M a them a ti cs | 1.

19

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards Example 2: Using logarithm, find the value of

6.45 × 981.4
3
Example 1: Evaluate 72.3 , if log10 72.3 = 1.8591 Sol: Consider x = 6.45 × 981.4 and then apply log on both
sides and solve by using loga = (M.N) logaM + logaN
Sol: Here consider x = 3 72.3 . Now by applying log on and log table.
both sides and solving using logarithm formula we will Then, log10 x = log10 (6.45 × 981.4)
3
get value of 72.3 . = log10 6.45 + log10 981.4

Let x = 3
72.3 , Then, log x = log (72.3)1/3 = 0.8096 + 2.9919 (using log table)

1 ∴ x = antilog (3.8015) = 6331 (using antilog table)

⇒ log10 x = log10 72.3 ... (i)
3

(
log 72.3 log 0.723 × 102
= ) Example 3: Find minimum value of x satisfying
|x –3| + 2 |x + 1| = 4
2
=⇒ log 0.723 + log 10
= 1.8591 =
+ 2 1.8591 ... (ii)
1 Sol: Similar to illustration 25.
⇒ log10 x = × 1.8591
3 Case-I: When x < –1
⇒ log10 x = 0.6197 ; ⇒ x=antilog (0.6197)
–1 (x –3) –2 (x + 1) = 4
⇒ x = 4.166 (using antilog table)
⇒ – x + 3 – 2x – 2 = 4 ; ⇒ –3x + 1 = 4
⇒ 3x = –3 ; ⇒x=–1
 1 . 2 0 | Basic Mathematics

 x < – 1 so, x = –1 is not possible log10 x =12log35 − log10 100 =12

log10 7 + log10 5 − 2 =12
Case-II: When –1 ≤ x < 3
log10 7 + log10 10 − log10 2 − 2
⇒ – (x – 3) + 2 (x + 1) = 4 ⇒ – x + 3 + 2x + 2 = 4

⇒ x +5 =4 ⇒ x =− 1 ; So, x = - 1 is a solution. = 12[.8451 + 1 – .3010 –2] = 12 [.5441 –1]

Case-III: When x ≥ 3 is taken, (x – 3) +2 (x + 1) = 4 log10x = – 12 + 6.5292

⇒ 3x –1 = 4 ⇒ x = 5/3 ⇒ Therefore, no solution log10 x =

−12 + 6 + 0.5292 =
−6 + 0.5292 =
6.5292

Result x = –1 is the only solution. So x = 10−6.10−5212

Hence the number of zeros after the decimal = 5
Example 4: Let
log3 N = α1 + β1 ,log5 N = α2 + β2 ,log7 N = α3 + β3 Example 6: Find the number of zeros in, 2−40
where α1 , α2 , α3 ∈ I and β1 , β2 , β3 ∈ [0,1) then
Sol: Consider 2−40 = x and solve as in illustration 5.
(i) Find number of integral values of N if α1 = 4 and α1 = 2
1
(ii) Find the largest integral value of N if α1 = 5, α2 = 3, x= = 2−40
240
α3 = 2
log10 x =−40log10 2 =
−40 .3010  =
−12.0400
(iii) Difference of largest and smallest integral values
( 12 − 0.04 ) + 1 − 1 ⇒ log10 x =−13 + 0.96
log10 x =−
Sol: Here by using = y loga x ⇔ a= x we can obtain
y
10−13.100.96
⇒x=
values of N. After that by drawing a number line we will
get the required answer.  Number of zeros = 12
25 81 125 243
4 +β1 2 +β
=(i) N 3= and N 5 2
4 5 2 3
x 312 × 28
Example 7: Find the number of digits for=
=N [3=
,3 ) and N [5 ,5 ]
Sol: By applying log10 on both sides and then using a
N = [81, 243) and N = [25, 125)
log table we can solve the problem above.
So [81, 125] is the common part hence the no. of integral
values of N are 125 – 81 = 44 log10 x 12log10 3 + 8log10 2
=
5 +β1
(i) N 3=
= ,N 35 =
 )
,36 ,N 243,729 ) ( 0.4771) + 8 ( 0.3010 ) =
5.7252 + 2.4080

=
3+β2
N 5= ,N 53=
 )
,54 ,N 125,625 ) log=
10 x 8.1332 ⇒
= x (10 )108 0.1332

= ,73 ],N  49,343)

2 +β
3 ,N [72=
N 7= No. of digits = 8 + 1 = 9

x(
log x −2 )
49 125 243 343 625 729 Example 8: Solve x =9
1
Sol: Here, by using log x M = loga M we can solve the
problem above.
a x

x(
log x −2 )
Common part is [243, 343]. So largest integral value = 342 x = 9 ⇒ x2logx (x-2) = 9
2
logx ( x −2 )
(b) Difference of largest and smallest values ⇒ x = 9 where x > 0, x ≠ 1
= 342 – 243 = 99
⇒ ( x − 2) =
2
9 ; ⇒ x − 2 =±3
⇒ x = – 1, x = 5
Example 5: Find the number of zeros in, x = (0.35)12,
Given log10(7) = 0.8451, log10(2) = 0.3010 But x = –1 is rejected as x should be greater than 0.

Sol: By applying log10 on both sides and using logarithm

formulae we will get the result.
2
Example 9: log3 log1/2 (
x − 3 log1/2 x + 5 =
2 )
 35 
log10 x = 12log10  
 100 
2
Sol: log3 log1/2 (
x − 3 log1/2 x + 5 =
2 )
 M a them a ti cs | 1.21

2
⇒ log1/2 x − 3log1/2 x + 5 =9 ; Hence substitute it in the above equation and solve
using the logarithm formula.
Let log1/2 ( x ) = t ⇒ t2 − 3t − 4 =
0
Given that
(t – 4) (t + 1) = 0 ⇒ t = 4, t = –1 ( )
log3x + 7 9 + 12x + 3x2 + log2x +3 6x2 + 23x + 21 =
4 ( )
⇒ log1/2 x =
4,log1/2 x =
−1
log3x + 7 ( 2x + 3) + log2x +3 ( 2x + 3)( 3x + 7 )  =
2
4 Let
x= 1/16, x = 2
1
log3x + 7 ( 2x + 3) =
A ; 2A + 1 + =4
( )
2
1 − 2 log10 x2 A
Example 10: Solve =1
⇒ 2A2 − 3A + 1 =0 ; 2A2 –2A –A +1 = 0
log10 x − 2 (log10 x )
2

⇒ 2A (A –1) –1 (A –1) = 0; A = 1/2, A = 1

Sol: Simply by putting log10 x = t we can solve the
problem above. ⇒ log3x + 7 ( 2x + 3) =
1/2

( )
2
1 − 2 log10 x2 1
For A= ,2x + 3= 3x + 7
= 1 , Let log10 x = t 2
log10 x − 2 (log10 x )
2

⇒ 4x2 + 9 + 12x = 3x + 7 ; 4x2 + 9x + 2 =0

1 − 2 ( 2t )
2

⇒ = 1 ⇒ 1 − 8t2 = t − 2t2 ⇒ 4x2 + 8x + x + 2 =0 ⇒ 4x ( x + 2 ) + 1 ( x + 2 ) =

0
2
t − 2t
−1
⇒ 6t2 + 3t − 2t − 1 = 0 ⇒ 3t ( 2t + 1 ) − 1 ( 2t + 1 ) = 0 ⇒x = , x = −2=
; For A 1,log3x=
+ 7 2x + 3 1
4
1 ⇒ 2x + 3 = 3x + 7
t = 1/3, t = –1/2 ⇒ log x = 1/3, log x = –
2 ⇒ x = –4 also 2x + 3 > 0, 3x + 7 > 0
1/3 −1/2
=x 10
= , x 10 ⇒ x > –3/2, x > – 7/3
−1
log2 x −log10 x ⇒ x= (-4 and -2 will be rejected)
1 10 1 log10 x −1 4
Example 11   = .5
5 125
3
(log2 x )2 + log2 x − 54 
 
am Example 2: Solve, ( x ) 4   = 2
Sol: By using am–n = we can evaluate the problem
above. an
Sol: By taking logx on both sides and solving we will
log2 x −log10 x
 1  10 (log x −1 ) −3 log x −log2 x
get the result.
  = 5 10 ∴5 5log x − 4
=
5
  Taking log on both sides to the base x
⇒ logx − log2 x = logx − 4 ⇒ log2 x =
4 3
(log2 x )2 +(log2 x ) − 54
logx ( x )  4 = logx ( 2)
x = 102, x = 10–2
3 5 1
( log2 x ) + (log2 x ) − =logx 2
2

4 4 2
JEE Advanced/Boards 3 2 5 1
Let log2 x = t ; t +t− =
4 4 2t
Example 1: Solve,
3t3 + 4t2 − 5t =2 ⇒ 3t3 + 4t2 − 5t − 2 =0
(
log3x + 7 9 + 12x + 4x 2
) + log (6x 2
+ 23x + 21 =
4 )
( )
2x +3
⇒ 3t3 + 3t2 − 6t + t2 + t − 2 =0 ⇒ ( 3t + 1 ) t2 + t − 2 =0
2
Sol: Here 6x + 23x + 21 1
⇒ ( 3t + 1 )( t + 2 )( t − 1 ) =
0 ; ⇒ t = 1, −2, −
(
( 2x + 3) (3x + 7 ) and 9 + 12x + 4x2 = ( 2x + 3) .
= ) 2

Putting t = log2 x
3
 1 . 2 2 | Basic Mathematics

1 4 ± 16 − 20
log2 x = 1 ⇒ x = 2 ; log2 x =−2 ⇒ x = =⇒x ,x ∉R
4 2
1 / (2)
1/3
log2 x =−1 / 3 ⇒ x = which is not possible

log3 x2 −2logx 9 −6
Case-II: (4 – x) < 0 or x > 4 then (x + 1) = (x – 1) (x – 4)
Example 3: Solve x − 1 ( x − 1)
=
⇒ x + 1 = x2 − 5x + 4 ⇒ x2 − 6x + 3 =0
Sol: As ax is defined for a > 0 so (x –1) > 0. Therefore by
taking log on both side we can solve it. 6 ± 24
⇒ x2 − 6x + 3 =0 ⇒x=
Now taking log on both sides 2
6±2 6
(log x
3
2
)
− 2logx 9 log ( x − 1=
) log ( x − 1) ⇒x=
2
⇒ x =3± 6

   x > 4 is taken, hence x = 3 + 6

 2log x − 2 − 1  log ( x − 1 ) =
0
2
 log 2 x 
 3 
Example 5: If the sum of all solutions of the equation
Either log (x – 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2
( )
2
0 is ( a)
 x log10 3  − 3log12 x − 2 = log b
( )
where b and c
Let log3x = t 
(2t – 4/t – 7) = 0 ⇒ 2t2 – 4 – 7t = 0 arerelatively prime and a, b c ∈ N then (a + b + c) = ?

⇒ 2t2 – 8t + t – 4 = 0 ⇒ 2t(t – 4) + 1 (t – 4) = 0 log10 x

Sol: Here by putting 3 = t and solving we will get
t = 4, t = –1/2 the result.

