1.1.

3 Pressure & Temperature in Gases

A change in temperature or pressure affects the volume of gases This is because

the volume of a gas increases as its temperature increases
Example
As temperature increases gas volume increases. The density decreases as the
volume increases so the balloon rises.
Pressure increases as volume decreases in a
bicycle pump
example
This is what happens in a bicycle pump
As you compress the bicycle pump the high
pressure allows you to inflate a tire
Gaseous particles are in constant and random motion
The pressure that gas creates inside a closed
container is produced by the gaseous particles hitting
the inside walls of the container

An increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of

each particle, as the heat energy is transformed to kinetic
energy, so they move faster
As the temperature increases, the particles in the gas move
faster, impacting the container's walls more frequently
If the container is made smaller, then the gas particles hit the wall
more frequently
So when there is a decrease in volume this causes an increase
in gas pressure

If the container walls are flexible and stretchy then the container will get bigger and bigger, just like the hot air balloon!
If the container is made smaller, then the gas particles hit the wall more frequently
So when there is a decrease in volume this causes an increase in gas pressure
 Diffusion
•This is the process by which different gases or different
liquids mix and is due to the random motion of their
particles
•Diffusing particles move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
•Eventually the concentration of particles is even as they
spread out to occupy all of the available space
•Diffusion happens on its own and no energy input is
required although it occurs faster at higher temperatures
Diffusion is…..

• Diffusion is the movement of one type

of particle into and through another.
For example, the smell of after-shave
or perfume diffuses across a room.
Can you explain these facts?
• Diffusion occurs both in liquids and
gases but hardly at all in solids.
• It happens more quickly for gases than
for liquids.
• It happens more quickly at warm
temperatures than at cooler Insects communicate
temperatures. by smells that diffuse
through the air.
 Diffusion & Molecular Mass
Diffusion occurs much faster in gases than
in liquids as gaseous particles move much
quicker than liquid particles
At the same temperature, different gases do
not diffuse at the same rate.
This is due to the difference in their relative
molecular masses
Lighter gas particles can travel faster and
hence further, therefore the lower its relative
mass the faster a gas will diffuse
Diffusion 3
Here is the result of a simple experiment in which two
gases diffuse towards each other in a glass tube.
When they meet they react to form a cloud of smoke.

Cotton wool soaked Cotton wool soaked in

in ammonia solution hydrochloric acid (concentrated)

The smoke forms nearer to one end than the other.

Which particles are moving faster: ammonia or acid?
Can you suggest a possible reason for this?

Ammonia particles are lighter and so, at any

given temperature, move faster.
APPLICATION BASED INFORMATION CREATED FROM PAST PAPER QUESTIONS:
When a liquid spills on a floor and can be smelt far away it means that it has
first evaporated then diffused.
When a precipitate is formed during chemical reactions, the particles, diffuse,
collide and then react
Particles spread out evenly as a result of diffusion
Sugar dissolves then diffuses. You cannot say sugar melts and then diffuses.
Generally diffusion happens in liquids and gases as the particles are free to
move. Their particles are constantly moving colliding and changing directions.
Diffusion in gases is faster than diffusion in liquids because the gas particles
move rapidly. They are able to move freely because kinetic theory assumes
that there are no forces of attraction between the gas particles while there are
weak forces of attraction between liquid particles.
Diffusion does not happen in solids because the particles are tightly packed
and they can only vibrate in their mean positions and not move about.
Diffusion can occur in liquids which are miscible
Diffusion is also possible in solids that dissolve in liquids.
At the same temperature, the molecules that have the lower mass diffuse
faster than the heavier molecules. If the lighter and heavier molecules have the
same amount of energy when they collide, then, the lighter ones will bounce off the
heavier ones at a faster rate. So, lighter molecules diffuse faster than the heavier
molecules.
This does not occur in the middle of the tube as you
might expect, but much closer to the end with the
hydrogen chloride (Mr = 36.5) and the ammonia (Mr =
17) molecules are smaller and lighter
warm move cooler low
moving high quicker
gas
 Diffusion is how particles move and mix by
themselves without being stirred or shaken.
 Only liquids and gas particles diffuse because
they are moving all the time. Gases diffuse
quicker than liquids.
• It happens more quickly at warm temperatures
than at cooler temperatures.
 The particles move from where there are a lot of
them (high concentration) to where there are
less of them (low concentration)