PHINMA University of Iloilo

Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

IMPACT OF TARDINESS TO THE

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED BSCRIMSTUDENTS OF UI-PHINMA.

A Research Paper
Presented to
The Faculty of PHINMA
University of Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement
for the Completion
of Inquiries, Investigation
and Immersion

DELA CRUZ, JACOB L

CURAYAG, KRISTOPHER M.
FANTILAGAN, PETER M
DOMINGUEZ, JEFFERSON M.
CATAPAN CHARLES P.
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study

Student attendance is one of the most common predictors of academic achievement. Students
who consistently miss school hours develop habits that will lead into their adult life, affecting their
education, career, and social connections. In contrast, students who fully participate in different school
activities will have more opportunities to achieve academically, make healthy and informed lifestyle
choices, and develop Performance Character traits. (D. Sekiwu 2020)
Since excessive absences or tardiness may affect the quality of a student’s academic
performance, the College expected to students attends classes regularly. Faculty members may
determine their own policies regarding irregular class attendance. Students should be aware that non-
attendance at classes will not result in automatic withdrawal from a course. (JL Faison, 2004)
Students must complete all assignments, examinations and other requirements in all of their
courses. Absence does not constitute exemption from such obligations, and it is the student’s
responsibility to take the initiative to make up any work missed. Students must be aware, however, that
the opportunity to make up an examination is not a student right, rather it is a privilege granted under
special circumstances. Make-up examinations must be offered for absences due to religious observances,
hazardous weather conditions, verifiable medical reasons or field trips that are related to an academic
program. In the case of academic field trips, students should inform their instructors prior to the trip so
that arrangements to submit work or to schedule a make-up exam can be made. In all other cases,
faculty members are free to determine their own policies regarding make-up examinations. Students
must be informed, in writing, at the beginning of each semester of the make-up examination policy for
each course.
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

Theoretical Framework
This study is conducted to understand why researchers need to develop the concept about the
Impact of Tardiness to the Academic Performance of selected BSCRIM Students of UI-PHINMA. To
have a prior knowledge about the average of selected college students that are experiencing tardiness,
we must understand what really the student is dealing or expressing by performing the tardy behaviour.
According to some theorists, the behaviour could be conditioned upon stimuli prior to or resulting from
the behaviour , while others may suggest that it is based upon a lack of sleep, anxiety, low self- esteem,
inactive energy and even depression. There are many theorists with several varying theories a few are
discussed here. Of course reasons for being tardy and late of students to class and other factors affecting
the punctuality of a student varies a lot. There have been some theories that pointed out that tardiness is
caused by the personality of a person. Santillano (2010).stated psychological theorists considered some
"personality traits or characteristics, including low self-esteem and anxiety" as triggering factors of
tardiness (Para 2). Also, she mentioned that while some theorists considered tardiness as an "inborn
quality traits" since our being early or late is "partially biological determined", which also agreed other
experts believed that some people are "chronologically tardy" for the reason that they consciously and
unconsciously get good things from it (Para 3). One of the famous books that talks about tardiness are
the "Never Be Late Again: 7 cures for the punctuality challenged". Based on the Psychological Studies
and extensive research, this book reveals that the chronic lateness is surprisingly difficult habit to
overcome, and its causes run deeper than just poor time management. In this entertaining and practical
books, you'll discover; the causes of lateness and procrastination, how anxiety affects student's
behaviour, time perception, and adrenaline affect time management, the most common mistakes late
people make, tips for overcoming the psychological obstacles that hold you back and lastly, talks about
the 7 unique and simple secrets to manage your time more effectively. According to some readers, this
book was absolutely enlightening for them and they'll be able to understand the reasons and factors
related to being tardy. This book also helped students finally understand what is the problem in their
activities related to their personality that affects their behaviour at school. The author argues that, while
people who tend to be chronically late do tend to rate more highly on time management difficulties
and
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