( )
2
log3 x = 4 or log3 x = −1 / 2  3 log10 x  − mlog10 x − 2 =
( )  0
 
(=
3 ) or x ( 3 )
4 −1/2
=x
log10 x
Let e 3 = t then
x = 81, x = 1/ 3
⇒ t − t − 2 =0 ; ⇒ t2 − 2t + t − 2 =
2
0
1
For x = log (x – 1) is not defined, so x = 2 or x = 81.
3 ⇒ t ( t − 2) + 1 ( t − 2) =
0 ⇒ ( t + 1 )( t − 2 ) =
0
;
log10 x
Example 4: Solve, Case-I:
⇒ Case −1 ; ⇒ t =−1 & t =2 ⇒ 3
−I: t = −1
=
Exponential value cannot be negative
( )
log4 x2 − 1 − log4 ( x −
= 1) log4
2
(4 − x)
2

Case-II: t = 2; 3
log10 x
=2
M Taking log3 both side
Sol: By using formula loga   = logaM – logaN and
N
log3 ( 3 )
log10 x log3 2
using modulus inequalities we can solve the problem = log3 2 ⇒ log10=
x log3 2 ⇒=
x 10
above.
Comparing by ( a)
logb c
we get
log4
(x 2
−1 ) =log 4 − x  x2 =x a = 10 , b = 3, c = 2
4
 
( x − 1)
2

∴ a + b + c = 10 + 3 + 2 = 15

⇒ log4
( x − 1)( x + 1) =
log4 4 − x
( x − 1)
2
Example 6: Find the number of zeros after decimal
before a significant digit in ( 9 / 8 )
−100
.
So we have
( x + 1=) 4−x −100
( x − 1) 9
Sol: By putting x =   and applying log10 on both
8
or (x + 1) = (x – 1) |4 – x| side we will get the result.
−100
Case-I: 4 – x > 0 or x < 4 then (x + 1) = (x – 1) (4 – x) 9
Let x =  
⇒ x + 1 = 4x − x2 − 4 + x ⇒ x2 − 4x + 5 = 0 8
 M a them a ti cs | 1.23

⇒ log10 x =
−100 log10 9 − log10 8  Example 9: Solve, log ( x / 4 ) = 15
2
x
log2 − 1
⇒ log10 x =
−100 2log30 3 − 3log10 2 8

⇒ log10 x =−100 ( 2 × 0.4771 − 3 × 0.3010 ) Sol: Simply by putting log2 (x) = t and using basic
logarithmic formula we can solve the problem above.
−100 0.9542 − 0.9030  =
= −100 0.0512 =
−5.12
15 15
log30 x = ( −5 − 0.12 ) + 1 − 1 log2 ( x / 4 ) = ⇒ (log2 x − 2 ) =
x
log2 − 1
( 2 − 3) − 1
log x
log10 x = 6.88 ⇒ x = 10-6 ×100.88 8
Let log2 (x) = t
∴ Number of zeros before any significant digits = 5
15
⇒ t−2 = ⇒ t2 - 6t +8 = 15
( (
Example 7: Solve log4 2log3 1 + log2 (1 + 3log2 x ) =
1/2 )) t−4

y
⇒ t2 − 6t − 7 =0 ⇒ (t –7) (t + 1) = 0
Sol: Here by using =
y loga x ⇔ a= x we can solve it.
⇒ t = 7, t = – 1 ⇒ log2x = 7 and log2x = -1
( (
log4 2log3 1 + log3 ( 3log3 x ) )) = 1/2
⇒ x = 27 and x = 2–1
⇒ 2log3 (1 + log2 (1 + 3log3 x ) ) = 2

⇒ log3 (1 + log2 (1 + 3log3 x ) ) = 1 Example 10: Solve, ( )

log2 2x2 log4 (16x ) = log4 x3

⇒ 1 + log2 (1 + 3log3 x ) = 3 ⇒ log2 (1 + 3log 3 x ) = 2

(M.N)
Sol: By using loga = logaM + logaN we can
⇒ 1 + 3log3 x = 4 ⇒ 3log3 x = 3 ⇒ log3 x = 1 ⇒ x =
3 reduce the given

(1 + 2log2 x )  2 + 12 log2 x  =
3
 
equation to log2 x .
Example 8: Solve log0.5x x − 7log16x x3 + 40log4x 4 x =
0  2

loga After that putting log2 x = t we will get the result.

Sol: By using logb a = we can reduce the given
logb

equation to
log2 x
− +
7log2 x3 40log2 4 x
0 and
=
( )
log2 2x2 log4 (16x ) = log4 x3

then log2 0.5x log2 16x log2 4x

(1 + 2log2 x )  2 + 12 log2 x  =
3
 
⇒ log2 x
by putting log2 x = t we can solve it.  2 
Let log2 x = t Let log2 x = t
t 7 ( 3t ) 10t t 21 t 10 t
(1 + 2t )  2 + 2t  =
3
⇒ − + 0⇒
= − + 0
=  
−1 + t 4 + t 2 + t t −1 t + 4 t + 2 ⇒ t
 2

 ( t + 4 )( t + 2 ) − 21 ( t − 1 )( t + 2 ) + 10 ( t − 1 )( t + 4 )   4 + t  9t2 9t2
⇒ (1 + 2t )   = ⇒ ( 2t + 1 )( t + 4 ) =
⇒ t  = 0
( t − 1)( t + 4 )( t + 2)  2  4 2
 

 t2 + 6t + 8 − 21t2 − 21 t + 42 + 10t2 + 30 t − 40  ( )
⇒ 2. 2t2 + 9t + 4 = 9t2
⇒ t = 0
 ( t − 1)( t + 4 )( t + 2)  ⇒ 5t2 − 18t − 8 = 0 ⇒ 5t2 − 20t + 2t − 8 =0

 −10 t2 + 15 t + 10  ⇒ 5t ( t − 4 ) + 2 ( t − 4 ) =
0 ; t =
−2 / 5,t =
4
⇒ t =0
 ( t − 1 )( t + 4 )( t + 2 ) 
But t ≠ 4 ⇒ x =6 and logx = -2/5 is Not Possible

1 2 2
⇒ t = 0, − , 2 ∴ log2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 1 ∴ t=− ⇒ log2 x =− ∴ x=2−2/5
2 5 5
1 1
log2 x =− ⇒ x = and log2 x = 2 ⇒ x = 4
2 2
1 . 2 4 | Basic Mathematics

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 1 1 1 
Q.5 1 − log5
=  log + logx + log5 
3 2 3 
Q.1 Solve
1  1  1 1  1
(i) log16 32 Q.6 logx − log  x − =
 log  x +  − log  x + 
2  2  2 2  8
(ii) log8 16 log10 x + 7
log10 x +1
Q.7 x 4 = 10
(iii) log1/3 (1 / 9 )
log210 x +log10 x2 −2
(iv) log2 3
(1728 )  log10 x 
Q.8  = log10 x

(v) log2 cos 45º  2 

(vi) log2 (log2 4 ) Q.9 log2 x − log2 8x + 1 =0

(vii) log3 ( tan30º )

Q.10 log1/3 x − 3 log1/3 x + 2 =0

Q.2 Prove the following

( )
2
logb x logb x
Q.11 a − 5a +6 =0
(i) log5 5 5 5 − ∞ =1

(ii) log0.125 ( 8 ) = −1 (
Q.12 log4 x2 − 1 − log4 ( x=
− 1)
2
) 
log4 

(4 − x)
2 



( )
(iii) log1.5 0.6 = −1
Q.13 2log3
x −3
+1 =log3
x −3
x−7 x −1
(iv) log2.25 ( 0.4 ) = −1

(v) log10 ( 0.9 ) = 0 ( )

Q.14 logx 9x2 log32 x = 4

Q.3 Find the no. of digits in Q.15 log0.5x x2 + 14log16x x2 + 40log4x x =

0

(i) 2100 (ii) 310

2
(
Q.16 log3 log1/2 x − 3log1/2 x + 5 =
2 )
Q.4 Solve
15
(i) logx −1 3 = 2 Q.17 log2 ( x / 4 ) =
x
log2 − 1
(
(ii) log3 3x − 8 =2 − x ) 1
8
Q.18 log10 (5x − 4 ) + log10 x + 1 = 2 + log10 0.18
2
(
(iii) log5− x x2 − 2x + 65 =
2 )
(iv) log3 ( x + 1 ) + log3 ( x + 3) =
1 Q.19 log
= 10 x
2
log10 (5x − 4 )

2log10 x
(v) x = 10.x2 1 1
Q.20 log2 ( x −=
2) − log1/8 3x − 5
log10 x +5 6 3
5 + log10 x
(vi) x 3 = 10

log x Q.21
log10 ( x +1 +1 ) =3
(vii) x 3 =9
log10 ( 3
x − 40 )
 M a them a ti cs | 1.25

1 1 log 3 log x
Q.22 1 − log10 ( 2x=
− 1) log ( x − 9 ) Q.4 If 5x 2 + 3 2 = 162 then logarithm of x to the
2 2 10 base 4 has the value equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 3/2
( )
Q.23 log10 3x2 + 7 − log10 ( 3x − 2 ) =
1
log2 x +log10 x3 +3 2
Q.5 (x) 10 =
 1 
Q.24  1 +  log10 3 + log10 2= log10 27 − 31/x
 2x 
( ) 1
–
1
x +1 –1 x +1 +1
1 where x1> x2> x3, then
Q.25 2 + x log10 x ( x + 2 ) + 1
log x + 3log10=
2 10 2
(A) x1 + x3 =
2x2 (B) x1 .x3 = x2

( )
Q.26 log2 4 x + 1 =x + log2 2x +3 − 6 ( ) (C) x2 =
2x1 x2
(D) x1−1 + x1−1 =
x3−1
x1 + x2
Q.27 log 5 (4 x
)
− 6 − log 5 (2 x
−2 =
2 ) Q.6 Let x = 2
log3
and y = 3
log2
where base of the
xlog10 4 logarithm is 10, then which one of the following holds
(
Q.28 log10 3x − 24 − x =
1
2 + log10 16 −
4
) 2
good?
(A) 2x < y (B) 2y < x (C) 3x = 2y (D) y = x
Q.29 log10 (log10 x ) + log10 log10 x − 3 =
0 ( 4
)
Q.7 Number of real solution(s) of the equation
x
Q.30 log3 9= ( )
+ 9 log3 3x 28 − 2.3x ( ) x −3
3x2 −10x +3
1 is-
=

(A) Exactly four (B) Exactly three

Exercise 2 (C) Exactly two (D) Exactly one

Single Correct Choice Type Q.8 If x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation
log2010 x
2010x = x2 , then find the cyphers at the end
1 1 1 of the product (x1x2)
Q.1 + +
log bc
abc log ac
abc log ab
abc
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 4
has the value equal to
Q.9 Let x = 2 or x = 3 satisfy the equation, log4 (x2 + bx
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4 + c) = 1. Then find the value of |bc|.
(A) 50 (B) 60 (C) 40 (D) 55
Q.2 The equation, log2 2x2 + log2 x.x ( ) logx (log2 x +1 )

1 −3log1/2 (log2 x )
+ log4 2x 4 + 2 1 has
=
2
(A) Exactly one real solution (B) Two real solutions
(C) 3 Real solutions (D) No solution

Q.3 Number of zeros after decimal before a significant

figure in (75)–10 is:
(Use log10 2 = 0.301 and log10 3= 0.477)

(A) 20 (B) 19 (C) 18 (D) None

 1 . 2 6 | Basic Mathematics

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 log10 ( x − 3) 1
=
Q.1 Let A denotes the value of
Q.11 (a) Solve for x,
( 2
log10 x − 21 ) 2

    (b) log (log x) + log (logx3 –2) = 0; where base of log is

( ab ) − 4 ( a + b )  ( ab ) − 4 ( a + b ) 
2 2
 ab +  ab − 10 everywhere
log10   + log10  
 2   2  (c) logx2.log2x2 = log4x2
   
(d) 5logx + 5xlog5 = 3 (a > 0); where base of log is a
when a = 43 and b = 57 and B denotes the value of the

expression  2 6  .  3 6  . Find the value of (A.B).

log 18 log 3
Q.12 Solve the system of equations:
  
loga x loga (xyz) = 48
Q.2 Simplify: loga y loga (xyz) = 12

4 3
(a) log1/3 729 9−1.27−4/3 (b)
(
log b log b N ) loga z loga (xyz) = 84
log b a
a
Q.13 Let ‘L’ denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024.
and ‘M’ denotes the nuber of digits in 610 (Given log102 =
Q.3 (a) Which is smaller? 2 or (logπ 2 + log2 π )
0.3010, log103 = 0.4771) and ‘N’ denotes the number of
(b) Prove that log3 5 and log2 7 are both irrational. positive integers which have the characteristic 2, when
base of the logarithm is 6. Find the value of LMN.
Q.4 Find the square of the sum of the roots of the
equation log3x · log4x · log5x = log3x · log4x + log4x · log5x + Q.14 Prove the identity.
log5x · log3x.
logaN . logbN+ logbN . logcN + logcN . loga

Q.5 Find the value of the expression loga Nlogb Nlogc N

N=
2 3 logabc N
+
log4 ( 2000 ) log5 ( 2000 )
6 6
10
Q.15 If x, y > 0, logyx + logxy = and xy = 144, then
1 3
1 x+y
log5 9 log 6
3
 2  = N where N is a natural number, find the vaue
Q.6 Simplify:
81 +3
409


( 7) log25
− (125 ) 5 
log 6


2
of N.
 
log1/5 (1/2 ) 4 1
Q.7 Simplify: 5 + log + log1/2 Q.16 If log102 = 0.0310, log103 = 0.4771. Find the
2
7+ 3 10 + 2 21 number of integers in:
(a) 5200
2
Q.8 Given that log2 a = s, log4 b = s and log 2 8 = 2

