Retaining Wall Design and Ana

Project Safaricom Ethiopia Wakanda

Site ID 131008_A
Site Address Hareri Harer,Gemeshire K
Site Name Arategna Condomnium
Site Location 9.29947, 42.10629
Landloard Name Mohammed Ahmed
Landloard Contact Info 989075218
Designed By Hana Teshome
Design Checked By Fuli and Samuel Woldese

Retaining Wall Part One (Axis 1 )

Retaining Wall Part Two (Axis E)

Retaining Wall Part Three (Axis 6)

sign and Analysis
icom Ethiopia Wakanda Project
131008_A
areri Harer,Gemeshire Kebele
Arategna Condomnium
9.29947, 42.10629
Mohammed Ahmed
989075218
Hana Teshome
uli and Samuel Woldesemait

One (Axis 1 )

Two (Axis E)

Three (Axis 6)
 Retaining Wall Design and Analysis
Note:
1. Lateral Earth Pressure due to ground water is negligible since ground water table is below the retaining wall base and retaining wall is drained by drain pipe.
2. Lateral Earth Pressure due to tower weight is negligible since the base of tower foundation is around base of retaining wall.
3. OCR is assumed to be 1 because soil is assumed to be normally consolidated ie no prior load on soil.
4. The retaining wall analysis is based on Rankine Lateral Earth Pressure Theory.
5. Coefficient of friction at retaining wall base between rock retaining wall and soil is 0.5.

Propertices of active soil Magnitude Legend

OCR = Overconsolodation ratio of the soil 1 Input variable
βa = Angle of Inclined Granular Backfill(degree) if any 0 Constant Variable
ϕa = Angle of friction of the soil (degree) 22 Calculated Variable
δa = Unit weight of the soil (KN/m3) 17.68 Retaining wall design parameters copy to final design
Ko = Earth pressure coefficient for backfill soil 0.625393407 K0 = (1-Sin ϕa)*OCR^0.5 CES 158, First Edition 2015, Page 106, Equation 9.1

Propertices of Passive soil

ϕp = Angle of friction of the soil(degree) 22
δp = Unit weight of the soil(KN/m3) 17.68
Cp = Cohesion of the soil(Kpa) 0
Kp Earth pressure coefficient for existing soi 2.20 Kp=(TAN2(45+(Øp)/2))

Unit weight of structure

δc = Unit weight of the concrete (KN/m3) 25
δr = Unit weight of the rock (KN/m3) 26
ε= Coefficient of friction at the base of retaining wall(constant) 0.5

Dimension of Retaining wall

T= Thickness of base (m) 0.5
H= Hight of retaining wall (M) 2.72 H = H 1 + H2
H1 = Hight of retaining wall above existing soil (M) 1.355
H2 = Hight of retaining wall below existing soil (M) 1.365
w= Top width of retaining wall (M) 0.5
w1= Toe width (m) 1.5
w2= Heal width (m) 0.9
w3 = Bottom width of retaining wall (M) 2.90

Weight of Retaining wall

Wc1 = weight of retaining wall (for rectangular part of wall) (KN) 34.00 Wc1 = δc *H*w*1m
Wc2= weight of heal and toe (KN) 36.25 Wc2=w3**T*δc
W= Total weight of retaining wall (KN) 70.25 W= Wc1 + Wc2

Lateral Earth Pressure due to Surcharge

Wtower = weight of the Tower 0 Weight = Mass * Acceleration due to gravity
WDG = weight of DG (KN) 9.0944
WICC360 = weight of ICC360 (KN) 3.92
WATS&ACDB = weight of ATS and ACDB(KN) 0.5488
WMTS9300 = weight of MTS (KN) 0.735
Ftower = weight of tower foundation. 0 Weight = (Volume of founadtaion+Volume of columns)* δc
FDG = weight of DG foundation. 15.625 FDG = Length * Width * Height * δc
FICC360 & MTS9300 = Foundation of ICC360 and MTS9300(KN) 9.025 FICC360 & MTS9300 = Length * Width * Height * δc
FATS&ACDB = Foundation of ATS and ACDB(KN) 4.29 FATS & ACDB = Length * Width * Height * δc
Atower Area of tower foundation 1 A tower = (Length * Width)tower foundation
Ptower Pressure under tower foundation KN/m^2 0 Ptower = (Wtower + Ftower) / Atower Tower load neglegible because it is at the bottom of retaining wall

PDG = Pressure under DG foundation KN/m^2 7.91 PDG =( (WDG+FDG)/ADG)*.21 reduction for diatance away from retaining wall)
PICC360 & MTS9300 = Pressure under ICC360 & MTS9300 foundation KN/m^2 7.58 PICC360 & MTS 9300 = ((WICC360 + WMTS9300+FICC360 &MTS9300) /A ICC360 MTS9300 foundation)*.56 (reduction for distance away from retaing wall
PATS&ACDB = Pressure under ATS & ACDB KN/m^2 5.64 PATS&ACDB = ((WATS & ACDB+FATS&ASDB)/AATS & ACDB)*.4 (reduction for distance away from retaining wall)
PMAX Total pressures KN/m^2 21.13 Total overburden of DG with foundation & Equipment with foundation
Qs = Pressure due to surcharge (KN/m2) 21.13 QS = Pressure