procrastination than people who aren't, the problem can't be reduced to just that. Contrary to what other
people sometimes think, it's generally not we're just being jerks or that we don't care about
inconveniencing other people (although she does point out that there is minority of people who like the
feeling of power that comes from making other people wait for you; Albert Ellis also argues in his book
procrastination that sometimes people procrastinate due to hostility). Tardiness is not a new
phenomenon nor it is a problem limited to students at school. Tardiness or lateness to school or even at
work has been considered a facet or indiscipline behaviour related to maturity or motivation, e.g., by
Edralin. On the other hand, the use of flexible work or school time has become more common, and
this opportunity for employees and students appears to reduce lateness behaviour. Previous studies on
tardiness at school are limited, although it has been a research topic since 1930, e.g., Lockwood. More
recent studies, carried out nearly 75 years later by Gottfried in the Us, show that tardiness is a for school
achievement in math and reading not only for individual students but also for their classroom peers. In
addition, students who arrive late to the classroom pose a risk for other being tardy (ibid).In a study of
250 junior students. Gottfried found that on average, boys were tardy more frequently than girls, but that
half the students in the school had no incidence of tardiness.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

Dependent variables
Independent variables
Impact of tardiness to the
Student, sex (male, female) academic performance of
selected BSCRIM student.
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

Objectives
A research study designed to assess the understandings, imply solutions and other related factors
affecting a college student's life regarding to tardiness that had a general and specific objectives:
General objective: To identify the causes of tardiness and its impact to the academic performance of the
selected BSCRIM students of UI-PHINMA.
.
1. To assess the knowledge, understanding, and attitude of selected male or female students towards
tardiness.
2. To identify the causes and resolution to the impact of tardiness to the academic performance of
selected male or female students.
3. To determine the relationship between tardiness and academic performance of selected
Criminology students.
.4. To evaluate the result of the collected data to the impact of tardiness to the academic
performance of BS Criminology students

Statement of the problem

Generally, the main focus of the study is to know all about the relationship between tardiness and the
academic performances of selected Criminology students of UI-PHINMA SY: 2021- 2022.
1. What is the profile of the students in terms of:
A. Age
B. Gender
C. Section
D. Year
E. Course
2. What are the factors for the student's tardiness?
3. How can tardiness affect the academic performance of a student?
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

Definition of term
1. Tardiness – moving slowly; sluggish beyond the expected or proper time
2. Academic- a member of an institution of learning, a person who is academic in background, outlook
or methods
3. Absenteeism – a tendency to be away from work or school without a good reason; the practice
or habit of being absent from work or school
4. References-the act of mentioning something in speech in writing, the act of referring to
something or someone
5. Empirical – originating in or based on observation or experience 6.Frequently – at frequent or short
intervals
7. Perceive-to attain awareness or understanding of to regard as being such, to become aware of through
the senses especially
8. Alternative-offering or expressing a choice
9. Attendance – the person or number of persons attending
10. Attitudes- the way you think and feel about someone or something
11. Habits-the usual way of behaving, something that a person does often in a regular and repeated
way. 12. Behaviour-the way a person or animal acts or behaves
13. Traits- a quality that makes one person or thing different from another.
14. Personality-the set of emotional qualities, ways of behaving etc., that makes a person different
from other people
15. Thwarted –to prevent from doing something or to stop from happening.
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