2 5 s3 + 1 c (b) 615
a b
Write log2 as function of ‘s’ (a, b, c > 0) (c ≠ 1). (c) The number of zeros after the decimal in 3–100.
C4
log2 24 log2 192
Q.9 Prove that − =3 Q.17 log5120 + (x – 3) –2 log5 (1 – 5x –3) = – log5 (2 – 5x–4)
log96 2 log12 2

Q.18 logx+1 (x2 + x – 6)2 = 4

Q.10 Prove that ax – by = 0 wher x = loga b and

=y logb a , a > 0, b > 0 & b ≠ 1 . Q.19 x + log10 (1 + 2x) = x log105 + log106

 M a them a ti cs | 1.27

Q.20 If ‘x’ and ‘y’ are real numbers such that,  1/3 1/3 
 
log10 ( 2x − 3x=
x log  x  + log  3   log x3 =
) log10 x + log10 y, find y +
 3 3 x 
x  3 2
  
 
Q.21 If a = log12 18 and b = log24 54 then find the value
of ab + 5 (a – b) Q.31 Let a = (log7 81 )(log6561 625 )(log125 216 )(log1296 2401 )

b denotes the sum of the roots of the equation

Q.22 Find the value of log3x if following is true
= ( 2x )
log2 x log2
x x and c denotes the sum of all natural
( ) log (3x ) = log x
log9 9x 4
3 3
3
solution of the equation |x + 1| + |x – 4| = 7.
Find the value of (a + b) ÷ c.
Q.23 Positive numbers x, y and z satisfy xyz = 10 and81

(log10 x) (log10 yz) + (log10 y) (log10 z) = 468. Find the

value of (log10x)2 + (log10y)2 + (log10z)2. Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type
Q.24 Find the sum of all solutions of the equation

3
(log9 x )2 − 9 log x + 5 =3 3 Q.1 Number of ordered pair(s) satisfying simultaneously,
9
2 x+ y
the system of equations, 2 = 256 and
Q.25 Let a, b, c, d are positive integers such that loga
log10 xy – log10 1.5 = 1, is:
b = 3/2 and logc d = 5/4. If (a – c) = 9, find the value of
(b – d). (A) Zero (B) Exactly one
(C) Exactly two (D) More than two
Q.26 Find the product of the positive roots of the

( 2008 ) ( x )
log2008 x
equation = x2 Q.2 Let ABC be a triangle right angled at C. The value of
logb + c a + logc −b a
(b + c ≠, c – b ≠ 1) equals
Q.27 Find x satisfying the equation logb + c a.logc −b a

2  4 2  4  2  2  (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) ½

log10  1 +  + log10  1 =
−  2log10  − 1
 x   x + 4   x − 1 
Q.3 Let B, C, P and L be positive real number such that
log (B · L) + log (B · P) = 2; log (P · L) + log (P · C) = 3; log
Q.28 Solve: log3 ( x+ x −1 ) (C · B) + log (C · L) = 4. The value of the product (BCPL)
equals (base of the log is 10)
(
= log9 4 x − 3 + 4 x − 1
) (A) 102 (B) 103 (C) 104 (D) 109

Q.29 Prove that

Q.4 If the equation
(
log12 log8 (log4 x ) ) = 0 has a
 
4 4 4 4
 loga ab +logb ab − loga b/a +log a/b  loga b ( (
log5 log4 logy (log2 x ) ))
2 
solution for ‘x’ when c < y < b, y ≠ a, where ‘b’ is as
2 if b ≥ a > 1
=  log b large as possible and ‘c’ is an small as possible, then the
2 a if1 < b < a value of (a + b + c) is equal to

(A) 18 (B) 19 (C) 20 (D) 21

Q.30 Find the value of x satisfying the equation

log 3x 1/3 + log 3x 1/3  log x3

 3 ( ) x( )  3
 1 . 2 8 | Basic Mathematics

Q.5 For N > 1, the product

(lnx )
2
− 3lnx + 3
1 1 1 1 Q.13 If < 1 , then x belongs to:
. . . simplifies to ln x − 1
log2 N logN 8 log32 N logN 128
(A) (0, e) (B) (1, e) (C) (1, 2e) (D) (0, 3e)
3 3 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 7 n2 5 n2 21
Multiple Correct Choice Type

( )
( ) 
2
3log2 −2log log103 + log log106
1 + 2log3 2
Q.6 Let N = 10 where 
Q.14 The number N = + log26 2
(1 + log3 2)
2
base of the logarithm is 10. The characteristics of the
logarithm of N to the base 3, is equal to
when simplified reduces to-
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
(A) A prime number
(B) An irrational number
10 + 2 10 − 2
Q.7 If x
= = and y , then the value (C) A real number is less than log3π
2 2
(
of log2 x2 + xy + y 2 , is equal to ) (D) A real which is greater than log76

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 Q.15 The value of x satisfying the equation,
22x ‒ 8.2x = ‒ 12 is
5 3 5 3 log3 1 3
Q.8 The sum + + − is equal to (A) 1 + (B) log6 (C) 1 + log (D) 1
4 2 4 2 log2 2 2
π π π π
(A) tan (B) cot (C) sec (D) sin x x
3 3 3 3
Q.16 If  5 2 − 7  + 6  5 2 + 7  =
7,
   
Q.9 Suppose that x < 0. Which of the following is equal then the value of x can be equal to-

( x − 2)
2
to 2x − (A) 0 (B) log 36
(5 2 −7 )
(A) x – 2 (B) 3x – 2 (C) 3x + 2 (D) – 3x + 2 −2
(C) (D) log 6
(
log6 5 2 + 7 ) 5 2 −7

Q.10 Solution set of the inequality

3x ( 0.333..... ) ≤ (1 / 27 ) is:
x −3 x

Assertion Reasoning Type

(A) [3/2, 5] (B) ( −∞ ,3 / 2
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and
(C) ( 2,∞ ) (D) None of these statement-II is correct explanation for statement-I.

2x +1
−3 (B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and
 1  1− x  1  statement-II is NOT the correct explanation for
Q.11 Solution set of the inequality   >  is-
5 5 statement-I.
(A) ( −∞ , −2 ) ∪ (1, ∞ ) (B) (1, 4)
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false
(C) ( −∞ ,1 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) (D) None of these
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true

Q.12 The set of all x satisfying the equation

Q.17 Statement-I: logx cos ( 2πx ) is a meaningful
2
log3 x2 + (log3 x ) −10 1 quantity only if x ∈ (0, ¼) ∪ (3/4, 1).
= is-
x2
Because
 1   1  1 
(A) {1, 9} (B) 9,  (C) 1, 4,  (D) 1,9, 
 81   81   81 
 M a them a ti cs | 1.29

Statement-I: If the number N > 0 and the base of the
logarithm b (greater than zero not equal to 1) both lie
on the same side of unity then logbN > 0 and if they lie
on different side of unit then logb N < 0.
Comprehension Type
Paragraph 1: Equations of the form (i) f (logax) = 0,
a > 0, a ≠ 1 and (ii) g (logxA) = 0, A > 0, then Eq. (i) is
equivalent to f(t) = 0, where t = logax. If t1, t2, t3, ……… tk

(
1 log2 ( x − 1 )
Q.18 Statement-I: log2 2 17 − 2x =+ ) are the roots of f(t) = 0, then logax = t, loga x = t2, …… ,
x = tk and eq. (ii) is equivalent to f(y) = 0, where y
has a solution. logx A. If yf , y2, y3, …., yk are the root of f(y) = 0, then
because logx A = y1, logx, A = y2, ……. , logx A = yk.

Statement-II: Change of base in logarithms is possible. On the basis of above information, answer the following
questions.
Q.19 Consider the following statements
Q.20 The number of solution of the equation
log 5  x3 +1 
2
Statement-I: The equation 5   1 has two
−x = log3x 10 − 6log2x 10 + 11logx 10 − 6 =0 is:
distinct real solutions.
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Because.
loga N
Statement-II: a = N when a > 0, a ≠ 1 and N > 0.

Match the Columns

Q.21

Column-I Column-II
(A) The value of x for which the radical product (p) 4

is equal to 13, is not greater than

3 x − 7x + 4x − 1 2x + 4x − 1 3 x + 7x + 4x − 1

P (x) (q) 7
(B) Let P(x) = x7 – 3x5 + x3 –7x2 + 5 and Q (x) = x – 2. The remainder of is not smaller than
Q(x)

(C) Given a right triangle with side of length a, b and c and area equal to a2 + b2 – c2. The ratio of the (r) 10
larger to the smaller leg of the triangle is

(D) If a, b and c ∈ N such ( 3

)(
4 + 2 − 2 a3 4 + b 3 2 + c = )
20 Then the value of (a + b – c), is not
(s) 17

equal to

Q.22

Column I Column II

(A) The expression

= x log2 log9 6 + 6 + 6 + .........∞ simplifies to (p) An integer

(B) The number N = 2( 2

log 3.log3 4.log4 5.....log99 100 )
simplifies to (q) A prime

1 1 1
(C) The expression + − simplifies to (r) A natural
log5 3 log6 3 log10 3

(D) The number N = simplifies to (s) A composite

2 + 5 − 6 − 3 5 + 14 − 6 5
1 . 3 0 | Basic Mathematics

MASTERJEE Essential Questions

JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.2 Q.3 Q.15 Q.6 Q.12 Q.14
Q.25 Q.26 Q.16 Q.23

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.3 Q.5 Q.9 Q.4 Q.6 Q.11
Q.10 Q.15 Q.17

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
5 4 1 1
Q.1 (i) (ii) (iii) 2 (iv) 6 (v) – (vi) 1 (vii) –
4 3 2 2

Q.3 (i) 31 (ii) 5

3 +1 1− 3
1
Q.4 (i) 1 + 3 (ii) 2 (iii) –5 (iv) 0 (v) 10 2 ,10 2 (vi) ,1000
105
2 2
(vii) 3 , 3−

24
Q.5 Q.6 1 Q.7 10–4, 10 Q.8 10-3, 10, 102
51/3
loga b,3loga b
Q.9 2, 16 Q.10 1/3, (1/3)4 Q.11 2 Q.12 3+ 6

 17   17 
 –1 +   –1– 
 5   5 
Q.13 – 5 Q.14. 3, 1/9 Q.15 2 , 2 Q.16 1/16, 2

41
Q.17 27, 2–1 Q.18 8, – Q.19 4, 1 Q.20 3
5
1 1
Q.21 48 Q.22 13 Q.23 1, 9 Q.24 ,
4 2
Q.25 98 Q.26 0 Q.27 2 Q.28 3

Q.29 (10)–1/4, (10) Q.30 (–1), 2

 M a them a ti cs | 1.31

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 B Q.6 D

Q.7 B Q.8 C Q.9 A

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1

Q.1 12 Q.2 (a) 1 (b) logb N Q.3 (a) 2 Q.4 (61)2

Q.5 1/6 Q.6 1 Q.7 6 Q.8 2s + 10s2 – 3 (s3 + 1)

2
Q.11 (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 2± (d) 2–log5a Q.12 (a4, a, a7) or (a–4, a–1, a–7) Q.13 23040

Q.15 507 Q.16 (a) 140 (b) 12 (c) 47 Q.17 -0.410 Q.18 1
5+3 5
Q.19 1 Q.20 4/9 Q.21 1 Q.22
10
Q.23 5625 Q.24 2196 Q.25 93 Q.26 (2008)2

Q.27 2, 6 Q.28 [0, 1] ∪ {4} Q.30 [1/3, 3] – {1} Q.31 1

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 B

Q.7 C Q.8 A Q.9 D Q.10 D Q.11 B Q.12 D

Q.13 A

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.14 C, D Q.15 A, D Q.16 A , B, C, D

Assertion Reasoning Type

Q.17 D Q.18 B Q.19 B

Comprehenstion Type

Q.20 D

Match the Columns

Q.21 A → q, r, s; B → p, q, r, s; C → p; D → r Q.22 A → p; B → p, r, s; C → p, r; D → p, q, r
1 . 3 2 | Basic Mathematics

Solutions
let 5 5 5..........∞ =x
⇒ 5 x = x ⇒ 5 = x1/2 ⇒ x = 25
JEE Main/Boards log=
5 x log5=
25 log
= 55 1