Earth Pressures
Pa = Active Earth pressure for backfill soil (active) (KN) 40.90 Pa = 0.5 * ko * δb* H^2 9.6 0.583333
Pp = Passive Earth pressure for existing soil (passive) (KN) 36.20 Pa = 0.5 * kp* δp* H2^2 0.8
Ff = Friction forcedue to retaing wall (KN) 35.13 FR= W*ε
PS = Earth pressure due to surcharge (KN) 35.94 Ps = Qs*H*Ko
ws1= Gravity load of backfill soil (KN) 21.56076 ws1=w2*H*δa*1m
ws2= Gravity load of passive soil (KN) 36.2 ws2=w1*H2*δp*1m

SLIDDING ANALYSIS
Fs = Sliding force (KN) 76.84 Fs = Pa + Ps
Fr = Resisting force (KN) 100.21 Fr =( ε *(wc1+ ws2+ws1+wc2))+P P
Factor of safety against sliding = 1.30 Design is OK Factor of safety against sliding = Fr / Fs
(Factor of safety for sliding used is 1.3)

OVERTURNING ANALYSIS (Moment about O)

A1 = The vertical distance from o to lateral force P A 0.91 A1 = H/3
A2 = The vertical distance from o to lateral passive force P p 0.46 A2 = H2/3
D1 = The distance from wc1 to o. 2.65 D1 = ((B2 - B1) + (B1/2)
D2 = The distance from wc2 to o. 1.60 D2 = 2/3 * ( B2 - B1)
D3 = The vertical distance from o to lateral passive force Ps 1.36 D3 = H/2

Mo = Overturning moment = 85.96 Mo = (Pa * A1) + ( Ps * D3)

Mr = Resisting moment = 244.55 Mr = (Wc1 * D1) + (Wc2 * D2) + (Pp * A2)+(ws2*(w1/2))+(ws1*(
Factor of safety against turning = 2.84 Design is OK
(Factor of safety used for overturning is 1.5)

Design of STEM

Design of stem for shear

V = Shear load in stem (Kn) 76.84 V= Ps + Pa
M = Moment in stem (Kn.m) 85.96 M = (PS* D3) + (Pa * A1)
f 'c = Compressive strength of concrete (Mpa) 25
fy = Steel reinforcement tensile strength (Mpa) 460
 Vc = Shear resistnace of concrete (Kn) 416.67 Vc = 1/6000*((f 'c)0.5 wd where wd is the cross sectional area of stem and d= 1m section of wall w & d
are in milimeters
Asmin test = Minimum reinforcement (mm2) 1.36 Asmin = (0.25*(sqrt(f'c)))*bw * w) / fy should be greater than (1.4/fy) *bw* w) ACI 10-3
(1.4/fy) *d* w) = Minimum reinforcement check (mm2) 1.5
Asmin actual= Greater of Asmin and (1.4/fy)*bw*w) (mm ) 2
1.5
s = center to center spacing of shear or flexural reinforcement (mm) 300
Vs teast = Shear resistance of steel (MPa) 1166.7 Vs = (Asmin actual *fy*w)/s where s is center to center spacing of reinforcement
0.25*sqrt(f'c) d*w = Max value of Vs (Kn) 0.6 Max value of Vs = 0.25*sqrt(f'c) d*w ACI 11-17
Vs actual = Min value of Vs test and (0.25*sqrt(f'c) bw*w) 0.6
Vt = Total shear resistance contributed by concrete and reinforcement (Kn) 417.3 Vt = Vc + Vs

Design Factor of safety against shear = 5.43 Design is OK for shear resistance of concrete stem

Design of stem for flexure

≠ of rebar = Total number of rebars 10 3

Ørebar used = rebar diameter selected (mm) 12 Rebar
As= Area of flexural reinforcement ( mm2) 942.00
a = Depth of compression zone (mm) 81.57 a=(As fy)/(0.85f'cb)
s = spacing of flexural reinforcement (mm) 111 mm
d = distance from compression zone to center of flexural reinforcement (mm) 444 d = w- (5cm(cover)) - (Ørebar/2)
Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall (kn-m) 175 Mn = Asfy(d - a/2)
Ø Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall with strength reduction factor of 0.9 (kn-m) 157.25
Mu = Moment at o' due to surcharge and soil pressure (Kn-m) 85.96 Mu = (PS * D3) +(PA * A1)

Unity check (Ø Mn >Mu) = 1.83 Reinforcement design is OK

Asmin= Mnimum stem flexural reinforcement 1358.7 As min = (0.25*(sqrt (f'c)) *(b *W))/fy
1521.7 but not less than (1.4*b*W)/fy

Minimum reinforcement governce, recalculate AS

Toe/Heal design moment OK
Development length of Rebar in stem flexural reinforcement ACI 12.2 for rebar Ø < 20mm