Significance of the study

The findings and results of this study on tardiness in relation to academic performance of UI- PHINMA
Criminology students will benefit students, teachers, and other researchers.
For students to be aware of the consequences of tardiness, particularly in school, so that they will not
repeat it the next time. They will be aware of the consequences of tardiness on their academic
performance.
And for teachers to be aware of students who are constantly tardy to school. They will be able to correct
them and advise them on how to stop being tardy in class.
Scopes and delimitations
The research will be carried out at UI-PHINMA University. Respondents will be Criminology
students from the aforementioned university. The purpose of this study is to determine the students'
profile, which includes their age, gender, section, year, course, and the distance between their home
and the school, as well as how long they travel from their home to school. The researchers will conduct
surveys in which they will answer questions. The respondents are 50 students from the UI-PHINMA
University's BS Criminology program.
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Being present in class and arriving on time are two of the most important determining factors of a
student's success, not just as a student but as a person who will be managing his or her own life in the
future. In this chapter, we will discuss the background of our study. It contains information about
tardiness, the various factors that contribute to it, and the impact it has on students as students and as
bearers of their own lives in the future. We will provide some facts and theories from authors, teachers,
and notable people from reliable research materials such as online journals and research papers in order
to have a concrete justification for our study. Punctuality, or whether or not a student arrives at school
on time, is one factor that influences the quality of his or her performance. According to Nakpodia and
Dafiaghor (2011), "lateness" is defined as "a situation in which an individual arrives after the proper,
scheduled, or usual time (Oxford Advance Learners' Dictionary, 5th ed., 1995)," Lauby (2009) defines it
as "people not showing up on time," and Breeze et al. (2010) adds that "lateness" is synonymous with
"tardiness," which implies being slow to act or slow to respond, thus Finally, Weade (2004) defined
tardiness as "being late for any measurable length of time past the stated or scheduled start time for work
or school." In most schools, a student is considered tardy if he or she is not present when the school bell
rings or if he or she is absent when the school bell rings. Tardiness is one of the most common and
"frustrating problems'' that schools face today with their students (Sprick and Daniels, 2007). It causes
issues not only for students but also for teachers (Cowan Avenue Elementary School Community, 2007).
Cowan Crier, CAESC's official school publication, also states that while "occasional tardiness" isn't a
big deal, "consistent tardiness" is, and it causes students problems such as being unprepared for the
job market. According to the findings of a study conducted in the United States According to the
Department of Education, "truancy," which is related to tardiness, being present and on time in
going to school are important factors in students' "success and behaviour" (Zeiger, 2010,). Tardiness
among students has its own set of negative consequences. According to Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011),
lateness or tardiness is a problem that affects more than just the late student. When a student arrives late
for class, it distracts the other students and disrupts the flow of the teacher's discussion. It is also a
burden for the student/s who are asked to catch up with the late students. The remainder of the
effects provided by Nakpodia and
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

Dafiaghor concern the overall well-being of the school, as well as its productivity and revenue. Knowing
the potential consequences of lateness or tardiness is required for solutions to be implemented. Barbara
Lee Weade conducted a study in 2004 to "determine if school tardiness is a predictor of work tardiness"
(Weade, 2004). It provided a wealth of literature examining correlations and factors influencing a
student's tardiness. According to Weade, the third most common reason for a student's failure is
"excessive tardiness and unexplained absences'' (Ligon and Jackson, 1988). Inconsistency of school
rules (Britt, 1988) and situations such as "crowded halls, limited opportunities for social interaction,
irrelevant course content, and teacher indifference" (Damico et al., 1990) also have an impact on a
student's attendance and punctuality. Personal values, financial security, and a lack of parental guidance,
as mentioned by Weade, as well as family background (Featherstone et al., 1992), all have an impact.
The study's subject matter was extremely broad. It addresses not only school tardiness, but also the
consequences of work tardiness. It demonstrates that "students who are on time for school classes are
more likely to be on time at work, whereas students who are frequently tardy at school are more likely to
be tardy at work" (Weade, 2004). The study necessitates a large amount of data, which Weade was able
to collect. Although some possible correlations were not established, it is beyond the scope of this study.
Because tardiness has a negative impact on students nowadays, the most important thing to do is
develop a firm, consistent, and functional policy that addresses late students. Late students must face
specific sanctions and penalties. According to Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011), school administrators
must set a good example. They should be punctual in their own meetings and classes to avoid students
thinking that being late is acceptable because even the most powerful people do it. They should teach
it and incorporate it into every lesson. The effort to address lateness or tardiness does not begin and end
with the school. It must begin with the students' parents and the teachers.
To summarize, numerous studies have revealed the reasons and factors that may contribute to a student's
tardiness. One of the reasons given for tardiness was waking up late in the morning, which can also be
attributed to late-night activities such as social networking, watching movies and television shows, and
running untimely academic and domestic errands. Several studies have shown that it is not always
the student's fault that he or she is late.
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

Students' tardiness may also be influenced by heavy traffic, teachers, school surroundings, and policies.

Many studies have also been conducted to examine the effects of tardiness on students, teachers,
schools, and society. According to these studies, a student's tardiness consumes his or her learning time
while also disrupting other students and teachers. The tardy student is also a threat to the school as an
educational and professional institution, and the student may be one of society's least productive
members. Many studies have also provided evidence of effective remedies for tardiness. These studies
advocated for the incorporation of personality development and interdisciplinary programs into school
curricula to help students improve their positive behavior and personality, resulting in a decrease in
tardiness.

