EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

ON THE VOLUME OF A GAS

Effect of pressure on a fixed volume of a gas: [ at constant
temperature] BOYLE’s Law

• Since the temperature is held constant, the kinetic energy of

the particles is also held constant.
• Decreasing the volume of a gas will increase its pressure. When
molecules collide, they create pressure. When the molecules are closer
together, they collide more frequently. Hence less volume more
collisions more pressure.
• If the volume of given mass of a gas is reduced to half of its original
volume. The same number of particles will have half space to move.
• As a result, the number of molecules striking the unit area of the walls
of the container at given time will get doubled of the pressure will also
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get doubled.
co
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Increasing the volume of a gas will decrease its pressure. When

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molecules collide, they create pressure. When the molecules are

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further apart than before, they collide less frequently. Hence more
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volume causes lesser frequent collisions and hence lesser pressure.

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• Alternatively, if the volume of a given mass of a gas is doubled at

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constant temperature, same number of molecules will have double space

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to move. Thus, number of molecule striking the unit area of the walls
of container at a given time will become one half of original value.
Thus, pressure will also get reduced to half of original pressure.
• This indicates that the volume and the pressure of a gas are
inversely proportional.
𝟏𝟏
• 𝑽𝑽 ∝ [ Temperature=Constant]
𝑷𝑷

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Effect of temperature on a fixed volume of a gas: [ at constant
pressure] CHARLE’s Law

• Here the volume is directly proportional to the temperature.

• As the temperature increases, the volume also increases.
• When the temperature is increased, the kinetic energy of the
molecules increases. This increases the rate of collision and causes an
increase in pressure. If the dimension of the container is increased the
molecules will move a larger distance before collision. This maintains
the rate of collision and keeps the pressure constant.
• As the temperature decreases, the volume also decreases.
• When the temperature is decreased, the kinetic energy of the
molecules decreases. This decreases the rate of collision and causes a
decrease in pressure. If the dimension of the container is decreased
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the molecules will move a shorter distance before collision. This
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s.

maintains the rate of collision and keeps the pressure constant.

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• V ∝T [ Pressure=Constant]
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 PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

All matter is made up of mostly three types of particles namely; solids. liquids and gases

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 m
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EXPLAINING THE CHANGES IN STATE BASED ON KINETIC THEORY

• Between A -B:The temperature of

the solid increases. This is because
increasing the heat energy increases the

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vibration of the particles in the solid.
• Between B-C:The force of

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attraction between the particles is
weakened so the particles are able to

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slide past over each other. The
temperature does not increase as all the

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heat supplied goes into overcoming the forces between the particles instead

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of raising the temperature. The substance melts.
•

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Between C-D. As time progresses the average kinetic energy of the
liquid particles increases. Hence the temperature increases.
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Between D-E: The force of attraction between the particles is further
weakened, so much so that the particles move well away from each other. The
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temperature is constant because the energy supplied goes into overcoming the
forces between the particles instead of raising the temperature. The
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substance boils.
• Between E and F:The average kinetic energy of the particles increases
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and hence the speed of the particles also increases. Hence the temperature
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increases. The gas particles are now further away from each other.
• Note: In the region BC, The equation of the equilibrium is:
m

Solid Liquid
.s

X(l)
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• The graph proves that a pure substance was used as the substance has
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a sharp melting point (at BC) and a sharp boiling point (at DE.)
• The temperatures 150C and 800C are important as they represent the
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melting and the boiling points.

• If an impure sample would have been used, the line BC would have been
lower and the line DE would have been higher.
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 C TO D E TO F
Separation between Close and touching Far apart
particles
Movement of Random and slow Fast and random
particles

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Can the particles Cannot move apart Can move apart
move apart to fill
the volume

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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS WITH MARKING SCHEME-NEW ADDITIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

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ANSWER:D

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ANSWER:C
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MARKING SCHEME:B

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MARKING SCHEME:B

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MARKING SCHEME: A

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EXTENDED THEORY QUESTIONS-NEW ADDITIONS

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MARKING SCHEME:
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MARKING SCHEME:

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 om
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MARKING SCHEME:
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 DIFFUSION
Define diffusion:
Diffusion is the random movement of particles from a region of their high
concentration to a region of their low concentration down the concentration
gradient.
Speed of diffusion depends upon the M r ( relative molecular mass):
This means that the speed of diffusion of a gas depends on how heavy it's
molecules are. Molecules with a lighter mass diffuse faster than those with a
heavier mass.

Observations:
• The white ring is
formed at C. This is
because ethylamine is
less dense( or has a
lower Mr) than HBr.
Hence ethylamine
diffuses faster than
HBr.

----------------------------------------------- --------------------
Why do the gases diffuse?- Explanation based on kinetic theory:
Gases diffuse because their particles move in random motion. These particles
then collide .This diffusion is from a region of high concentration to a region
of low concentration.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Diffusion happens faster in warmer temperatures than in cooler temperatures.
--------------------------------------------------------------
When a liquid spills on a floor and can be smelt far away it means that it has
first evaporated then diffused.
---------------------------------------------------------------
When a precipitate is formed
during chemical reactions, the
particles, diffuse, collide and then
react

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

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---------------------------------------------------------------
Particles spread out evenly as a result of diffusion

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Note here sugar dissolves then diffuses. You cannot say sugar melts
and then diffuses.

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Generally diffusion happens in liquids and gases as the particles are free to
move. Their particles are constantly moving colliding and changing directions.
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Diffusion in gases is faster than diffusion in liquids because the gas particles
move rapidly. They are able to move freely because kinetic theory assumes
that there are no forces of attraction between the gas particles while there
are weak forces of attraction between liquid particles.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Diffusion does not happen in solids because the particles are tightly packed
and they can only vibrate in their mean positions and not move about.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Diffusion can occur in liquids which are miscible
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Diffusion is also possible in solids that dissolve in liquids.
---------------------------------------------------------------
At the same temperature, the molecules that have the lower mass diffuse
faster than the heavier molecules. If the lighter and heavier molecules have
the same amount of energy when they collide, then, the lighter ones will
bounce off the heavier ones at a faster rate. So, lighter molecules diffuse
faster than the heavier molecules.
---------------------------------------------------------------

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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS-NEW

ANSWER:A

ANSWER:C

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ANSWER:B

ANSWER:C

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ANSWER:C

ANSWER:D

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ANSWER:D

ANSWER:D

ANSWER:D

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ANSWER:C

11

ANSWER:B

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ANSWER:C

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ANSWER: C

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ANSWER:B

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APPLICATION-BASED QUESTIONS-THEORY-NEW

MARKING SCHEME:

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2

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MARKING SCHEME:

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3

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MARKING SCHEME:

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MARKING SCHEME:

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MARKING SCHEME:

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