ℓd = Development length of reinforcement (mm) 526 mm ℓd = [(fyΨtΨe) / (2.1 ƛ sqrt(f'c)]db Ψt = 1(< 300mm cover) Ψe = 1 (No epoxy coating) ƛ=1 (Normal weight concrete)

Lateral shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. (Rebar is placed perpendicular to flexural reinforcment)

Based on ACI 7.12 Gross cross area of reinforcement to gross concrete area of 0.0020

Gross concrete area (mm2) 500000 gross concrete area=d*w

AST = Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area required (mm2) 1000 AST = Gross concrete area * 0.0020

Use Ø rebar 8 Rebar 4

Number of shrinkge and temperature reinforcement is 10
Calculated Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, should be greater than Ast 628.0
spacing of temperature and shirinkage reinforcement (mm) 243 mm

Design of Heal and Toe for shear and flexure

Design of heal and Toe concrete thickness for shear

q gross = Gross pressure (kN/m2) (must be less than soil bearing capacity) 58.2 q gross = ((w3*δc*T*1m) + (w*H*1m*δc) + (δp*1m*H2*w1) + (δa*1m*H*W2) + (qs*1m*w2) )/(1m*w3)
qsoil = Allowable soil bearing capacity (Kpa, KN/m2) 380 qnet soil : From geotechnical soil investigation
OK gross pressure does not exceed soil bearing capacity

qnet toe= Net pressure on toe (Kpa ,KN/m2) 16.4 qnet toe= ((1.4Dead Load))/(w3*1m) = (1.4*wc1)/(w3*1m)
Vu = Design shear kn/m 8.2 Vu = qnet toe* T*1m
ØVca = concrete shear strength a toe (kN/m) 22.18 Vcc = 0.33 ƛ (sqrt(f'c)) T*d ƛ =1 Ø = 0.85 (strength reduction factor) ACI 11.31

Unit check toe shear = ØVca/ Vu = 2.70 Heal and toe concrete thickness is ok for shear

Design of heal and Toe flexural reinforcement

Mu = Design moment at critical section for moment ie face of stem (Kn-m/m) 6.65 Mu = (Q net heal *w22 *1m)/2

≠ of rebar = Total number of rebars 10 1

Ørebar used = rebar diameter selected (mm) 12 Rebar
Spacing of flexural reinforcement (mm) 111 mm
As= Area of flexural reinforcement ( mm2) 942.00
a = Depth of compression zone (mm) 20.39 a=(As fy)/(0.85f'cb)

d = distance from compression zone to center of flexural reinforcement (mm) 444.00 d = T- (5cm(cover)) - (Ørebar/2)
Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall (kn-m) 187.976 Mn = Asfy(d - a/2)
Ø Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall with strength reduction factor of 0.9 (kn-m) 169.18

As min = Minimum flexural reinforcement (ACI 10.3) (mm2) 1358.7 As min = (0.25*(sqrt (f'c)) *(b *T))/fy
1521.7 but not less than (1.4*b*T)/fy

Minimum reinforcement governce, recalculate AS

Unit check = Ø Mn / Mu 25.45 Toe/Heal design moment OK

Development length of Rebar in heal/toe flexural reinforcement ACI 12.2 for rebar Ø < 20mm

ℓd = Development length of reinforcement (mm) 526 mm ℓd = [(fyΨtΨe) / (2.1 ƛ sqrt(f'c)]db Ψt = 1(< 300mm cover) Ψe = 1 (No epoxy coating) ƛ=1 (Normal weight concrete)

Lateral shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. (Rebar is placed perpendicular to flexural reinforcment) TOE/HEAL CROSS SECTION

Based on ACI 7.12 Gross cross area of reinforcement to gross concrete area of 0.0020

Gross concrete area (mm2) 500000 gross concrete area=d*T

AST = Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area required (mm2) 1000 AST = Gross concrete area * 0.0020
 Use Ø 8 Rebar 2
Number of shrinkge and temperature reinforcement is 12
Calculated Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, should be greater than Ast 602.88
spacing of temperature and shirinkage reinforcement is 255 mm s = (w3-2*cover)/(No. of shrinkage reinforcement + 1)
 Retaining Wall Design and Analysis
Note:
1. Lateral Earth Pressure due to ground water is negligible since ground water table is below the retaining wall base and retaining wall is drained by drain pipe.
2. Lateral Earth Pressure due to tower weight is negligible since the base of tower foundation is around base of retaining wall.
3. OCR is assumed to be 1 because soil is assumed to be normally consolidated ie no prior load on soil.
4. The retaining wall analysis is based on Rankine Lateral Earth Pressure Theory.
5. Coefficient of friction at retaining wall base between rock retaining wall and soil is 0.5.

