The problem involves site visit of either an Oil Refinery or a Gas Station or any other place

provided with pressure measuring instruments (either tube gauge or mechanical gauge).
Every student is required to visualize and understand the working of at least two instrument
at the selected site and prepare report along with 10 slides of Power point Presentation by
providing the following particulars:
 Diagram the instruments which are available at site for pressure measurement.
 Outline the equipment working in steps.
 Identify an alternative equipment with reasons, if replacement is required to be
proposed instead of instrument being already used at the site.
 Relate any one actual condition of instrument with the problem OR content already
exercised in class.
 Analyze the Pressure in terms of absolute, if a U-tube manometer is connected with
car tires at site and it gives the Manometer reading as (Roll No) cm while the height
of gas above datum line is (Roll No+10) m.

 Objective of pressure measuring instruments on an Oil Refinery or a Gas

Station
1. To visit an Oil Refinery provided with pressure measuring instruments
2. To observe and relate the working of pressure measuring instruments
 Scope of CEP
 Pressure gauges are an essential, if delicate, measuring tool for oil and gas
production. Flow lines, separators, and even atmospheric vessels like stock
tanks are all under some amount of pressure. Gauges allow you to monitor
pressure levels throughout the operation, from the wellhead to the tank
battery. Monitoring pressure downhole is also important for extending the
production life of the well for as long as possible. If you plan on working in oil
and gas production, it’s a good idea to be comfortable using, maintaining, and
calibrating pressure gauges.

 Methodology that contains the Images of site, Pictures of Instruments with

student along with the justification of first four points of CEP asked in the
beginning.

MECHANICAL PRESSURE GUAGE

A mechanical pressure-measuring instrument used to measure pressure above or below the
atmospheric pressure. It is usually employed to measure relatively low pressures
1. Diaphragm Pressure Gauge
2. Bourdon’s Tube Pressure Gauge
3. Bellows Pressure Gauge
ON SITE BELLOWS PRESSURE GAUGES ARE CONNECTED WITH THE MACHINES
Bellows Pressure Gauge
Bellows pressure gauges are devices used to measure absolute and differential pressure. The
main element, the bellows, is a flexible membrane in the gauge whose expansion and
contraction support the measurement of pressure difference in the system.
Working Principle
The bellow type pressure gauge consists of thin-walled metallic discs with concertinaed sides
to allow it to expand and contract, with one end closed and the other end remains open.
When the pressure is applied from the open side of the bellows, it expands the size of discs.
The closed-end moves freely and the rod connected between the open end and the closed-end
move upwards and rotate the pointer which will show the value of pressure
ALTERNATE PRESSURE INSTRUMENT
Digital pressure gauge
Digital pressure gauges measure the pressure within a system in a special manner. They
convert the pressure to an electronic signal. The gauge shows the pressure using a digital
display, furthermore the signal can be used to control equipment. Digital gauges in
comparison with analog ones have a higher accuracy
Why choose a digital over an analogue pressure gauge?
Next to a higher level of measurement accuracy digital pressure gauges offer options that are
not available for analogue ones.
 Backlighting: If pressure readouts are needed in dark conditions this options proves
to be a great solution. Backlighting ensures that you are able to read the display in
every lighting condition.
 Min/Max values: This option provides better analysis of the set pressure in a system.
 Bargraph display: The bargraph display shows the trend of the measured pressure.
You can for example easily see if the pressure has an increasing, decreasing or steady
trend.
 Battery powered: This ensures that the pressure can be read in case of power outage.

 Conclusions.

On site we practically analyze that the pressure measured by a pressure gauge is always
above the atmospheric pressure. Hence, absolute pressure of the system is obtained by adding
atmospheric pressure to the pressure measured by gauge pressure. It help the liquid to flow
and utilize them accordingly.
AIR FLOW
Air flow measurement is involved in a number of industrial processes such as heat treating
and quenching (cooling). In these processes the product must be shielded from gases that
have a debilitating effect. An example of this is oxidation. To prevent these problems, inert
gases such as nitrogen or argon are flowed over the product, shielding it from harmful gases.
Generally, the gases are flowed at a low flow rate and pressure. Therefore, pressure loss and a
minimal restriction to flow are important factors in determining what sort of flow
measurement device will be used.