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STATES OF MATTER

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SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

Arrangement of Tightly packed, fixed Close together, random Far from each other,
particles pattern(lattice) random
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Movement of particles Vibrate in their fixed Slide over each other Rapid and random
position
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1.3 Change of state ad
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1.4 Change of state as per kinetic particle theory

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Melting and Heating

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On heating a liquid, particles gain energy and move faster. Some particles have enough
energy to escape from the surface. Evaporation takes place. As temperature rises,
evaporation is faster as more particles have enough energy to escape.
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At the boiling point, all particles have enough energy to break the forces of attraction. They
separate from each other and the liquid boils..

Condensation and Cooling

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 If a gas cools down far enough it condenses and forms a liquid. The particles in a gas
lose some of the energy and they slow down so much that they can no longer bounce off
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each other when they meet. They stay close to each other and form a liquid.
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 When a liquid is cooled to its freezing point, the particles lose so much energy that they
can no longer move around each other. The only movement possible is the vibration to
and fro about a position in a lattice and the liquid becomes a solid.
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 1.5 Heating and cooling curves
A heating curve shows the changes of state occurring when the temperature of ice is
gradually increased.

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The process begins with ice at a temperature below 0 °C. The temperature gradually
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increases until it reaches 0 °C, which is the melting point of ice. At this point ice and water
exist together. The temperature does not change until all the ice has changed into water
which is why the line is horizontal. This is because the heat energy provided is used by
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the solid particles to overcome the forces of attraction A sharp melting point (at one
specific temperature) is an indication that any solid is pure. The temperature then begins to
increase again until it reaches 100 °C which is the boiling point of water. The temperature
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does not change until all the water has changed into water vapour which is why the line is
horizontal for a second time. When all the water has boiled, the temperature begins to rise
again as the particles in the gaseous state gain more energy.
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 A similar (but not the same) curve, as above, results when a gas is cooled gradually until it
forms a solid. This is known as a cooling curve.

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 1.6 Diffusion and Gas Pressure

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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME OF A GAS AND PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE

The volume of a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure when
temperature is held constant

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If the temperature of a gas is held constant, increasing the volume of the gas decreases its
pressure. Why is this the case? As the volume of a gas increases, its particles have more

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room to spread out. This means that there are fewer particles bumping into any given area.
This decreases the pressure of the gas. The graph in the Figure below shows this
relationship between volume and pressure. Because pressure and volume change in

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opposite directions, their relationship is called an inverse
relationship.

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 The volume of a given gas sample is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant pressure.

If the pressure of a gas is held constant, increasing the temperature of the gas increases its
volume. What happens when a gas is heated? Its particles gain energy. With more energy,

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the particles have a greater speed. Therefore, they can move more and spread out farther.
The volume of the gas increases as it expands and takes up more space. The graph in

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the Figure below shows this relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas.

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