3
Exercise 1 log20.5 ⇒ log0.5
2
(ii)log=
0.125 8
3
2
⇒ log1/2 ⇒ log2 −1 ⇒ − 1.log22 = −1
( 2)
Sol 1: (i) log1632 = log 25
24

we know log n ym =
m
logx y (iii) log ( 0.6 )
x n
2
5 5 = 0.6 0.6666.............
=
⇒ log 4 25 = log2 2 = 3
2 4 4
( 2) =
log ( 3 )
−1
4 4 4 ⇒ log3/2 3 −1
=
(ii) log816 = log 3 24 = log2 2 = (1) = 2 3/2
2 3 3 3
(iii) log1/3(1/9) = log1/3(1/3)2 = 2 log1/3(1/3) = 2.(1) = 2 ( )
(iv) log2.25 0.4

(iv) log2 (1728) = log2 (2 3 )6 4 225 9

3 3 ⇒ 0.4 =0.444....... = ⇒ 2.25 = =
9 100 4
= 6 log2 2 3 = 6(1) = 6
( 4 9 )= (9 4)
−1
3
⇒ log9/ log9/ = 1
1 1 1 4 4
(v) log2 cos45° = log2 1 = log2 (2)– 2 =– log22 = –
2 2
(vi) log2 (log24)
2
( )
(v) log10 0.9

0.9 =
0.99999 =
1 ⇒ log10 1 =
0
 22 
⇒ log2  log2 
 
Sol 3: We have to find out no. of digits in
⇒ log2 ( 2 log22 ) (i) 2100 = x (Assume)
⇒ log22  logaa = 1
⇒ log10x = log10 2100 = 100 log10 2 = 100(0.3010) = 30.10
⇒1
= 1030 (10 )
0.103
⇒ x 1030.103
=
(vii) log3 (tan 30°)
Total no. of digit = 30 + 1 = 31
1
 tan 30° = (ii) x = 310
3
 −1  ⇒ log10x = log10310 = 10 log103 = 10(0.47712) = 4.7712
 1 
⇒ log3  3 
2
⇒ log3    
 3   ⇒ x = 104.7712 = 104 × 100.7712
 
−1 Total no. of digits = 4 + 1 = 5
⇒ log33
2
−1 Sol 4: (i) logx–1 3 = 2 ( x ≠ 1, 2)
⇒
2
1
logx–13 = 1 ⇒ logx–131/2 = 1
2

Sol 2: (i) log5 5 5 5..........∞ 31/2 = x – 1 ⇒ x = 1 + 3

Let
let 5 5 5..........∞ =x (ii) log3(3x – 8) = 2 – x
1/2
⇒ 5 x = x ⇒ 5 = x1/2 ⇒ x = 25 ⇒ (3x – 8) = (3)2–x= 32 . 3–x = 9.3–x ⇒ 3x – 9.3–x = 8
log=
55
x log55=
25 log
= 55
5 1
 M a them a ti cs | 1.33

Assume 3x = y So from equation (i)

9 (1 + 3 ) (1– 3 )
⇒y– = 8 ⇒ y2 – 9 = 8y ⇒ y2 – 8y – 9 = 0 1± 3
y log10x = ⇒ x = 10 2 and 10 2
2
8 ± 82 + 4(1)(9) 8 ± 64 + 36 8 ± 100 log10 x +5
⇒y= ⇒y= = 5 +log 10 x
2(1) 2 2 (vi) x 3 = 10
⇒ y = 4 ± 5 = 9, –1
take logarithm (base 10) on both side
Terefore, 3x = 9 ⇒ 3x = 32 ⇒ x = 2  log10 x +5 
log10  x 3  = log 105+log x
10
3x = – 1 ⇒ no solution  
 
Hence x = 2  log10 x + 5 
⇒ 
3
(5 + log10 x ) log10 10
 log10 x =
 
(iii) log5–x(x2 – 2x + 65) = 2
 5 + log10 x 
⇒ x2 – 2x + 65 = (5 – x)2 = x2 + 52 – 2(5)x ⇒ 
3
(5 + log10 x ) . (1)
 log10 x =
 
⇒ – 2x + 65 = 25 – 10x ⇒ 10x – 2x = 25 – 65 = – 40
⇒ log10x = 1(3) = 3 ⇒ x = 103 = 1000
40
⇒ 8x = – 40 ⇒ x = – = –5
8 2nd solution ⇒ 5 + logx = 0
(iv) log3(x + 1) + log3(x + 3) = 1
⇒ log10x = – 5 ⇒ x = 10–5
⇒ log3[(x + 1) . (x + 3)] = 1 log3 x
(vii) x =9
⇒ ( x + 1 )( x + 3) =
3 ⇒ x + x + 3x + 3(1) = 3
2
Take logarithm (base 3) in both sides
⇒ x + 4x = 0 ⇒ x(x + 4) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, – 4
2 logx
log3[ x 3 ]= log3 9 = log3 32 = 2log3 3
But at x = – 4, equation is
⇒ (log3 x)2 = 2 ⇒ |log3x| = 21/2 ⇒ log3 x = ± 2
log3(–4 + 1) + log3(–4 + 3) =1 2
⇒x= 3 , 3– 2

1 1 1 
Sol 5: 1 − log10 =
5  log10 + log10 x + log10 5 
It can’t be –ve so x ≠ – 4 ⇒ x = 0 3 2 3 
(v) x2 logx = 10 x2 1 1
3 (1 − log10 5 ) = log10 + log10 x + log10 5
2 3
Take logarithms is both sides
1
3 − log10 5 = log10 + log10 51/3 + log10 x
log10(x ) = log10 10x
2 logx 2 2
1
2 log10x (log10x) = log1010 + log10x2 ⇒ 3 log10 53 + log10
= + log10 51/3 + log10 x
2
2log10x(log10 x) = 1 + 2log10 x  1 
⇒ 3 log10 53 × × 51/3  + log10 x
=
 2 
Assume log10 x = y ... (i)
 3+ 1  1  
⇒ 2y(y) = 1 + 2y ⇒ 2y2 = 1 + 2y ⇒ 2y2 – 2y – 1 = 0 ⇒ log10 3 − log10 5 3 ×   
x=

  2  
2 ± 22 – 4(2)(–1)
⇒y=
2(2) log10 x =log10 103 − log10 510/3 × 2−1 ( )
2± 4+8 2±2 3 1± 3
y= = =
4 4 2
1 . 3 4 | Basic Mathematics

 103  53 × 23 ⇒ x2 = 4x2 − 2x − 1 ⇒ 3 x2 − 2x − 1 =0
log
= 10   log10
 510/32–1  510/3 × 2–1
  2 ± 4 + 12 2± 4
⇒x= ⇒x=
9–10 6 6
= log10[ 5 3 23+1 ] = log10 [5–1/3 24] 1 1
x= 1, − x= 1, −
24 24 3 at 3
log
= 10 x log10 = ⇒x
51/3 51/3 2log ( −2 ) =
log ( 4 )

Which is not possible ⇒ x =

1
1  1  1
Sol 6: log10 x – log10  x –  = log10   x + 
2  2  2
log10 x + 7
log10 x +1
1  1 Sol 7: x 4 = 10
– log10  x + 
2  8
Take logarithm on both sides
 1  1  1
2log10 x – log10  x –  = 2log10   x +  – log10  x +   log10 x + 7 
 2  2  8
log10  x 4
 (
 = log 10log10 x +1
 10 )
2  
 1  1  1
log10 x2 – log10  x –  = log10   x +  – log10  x + 
 2  2  8  log10 x + 7 
⇒   (log10 x ) =(log10 x + 1) log10 10
 4 
 1 
2
  
 x2   x +   y +7
 2  ⇒ Assume log10 x = y ⇒   (y) = y + 1
⇒ log10   = log    4 
x–1   x + 1  
  ⇒ y2 + 7y = 4(y + 1) = 4y + 4
 2  8 
 
⇒ y2 + 7y – 4y – 4 = 0 ⇒ y2 + 3y – 4 = 0
 1 
2
   x +  
 2  2  = 0 ⇒ (y + 4)(y – 1) = 0 ⇒ y = – 4 and + 1
⇒ log10  x  – log10  
 
x–1   x + 1  

⇒ log10 x = – 4 or 1
 
 2  8 
 
Hence x = 10–4 or 10
 
 1 
2 x+ log102 x +log10 x2 –2
⇒ log10  x × 8  =0  log10 x 
 2 Sol 8:   = log10 x
  x – 1   1   2 
 2 x + 2 
    log102 x +log10 x2 –2

 
(
⇒ log10 x1/2 ) = log10 x1/2
 1
   x+1  x2  x + 
 x2   8   8 ⇒ log102x + log10 x2 – 2 = 1 or log10 x1/2 = 1
⇒     = 1 ⇒ =1
x–1
2  2 1  1
   1   x –  x +  ⇒ log102x + 2log10x – 2 = 1; log10 x = 2 ⇒ x = 102
 2  x + 2   4  2
  
⇒ log2x + 2log x - 2=0
 1  1  1 Assume that log x = y
⇒ x2  x + 8  =  x2 –   x + 
   4  2 ⇒ y2 + 2y – 2 = 1 ⇒ y2 + 2y – 2 – 1 = 0

x x2 x 1 1 ⇒ (y + 3)(y – 1) = 0
⇒ x3 + = x3 + – –  
8 2 4 4 2 y = – 3 or y = 1
2 2
x x x 1 log10 x = – 3 or log10 x = 1
⇒ x3 + = x3 + − −
8 2 4 8
⇒ x = 10–3 or 101 ⇒ x = 10–3, 10, 102
 M a them a ti cs | 1.35

Sol 9: 3 log2 x – log2 8x + 1 = 0 x +1 x +1

⇒ = (4 – x)2 ⇒ = |4 – x|
(x – 1) (x – 1)
⇒ 3 log2 x = log2 23x – 1 ⇒ 3 log2 x = 2 + log2 x
Case-I: When 4 – x ≥ 0
Assume that log2 x= y
x +1
⇒ = 4 – x ⇒ (x + 1) = (4 – x)(x – 1)
⇒3 y =2+y x –1
⇒ x + 1 = 4x – 4 – x2 + x ⇒ x2 – 4x – x + x + 1 + 4 = 0
Square on both sides
4 ± 42 – 4(5)(1)
⇒ (3 y )2 = (2 + y)2 ⇒ 9y = 22 + y2 + 2(2)(y) ⇒ x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 ⇒ x =
2(1)
⇒ 9y = 4 + y2 + 4y ⇒ y2 – 5y + 4 = 0
4 ± 16 – 20 4 ± –4
⇒x= = (no solution)
⇒ (y – 4)(y – 1) = 0 ⇒ y = 4 or y = 1 2 2

Case-II: When 4 – x < 0

⇒ log2 x = 4 or log2 x = 1
x +1
⇒ = x – 4 ⇒ x + 1 = (x – 1)(x – 4) = x2 + 4 – x – 4x
⇒ x = 24 or x = 21 ⇒ x = 16 or 2 x –1
⇒ x2 – 4x – x – x + 4 – 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
Sol 10: log1/3 x – 3 log1/3 x + 2 = 0
6 ± 62 – 4(3)(1) 6 ± 36 – 12
⇒x= ⇒x=
log1/3 x + 2 = 3 log1/3 x 2(1) 2

Assume that log1/3 x = y  ....... (i) 6 ± 24

= =3± 6
2
⇒ y + 2 = 3 y ⇒ y = 4 or y = 1 [Refer above solution]
But x > 4
log1/3 x = 4 or log1/3 x = 1 6
So, x = 3 +
4 1
1 1 1 1
⇒ x =   or x =   ⇒x= or
Sol 13: 2log3 x – 3 + 1 = log3 x – 3
3 3 81 3
x–7 x –1
2

( ) log3  x – 3  + log3 3 = log3 x – 3

2
log x log x
Sol 11: a b −5x b +6 =0  
x–7 x –1
Assume that x = by
 2 
log x log3  (x – 3) × 3 = log3 x – 3
⇒ ( ay )2 – 5( a b ) + 6 = 0 ⇒ a – 5a + 6 = 0
2y y
2 x –1
 (x – 7) 
⇒(ay – 3)(ay – 2) = 0 ⇒ ay = 2, 3
3(x – 3)2 (x – 3)
⇒ = ⇒ 3(x – 3)(x – 1) = (x – 7)2
y = loga 2, loga 3 ∴x =
log b log b
2 a ,3 a (x – 7) 2 (x – 1)

⇒ 3x2 + 9 – 3x – 9x = x2 – 14x + 49
2
Sol 12: log4(x – 1) – log4(x – 1) = log4( (4 – x) )
2 2
⇒ 2x2 + 2x – 40 = 0 ⇒ x2 + x – 20 = 0
 2  ⇒ (x + 5)(x – 4) = 0
log4  x – 1  = log4( (4 – x)2 )
 (x – 1)2  x = – 5 or x = 4
 
