Chapter 14 :

Kinetics of a Particle:
Work and Energy
(III)

by

Dr. Toh Hoong Thiam

 Power and Efficiency
Power

• It is defined as the amount of work performed per unit of time.

• The power generated by a machine or engine that performs an

amount of work dU within a time interval dt is

dU
P
dt
• Since the work dU is expressed as dU = 𝐹Ԧ ∙ d 𝑟,
Ԧ
 
F  dr
P
dt
 dr
PF
dt

P = 𝐹Ԧ ∙ vԦ

where vԦ = the velocity of the point which is acted upon by the force 𝐹Ԧ .

• Power is a scalar.

• SI unit for power is watt (W).

1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N∙m/s
 Efficiency
• It is defined as the ratio of the output of useful power produced
by the machine to the input of power supplied to the machine
power output

power input

• If energy applied to the machine occurs during the same time

interval at which it is removed, then the efficiency may also be
expressed in terms of the ratio of output energy to input energy
energy output

energy input

• The efficiency of a machine is always less than 1.

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
The power supplied to a body can be computed as follows.
• Determine the external force 𝐹Ԧ acting on the body which causes
motion.
• If the body is accelerating, it may be necessary to draw its free-
body diagram and apply the equation of motion (∑ 𝐹Ԧ = m a) to
determine 𝐹. Ԧ

• Once 𝐹Ԧ and vԦ is found, power can be determined with the

Ԧ vԦ = Fv cos q)
formula (P = 𝐹∙
• In some problems the power may be found by calculating the
work done by 𝐹Ԧ ∙ vԦ per unit of time
DU 𝑑𝑈
Pavg =
Dt or P=
𝑑𝑡
EXAMPLE 1
Given:
 A 50-N (≈ 5-kg) load (B) is hoisted by the
pulley system and motor M.

 The motor has an efficiency of 0.76 and exerts a

constant force of 30 N on the cable.

 The block is started from rest.

 The mass of the pulleys and cable can be neglected.

Find:

The power supplied to the motor when the load has been hoisted 10 m.
Solution
 Define position coordinates to relate velocities. sM
sM + 2sB = L, L =constant.
sB
vM + 2vB = 0

vM = −2vB (1)

 Draw the FBD of the block:

2T

B
WB = 50 N
 Applying the principle of work and energy to the block
T1 + U1-2 = T2
(+↑): ½m(v1)2 + (2T – WB)(s) = ½ m (v2)2

Since T =30N, WB= 50N, v1= 0, and s =10 m, we have

0 + [2(30) − (50)] (10) = ½ (50/9.81)(v2)2

⟹ v2 = 6.26 m/s

 Velocity of the cable coming into the motor (vM)

From Eq. (1)
(sB:+↓ , sM: + ← ) : vM = −2vB where vB = −v2 = − 6.26 m/s
vM = −(2)(−6.26)
⟹ vM = 12.52 m/s
 Power supplied by the motor vM

Po = 𝐹Ԧ ∙ vԦ𝑀 T
Po = T v𝑀

Po = (30)(12.52) = 375.6 (N · m)/s

 Power supplied to the motor

Po

Pi
P
Pi  o


375.6
Pi = = 494.2 (N · m )/s
0.76
EXAMPLE 2

Given:
The motor M of the hoist operates with
an efficiency of ε = 0.85.

Find:
Determine the power that must be supplied
to the motor to lift the 375-N crate C at the
instant point P on the cable has an
acceleration of 1.2m/s2, and a velocity of
0.6 m/s.
Solution
 Position relation:
2 sC + sP = L, L =constant

 Acceleration relation:
2 aC + aP = 0
aC =−½ aP

Since aP =1.2 m/s2,

aC =− ½(1.2 m/s2) = − 0.6 m/s2

 Determine the tension in the cable

(y=sC)

mac

   Fy  ma y :  2T  375  mac

 2T  375 
375
 0.6
9.81

 T  199.0 N
 Determine the power
The power output required to draw the cable in at a rate of 0.6 m/s is
P = 𝑇 ∙ vԦ
P = (199 N) (0.6 m/s)
= 119.4 W

The power input that must be supplied to the motor is

1
power input  (power output )

1
 (119.4 W)
0.85

= 140.5 W
EXAMPLE 3

Given:

• The sport car has a mass of 2-Mg and is traveling at a speed of

25m/s when the brakes to all the wheels are applied.

• The coefficient of kinetic friction is μk = 0.35.

Find:
(a) The power developed by the friction force when the car skids.
(b) The car’s speed after it has skidded 10 m.
Solution:
Determine the frictional force:
y
W = mg
= (2×103) (9.81)
=19.62 kN x

ma
=

(Note: The normal force NC and frictional force FC represent the resultant
forces of all four wheels.)

• Equation of motion in the y direction

   Fy  0 : NC  W  0
NC = W = 19.62 kN
•The kinetic frictional force
FC = mk NC
FC = 0.35 (19.62 kN) = 6.867 kN

(a) The power of the frictional force when the car skids
P = F𝐶 ∙ vԦ

= FC v

= (6.867×103 N) (25 m/s)

= 172 kW
(b) The car’s speed after it has skidded 10 m

• Applying the principle of work and energy

T1  S U1-2 = T 2

1 2
  1 2
mv1   FC s  mv2
2 2
1
2
 
2000(25) 2  6.867 103 10  1 2000v22
2

v2 = 23.59 m/s