Propertices of active soil Magnitude Legend

OCR = Overconsolodation ratio of the soil 1 Input variable
βa = Angle of Inclined Granular Backfill(degree) if any 0 Constant Variable
ϕa = Angle of friction of the soil (degree) 34 Calculated Variable
δa = Unit weight of the soil (KN/m3) 19 Retaining wall design parameters copy to final design
Ko = Earth pressure coefficient for backfill soil 0.440807097 K0 = (1-Sin ϕa)*OCR^0.5 CES 158, First Edition 2015, Page 106, Equation 9.1

Propertices of Passive soil

ϕp = Angle of friction of the soil(degree) 38
δp = Unit weight of the soil(KN/m3) 19
Cp = Cohesion of the soil(Kpa) 0
Kp Earth pressure coefficient for existing soi 4.20 Kp=(TAN2(45+(Øp)/2))

Unit weight of structure

δc = Unit weight of the concrete (KN/m3) 25
δr = Unit weight of the rock (KN/m3) 26
ε= Coefficient of friction at the base of retaining wall(constant) 0.5

Dimension of Retaining wall

T= Thickness of base (m) 0.3
H= Hight of retaining wall (M) 1.40 H = H 1 + H2
H1 = Hight of retaining wall above existing soil (M) 1
H2 = Hight of retaining wall below existing soil (M) 0.4
w= Top width of retaining wall (M) 0.3
w1= Toe width (m) 0
w2= Heal width (m) 0.6
w3 = Bottom width of retaining wall (M) 0.90

Weight of Retaining wall

Wc1 = weight of retaining wall (for rectangular part of wall) (KN) 10.50 Wc1 = δc *H*w*1m
Wc2= weight of heal and toe (KN) 6.75 Wc2=w3**T*δc
W= Total weight of retaining wall (KN) 17.25 W= Wc1 + Wc2

Lateral Earth Pressure due to Surcharge

Wtower = weight of the Tower 0 Weight = Mass * Acceleration due to gravity
WDG = weight of DG (KN) 11.368
WICC360 = weight of ICC360 (KN) 7.84
WATS&ACDB = weight of ATS and ACDB(KN) 0.784
WMTS9300 = weight of MTS (KN) 1.47
Ftower = weight of tower foundation. 0 Weight = (Volume of founadtaion+Volume of columns)* δc
FDG = weight of DG foundation. 15.625 FDG = Length * Width * Height * δc
FICC360 & MTS9300 = Foundation of ICC360 and MTS9300(KN) 9.025 FICC360 & MTS9300 = Length * Width * Height * δc
FATS&ACDB = Foundation of ATS and ACDB(KN) 4.29 FATS & ACDB = Length * Width * Height * δc
Atower Area of tower foundation 1 A tower = (Length * Width)tower foundation
Ptower Pressure under tower foundation KN/m^2 0 Ptower = (Wtower + Ftower) / Atower Tower load neglegible because it is at the bottom of retaining wall

PDG = Pressure under DG foundation KN/m^2 8.64 PDG =( (WDG+FDG)/ADG)*.21 reduction for diatance away from retaining wall)
PICC360 & MTS9300 = Pressure under ICC360 & MTS9300 foundation KN/m^2 10.16 PICC360 & MTS 9300 = ((WICC360 + WMTS9300+FICC360 &MTS9300) /A ICC360 MTS9300 foundation)*.56 (reduction for distance away from retaing wall
PATS&ACDB = Pressure under ATS & ACDB KN/m^2 5.91 PATS&ACDB = ((WATS & ACDB+FATS&ASDB)/AATS & ACDB)*.4 (reduction for distance away from retaining wall)
PMAX Total pressures KN/m^2 0.00 Total overburden of DG with foundation & Equipment with foundation
Qs = Pressure due to surcharge (KN/m2) 0.00 QS = Pressure

Earth Pressures
Pa = Active Earth pressure for backfill soil (active) (KN) 8.21 Pa = 0.5 * ko * δb* H^2
Pp = Passive Earth pressure for existing soil (passive) (KN) 6.39 Pa = 0.5 * kp* δp* H2^2
Ff = Friction forcedue to retaing wall (KN) 8.63 FR= W*ε
PS = Earth pressure due to surcharge (KN) 0.00 Ps = Qs*H*Ko
ws1= Gravity load of backfill soil (KN) 11.4 ws1=w2*H*δa*1m
ws2= Gravity load of passive soil (KN) 0.0 ws2=w1*H2*δp*1m

SLIDDING ANALYSIS
Fs = Sliding force (KN) 8.21 Fs = Pa + Ps
Fr = Resisting force (KN) 20.71 Fr =( ε *(wc1+ ws2+ws1+wc2))+PP
Factor of safety against sliding = 2.52 Design is OK Factor of safety against sliding = Fr / Fs
(Factor of safety for sliding used is 1.3)

OVERTURNING ANALYSIS (Moment about O)

A1 = The vertical distance from o to lateral force PA 0.47 A1 = H/3
A2 = The vertical distance from o to lateral passive force Pp 0.13 A2 = H2/3
D1 = The distance from wc1 to o. 0.75 D1 = ((B2 - B1) + (B1/2)
D2 = The distance from wc2 to o. 0.40 D2 = 2/3 * ( B2 - B1)
D3 = The vertical distance from o to lateral passive force Ps 0.70 D3 = H/2

Mo = Overturning moment = 3.83 Mo = (Pa * A1) + ( Ps * D3)

Mr = Resisting moment = 18.27 Mr = (Wc1 * D1) + (Wc2 * D2) + (Pp * A2)+(ws2*(w1/2))+(ws1*((
Factor of safety against turning = 4.77 Design is OK
(Factor of safety used for overturning is 1.5)