4–3
x2 – 1 At x = 4, equation is 2log3  4 – 3  + 1 = log
= (4 – x) 2   4 –7
4–7
(x – 1)2
4–3 +1
= ⇒ –ve which is not possible
(x – 1)(x + 1) 4–7 –3
⇒ = (4 – x)2 ; x ≠ 1,
(x – 1)2 Hence x ≠ 4, x = – 5
1 . 3 6 | Basic Mathematics

Sol 14: logx (9x2) log32 x = 4 ⇒ (logx32 x2)(log3 x)2 = 4  12   12 

(2)
2
2− − 41  −  2 − 2 1 + 
 5   5 
2 ⇒y=– ⇒y=
 log x 
⇒ 2[logx 3x]  e  = 4 2 (1 ) 2
 loge 3 
5 + 12
loge n 2−2
We know that logm n = 5 17
loge m ⇒y= ⇒y=–1±
2 5
2
 log x  Now, we have log2 x = y
⇒ 2[logx 3 + logx x]  e  = 4
 loge 3 
⇒x= 2
( –1+ 17/5 ) or 2
( –1– 17/5 )
2
 log 3   loge x 
⇒  e + 1   =2
 loge x   loge 3  2
Sol 16: log3[ log1/2 x – 3log1/2x + 5] = 2

loge 3 (loge x)2 Assume that log1/2 x = y

⇒ × + (log3 x)2 = 2
loge x (loge 3)2
⇒ log3[y2 – 3y + 5] = 2 ⇒ y2 – 3y + 5 = 9
⇒ log3 x + (log3x)2 = 2
⇒ y2 – 3y – 4 = 0 ⇒ (y – 4)(y + 1) = 0
Assume that log3 x = y
⇒ y = 4 or y = – 1 ⇒ log1/2 x = 4 or log1/2x = – 1
⇒ y2 + y = 2 ⇒ y2 + y – 2 = 0 ⇒ (y + 2)(y – 1) = 0
4 –1
⇒ y = – 2 or y = 1 1 1
⇒ x =   or x =  
Now, we have log2 x = – 2 or log3 x = 1 2 2
1
⇒ x = 3–2 or x = 3+1 ⇒x= or x = 2.
16
1
Hence, x = or x = 3
9 15
Sol 17: log2(x/4) =
x
log2 – 1
Sol 15: log0.5x x2 + 14 log16x x2 + 40 log4x x = 0 8
15
log2 x2 14log2 x2 40log2 x ⇒ log2x - log24 =
+ + =0 log2 x − log2 8 – 1
log2 (0.5x) log2 (16x) log2 (4x)
⇒ Assume that log2x = y
Assume that log2 x = y
15 15
y–2= =
2y 28y 20y y −3–1 y–4
⇒ + + =0
log2 .2−1 + y log2 24 + y log2 22 + y ⇒ (y – 2)(y – 4) = 15 ⇒ y2 – 6y + 8 = 15

y 14y 10y ⇒ y2 – 6y – 7 = 0 ⇒ (y – 7)(y + 1) = 0

⇒ + + =0
y –1 y+4 y+2 y = 7 or y = – 1
Now, we have log2 x = 7 or log2 x = – 1
 1 14 10 
y = 0 or  + +  =0 Hence x = 27or x = 2–1
 y –1 y + 4 y +2

⇒ log2 x = y ⇒ x = 2y = 2° = 1 1
Sol 18: log10(5x – 4) + log10 x + 1 = 2 + log100.18
2
or (y + 4)(y + 2) + 14(y – 1)(y + 2) + 10(y – 1)(y + 4) = 0
⇒ log10(5x – 4) + 2log10 x + 1 = 2[2 + log100.18]
⇒ y2 + 8 + 6y + 14y2 – 28 + 14y + 10y2 – 40 + 30y = 0
⇒ 25y2 + 50y – 60 = 0 ⇒ log10(5x – 4) + log10(x + 1) = 4 + 2log100.18
60 12
⇒ y2 + 2y – = 0 ⇒ y2 + 2y – =0 ⇒ log10[(5x – 4)(x + 1)] = 4 + log10(0.18)2
25 5
 M a them a ti cs | 1.37

⇒ log10[(5x – 4)(x +1)] = log10[104 × (0.18)2] log10 ( x + 1 + 1) log10 ( x + 1 + 1)

Sol 21: =3 ⇒ =3
⇒ (5x – 4)(x + 1) = 104(0.0324) = 324 log10 (x – 40)1/3 1
log (x – 40)
⇒ 5x2 + x – 4 = 324 ⇒ 5x2 + x – 328 = 0 3 10
log10( x + 1 + 1) = log10(x – 40)
–1 ± (1)2 – 4(5)(–328)
x=
(10) x + 1 + 1 = x – 40 ⇒ x + 1 = x – 41
–1 ± 1 + 20(328) –1 ± 6561 On squaring both sides
x=– =
10 10
x + 1 = (x – 41)2 = x2 + 412 – 2(41)x
–1 ± 81 41
x= = 8, − ,
10 5 ⇒ x2 – 82x – x + 412 – 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 – 83x + 1680 = 0
Also it is clear that x > 4 / 5
( 83)
− 4 (1680 )(1 ) 83 ± 169 83 ± 13
2

−41 x=
83 ± = = 48, 35
=
∴x = is rejected 2 (1 ) 2 2
5
Now, for x = 35
Sol 19: log10x2 = log10(5x – 4) log10 35 + 1 + 1
The given equations yields = 3 –5
⇒ x2 = 5x – 4 ⇒ x2 – 5x + 4 = 0 log10 3 35 – 40
⇒ (x – 4)(x – 1) = 0 ⇒ x – 4 = 0or x – 1 = 0 Wich is not a possible solutions
Hence, x = 4, 1 Hence x ≠ 35 and x = 48

1 1 1 1
Sol 20: log2(x – 2)– = log1/8 3x – 5 Sol 22: 1 – log10(2x – 1) = log10(x – 9)
6 3 2 2
⇒ 2 – log10(2x – 1) = log10(x – 9)
1 1
⇒ log2(x – 2)– = log –3 3x – 5
6 3 2 ⇒ log10(x – 9) + log10(2x – 1) = 2

1 1 1 ⇒ log10(x – 9)(2x – 1) = log10102

⇒ log2(x – 2) – = – log2 3x – 5
6 3 3
⇒ (x – 9)(2x – 1) = 100
1
⇒ log2(x – 2) – 1 = – log2 3x – 5 ⇒ 2x2 – 18x – x + 9 = 100 ⇒ 2x2 – 19x – 91 = 0
2

⇒ log2(x – 2) + 2log2 3x – 5 = 2 19 ± 192 – 4(2)(–91) 19 ± 1089 7

x= = =13, –
2(2) 4 2
⇒ log2(x – 2) + log2(3x – 5) = log2 22
7
⇒ (x – 2)(3x – 5) = 4 ⇒ 3x2 + 10 – 6x – 5x = 4 But x = – is not in the domain hence x = 13
2
⇒ 3x2 – 11x + 6 = 0
Sol 23: log10(3x2 + 7) – log10(3x – 2) = 1
11 ± 121 − 4 ( 3)( 6 ) 11 ± 121 − 72
x =
2 (3) 6  2 
log10  3x + 7  = 1 = log1010
 3x – 2 
 
11 ± 49 2
⇒x= = 3, 3x2 + 7
6 3 = 10 and 3x2 + 7 = 10(3x – 2)
3x – 2
2 1 1  1
At x = , eq. ⇒ log2  – 2  –
3 6 3  3 ⇒ 3x2 + 7 = 30x – 20 ⇒ 3x2 – 30x + 27 = 0
⇒ x2 – 10x + 9 = 0 ⇒ (x – 1)(x - 9) = 0
= log1/8 (2)
3 –5 = –3 (Not a possible solution)
3 Hence x = 9, 1
So x = 3
1 . 3 8 | Basic Mathematics

 1  1
Sol 24:  1 +  log103 + log102 = log10(27 – 31/x) 2X = 1 or 2x = – (not valid)
2x 7
 
⇒x=
0 and so, x = 0 is only solution.
⇒ log10 3(1+1/2x ) + log102 = log10(27 – 31/x)

⇒ log102× (3)1+1/2x = log10(27–31/x) Sol 27: log (4x – 6) – log (2x – 2) = 2

5 5

⇒ 2 × 31+1/2x = 27 – 31/x  4x – 6  4x – 6
log  x  =2⇒ x =5
Assume that 3 1/x
=y 5 2 –2 2 –2
 
⇒ 2×3× y = 27 – y Assume that 2x = y

On squaring both sides, we get y2 – 6

⇒ = 5 ⇒ y2 – 6 = 5(y – 2) = 5y – 10
y–2
⇒ 22 × 32 × y = (27 – y)2 ⇒ 36y = 272 + y2 – 2(27)y
⇒ y2 – 54y – 36y + 272 = 0 ⇒ y2 – 90y + 272 = 0 ⇒ y2 – 5y – 6 + 10 = y2 – 5y + 4 = 0

(y - 81)(y - 9) = 0 ⇒ y = 81, 9 ⇒ (y – 4)(y – 1) = 0

1 1 1 1 1 y = 4 or y = 1
∴ x= ⇒x= or = ,
log3 y log3 81 log3 9 4 2 ⇒ 2x = 4 or 2x = 1
1 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 0
Clearly 31/x < 27 ∴ x >
3
x = 0 does not satisfy the equation, hence x = 2
So x = 1/4 is not valid

1 xlog10 4
1 Sol 28: log10(3x – 24–x) = 2 + log1016 –
Sol 25: log10 x + 3 log10=
2 + x log10 x ( x + 2) + 1 4 2
2
1 xlog22
log10 x + 6 log10
= 2 + x 2log10 x ( x + 2) + 2 ⇒ log10(3x–24–x)=log10102+ log1024 –
4 2
⇒ log10 x + log10(2 + x)3 – log10[x(x + 2)] = 2 4 x × 2 log10 2
⇒ log10(3X–24–X)=log10100+ log102–
 x(2 + x)3  4 2
⇒ log10   = log102
 x(x + 2)  ⇒ log10(3x – 24–x) = log10[100 × 2] – log2x

⇒ (2 + x)2 = 100 ⇒ 2 + x = ± 100

⇒ log10(3x – 24 –x) = log10 (200)
 100 – 2 = 98 2x
x  2 4
200
 –100 – 2 = –102 ⇒ 3x – = ⇒ 3x.2x – 24 = 200
x x
2 2
Here, x = – 102 does not satisfy the equation
Hence x = 98 ⇒ 6x = 200 + 24 ⇒ 216 = 63 ⇒ x = 3

Sol 29: log10(log10 x) + log10(log10 x4 – 3) = 0

Sol 26: log2(4x + 1) = x + log2(2x+3 – 6)
log10[(log10 x)(log10 x4 – 3)] = 0
log2(4x + 1) = log22x + log2(2x+3 – 6)
⇒ log2(4x + 1) = log2[2x[2x+3 – 6]] ⇒ (log10 x)(log10x4 – 3) = 1

⇒ 4x + 1 = 2x[2x23 – 6] (log10 x)(4log10 x – 3) = 1

Assume that 2x = y Assume that log10 x = y
⇒ y + 1 = y(8y – 6) ⇒ y + 1 = 8y – 6y
2 2 2
⇒ y(4y – 3) = 1; 4y2 – 3y = 1
⇒ 7y2 – 6y – 1 = 0 ⇒ (y – 1)(7y + 1) = 0 ⇒ 4y2 – 3y – 1 = 0 ⇒ (y – 1)(4y + 1) = 0
1 1
y = 1or y = – ⇒ y = 1 or y = –
7 4
 M a them a ti cs | 1.39

1 1
log10 x = 1 or log10x = – ⇒ 1 + 2log2x + (log2x + 1)(log2x) +
1 4 4
–
⇒ x = 10 or x = 10 4 log2 (log2 x)3
+ log2x + (2) =1
1
−
for x ± 10 4 given log function is not defined. 1
⇒ 1 + 2log2x + (log2x)(log2x + 1) +
4
Hence, x = 10 + log2x + (log2x)3 = 1

