfhwpf
zufwpfcsuf&SdoD;jcm;qD;vfvif'grsm;ESifh
pGrf;&nfxda&mufrSK&Sdaom>yeftrsm;ygbdGKifvmwdkYjzpfonf/trJ&duJefpH'DZdkif;rsm;
u1850jynfhvGeftv,fESpfrsm;upNyD; ,ltufpf&xm;vrf;rsm;tay:BuD;pdk;aecJhonf/
ajyjypfoGufvufonfhykHoP²mef
azmfxm;aom*sm;rJefabmZpf69'DZdkif;onf1935ckwGif(191.7 km/h)odkYa&mufonf/bef;
(1900)ESifhtJvpfpf(1983)tay:
tajcjyKonf/
66 Baines 67 Shulman 68 George Stephenson 69 Borsig

1830jynfhESpfwGif vpfAmyl;vfESifhrJef;csufpfwmtMum;
yxrqkH;NrdKUcsif;quf&xm;vrf; (56 km)ESifhpwif
NyD;aemufb&pfwpf&Sf&xm;vrf;rsm;onf 1900jynfhwGif(30,000
km)cefYa&mufcJh&mxdktcsdefwGifOa&my\pkpkaygif;
onf (250,000 km)eD;yg;jzpfonf/xdk&mpk\aemufqkH;q,fpkESpf3cktwGif;
tjcm;ae&mrsm;rSmvnf; &xm;vrf;wdk;
csJUrSKtrsm;pkjzpfyGm;cJhonf/1900jynfhwGif &yf&SJefuGef&ufonf(53,000
km)odkYa&mufonf/(odkYaomf yqpfzpfcft
a&mufqdkifbD;&Dtmausmfjzwf&xm;vrf;onf
1917ckusrSomtNyD;owfonf/),ltufpfpepfonf (wdkufausmf
jzwfvrf;aMumif;3aMumif;tygt0if) (190,000 km)ausmf&Sdojzifh
wpfurÇÇmvkH;pkpkaygif;onf (775,000 km) jzpf
onf? (usef&SdonfhtxJrStrsm;tjym;onf b&pfwpf&SftdEd´,rSmjzpfonf)
(0D;vf,JrfZf?2006)/ odkYjzpfí &xm;
vrf;rsm;wdk;csJUrSKonf 19&mpk'kwd,wpf0uftwGif;
rBuKHpzl;aomoHrPdvdktyfcsuftwGuft"dutaMumif;&if;
jzpfonf/
pifppf þowÅKonf pufrSKvkyfief;aps;uGufopftrsm;tjym;u
rsm;oxufrsm;vmaomyrmPESifh vdk
tyfaeaomowÅKjzpfonf/4if;udk oHrPdvkyfief;udk,fwdkifuvnf;aumif;
( oHESifhoHrPdxkwfvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf)?
vQyfppfvkyfief;uvnf;aumif;
(bdGKifvmESifha&aEG;aiGUwm;bdk*sJef;ea&wmrsm;?
x&Jefpfazmfrf;rmrsm;ESifhvQyfppf0g
,mBudK;rsm;twGuf)?a&eHESifh"mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrSKESifh
o,f,lydkYaqmifrSKuvnf;aumif; (wl;azmfa&;ydkufrsm;?vGef
oGm;rsm;?wGif;tumydkufrsm;?ydkufvdkif;rsm;ESifh odkavSmifuefrsm;twGuf)?
oabFmvkyfief;uvnf;aumif; (oHr
Pdudk,fxnftopfrsm;twGuf)? ukefxkwfvkyfief;uvnf;aumif; (pufrsm;?
ud&d,mrsm;ESifhpuftpdwftydkif;rsm;
twGuf) &dk;&mtxnftvdyfESifh
tpm;tpmjyifqifxkwfvkyfrSKvkyfief;rsm;uvnf;aumif; vdktyfaeonf/ odkY
aomf (,cifuoH<uyfjzifhjyKvkyfaom)rD;&xm;oHvrf;rsm;onf aemufydkif;wGif
1860jynfhvGefaESmif;ydkif;ESpfrsm;t
wGif;xGufay:vmum aps;ESKef;oufomaom bufqrmoHrPdjzifhjyKvkyfonfh
(tcef;6&I) ta&;tygqkH;tacsm
owfxkwfukefjzpfvmNyD; &mpkukefonftxd xdktwdkif;qufjzpfoGm;onf? (qar;vf?
