Kinetic theory of matter

Hypothesis needs evidence.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is made up of tiny
particles called atoms. The tiny particles are always in constant motion.
Three states of matter are:
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
Ice, water and steam are three different states of matter of the same material.

Fixed shape and volume

Take the shape of object but fixed volume-liquid
Shape and volume-solid
Takes the shape and volume of the object-gas

Arrangement of particles
Regular pattern closely packed and arrange in order-solid
Irregular pattern and further apart-liquid
Irregular pattern and widely spaced-gas

Movement of particles
Particles vibrating in a fixed position-solid
Particles move randomly-liquid
Particles move randomly and fast-gas

Intermolecular force
Very strong-solid
Fair-liquid
Very weak-gas
Kinetic energy content
Very low-solid
Fair-liquid
Very high-gas

Solid
Examples include:
 Iron
 Concrete
 Wood
 Glass etc

Liquid
Examples include:
 Water
 Hydrochloric
 Chlorine etc

Gas
Examples include:
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
 Ammonia
 Hydrogen etc
Solid-lowest potential energy-lowest kinetic energy- lowest total energy
Liquid-medium potential energy-medium kinetic energy-medium total energy
Gas-highest potential energy-highest kinetic energy-highest total energy
The existence of particles in continuous motion has been demonstrated by
Brownian motion and diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration. It happens on its own without stirring shaking
or wafting.

Brownian movement is the random motion of small colloidal particles

suspended in a liquid or gas medium, caused by the collision of the molecules
with the particles. Also called Brownian movement.
When temperature increases, thermal energy is transferred to the molecules
and the molecules gain kinetic energy. Hence the molecules move faster.

Expansion and contraction

Thermal expansion application
Thermometers are another application of thermal expansion- most contain a
liquid (usually mercury or alcohol) which is constrained to flow in only one
direction (along the tube) due to changes in volume brought about by changes
in temperature. A bi-metal mechanical thermometer uses a bimetallic strip
and bends due to the differing thermal expansion of the two metals.
Heat energy
Objects heated-size increase-expansion
Objects cooled-size decrease-contraction
Expansion and contraction occurs in all 3 states of matter.
Application of heat energy
Bimetallic strips made up of two different metals, steel/iron and brass
Hotter bend downwards, colder bends upwards
Both metals expand and contract by different amounts
Brass expands and contracts more than steel
Brass
Steel,
Straight at some reference temperature

Hotter than the reference temperature; brass expands more and its greater
length puts it on the outside of the curve.

Colder than the reference temperature: brass contracts more and its shorter
length puts its on the inside of the curve.
Effects of heat energy- solid
Almost all liquids can expand when heated and contract when cooled.
Unique quality of water
Water expands when it is being cooled from 4 degrees to 0 degrees. Starts to
contract when heated from 0 degrees to 4 degrees.
It reaches its minimum volume and maximum density at 4degrees

Effect of heat energy- gases

Gases expand when heated and contract when cooled
Gases expand and contract much more than solids and liquids of the same
volume for the same change in temperature.

Heat energy- gases

Example, we should not pump car tyres to the maximum pressure on hot
days.- may burst
Application of heat energy- gases
Hot balloon uses the expansion of gases
Filled with heated air
As volume of air increases the density of air decrease
Warm air less density this it rises and carries the balloon upwards
Baking powder or cake, baking powder is added
Carbon dioxide gas is released from the baking powder expands
Causing the dough to rise

Expansion and contraction

When substances expand or contract the particles stay the same size
Only the spaces between the particles change
The particles in the solid vibrate more when it is heated thus taking up more
room- EXPANSION
Similar to liquid and gas when heated
The particles in solid will vibrate less when it is cold thus take up less space-
CONTRACTION
Similar to liquid and gases when cooled

Compressibility
Gases can expand to fill its container unlike solids or liquids
The reverse is also true:
They are easily compressed or squeezed into a smaller volume
Compressibility is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases
under pressure.
This is the idea behind placing air bags in automobiles
In an accident the air compresses more than the steering wheel or dash when
you strike it
The impact forces the gas particles closer together because there is a lot of
empty space between them
The amount of gas, volume and temperature are factors that affect gas
pressure
Gas pressure is based on the speed and frequency of collisions between the
particles and the walls of the container
As the amount of gas in a closed container increases, the gas pressure
increases because there are more collisions (direct proportion)
As the volume of a closed container increases the gas pressure decreases
because there is more room for the particles so they experience less collisions
(indirect proportion)
As the temperature of a closed container increases the gas pressure increases
because the particles speed up causing more collision (direct proportion)
Air has pressure so the atmosphere pushes all things on earth
The pressing down of the atmosphere on earth is called air pressure or
atmospheric pressure

Air pressure
According to kinetic theory of gases, they are made up of tiny and discrete
particles.
Air has mass so the atmosphere pushes all things on earth.

Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given

amount of solvent at a specific temperature.
Solute is the substance being dissolved- powder
Solvent is the dissolving agent – water
Soluble vs insoluble
May vary with solvent
“like dissolves like”
Factors affecting the rate of dissolution
Stirring
Temperature
Particle size/ surface area