Sol 30: log3(9x + 9) = log33x(28 – 2.3x) Assume log2x = y

1
⇒ 9x + 9 = 3x(28 – 2 . 3x) ⇒ 2y + y(y + 1) + + y + y3 = 0
4
Assume that 3x = y 1
⇒ y3 + 4y + y2 + =0
So 9 = (3 ) = (3 ) = y
x 2 x x 2 2 4
d 3 1
⇒ y2 + 9 = y(28 – 2y) ⇒ y2 + 9 = 28y – 2y2 Differential of equation is [y + 4y + y2 + ] = 0
dy 4
⇒ 3y2 – 28y + 9 = 0 ⇒ (3y - 1)(y - 9)= 0
–2 ± 22 – 4(4)(3)
1 ⇒ 3y2 + 4 + 2y = 0 ⇒ y = –
This gives y = 9, 2(3)
3
–2 ± –48 + 4
Hence, x = 2, –1 y=
6
No solution so there is no minima and maximum
Exercise 2 1
At y = 0 ⇒ f(y) = 0 + 0 + 0 + >0
4
Single Correct Choice Type 1
y = – 1, f (y) = (–1)3 + 4(–1) + (–1)2 +
4
1 1 1 1 1 15
Sol 1: (B) + + ⇒ – 1– 4 +1 + =–4+ =– <0
log bc
abc log ac
abc log ab
abc 4 4 4
It mean f(y) is zero some where –1 < y < 0
log10 bc log10 ac log10 ab
= + + So log2x < 0
log10 abc log10 abc log10 abc
But in equation (original) log2x should be positive so
there is no solution
log10 bc + log10 ac + log10 ab
=
log10 abc Sol 3: (C) x = (75)–10
 3
log10 bc ac ab log10 abc log10x = log10(75)–10 = – 10log1075 = −10 log10  100 × 
= = = 1  4
log10 abc log10 abc
= – 10[log1010 + + log103 – log102 ]
2 2

logx (log2 x +1) = – 10[2 + 0.477 – 2 (0.301)] = –18 75

Sol 2: (D) log2(2x2) + log2x. x
x 10−18.75
⇒= = 10−19 ×10−0.25
1 –3log1/2 (log2 x)
+ log42x4 + 2 =1
2 Number of zeros = 18
log (log x +1)
⇒ log2(2x2) + (log2x) (x) x 2
log2 3 log2 x
Sol 4: (D) 5x + 3 = 162
1 –3log1/2 (log2 x)
+ log4 41/2x4 + 2 =1 y log2 3 log2 2y
2 Assume x = 2y ⇒ 5.2 +3 162
=
logx (log2 x +1) log2 3y
⇒ 1 + 2log2x + (log2x) (x) ⇒ 5.2 + 3
y log2 2
= 162 ⇒ 5.3y + 3y = 6.3y = 162

1 4 162
3log (log x) 3y = = 27 = 33
+ log44 + log4x + 2 2 2 = 1 6
4 2
1 . 4 0 | Basic Mathematics

y = 3; x = 2y = 23 = 8 Sol 8: (C) x1 and x2 are roots of the equation

3
log4x = log48 = log4(4)3/2 = 2010 x
log2010 x
= x2
2
Assume that x = (2010)y
log2 x +log10 x3 +3
Sol 5: (B) (x) 10 y log2010 (2010)y
⇒ (2010)1/2 (2010) = (2010)2y
2
= = B (Assume) ⇒ (2010)1/2 (2010)y = (2010)2y
2
1 1
–
x +1 –1 x +1 +1 1 1
⇒ y2 + = 2y ⇒ y2 – 2y + =0
2 2 2 2
B= = 
1 1 x +1 +1 – x +1 +1
– 2 ± 22 – 4(1)(1 / 2) 2± 2 1
x +1 –1 x +1 +1 ⇒y= = = 1±
( x + 1 – 1)( x + 1 + 1) 2 2 2
1 1
1– 1+
B = ( ( x + 1 )2 – (1)2 = x + 1 – 1 = x x1x2 = (2010) 2 (2010) 2 = (2010)2 = (201 × 10)2
log2 x +3log10 x +3
So (x) 10 =x ⇒x=1 No. of zeros in x1x2 = 2

Or ⇒ Assume log10x = y
Sol 9: (A) Given that x = 2 or x = 3 satisfy the equation
⇒ y + 3y + 3 = 1 ⇒ y + 3y + 2 = 0
2 2
log4(x2 + bx + c) = 1 = log44
⇒ (y + 2)(y + 1) = 0 ⇒ x2 + bx + c – 4 = 0
y = – 2 or y = – 1 ⇒ b = 2 + 3 = 5 and c – 4 = 2 . 3 ⇒ c = 10

log10x = – 2 or log10x = – 1 bc = 10(– 5) = – 50

|bc| = 50
x = 10–2, 10–1

x1, x2, x3 = 1, 10–1, 10–2

x1 . x3 = 1.10–2 = (10–1)2 = (x2)2 JEE Advanced/Boards

Sol 6: (D) x = 2log3, y = 3log2 Exercise 1

x = 2log3 = 3log2 = y log6 18 log6 3
Sol 1: B = ( 2 ). (3 )
logn m logn a
As a =m log6 (6×3) log6 3 log6 6 +log6 3 log6 3
⇒B= 2 . 3 ⇒B= 2 . 3
2 –10x +3 1 +log6 3 log6 3 log6 3 log6 3
Sol 7: (B) | x – 3 |3x =1;x≠3 ⇒B= 2 3 =2× 2 . 3
log6 3
Or if |x – 3| = 1 ⇒ B = 2{6} = 2.3 = 6
2 2
⇒ x = 2 or 4 is solution A = log10 ab + (ab) – 4(a + b) + log10 ab – (ab) – 4(a + b)
2 2
If x – 3 ≠ 0 then 3x2 – 10x + 3 = 0 is another soln
 2 2 
A = log10  ab + (ab) – 4(a + b) × ab – (ab) – 4(a + b) 
3x – 10x + 3 = 0 ⇒ (3x 1)(x 3) = 0
2
 2 2 
 
+1
x = + 3 or =  2 2 2/2 
3 = log10  (ab) – ((ab) – 4(a + b)) 
1  4 
But x ≠ 3; so, x =
3
 2 2  4(a + b)
total solution ⇒ x =
1
, 2, 4 = log10  (ab) – (ab) + 4(a + b)  = log10
3 4 4
 
 M a them a ti cs | 1.41

= log10(a + b) = log10(43 + 57) = log10100 = 2 = (log105)y2 + (log103)y2 + (log104)y2

⇒ A = 2 and B = 6 y3 = y2[log105 + log103 + log104]
Hence, AB = 12 ⇒ y3 = y2[log10(3.4.5)] = y2 log10 60
⇒ y = 0 or y = log1060
4 3
Sol 2: (a) log1/3 729 9 .27–1 –4/3
⇒ log10 x = 0 or y =log10x =log1060

= log1/3
4 3
729 3–2.3–4 ⇒ x = 1 or x = 60
Sum of roots = 1 + 60 = 61
4 4
= log1/3 729.3–2 = log1/3 81 = log1/33 = 1 Square of sum of roots = (61)2=3721

logb (logb N)
logb a 2 3
(b) a = ax say Sol 5: +
6
log4 (2000) log5 (2000)6
logb (logb N)
x= = loga(logb N) 2 3
logb a + 6log (2000)
6log4 (2000) 5
loga (logb N)
So ax = a = logbN
1  2 3 
=  + 
6  log (4 × 5 ) log (5 × 4 ) 
2 3 3 2
Sol 3: (a) logp2 + log2p  4 5 

1  2 3 
log2 log π log2 =  + 
⇒ + Assume that = x (+ve always) 6  log 42 + log 53 log 53 + log 42 
logπ log2 logπ  4 4 5 5 

1 1  2 3 
(2 < π < 10) ⇒ x + = c (Assume) =  + 
x 6  2 + 3log4 5 3 + 2log5 4 
c ± c2 – 4  
x2 – cx + 1 = 0 ⇒ x =
2  
1  2 3 
For x to be real c2 – 4 ≥ 0 = +
6  3log10 5 2log10 4 
2 + 3+ 
c2 ≥ 4 ⇒ c ≥ 2 ⇒ c = 2 ⇒ x = 1  log10 4 log10 5 
For all other value c > 2 (Not Possible)
1  2log10 4 3log10 5 
Here, logp2 + log2π is greater than 2 =  + 
6  2log10 4 + 3log10 5 3log10 5 + 2log10 4 
(b) For log35 and log27
Assume that log35 is rational ∴ log35= = a ⇒ 5 = 3a 1  2log10 4 + 3log10 5  1
=  
6  2log10 4 + 3log10 5  6
This is not possible when a is rational ∴ a is irrational
Similarly, log27 = b assuming b is rational gives 7 = 2b 3
1
Which is not possible, so b is irrational. log5 9 log
6
3  2 
81 +3  ( 7 )log25 7 – (125)log25 6 
Sol.6
409  
Sol 4: log3x . log4x . log5x = log3x.log4x + log4x. log5x +  
log5x log3x 9
2log9 5 3log3 6
+3  3
log 6 
=  ( 7 )2log7 25 – (25) 2 25 
Assume that log10x = y 409  
 
log10 x.log10 x.log10 x log9 52 log3 ( 6 )3
⇒ 9 +3 log7 25 log25 63/2
log10 3 log10 4 log10 5 = [7 – 25 ]
409
log10 xlog10 x log10 xlog10 x log10 x.log10 x
= + + ⇒ y3 52 + ( 6 )3 (52 )2 – (63/2 )2
log10 3log10 4 log10 4.log10 5 log10 5.log10 3 = [25 – 63/2] =
409 409
1 . 4 2 | Basic Mathematics

(25)2 – 63 409 Sol 10: We have to prove that

= = =1
409 409
ax – by = 0, where x= loga b

1
4 and y = logb a ⇒ x2 = logab
log1/5  
 2  + log
1
Sol 7: (5) 2
+ log1/2 1
7+ 3 10 + 2 21 y2 = logba ⇒ y2 = ⇒ x2y2 = 1
2
x
2 2
log 2  4  1 xy = 1 (x, y > 0) now ax – by = (b y )x – (ax )y
=5 5 + log 1   + log2–1
22
 7+ 3 10 + 2 21 ⇒ (bxy)y – (axy)x ⇒ by – ax ⇒ ax – by = by – ax = – (ax – by)

 4 
2 ⇒ ax – by + ax – by = 0 ⇒ 2(ax – by) = 0 ⇒ ax – by = 0
= 2 + log2   + log2 10 + 2 21
 7+ 3
log10 (x – 3) 1
2 Sol 11: (a) =
 4  16 16 2
log10 (x – 21) 2
=  = =
 7+ 3 7+3+2 7 3 10 + 2 21
⇒ 2log10(x – 3) = log10(x2 – 21)
16 (x – 3)2
= 2 + log2 (10 + 2 21 ) ⇒ log10(x – 3)2 log10(x2 – 21) = 0 ⇒ log10 =0
10 + 2 21 (x2 – 21)
= 2+ log2 24 = 2 + 4 = 6 (x – 3)2
⇒ = 1 ⇒ x2 + 32 – 2(3)x = x2 – 21
x2 – 21
30
Sol 8: log2 a = s ⇒ a = 2s ⇒ 9 – 6x = – 21 ⇒ 6x = 9 +21 ⇒ x = =5
6
2 2
log4 b = s2 ⇒ b = 4s = (2)2s (b) log(log x) + log(log x3– 2) = 0

1 2 ⇒ log[log x(log x3–2)] = 0 ⇒ (log x)(log x3 – 2) = 1

2 s3 +1
and log 2 8 = ⇒ 82 = c ⇒ (log x)(3 log x – 2) = 1 Assume that log x = y
c s3 + 1
s3 +1 3(s3 +1)
⇒ y(3y – 2) = 1 ⇒ 3y2 – 2y – 1 = 0
3/2 2
⇒c= (2 ) ; c= 2 4 1
⇒ 3y(y – 1) + 1(y – 1) = 0 ⇒ y = – or y = 1
3
2 2 1
a2b5 (2s )2 (22s )5 22s 210s 2 –3(s3 +1)) 1 –
Then = = = (2)(2s +10s ⇒ log10x = – or log10 x = 1 ⇒ x = (10) 3 or x = 101
c4 4 3 +1) 3
 (s3 +1)  23(s
 23 4  At x = 10–1/3 equation does not satisfy
 