2016)/
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wpf&mpkausmfNyD;rSa&muf
vmonf/1880jynfhvGefapmapmydkif;ESpfrsm;ta&mufwGif
4if;udkus,fjyefYpGmtokH;jyKrSKu acwfrDpufrSKvkyfief;xl
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toGifajymif;ypfonf/ 4if;tajymif;tvJrsm;uwpfzef
NrdKUjyrsm;us,fjyefYpGmjzpfxGef;vmrSK? ueOD;
csrf;om<u,f0rSKrsm;wdk;yGm;vmrSK?
EdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&;zGHUNzdK;vmrSKESifh
EdkifiHawmfacgif;aqmifrSKrsm;a&TUajymif;rSK
rsm;qDodkY a&S;&Iaponf/wpfpwpfpwdk;yGm;vmaomenf;ynmwdk;wufrSKrsm;u
rSwfavmufom;avmufjzpfonf/
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1800jynfhwGifvkyfaompufrsm;xufpGrf;tm;
tq30cefY (3 MW ESifh 100 MW ESKdif;,SOfMunfh&ef) tm;ydkaumif;NyD;
taumif;qkH;pufrsm;\pGrf;&nfxda&mufrSK
onf (2.5%ESifh25%ESKdif;,SOfMunfh&ef) 10qydkomonf? (ykH
5.5)/avmifpmtBuD;tus,facRwmEdkifjcif;ESifh
avxknpfnrf;rSKavsmhenf;jcif;tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;&apaom
pGrf;aqmifEdkifrSKtjrwfþrQBuD;rm;pGm&&Sdjcif;onf t
"dutm;jzifh tvkyfvkyfaomzdtm;udk (14 kPa rS 1.4 MPa txd)
tq100jrSifhwifjcif;rSvmjcif;jzpfonf/
þpuf\tMurf;ywrf;cHNyD;MumMumtokH;cHEdkifrSKaMumifh
ukefxkwfvkyfrSK? aqmufvkyfa&;ESifh o,f,lydkY
aqmifa&;vkyfief;trsm;tjym;wGif tokH;jyK&efoifhawmfjcif;udk
txufygwdk;wufrSKrsm;ESifhaygif;pyfjcif;u þ
pufudk 19&mpkpufrSKvkyfief;xlaxmifa&;\ oufrJhy"mea&GUvsm;tm;tjzpf
toGifajymif;ay;onf/ 4if;tm;
ae&mrSmwiftajcwustokH;jyKrSKrsm;onf (a&pkyfwifjcif;?