Our research will look into the tardiness of Criminology students as well as the causes of their tardiness.
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

Chapter III
Methodology
This chapter introduces the research methodology used for this study and how it has guided data
collection, analysis and procedures to be used. It includes the research design, the respondents of the
study, the instruments and techniques to be used in gathering data, the data gathering procedure and
the statistical treatment being done. Research Design This study is conducted to determine if there is a
significant relationship of the rate of tardiness to the academic performance of student. The research
designs that will be used in this study are survey research design and correlational study research design.
According to William (2015), survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve
asking questions to respondents. A survey can be of any form either on a hard copy paper or a one
on one in depth interview. Correlation research design is looking for variables that seem to be
connected to each other. And if ever one variable changes the observer will have an idea on how
the other will change. Kowakzy (2017).Correlation will be used in this study to determine the
relationships between the variables that are going to be observed. Respondents of the Study There are a
group of respondents, the BS-CRIMINOLOGY OF PHINMA-ED who were being studied and surveyed
by the researchers according to their tardiness and performance in class. The respondents will be used to
determine the assessment of class tardiness to the academic performance of BS-CRIMINOLOGY OF
PHINMA-ED. Instrument of the Study The major instrument in gathering the data is the survey-
questionnaire. This part will be made to determine the data that will describe the respondents of the
study. The selected variable for the group of respondents which are the students is grade and section,
questionnaire will be made to evaluate the academic performance of BS-CRIM phinma-ed university of
Iloilo will be made to assess the tardiness of students. This will answer all the statement of the problem.
Validity and Reliability

Research design
This study is conducted to determine if there is a significant relationship of the rate of tardiness to the
academic performance of a student. The research designs that will be used in this study are survey
research design and correlational study research design. According to William (2015), survey research
encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking
 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

questions to respondents. A survey can be of any form either on a hard copy paper or a one on one in
depth interview. Correlation research design is looking for variables that seem to be connected to each
other. And if ever one variable changes the observer will have an idea on how the other will change.
Kowakzy (2017) Correlation will be used in this study to determine the relationships between the
variables that are going to be observed. Respondents of the Study there is a group of respondents, The
selected BSCRIM students from University of Iloilo who were being studied and surveyed by the
researchers according to their tardiness and performance in class. The respondents will be used to
determine the assessment of class tardiness to the academic performance of selected BSCRIM students
of UI-PHINMA. The major instrument in gathering the data is the survey-questionnaire. This part will
be made to determine the data that will describe the respondents of the study. The selected variable the
group of respondents which are the students is grade and section, questionnaire will be made to evaluate
the academic performance of selected BSCRIM students of UI-PHINMA lastly will be made to assess
the tardiness of students. This will answer all the statement of the problem. Validity and Reliability.

Respondents of the study

In this study the respondents are the 1st year Criminology students of UI-PHINMA in
answering the questionnaire in conducting interviews and surveys.

Instrumentation
The researchers have created a questionnaire that will be used to collect data. The first section of the
questionnaire requests the respondent's general information, including name (optional), course and year,
age, and gender. The second section includes questions about student tardiness. This question asks
whether respondents consider themselves tardy or not, and if so, how many minutes they are usually
late. This section includes questions about when their first class begins and when their last class ends, as
well as reasons for being late. Additional questions are asked based on the reasons given by the
respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Rizal St, Iloilo City Proper, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

The collected data was tabulated and computed as needed. The percentage of tardy students was
calculated by tabulating the number of tardy students reported by respondents. The same procedure was
followed for the sections. The researchers used the chi-square test, a statistical test that evaluates the
difference between observed and expected frequencies, to show the correlations between tardiness and
course. The number of tardy students per section will be represented by the observed frequencies (fo).
The expected frequency (fe) is calculated by multiplying the total frequency by the category proportion.
The proportion represents the proportion of tardy students in the entire sample.

Data Analysis procedure

The collected data was tabulated and computed as needed. The percentage of tardy students was
calculated by tabulating the number of tardy students reported by respondents. The same procedure was
followed for the sections. The researchers used the chi-square test, a statistical test that evaluates the
difference between observed and expected frequencies, to show the correlations between tardiness and
course. The number of tardy students per section will be represented by the observed frequencies (fo).
The expected frequency (fe) is calculated by multiplying the total frequency by the category proportion.
The proportion represents the proportion of tardy students in the entire sample.