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STCW Table A-II/1 & STCW Table A-III/1

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qFinal - Week 4
qTopic: Effective Assessment of Onboard
Situations
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qFinal - Week 4
qLearning Outcome:
o Explain the different onboard situations on
which the effective decision making techniques
are applicable.
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STCW Table A-II/1 & STCW Table A-III/1

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Assessment of Risk: What is Risk?
A probability or threat of damage, injury, liability loss, or
any other negative occurrence that is caused by external
or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be avoided
through preemptive action.
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Situation assessment and Risk

Awareness of risk is an important aspect of a risk management
program. The Situation Awareness framework describes how a person
perceives elements of the environment, comprehends and projects its
actions into the future, and analyzes the cognitive process used.
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Risk Assessment
Job safety planning is designed to help workers identify and control workplace
hazards.

Energy barrier analysis Written and verbal job safety planning must
incorporate the need to respond to any changes encountered during the work.

Unsafe working conditions the best people to identify and initiate a response
to unsafe conditions in the workplace are the workers.
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Risk Management
• Have a rough idea of where you are heading.

• Appreciate that you do not have a very good understanding

of risk. Avoid being too focused on risk estimates.

• Continue to manage risk.

• Build in safety from the outset.

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Situation and Risk Management

Decision-making
Applying a systematic method to solve problems is critical and Team members
share the responsibility for solving problems through assessing the
circumstances and by contributing timely and valuable information to the
team leader.

Decision-making is an essential skill for operational team leaders.

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Risk Assessment in Risk Management

Risk management is part of a larger decision process that considers the
technical and social aspects of the risk situation.
Risk assessments are performed primarily for the purpose of providing
information and insight to those who make decisions about how that risk
should be managed.
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Identifying most appropriate course of action

In identifying course of action, there are a lot of considerations to be tackled In
order to understand its intent. So, a course of action happens to be:

• Any sequence of activities that an individual or unit may follow.

• A possible plan opens to an individual or commander that would

accomplish, or is related to the accomplishment of the mission.
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Identifying most appropriate course of

action
• The scheme adopted to accomplish a job or mission.

• A line of conduct in an engagement.

• A product of the Joint Operation Planning and Execu

tion System concept development phase.
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Possible follow-up actions once outcome is assessed
Once outcome is assessed coordination of everyone is essential. The
master should cooperate and report all other accidents or near accidents
and record and report them in compliance with national laws and
regulations and the ship owner’s reporting procedures should be given due
consideration and still be followed.
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How the outcome of a course of action can be assessed

Course of Action Assessment is an ongoing process aimed at measuring and improving
the details of the incident. This involves the following:
• making our expectations explicit and public;
• setting appropriate criteria and high standards for tackling quality
• systematically gathering
• explain and improve performance
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How the outcome of a course of action can be assessed (cont..)
• Analysing and interpreting evidence to determine how well performance
matches those expectations and standards.

• Using the resulting information to document.

The outcome is assessed through continuous gathering of reports and

somehow studies it to make improvements and rectify the mistakes for it
happened due to lack of insights.
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qFormal Safety Assessment (FSA)
§ Formal Safety Assessment is a rational and systematic
process for assessing the risks associated with shipping
activity and for evaluating the costs and benefits of IMO's
options for reducing these risks.
§ FSA was originally developed partly at least as a response
the Piper Alpha disaster of 1988, when an offshore platform
exploded in the North Sea and 167 people lost their lives. It
is now being applied to the IMO rule making process. It
consists of 5 Steps.
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/SafetyTopics/Pages/FormalSafetyAssessment.aspx
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qFormal Safety Assessment
§ The Steps:
§ Step 1 - Identification of Hazards
§ Step 2 - Risk Analysis
§ Step 3 - Risk Control Options
§ Step 4 - Cost-Benefit Assessment
§ Step 5 - Recommendations for Decision-Making
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/SafetyTopics/Pages/FormalSafetyAssessment.aspx
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IMO's assessment the (FSA) consists of five
steps:
1. identification of hazards (a list of all relevant accident
scenarios with potential causes and outcomes);
2. assessment of risks (evaluation of risk factors);
3. risk control options (devising regulatory measures to
control and reduce the identified risks);

http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/SafetyTopics/Pages/FormalSafetyAssessment.aspx
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IMO's assessment the (FSA) consists of five
steps:
4. cost benefit assessment (determining cost
effectiveness of each risk control option); and
5. recommendations for decision-making (information
about the hazards, their associated risks and the cost
effectiveness of alternative risk control options is
provided).
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/SafetyTopics/Pages/FormalSafetyAssessment.aspx
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In simple terms, these steps can be reduced to:

1. What might go wrong? = identification of hazards (a

list of all relevant accident scenarios with potential
causes and outcomes)
2. How bad and how likely? = assessment of risks
(evaluation of risk factors);

http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/SafetyTopics/Pages/FormalSafetyAssessment.aspx
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In simple terms, these steps can be reduced to:

3. Can matters be improved? = risk control options

(devising regulatory measures to control and reduce
the identified risks)
4. What would it cost and how much better would it be?
= cost benefit assessment (determining cost
effectiveness of each risk control option);
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/SafetyTopics/Pages/FormalSafetyAssessment.aspx
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In simple terms, these steps can be reduced to:

5. What actions should be taken? = recommendations

for decision-making (information about the hazards,
their associated risks and the cost effectiveness of
alternative risk control options is provided).

http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/SafetyTopics/Pages/FormalSafetyAssessment.aspx
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STCW Table A-II/1 & STCW Table A-III/1