Design of STEM
 Design of stem for shear
V = Shear load in stem (Kn) 8.21 V= Ps + Pa
M = Moment in stem (Kn.m) 3.83 M = (PS* D3) + (Pa * A1)
f 'c = Compressive strength of concrete (Mpa) 25
fy = Steel reinforcement tensile strength (Mpa) 460
Vc = Shear resistnace of concrete (Kn) 250.00 Vc = 1/6000*((f 'c)0.5 wd where wd is the cross sectional area of stem and d= 1m section of wall w & d
are in milimeters
Asmin test = Minimum reinforcement (mm ) 2
0.82 Asmin = (0.25*(sqrt(f'c)))*bw * w) / fy should be greater than (1.4/fy) *bw* w) ACI 10-3
(1.4/fy) *d* w) = Minimum reinforcement check (mm2) 0.9
Asmin actual= Greater of Asmin and (1.4/fy)*bw*w) (mm2) 0.9
s = center to center spacing of shear or flexural reinforcement (mm) 300
Vs teast = Shear resistance of steel (MPa) 420.0 Vs = (Asmin actual *fy*w)/s where s is center to center spacing of reinforcement
0.25*sqrt(f'c) d*w = Max value of Vs (Kn) 0.4 Max value of Vs = 0.25*sqrt(f'c) d*w ACI 11-17
Vs actual = Min value of Vs test and (0.25*sqrt(f'c) bw*w) 0.4
Vt = Total shear resistance contributed by concrete and reinforcement (Kn) 250.4 Vt = Vc + Vs

Design Factor of safety against shear = 30.50 Design is OK for shear resistance of concrete stem

Design of stem for flexure

≠ of rebar = Total number of rebars 10 3

Ørebar used = rebar diameter selected (mm) 12 Rebar
As= Area of flexural reinforcement ( mm2) 942.00
a = Depth of compression zone (mm) 81.57 a=(As fy)/(0.85f'cb)
s = spacing of flexural reinforcement (mm) 111 mm
d = distance from compression zone to center of flexural reinforcement (mm) 244 d = w- (5cm(cover)) - (Ørebar/2)
Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall (kn-m) 88 Mn = Asfy(d - a/2)
Ø Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall with strength reduction factor of 0.9 (kn-m) 79.25
Mu = Moment at o' due to surcharge and soil pressure (Kn-m) 3.83 Mu = (PS * D3) +(PA * A1)

Unity check (Ø Mn >Mu) = 20.69 Reinforcement design is OK

Asmin= Mnimum stem flexural reinforcement 815.2 As min = (0.25*(sqrt (f'c)) *(b *W))/fy
913.0 but not less than (1.4*b*W)/fy

Minimum reinforcement does not govern rebar ok

Toe/Heal design moment OK
Development length of Rebar in stem flexural reinforcement ACI 12.2 for rebar Ø < 20mm

ℓd = Development length of reinforcement (mm) 526 mm ℓd = [(fyΨtΨe) / (2.1 ƛ sqrt(f'c)]db Ψt = 1(< 300mm cover) Ψe = 1 (No epoxy coating) ƛ=1 (Normal weight concrete)

Lateral shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. (Rebar is placed perpendicular to flexural reinforcment)

Based on ACI 7.12 Gross cross area of reinforcement to gross concrete area of 0.0020

Gross concrete area (mm2) 300000 gross concrete area=d*w

AST = Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area required (mm2) 600 AST = Gross concrete area * 0.0020

Use Ø rebar 8 Rebar 4

Number of shrinkge and temperature reinforcement is 10
Calculated Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, should be greater than Ast 628.0
spacing of temperature and shirinkage reinforcement (mm) 123 mm

Design of Heal and Toe for shear and flexure

Design of heal and Toe concrete thickness for shear

q gross = Gross pressure (kN/m2) (must be less than soil bearing capacity) 36.9 q gross = ((w3*δc*T*1m) + (w*H*1m*δc) + (δp*1m*H2*w1) + (δa*1m*H*W2) + (qs*1m*w2) )/(1m*w3)
qsoil = Allowable soil bearing capacity (Kpa, KN/m2) 380 qnet soil : From geotechnical soil investigation
OK gross pressure does not exceed soil bearing capacity

qnet toe= Net pressure on toe (Kpa ,KN/m2) 16.3 qnet toe= ((1.4Dead Load))/(w3*1m) = (1.4*wc1)/(w3*1m)
Vu = Design shear kn/m 4.9 Vu = qnet toe* T*1m
ØVca = concrete shear strength a toe (kN/m) 13.31 Vcc = 0.33 ƛ (sqrt(f'c)) T*d ƛ =1 Ø = 0.85 (strength reduction factor) ACI 11.31

Unit check toe shear = ØVca/ Vu = 2.72 Heal and toe concrete thickness is ok for shear

Design of heal and Toe flexural reinforcement

Mu = Design moment at critical section for moment ie face of stem (Kn-m/m) 2.94 Mu = (Q net heal *w22 *1m)/2