opfpufvTwdkufjcif;ESifhoD;ESHBudwfcGJjcif;uJhodkY) ,cif
uouf&Sdy"mea&GUvsm;tm;rsm;?a&bD;rsm;?av&[wfrsm;pGrf;aqmifcJhaom
vkyfief;wm0efrsm;rStpjyKum wdk;csJU
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trJ&duJefv,fuGif;rsm;t
wGif;odkYyif0ifa&mufcJhonf/
 ykH(5.5)/taumif;qkH;a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifrsm;(1700-1930)\
wkd;jrifhvmaompGrf;tm;ESifhydkrdkaumif;rGefaompGrf;&nf
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odkYaomf a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifrsm;onf 4if;wdkY\udk,fydkifatmifjrifrSK\

om;aumifrsm;jzpfvmonf/4if;wdkY
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(rnfonfh&kd;&my"mea&GUvsm;tm;xufrqdk tqrsm;pGmydkjrifhaom)
tqifhodkYa&muf&Sdvmojzifh
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yifudkyg&if;pGJt
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(qar;vf?2005)/wdk;wufjyKjyifrSKrsm;jyKvkyfonfhwpf&m
pkausmfvmcsdefrSmyif trsm;qkH;tokH;jyKaeaoma&aEG;aiGUtif*sifrsm;onf
tpGrf;xda&mufrSKtvGefnHhzsif;aeqJ
jzpf&m 1900jynfhwGif pHerlemjya&aEG;aiGU&xm;pufacgif;wpfvkH;onf 4if;\
bdGKifvmtwGif;oGif;onfhausmuf
rD;aoG;92%udk jzKef;wD;ypfonf/ xdkYtjyif4if;wdkY tvGefav;vHaeqJjzpfojzifh
4if;wdkY\j'yfxkudktvG,fwul
xrf;Edkifaom oHvrf;rsm;ESifha&jyifrSvGJvQif
4if;wdkYtm;a&GUvsm;tokH;jyKa&;wGif tuefYtowfjzpfonf? (Z,m;
uGuf 5.5)/
70 Bucyrus and Marion

Z,m;uGuf (5.5)
a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifrsm;ESifh{&mrpufBuD;71wpfvkH;\j'yfxk^pGrf;tm;tcsKd;
tav;csdef(750 kg)&SdNyD;jrif;aumifa&1aumiftm; (750
W)xkwfvkyfaomtv,ftvwfjrif;wpfaumifwGif(1000 g/W)
twdtuseD;eD;j'yfxk^pGrf;tm;tcsKd;&Sdovdk(80 W)ESKef;jzifhrSefrSeftvkyfvkyfaom(80
kg)vlwpfa,mufwGifvnf;tvm;wl
yif&Sdonf/18&mpk\yxrqkH;a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifrsm;onftvGefyifj'yfxkBuD;rm;NyD; tcsKd;
(600-700 g/W) &Sd&m vlESifh0efqGJ
wd&pämefrsm;\tcsKd;rsm;avmufeD;yg;jrifhrm;onf/1800jynfhta&mufwGif þtcsKd;u (500
g/W)cefYtxdusoGm;NyD;1900
jynfhta&mufwGiftaumif;qkH;a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifpufacgif;onf(60
g/W)omav;awmhonf/odkYaomf4if;onftrsKd;tpm;

uGJjym;aomfvnf;tajccHusonfhvkyfief;wm0ef2ckjzpfaomukef;,mOfrsm;tm;armif;ESifa&;ESifhv
Qyfppf"mwftm;ay;puf&kH
topfrSBuD;rm;aom'dkif;erdkBuD;rsm;vnfywfapa&;twGuftvGefav;aeqJjzpfonf/
1894ckyg&D-abm'dk;NydKifyGJwGiftEdkif&onfhum;wGifwyfqifxm;aom'dkiff;rfvm-
rdkif;bmhcf72"mwfqDtif*sifopfonf(30 g/W)
om&Sdjcif;jzifh(Adk;rGef;73?
1902)ukef;vrf;o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;wGifa&aEG;aiGUtif*sifrsm;twGufae&mvyfrusefapawmhay/
1891ckwGifwnfaqmufaomcsm;vfZfyg;qifZf74\ (100
kW)&Sda&aEG;aiGUwm;bdkifti,fpm;rsm;\yxrqkH;pD;yGm;jzpf'DZdkif;
yifvQif(40 g/W)om&SdNyD;yxrurÇÇmppfBuD;rpcifrSmyifxdktcsKd;onf(10
g/W)atmufusum4if;wdkY\pGrf;&nfxda&mufrSKu
25%ausmf&mtaumif;qkH;a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifrsm;\xda&mufrSK11-
17%rsm;xufrsm;pGmjrifhrm;onf (qar;vf?2005)/t
usKd;quftjzpf1902ck?
