Chapter 1

Solubility curve: a graph showing how the solubility of a solute in a

particular solvent changes with temperatures.
Conversion:
1. If you heat a solid, the energy provided by the heat source makes
the particle in the solid, vibrate faster and faster. Eventually they
vibrate so fast that the forces of attraction between the particles
are no longer strong enough to hold them together; the particles
are then able to move around each other-the solid melts to form
a liquid.
2. If the liquid is cooled again, the liquid particle will move around
more and more slowly. Eventually, they are moving so slowly that
the forces of attraction between them will hold them in a fixed
position and the particles pack more closely together into a solid.
3.
 Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated so strongly that the
particles are moving fast enough to overcome all the forces
of attraction between particles.
 Some very fast particles at the surface of the liquid will have
enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction
between the particles-they will break away to forma gas.
This is evaporation.

Brownian Motion

Brownian motion is the random movement of particles suspended in a

fluid (in liquid or gas) resulting from their collision with the fast-moving
atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid. It can be observed with smoke
particle in air or pollen grain sprinkles on the surface of water. Using a
microscope, we can see the smoke particle and the pollen but not the
air or water molecules as they are too small.

Application of Diffusion:

1. The lower jar bromine gas; the top one contains air. If the lids are
removed, the brown color of the bromine diffuses upwards until
both gas jars are uniformly brown. The bromine particles and air
particle move around at random to give an even mixture- both gas
jars contain air and bromine particles.

#precautions
 Work in a fume cardboard Inhalation of bromine leads
 Eye protection to breathing difficulties

 Chemical resistant gloves to wear

Air

Glass lead

Bromine

2. Pieces of cotton wool are soaked in concentrated ammonia

solution and concentrated hydrochloric acid. These are placed in
the ends of a long glass tube with rubber bungs to stop the
poisonous gas escaping.
Ammonia particles and hydrogen chloride particles diffuses along
the tube. A white ring of Ammonium chloride forms where they
meet. The white ring of ammonium chloride appears closer to the
 hydrochloric acid end. Ammonia particles are lighter than
hydrogen chloride particles and therefore move faster. The
ammonia particles travel further in the same amount of time,
which, means that the ring forms further away from the ammonia
end.
#precautions
 Eye protection
 Avoidance of skin contact Prevent corrosion

 Work in fume cardboard Prevent inhalation

corrosion of fume

Rubber Bung

NH4Cl Cotton Socked in HCl

Cotton Soaked in NH3

Long glass tube