 
  Hence, x = 10
2 5
⇒ log2 a b = (2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 + 1)) (c) logx 2 . log2x2 = log4x 2
c4
1 1 1
⇒ . =
log2 x log2 2x log2 4x
log2 24 log2 192
Sol 9: –
log96 2 log12 2 ⇒ log222+logx = (log2x)(log22+log2x)
1
⇒ We know that logm n = Assume log2x = y
logn m
⇒ 2 + y = y(1 + y) ⇒ 2 + y = y2 + y
⇒ (log296)(log224) – (log2192)(log212)
⇒ y2 = 2 ⇒ y = ± 2
Where, log2 24 = log2 12× 2= log2 12 + log2 2
log x = ± 2
⇒ log2 96(log2 12 + log2 2) – log2(96×2) log2 12
log2x = + 2 or log2x = – 2
⇒ log2 96. log2 12 + log2 96 − log2 96. log2 12 − log2 12
x = (2) 2
or x = 2– 2

( 3
)
⇒ log2 2 × 12 − log2 12 ⇒ 3 + log2 12 − log2 12 = 13
(d) 5
loga x
+ 5x
loga 5
= 3, (a > 0)
 M a them a ti cs | 1.43

Assume x = ay No. of digits = 7 + 1 = 8 ∴ M = 8

loga ay y loga 5 loga 5y ⇒ log6 62 = 2 (characteristic 2)
⇒5 + 5a = 3 ⇒ 5y + 5a
1 ⇒ log6 63 = 3 (characteristic 3)
3
= 5 +5.5 = 6.5 = 3 ⇒ 5 =
y y y
= = 2–1 y
6 2 Total no. of positive integers which have the characteristic
Take logarithm (base 5) both side 2(between 62 and 63) = 63 – 62
= 216 – 36 = 180
⇒ log55y = log52–1 ⇒ y = log5 2–1
LMN = 16 × 8 × 180 = 23040
log 2–1
So x = a = y
a 5
– log5 a Sol 14: loga N.logb N + logb N.logcN + logc N.loga N … (i)
⇒x= 2
loga N.logb N.logc N
=
Sol 12: loga x loga(xyz) = 48 … (i) logabc N

loga y loga(xyz) = 12 … (ii) log y

We know that logx y =
logx
loga z loga(xyz) = 84 … (iii)
So, in equation (i) at R.H.S, we have
When sum of all equation is taken
logN logN logN
. .
loga(xyz)[loga x + loga y + loga z] loga logb logc (logN)2 logabc
= =
logN (loga)logb(logc)
= 48 + 12 + 84 = 144 = 122 logabc

(loga(xyz))(loga(xyz)) = 122 logN2 (loga + logb + logc)

=
loga logb logc
(loga xyz)2 = 122 ⇒ loga xyz = 12 (±1)
(logN)(logN) logN logN logN logN
In equation = + +
logb logc loga logc loga logb
(i) loga x (±12) = 48
= logaN logbN + logaN logcN + logbNlogcN
loga x = ±4 ⇒ x = a , a 4 –4
R.H.S. = L.H.S.
(ii) loga y(±12) = 12
10
Sol 15: x, y> 0 and logy x + logx y =
loga y = ±1 ⇒ y = a, a –1 3
log12 x log12 y 10
⇒ + =
(iii) loga z(±12) = 84 log12 y log12 x 3

loga z = ±7 ⇒ z = a7, a–7 log12 x

Assume that =a
log12 y
(x, y, z) = (a , a, a ) or (a ,a , a )
4 7 –4 –1 –7

1 10
⇒a+ = ⇒ 3a2 – 10a+ 3 = 0
Sol 13: Given a 3
1
L = antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024 ⇒ (3a 1)(a 3) = 0 ⇒ a = 3,  
3
⇒ L = (1024)0.4 = (210)0.4 = 24 = 16 log12 x
So = 3 ⇒ add + 1 both side
L = 16 log12 y
And M is the number of digits in 610
log12 x logx + log y
⇒ log10 610 = 10log10 6 ⇒ 10[0.7761] = 7.761 +1=3+1=4 ⇒ =4
log12 y log12 y
⇒ 6 = 1010 7.761
= 10 .10 7 0.761
1 . 4 4 | Basic Mathematics

log12 (xy) log12 122 2 ⇒

120 × 5x–3 × (2 – 5x– 4 )
=1
⇒ = =4 ⇒ =4
log12 y log y log12 y (1 – 5x–3 )2

2 1 120  5x  2(x −3)

log12 y = = ⇒ y = 121/2 ⇒ 5x 2 – 4
 = 12 + 5 – 2(5x–3)
4 2 53  5 
1 1 3
144 – 2– Assume that 5x = y
So x = =144 × 12 2 = 12 2 = 12 2
y
120  y  2× y
x+y ⇒ y 2 –  =1+y 5 –
2 –6

= N 5×5×5  25 × 25  53
2
(x + y)2 Multiply by 56
⇒ = N ⇒ x2 + y2 + 2xy = 4N
22 ⇒ 53 ×120y[2 – y 5–4] = 56 + y2 – 2x53y
⇒ (123/2)2 + (121/2) + 2(144) = 4 N 2
⇒ 53 × 240y – 120y = 56 + y2 – 2 × 53y
⇒ 12 + 12 + 2 × 144 = 4 N
3 5

⇒ 53 × 240y – 24y2 = 56 + y2 – 2 × 53y

4N = 2028 ⇒ N = 2028 ⇒ N = 507
4
54 × 48y – 25y2 = 56 – 10 × 52y
Sol 16: (a) log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771 Divide by 52 on the both side
⇒ 5200 = x (Assume) 52 × 48y – y2 = 54 – 10y

log10 x = log10 5200 = 200log105 ⇒ y2 – y(10 + 52 × 48) + 54 = 0

=200log10 10 =200(log1010–log102) ⇒ y2 –1210y + 625 = 0

2
= 200(1 – 0.3010) = 200(0.699) = 139.8 1210 ± (1210)2 – 4(1)(625)
⇒y=
2
⇒ x = 10139 × 100.8 1210 ± 1208.96
⇒y=
2
no. of digits in x = 139 + 1 = 140
y = 0.51675 or y = 1209. 48 (Rejected)
(b) x = 615 ⇒ log10x = log10 615 = 15 log10 6
5x = y = 0.51675 ⇒ x = log5 y
= 15(log2 + log3) =15 × (0.778) =11.67 Hence, x = – 0.410

∴ x = 1011.67 = 1011 100.67

Sol 18: Given that logx+1 (x2 + x – 6)2 = 4
No. of digits in x = 11 + 1 = 12
⇒ (x2 + x – 6)2 = (x + 1)4 ⇒ (x2 + x – 6) = ± (x + 1)2
(c) Number of zeros after the decimal in 3–100 = (x) When +ve case is taken → x2 + x – 6 = (x + 1)2
(Assume)
(and x2 + x – 6 ≥ 0)
log x = log3 –100
= – 100 log103 = – 100(0.4771) = – 47.71
x2 + x – 6 = x2 + 1 + 2x
So x = 10–47.71 = 10–47 × 10–0.71
x=–6–1=–7
∴ No. of zeros = 47
In the given equation, base is x + 1 = – 7 + 1 = – 6
which is negative
Sol 17: log5 120 + (x – 3) – 2log5(1 – 5x–3) = – log5(2– 5x–4)
So x ≠ – 7
⇒ log5120+(x–3)–log5(1–5x–3)2 + log5(2 – 5x–4) = 0 When -ve case is taken → x2 + x – 6 < 0

x–3 ⇒ x2 + x – 6 = – (x + 1)2 ⇒ x2 + x – 6 = – x2 – 1 – 2x
⇒ log5 120 × 5 × (2 – 5x– 4 ) =0
(1 – 5x–3 )2 ⇒ 2x2 + 3x – 5 = 0 ⇒ (2x + 5)(x – 1) = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 1.45

5 Dividing E.q. (i) and (ii), we get

x=– or x = 1
2 (a – 2)(1 – 3b) = (1 – 2a)(b – 3)
5 ⇒ 2a(b – 3) + (a – 2)(1 – 3b) = b – 3
x=– also does not satisfy equation
2
⇒ 2ab – 6a + a – 3ab – 2 + 6b = b – 3
So x = 1
⇒ – ab – 5a + 5b + 1 = 0 ⇒ 5(b – a) – ab + 1 = 0

Sol 19: Given that x + log10(1 + 2x) = xlog105 + log106 ⇒ 5(a – b) + ab = 1

⇒ log1010x+log10(1+2x)=log105x+log106
Sol 22: log9 (9x 4 )log3 (3x) = log3 x3
⇒ log10[10 (1 + 2 )] = log10[5 6]
x x x

⇒ 10x (1 + 2x) = 6 5x ⇒ 10x + 20x = 5x 6

⇒ (1 + 4log3 x ) 1 + log3 x  = 3logx

Divide by 5x on the both the sides Assume that log3x = y

x x x
10 20 6 ×5 ⇒ (1 + 4y)(1 + y) = (3y)2 = 9y2
⇒ + = =6
x x x
5 5 5
⇒ 1 + 4y2 + 4y + y = 9y2 ⇒ 5y2 – 5y – 1 = 0
⇒ 2 + 4 = 6 ⇒ 2 + 22x = 6
x x x

Assume that 2x = y 5 ± 52 – 4(–1)(5) 5 ± 25 + 20

⇒y= =
2(5) 10
⇒ y + y2 = 6 ⇒ y2 + y – 6 = 0

⇒ (y – 2)(y + 3) = 0 ⇒ y = – 3 or y = 2 5 ± 45 5 ± 32 × 5 5±3 5
y= = =
10 10 10
⇒ 2x = –3 or 2x = 2 ⇒ 2x = - 3 is not possible so, 2x = 2
In equation (i) log3x > 0
Therefore, the real solution ⇒ x = 1
5+3 5
Hence, y =
Sol 20: 2log10(2y – 3x) = log10x + log10y 10
x
We have to find   Sol 23: Given that xyz = 1081
y
⇒ log10(2y – 3x)2 = log10(xy) ⇒ 4y2 – 12xy + 9x2 = xy (log10x)(log10yz) + (log10y)(log10z)= 468

Let x = ky We know that (a + b + c)2

⇒ 4y2 – 12ky2 + 9k2 y2 = ky2 ⇒ 9k2 – 13k + 4 = 0 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

4 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2a(b + c) + 2bc  … (i)
⇒ (9k – 4)(k 1) = 0 ⇒ k = 1,
9
⇒ log10x(log10 y + log z) + (log10 y) (log10 z) = 468
If k = 1 ⇒ x = y ⇒ 2y – 3x is –ve
Assume that log10x = a, log10 y = b and log10 z = c
x 4
∴ = ⇒ a(b + c) + bc = 468
y 9
From equation (i)
Sol 21: We have a = log1218 and b = log2454
2a(b+c) + 2bc = (a+b+c)2 – (a2+b2+c2)
log2 18 2log2 3 + 1
⇒ a= = ⇒ 2a(b + c) + 2bc = 2 × 468 = 936
log2 12 2 + log2 3
⇒ (a + b + c)2 – (a2 + b2 + c2) = 936
⇒ (a – 2)log23 = 1 – 2a  ... (i)
⇒ a + b + c = log10x + log10y + log10z
log2 54 3log2 3 +1 = log10xyz = log101081 = 81
Similarly b = =
log2 24 3 + log2 3
⇒ 812 – (a2 + b2 + c2) = 936
⇒ (b – 3)log23 = 1 – 3b  ... (ii)
1 . 4 6 | Basic Mathematics

a2 + b2 + c2 = 812 – 936 = 5625 x+4  x  2 – x +1

2
log10   + log2  2
 = 2 log10  
⇒ (log10 x)2+ (log10 y)2 + (log10 z)2 = 5625  x  10  x + 4   x –1 
2
1  1
Sol 24: Sum of all solution of equation We know log10 = – log10x. So  log10  = (log10 x)2
9
x  x
(log9 x)2 – log9 x +5
⇒ [3] 2 =3 3
2 x+4 2 x+4 2 3−x
9 ⇒ log10   + log10   = 2 log10  
(log9 x)2 – log9 x +5  x   x   x –1
⇒ (3) 2 = (3)3/2
2 x+4 2 3– x
⇒ (log9x)2 –
9
log9 x + 5 =
3 log10   = log10  
2 2  x   x –1