EsLUa,mhcftuf'qJefpuf&kHwGifwyfqifwnfaqmufaom0ufpfwifa[mufpf-aumvpfpfa&aEG;aiGU

tif*sifBuD;16vkH;onftvdktavsmufacwfvGefoGm;onf/odkYjzpfonfhwdkifatmifaemuf3ESpftMu
mwGifvef'efaumifpD
"mwf&xm;\*&if;epfcsfblwm&kHu ]tif*sifurÇÇm\{&mrpufBuD;}udkwyfqifwnfaqmufonf?
('pfuifqif?1939)/ þxk
xnfBuD;rm;aom*&if;epfcsfpufBuD;onfaygif;pyfa&aEG;aiGUtif*sif(3.5 MW)trsKd;tpm;\
yxrqkH;jzpfNyD;bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;
uJhodkYus,faomajrae&mtwGif;(14.5
m)us,foavmuf4if;eD;eD;tjrifh&Sd&m4if;ESifhpGrf;tm;wlaomyg;qifZf\*sJef;ea&wm
onf(3.35 m)omus,fNyD; (4.45 m)omjrifhonf/
 a&aEG;aiGUtif*sifrsm; 4if;wdkY\tjrifhqkH;pGrf;&nfxda&mufrSK?
tjrifhqkH;pGrf;tm;ESifh tedrfhqkH;j'yfxk^pGrf;
tm;tcsKd;odkYa&mufaomfvnf;
4if;wdkYonfaemufxyfvTrf;rdk;BuD;pdk;rSK&a&;vrf;cif;ay;aom
pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;r
[kwfay/19&mpk\BuD;pdk;aomy"mea&GUvsm;tm;onf 4if;\
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128 Maschinenfabrik Augsburg 129 Heinrich von Buz 130 Friedrich Alfred Krupp
131 Solidarismus: Naturliche wirtschaftlifhe Erlosung des Menschen

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(Z,m;uGuf 5.9)/

132 Aigrette 133 Selandia 134 Luigi Galvani 135 Charles Augustin Coulomb 136 Alessandro Volta
137 Hans Christian Orsted 138 Andre’-Marie Ampere 139 Michael Faraday
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2003)/ xdkacwf\tBuD;rm;qkH;,ltufpfpDrHudef;rsm;rSm
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yxrtqifhudk1941ckwGiftNyD;owfonf)
(aemufqkH; 6.8 GW)wdkYjzpfonf/
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(wm;bdkif34vkH;wGifpufwyfqiftiftm; 22.5 GW )udk2012ckwGifvufpowfonf?
(csif;udkvf'f?2015)/2015ck
wGif a&tm;onf urÇÇmhvQyfppf\16%cefYudkjznfhwif;&mwGif
EdkifiHtvdkufa&tm;yg0ifrSKtcsKd;tpm;rsm;utvGef
jrifhrm;&m uJef;e'gwGif60%? b&ZD;vfwGif80%eD;yg;ESifh tufzf&dumrS
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avtm;wm;bdkiftrsm;pkonf tcsdef\20%rS
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vuf&SduGef&uftwGif; vma&mufaygif;
215 Macedo, Leal and da Silva 216 Basso, Basso and Rocha 217 Solomon, Barnes and Halvorsen
218 Giampietro and Mayumi 219 Sanxia
pnf;csdefwGif pdefac:rSKtrsm;tjym;ay;onf? (a*syDarmf*Jef?2015)/
acwfrDavpGrf;tifzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;tpDtrHudk
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pydefESifh tm;vkH;teuftwuf<uqkH;t
jzpf (4if;\ ]tJefem*sD;AJef'J}220\ tpdwftydkif;wpf&yftaeESifh)
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Oa&myonf acgif;aqmiftopf
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ydkrdkBuD;rm;onfhpufrsm; (,cktcg 8 MW txd?