≠ of rebar = Total number of rebars 10 1

Ørebar used = rebar diameter selected (mm) 12 Rebar
Spacing of flexural reinforcement (mm) 111 mm
As= Area of flexural reinforcement ( mm2) 942.00
a = Depth of compression zone (mm) 20.39 a=(As fy)/(0.85f'cb)

d = distance from compression zone to center of flexural reinforcement (mm) 244.00 d = T- (5cm(cover)) - (Ørebar/2)
Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall (kn-m) 101.312 Mn = Asfy(d - a/2)
Ø Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall with strength reduction factor of 0.9 (kn-m) 91.18

As min = Minimum flexural reinforcement (ACI 10.3) (mm ) 2

815.2 As min = (0.25*(sqrt (f'c)) *(b *T))/fy
913.0 but not less than (1.4*b*T)/fy

Minimum reinforcement does not govern rebar ok

Unit check = Ø Mn / Mu 31.01 Toe/Heal design moment OK
 Development length of Rebar in heal/toe flexural reinforcement ACI 12.2 for rebar Ø < 20mm

ℓd = Development length of reinforcement (mm) 526 mm ℓd = [(fyΨtΨe) / (2.1 ƛ sqrt(f'c)]db Ψt = 1(< 300mm cover) Ψe = 1 (No epoxy coating) ƛ=1 (Normal weight concrete)

Lateral shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. (Rebar is placed perpendicular to flexural reinforcment) TOE/HEAL CROSS SECTION

Based on ACI 7.12 Gross cross area of reinforcement to gross concrete area of 0.0020

Gross concrete area (mm2) 300000 gross concrete area=d*T

AST = Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area required (mm2) 600 AST = Gross concrete area * 0.0020

Use Ø 8 Rebar 2
Number of shrinkge and temperature reinforcement is 8
Calculated Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, should be greater than Ast 401.92
spacing of temperature and shirinkage reinforcement is 114 mm s = (w3-2*cover)/(No. of shrinkage reinforcement + 1)
 Retaining Wall Design and Analysis
Note:
1. Lateral Earth Pressure due to ground water is negligible since ground water table is below the retaining wall base and retaining wall is drained by drain pipe.
2. Lateral Earth Pressure due to tower weight is negligible since the base of tower foundation is around base of retaining wall.
3. OCR is assumed to be 1 because soil is assumed to be normally consolidated ie no prior load on soil.
4. The retaining wall analysis is based on Rankine Lateral Earth Pressure Theory.
5. Coefficient of friction at retaining wall base between rock retaining wall and soil is 0.5.

Propertices of active soil Magnitude Legend

OCR = Overconsolodation ratio of the soil 1 Input variable
βa = Angle of Inclined Granular Backfill(degree) if any 0 Constant Variable
ϕa = Angle of friction of the soil (degree) 34 Calculated Variable
δa = Unit weight of the soil (KN/m3) 19 Retaining wall design parameters copy to final design
Ko = Earth pressure coefficient for backfill soil 0.440807097 K0 = (1-Sin ϕa)*OCR^0.5 CES 158, First Edition 2015, Page 106, Equation 9.1

Propertices of Passive soil

ϕp = Angle of friction of the soil(degree) 38
δp = Unit weight of the soil(KN/m3) 19
Cp = Cohesion of the soil(Kpa) 0
Kp Earth pressure coefficient for existing soi 4.20 Kp=(TAN2(45+(Øp)/2))

Unit weight of structure

δc = Unit weight of the concrete (KN/m3) 25
δr = Unit weight of the rock (KN/m3) 26
ε= Coefficient of friction at the base of retaining wall(constant) 0.5

Dimension of Retaining wall

T= Thickness of base (m) 0.3
H= Hight of retaining wall (M) 1.95 H = H 1 + H2
H1 = Hight of retaining wall above existing soil (M) 1.55
H2 = Hight of retaining wall below existing soil (M) 0.4
w= Top width of retaining wall (M) 0.3
w1= Toe width (m) 0 0.75
w2= Heal width (m) 0.6
w3 = Bottom width of retaining wall (M) 0.90

Weight of Retaining wall

Wc1 = weight of retaining wall (for rectangular part of wall) (KN) 14.63 Wc1 = δc *H*w*1m
Wc2= weight of heal and toe (KN) 6.75 Wc2=w3**T*δc
W= Total weight of retaining wall (KN) 21.38 W= Wc1 + Wc2

Lateral Earth Pressure due to Surcharge

Wtower = weight of the Tower 0 Weight = Mass * Acceleration due to gravity
WDG = weight of DG (KN) 11.368
WICC360 = weight of ICC360 (KN) 7.84
WATS&ACDB = weight of ATS and ACDB(KN) 0.784
WMTS9300 = weight of MTS (KN) 1.47
Ftower = weight of tower foundation. 0 Weight = (Volume of founadtaion+Volume of columns)* δc
FDG = weight of DG foundation. 15.625 FDG = Length * Width * Height * δc
FICC360 & MTS9300 = Foundation of ICC360 and MTS9300(KN) 9.025 FICC360 & MTS9300 = Length * Width * Height * δc
FATS&ACDB = Foundation of ATS and ACDB(KN) 4.29 FATS & ACDB = Length * Width * Height * δc
Atower Area of tower foundation 1 A tower = (Length * Width)tower foundation
Ptower Pressure under tower foundation KN/m^2 0 Ptower = (Wtower + Ftower) / Atower Tower load neglegible because it is at the bottom of retaining wall