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(urf;vGefwnfaqmufa&;rsm;tygt0if)u
rsm;rMumrDuwdk;wufvmrSKrsm;udk 1990wGifpufwifqiftiftm; 2 GW
xufenf;onfhtqifhrS 2000jynfhwGif
17.3 GW odkYvnf;aumif;?2015tukefwGif 432 GW odkYvnf;aumif;jrSifhwifay;onf?
(urÇÇmvkH;qdkif&mavpGrf;
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aom tmumotwGif;tokH;jyKrSKrsm;onf
q,fpkESpfrsm;Mumatmif&Sifoefaeaomfvnf; vQyfppf"mwftm;xkwf
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yDAGDqJvfrsm;wifydkY&NyD; 2010wGif
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jzpfonf? (*sdrf;Zf?2015/ tm&ftD;tJef21? 2016)/
odkYaomf yDAGDvQyfppfxkwfvkyfrSKonf
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avtm;wm;bdkifrsm;pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrSK\30%cefYom&Sdonf? (ykH 5.16)/
 (ykH 5.16)/pydefEdkifiH?
tJef'vl;oDtm222rSvl;umeD;em'vmhpfawm&ufZf223zdk;wdkAdkvfaw;tpf"mwftm;ay;puf&kH(aum
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220 Energiewende 221 Edmond Becquerel 222 Andalusia 223Lucaneina de las Torres
wpfzef þvkyfief;\zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrSKonf
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aom wdk;wufrSKjzpfonf/xdktaMumif;udk 2015ckESpfwGifwdrfxlaom*sm;reDu
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ppfxkwfvkyfrSKwGifus,fvmjcif;xuf ydkapmonf/2012cktukefwGif tylay;tdk;rsm;\
pufwyfqiftiftm;onf
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(armufofemESifhAkdufZf224?2014)/wpfae&mwnf;
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odkYaomf2015ckwGif(pkpkaygif;pGrf;&nf5
GWxufenf;aom)wyfqifwnfaqmufxm;rSKtenf;tusOf;om&Sdonf/
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rSDcdktm;xm;&onf? (blrdtylpGrf;tiftoif;?2014)/
BuD;rm;aom'Da&pGrf;tm;puf&kHrsm;twGuf
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trsm;tjym;&Sdaomfvnf; tcsKdUutvsiftjrefwdk;wufaecdkuf
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uRefawmfwdkYapmifhMunfh&OD;rnfjzpfonf/
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acwfrDvlY,Ofaus;rSKtzGYJtpnf;wGif vlESifhukefypönf;2rsKd;pvkH;\
oGm;vma&GUvsm;EdkifrSK\ ta&;ygykHudk
axmufqaomf acwfopfvlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ vuf&SdpGrf;tiftajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udk
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224 Mauthner and Weiss 225 concentrated solar power(CSP) 226 space heating 227 Larderello
228 Wairakei 229 Geysers

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pGrf;tm;onf 1990jynfhwGif(90 kW)cefYrS 2015ckwGif(175
kW)cefYodkYwufvmonf? (,ltufpftD;yDat?2015)/
odkYaomf ]um;} qdkaoma0g[m&onf
trSefwu,furSm;aeonf/taMumif;rSm ,lEdkufwufpwdwfpfwGifyk*¾vdu
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tD;,lwGiftokH;rsm;vm&m ,cktcg topfrSwfykHwifrSK\50%ausmfonf
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ykH&dyf tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufonf/
(pGrf;tm; 3 MW txd&Sdaom)
'D;Z,fvfjzifharmif;ESifonfh&xm;pufacgif;rsm;onf urÇÇmwpf0ef;vQyfppf
"mwftm;rokH;aom&xm;vrf;tm;vkH;ay:wGif &xm;wGJrsm;tm;qGJjcif;
(wGef;jcif;)vkyfonf/ a&SUrSmawGUcJhNyD;jzpf
onfhtwdkif;'D;Z,fvftif*sifrsm;u
yifv,fa&aMumif;oabFmvkyfief;tay:pwifatmifEdkifjcif;onfyxrurÇÇm
ppfrwdkifrDuwnf;ujzpfonf/4if;wdkY wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf;aomurÇÇm\
r&Sdrjzpfy"mea&GUvsm;tm;jzpfvmjcif;
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