PDG = Pressure under DG foundation KN/m^2 8.64 PDG =( (WDG+FDG)/ADG)*.21 reduction for diatance away from retaining wall)
PICC360 & MTS9300 = Pressure under ICC360 & MTS9300 foundation KN/m^2 10.16 PICC360 & MTS 9300 = ((WICC360 + WMTS9300+FICC360 &MTS9300) /A ICC360 MTS9300 foundation)*.56 (reduction for distance away from retaing wall
PATS&ACDB = Pressure under ATS & ACDB KN/m^2 5.91 PATS&ACDB = ((WATS & ACDB+FATS&ASDB)/AATS & ACDB)*.4 (reduction for distance away from retaining wall)
PMAX Total pressures KN/m^2 0.00 Total overburden of DG with foundation & Equipment with foundation
Qs = Pressure due to surcharge (KN/m2) 0.00 QS = Pressure

Earth Pressures
Pa = Active Earth pressure for backfill soil (active) (KN) 15.92 Pa = 0.5 * ko * δb* H^2
Pp = Passive Earth pressure for existing soil (passive) (KN) 6.39 Pa = 0.5 * kp* δp* H2^2
Ff = Friction forcedue to retaing wall (KN) 10.69 FR= W*ε
PS = Earth pressure due to surcharge (KN) 0.00 Ps = Qs*H*Ko
ws1= Gravity load of backfill soil (KN) 17.67 ws1=w2*H*δa*1m
ws2= Gravity load of passive soil (KN) 0.0 ws2=w1*H2*δp*1m

SLIDDING ANALYSIS
Fs = Sliding force (KN) 15.92 Fs = Pa + Ps
Fr = Resisting force (KN) 25.91 Fr =( ε *(wc1+ ws2+ws1+wc2))+PP
Factor of safety against sliding = 1.63 Design is OK Factor of safety against sliding = Fr / Fs
(Factor of safety for sliding used is 1.3)

OVERTURNING ANALYSIS (Moment about O)

A1 = The vertical distance from o to lateral force PA 0.65 A1 = H/3
A2 = The vertical distance from o to lateral passive force Pp 0.13 A2 = H2/3
D1 = The distance from wc1 to o. 0.75 D1 = ((B2 - B1) + (B1/2)
D2 = The distance from wc2 to o. 0.40 D2 = 2/3 * ( B2 - B1)
D3 = The vertical distance from o to lateral passive force Ps 0.98 D3 = H/2

Mo = Overturning moment = 10.35 Mo = (Pa * A1) + ( Ps * D3)

Mr = Resisting moment = 25.12 Mr = (Wc1 * D1) + (Wc2 * D2) + (Pp * A2)+(ws2*(w1/2))+(ws1*((
Factor of safety against turning = 2.43 Design is OK
(Factor of safety used for overturning is 1.5)

Design of STEM
 Design of stem for shear
V = Shear load in stem (Kn) 15.92 V= Ps + Pa
M = Moment in stem (Kn.m) 10.35 M = (PS* D3) + (Pa * A1)
f 'c = Compressive strength of concrete (Mpa) 25
fy = Steel reinforcement tensile strength (Mpa) 460
Vc = Shear resistnace of concrete (Kn) 250.00 Vc = 1/6000*((f 'c)0.5 wd where wd is the cross sectional area of stem and d= 1m section of wall w & d
are in milimeters
Asmin test = Minimum reinforcement (mm ) 2
0.82 Asmin = (0.25*(sqrt(f'c)))*bw * w) / fy should be greater than (1.4/fy) *bw* w) ACI 10-3
(1.4/fy) *d* w) = Minimum reinforcement check (mm2) 0.9
Asmin actual= Greater of Asmin and (1.4/fy)*bw*w) (mm2) 0.9
s = center to center spacing of shear or flexural reinforcement (mm) 300
Vs teast = Shear resistance of steel (MPa) 420.0 Vs = (Asmin actual *fy*w)/s where s is center to center spacing of reinforcement
0.25*sqrt(f'c) d*w = Max value of Vs (Kn) 0.4 Max value of Vs = 0.25*sqrt(f'c) d*w ACI 11-17
Vs actual = Min value of Vs test and (0.25*sqrt(f'c) bw*w) 0.4
Vt = Total shear resistance contributed by concrete and reinforcement (Kn) 250.4 Vt = Vc + Vs

Design Factor of safety against shear = 15.72 Design is OK for shear resistance of concrete stem

Design of stem for flexure

≠ of rebar = Total number of rebars 10 3

Ørebar used = rebar diameter selected (mm) 12 Rebar
As= Area of flexural reinforcement ( mm2) 942.00
a = Depth of compression zone (mm) 81.57 a=(As fy)/(0.85f'cb)
s = spacing of flexural reinforcement (mm) 111 mm
d = distance from compression zone to center of flexural reinforcement (mm) 244 d = w- (5cm(cover)) - (Ørebar/2)
Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall (kn-m) 88 Mn = Asfy(d - a/2)
Ø Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall with strength reduction factor of 0.9 (kn-m) 79.25
Mu = Moment at o' due to surcharge and soil pressure (Kn-m) 10.35 Mu = (PS * D3) +(PA * A1)

Unity check (Ø Mn >Mu) = 7.66 Reinforcement design is OK

Asmin= Mnimum stem flexural reinforcement 815.2 As min = (0.25*(sqrt (f'c)) *(b *W))/fy
913.0 but not less than (1.4*b*W)/fy

Minimum reinforcement does not govern rebar ok

Toe/Heal design moment OK
Development length of Rebar in stem flexural reinforcement ACI 12.2 for rebar Ø < 20mm

ℓd = Development length of reinforcement (mm) 526 mm ℓd = [(fyΨtΨe) / (2.1 ƛ sqrt(f'c)]db Ψt = 1(< 300mm cover) Ψe = 1 (No epoxy coating) ƛ=1 (Normal weight concrete)

Lateral shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. (Rebar is placed perpendicular to flexural reinforcment)

Based on ACI 7.12 Gross cross area of reinforcement to gross concrete area of 0.0020

Gross concrete area (mm2) 300000 gross concrete area=d*w

AST = Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area required (mm2) 600 AST = Gross concrete area * 0.0020

Use Ø rebar 8 Rebar 4

Number of shrinkge and temperature reinforcement is 10
Calculated Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, should be greater than Ast 628.0
spacing of temperature and shirinkage reinforcement (mm) 173 mm

Design of Heal and Toe for shear and flexure

Design of heal and Toe concrete thickness for shear

q gross = Gross pressure (kN/m2) (must be less than soil bearing capacity) 48.5 q gross = ((w3*δc*T*1m) + (w*H*1m*δc) + (δp*1m*H2*w1) + (δa*1m*H*W2) + (qs*1m*w2) )/(1m*w3)
qsoil = Allowable soil bearing capacity (Kpa, KN/m2) 380 qnet soil : From geotechnical soil investigation
OK gross pressure does not exceed soil bearing capacity

qnet toe= Net pressure on toe (Kpa ,KN/m2) 22.8 qnet toe= ((1.4Dead Load))/(w3*1m) = (1.4*wc1)/(w3*1m)
Vu = Design shear kn/m 6.8 Vu = qnet toe* T*1m
ØVca = concrete shear strength a toe (kN/m) 13.31 Vcc = 0.33 ƛ (sqrt(f'c)) T*d ƛ =1 Ø = 0.85 (strength reduction factor) ACI 11.31

Unit check toe shear = ØVca/ Vu = 1.95 Heal and toe concrete thickness is ok for shear

Design of heal and Toe flexural reinforcement

Mu = Design moment at critical section for moment ie face of stem (Kn-m/m) 4.10 Mu = (Q net heal *w22 *1m)/2

≠ of rebar = Total number of rebars 10 1

Ørebar used = rebar diameter selected (mm) 12 Rebar
Spacing of flexural reinforcement (mm) 111 mm
As= Area of flexural reinforcement ( mm2) 942.00
a = Depth of compression zone (mm) 20.39 a=(As fy)/(0.85f'cb)

d = distance from compression zone to center of flexural reinforcement (mm) 244.00 d = T- (5cm(cover)) - (Ørebar/2)
Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall (kn-m) 101.312 Mn = Asfy(d - a/2)
Ø Mn = Design moment capacity of cross-section of retaining wall with strength reduction factor of 0.9 (kn-m) 91.18

As min = Minimum flexural reinforcement (ACI 10.3) (mm ) 2

815.2 As min = (0.25*(sqrt (f'c)) *(b *T))/fy
913.0 but not less than (1.4*b*T)/fy

Minimum reinforcement does not govern rebar ok

Unit check = Ø Mn / Mu 22.27 Toe/Heal design moment OK
 Development length of Rebar in heal/toe flexural reinforcement ACI 12.2 for rebar Ø < 20mm

ℓd = Development length of reinforcement (mm) 526 mm ℓd = [(fyΨtΨe) / (2.1 ƛ sqrt(f'c)]db Ψt = 1(< 300mm cover) Ψe = 1 (No epoxy coating) ƛ=1 (Normal weight concrete)

Lateral shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. (Rebar is placed perpendicular to flexural reinforcment) TOE/HEAL CROSS SECTION

Based on ACI 7.12 Gross cross area of reinforcement to gross concrete area of 0.0020

Gross concrete area (mm2) 300000 gross concrete area=d*T

AST = Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area required (mm2) 600 AST = Gross concrete area * 0.0020

Use Ø 8 Rebar 2
Number of shrinkge and temperature reinforcement is 8
Calculated Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, should be greater than Ast 401.92
spacing of temperature and shirinkage reinforcement is 114 mm s = (w3-2*cover)/(No. of shrinkage reinforcement + 1)