Assume that log9 x = y x+4 3–x x 3– x

So = or = 
x x –1 x + 4  x –1
9 3 9 3 9 7
⇒ y2 – y + 5 = ⇒ y2 – y + 5 – = y2 – y + =0
2 2 2 2 2 2 x2 + 4x – x – 4 =3x – x2 or x2 –x =3x+12–x2– 4x
⇒ 2y2 – 9y + 7 = 0 ⇒ 2x2–4=0 or 2x2 = 12 ⇒ x2 = 2 or x2 = 6
7
⇒ (2y – 7)(y – 1) = 0 ⇒ y = ; y=1 x = ± 2 or x = ± 6
2
7
log9x = log9 x = 1 x= 2 and – 6 do not satisfy equation
2
⇒ x = (9)7/2 = 37; x = 9 So x = 2, 6
Sum of solution = 37 + 9 = 2196
Sol 28: log3( x + | x − 1 | )=log9(4 x –3 + 4 | x − 1 | )
Sol 25: a, b, c, d > 0
1
3 5 log3 ( )
x+ | x −1 | =
2
(
log3 4 x + −3 + 4 | x − 1 | )
 loga b = and logc d = , a – c = 9
2 4
log10 b 3 log10 d 5 ⇒ 2log3( x +| x –1|)=log3(4 x –3+4| x –1|)
= ; =
log10 a 2 log10 c 4
⇒ log3( x +| x –1|)2=log3(4 x –3+4|( x –1|)
2log10 b = 3 log10 a
⇒ ( x + | x – 1|)2 = (4 x – 3 + 4 | x – 1|)
4 log10 d = 5 log10 c
3 5
x+( x –1)2+2 x | x – 1| = 4 x – 3 + 4| x –1|
b= a2 ,d= c4
(i) Assume ( x – 1) < 0
∴ a should be perfect square and c should be perfect
power of 4 ⇒ | x – 1| = 1 – x
Let a = 25, c = 16
⇒ x + x + 1 – 2 x + 2 x (1 – x ) = 4 x – 3 + 4(1 – x)
∴ b = (5)3 = 125 ⇒ d = (16)5/4 = 32 ∴ b – d = 93
⇒1+2x – 2 x + 2 x – 2x = 4 x – 3 + 4 – 4 x
Sol 26: Refer Sol 11 of Ex 2 JEE Main
1 = 1 always correct

Sol 27: So x – 1 < 0 and x > 0

2  4 2  4  2  2 
log10 1 +  + log10 1 –  =2 log10  – 1 x<1
 x   x + 4   x − 1 
⇒ x ∈ (0, 1) and if x – 1 ≥ 0, x >0
2 x + 4 2 x + 4 – 4 2  2 – (x – 1) 
log10   + log10   =2 log10   x + x + 1 – 2 x + 2 x ( x – 1) = 4 x – 3 + 4 ( x – 1)
 x   x+4   x −1 
 M a them a ti cs | 1.47

⇒ 2x + 1 – 2 x + 2x – 2 x =4 x – 3 – 4 + 4 x Sol 30: [log3 (3x)1/3 + logx (3x)1/3 ]log3 x3 +

⇒ 4x + 1 + 7 – 4 x = 8 x ⇒ 4x – 12 x + 8 = 0  1 1
  x 3  3 3  3
⇒ x – 3 x + 2 = 0 ⇒ ( x – 2)( x –1) = 0 log3  3  + logx  x   log3 x
     
⇒ x – 2 = 0 or x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 4 or x = 1  
Assume that
Put condition was ⇒ x –1≥0
1 1 
So x = [0, 1] ∪ {4} A=  log3 (3x) + logx (3x) log3 x
3

 3 3 

Sol 29: 3
⇒ (log3 x + 1) + (logx 3 + 1) log3 x
 4 4 4 4 
 loga ab +logb ab – loga b/a +logb a/b . loga b 3
2  = 2x
A= (2log3 x + (log3 x)2 + 1)
 1 
 (loga (a × b) + logb (a × b)) 
 4
⇒x=  log b A = |log3x + 1|
 a
1
 – (loga ba–1 + logb ab –1 ) 
 4  x 1 1 3 
And B =   log3  +  logx   log3 x3
 33 3 x 
1  1 + loga b + 1 + logb a 
x=   loga b
2   3
 – –1 + log b – 1 +log a
b  ⇒ log x – 1 + logx 3 – 1 log3 x
3 3
a

  B= ((log3 x)2 – 2log3 x + 1)

1  2loga b + 1 + (loga b )
2

x=  
2 
– –2loga b + (loga b ) + 1 
2
  B= (log3 x – 1)2 = |log3x – 1|

1 A + B =2 ⇒ |log3x +1| + |log3x – 1| =2

We know loga b =
logb a
log3x ≥ 1 ⇒ x ≥ 3
1   A + B ⇒ log3x + 1 + log3x – 1 = 2log3x = 2
(loga b – 1)
2 2
x=  (1 + loga b) – 
2   log3x = 1 ⇒ x = 3
1 x ≥ 3 and x = 3 ⇒ x = 3
x= (|1+ loga b| – |loga b – 1|)
2 1
If log3x < 1 and log3x + 1 > 0 ⇒ x < 3 and x >
3
When loga b ≥ 1 ⇒ b ≥ a > 1
A + B ⇒ log3x + 1 – (log3x – 1)
1 1
x = (1+logab – logab +1) = ×2 = 1 = log3x + 1 – log3x + 1 = 2 = 2(always)
2 2
so 2x = 21 = 2 (when b ≥ a > 1) 1 
So x ∈  , 3 
When loga b < 1 3 
1
⇒ b < a, a, b > 1 log3x ≤ – 1 ⇒ x ≤
3
1 A + B = – (log3x + 1) – (log3x – 1)
⇒x= [1 + logab – (1 – logab)]
2
= – log3x –1 – log3x + 1 = – 2log3x = 2
1 1
x = [1 + logab + loga b] = 2logab 1
2 2 ⇒ log3x = – 1 ⇒ x = 3–1 =
3
x = loga b
1 1 1
log b
x≥ and x = ⇒x=
2x = 2 a (if 1 < b < a) 3 3 3
1 . 4 8 | Basic Mathematics

1  |x – 4| = x – 4
So x =  ,3 – {1}
3 
Eq. → x + 1 + x – 4 = 2x – 3 = 7
x ≠ 1 because base can’t be 1
7+3 10
⇒ 2x = = 10?2x = 10 ⇒ x = =5
1 2
Sol 31: a = (log781)(log6561625)(log125216)(log12962401) If – 1 < x < 4

⇒ a = (log734) (log 8 54 ) (log 3 63 ) (log 74 ) ⇒ |x + 1| → 1 + x

3 5 64

4 3  4  |x – 4| → 4 – x
⇒ a = 4(log73) (log35)(log56)     log67
8 3  4  ⇒ 1 + x + 4 – x= 5 ≠ 7
2log10 3 log10 5 log10 6 log10 7 So no solution for this region → x = 5 and – 2
⇒ a = 2
log10 7 log10 3 log10 5 log10 6 But – 2 is not natural no.
⇒ and b = sum of roots of the equation So c = 5

x
log2 x
= (2x)
log2 x a+b=2+3=5
5
log2 x log2 x1/2 (a + b) ÷ c = =1
x = (2x) 5

Take logarithm (base x) both sides

1/2 Exercise 2
logx xlog2 x = logx (2x)log2 x
Single Correct Choice Type
(log2x)(1) = log2 x1/2[logx(2x)]
1 x+ y
log2x = log2x(logx 2 + 1) Sol 1: (C) 2 =256 and log10 xy –log101.5 = 1
2
x+ y
log2x = 0 ⇒ x = 1 or 2 = logx 2 + 1 ⇒ 2 = 256 = 28

logx 2 = 1 ⇒ x = 2 ⇒ x + y =8 … (i)

x1 + x2 = 1 + 2 = 3 and log10 xy = 1 + log101.5 = log1010 + log101.5

b=3
log10 xy = log10(10 × 1.5) = log1015
and c = sum of all natural solution of equation
⇒ xy = 15 ⇒ xy = 152 = 225
|x + 1| + |x – 4| = 7

I II III | x– y|= ( x + y )2 – 4 xy
 
-1 4
= 82 – 4 × 15 = 64 – 60
If x < – 1 → |x + 1| = – 1 – x
| x– y|= 4 =2
|x – 4| = 4 – x
x+ y =8
⇒ eq.→ – 1 –x + 4 –x = 3 – 2x = 7
4 ⇒ If x > y ⇒ (x, y) = (25, 9)
⇒ 2x = 3– 7 = – 4 ⇒ x = – =–2
2 ⇒ If x < y ⇒ (x, y) = (9, 25)
If x > 4 → |x + 1| = x + 1
 M a them a ti cs | 1.49

Sol 2: (B) log16 y ≠ 1 ⇒ y ≠ 16

A
log4(logy16) > 0

c logy16 > 1 ⇒ y < 16

b
logy 16 > 0

⇒ a = 2, b = 16, c = 1
C B
a
a + b + c = 2 + 16 + 1 = 19
⇒c =a +b
2 2 2
⇒c –b =a
2 2 2

1 1 1 1 n2 nN 5n2 nN

loga a loga a Sol 5: (D) . = . . = . . .
+ log2 N logN 8 log32 N logN 128 nN 3n2 nN 7n2
logb + c a + logc–b a loga (b + c ) loga ( c – b )
=
logb + c a .logc–b a loga a loga a log2 logN 5log2 logN 5
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
loga (b + c ) loga ( c – b ) logN 3log2 logN 7log2 21

= (loga ( c – b ) + loga (b + c ) ) = loga(c2–b2) = 2

Sol 6: (B) N = 10p ; p = log10 8 − log10 9 + 2log10 6

Sol 3: (B) B, C, P, and L are positive number  8.36 

=p log
=   log10 32
 9 
∴ log(B.L) + log(B.P) = 2; log(P.L) + log(P.C) = 3
log 32
∴ N 10 =
= 10
32
and log(C.B) + log(C.L) = 4
Hence characteristics of log332 is 3
Adding all the above equations, we have
Sol 7: (C) log2  ( x + y ) − xy 
2
log[B.L.B.P.P.L.P.C.C.B.C.L] = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9
 
log(BCPL)3 = 9 ⇒ 3logBCPL = 9 10 − 2
But x + y= 2; xy
= = 2
9 4
⇒ log BCPL = =3
3 log2 (10 − 2=
) log2=
8 3
∴ BCPL = 103
5 3 5 3 5 25 3 5
log12 (log8 (log4 x)) Sol 8: (A) Let x = + + − ⇒ x2 = +2 − = +2
Sol 4: (B) =0 4 2 4 2 2 16 2 2
log5 (log4 (logy (log2 x)))
5 3 5 3 5 25 3 5 1
c < y < b, y ≠ a + + − x= ⇒ x2 = +2 − = + 2. = 3
4 2 4 2 2 16 2 2 4
where ‘b’ is as large as possible and ’c’ is as small as π
possible. ⇒ x= 3 = tan
3
⇒ log12(log8(log4x)) = 0 ⇒ log8(log4x) = 1 = log88
Sol 9: (D) y = |2x – |x – 2||=|2x – (2 – x)|=|3x – 2| as x < 0
log4 x = 8 ⇒ x = 48 = 22×8 = 216
Hence y = 2 –3x
and log5(log4(logy(log2x))) ≠ 0
x
⇒ log5(log4(logy(log2 216))) ≠ 0  1 
Sol 10: (D) 3x(0.333 ….)(x – 3) ≤  
 27 
⇒ log5(log4(logy16)) ≠ 0, y ≠ 1 x–3
1 x 3x
1  1
⇒ log4(logy 16) ≠ 1 ⇒ logy16 ≠ 4 ⇒ 3x  3  ≤   =  
  3
3  3
1 1 1
⇒ log y ≠ ⇒ log2y ≠ ⇒ log2y ≠ 1 ⇒ y ≠ 2 3x
1
24 4 4 4 ⇒3 3 x –(x–3)
=3 .3
x 3–x
≤  
3
log4(logy16) ≠ 0 ⇒ logy 16 ≠ 1
1 . 5 0 | Basic Mathematics

1
3x Multiple Correct Choice Type
3 = 27 ≤   =3–3x
3

3
1 + 2log3 2
3 ≤ – 3x ⇒ –x ≥ 1 ⇒ x ≤ –1 Sol 14: (C, D) N = + log26 2
(1 + log3 2)2
x ∈ [–∞, –1]
2
1 + 2log3 2  log3 2 
N= + 
2x +1
–3
(1 + log3 2)2  log 6 
 1  1–x 1  3 
Sol 11: (B)   >  
5 5
Assume that log32 = y
2x + 1
<–3
1–x 1 + 2y y2
⇒N= +
2x + 1 < – 3(1 –x) = – 3 + 3 x (if (1 –x) > 0) (1 + y)2 (log3 2 + log3 3)2

⇒ 2x + 1 < – 3 + 3x ⇒ 3x – 2x > 1 + 3 = 4 1 + 2y y2 y 2 + 2y + 1
⇒N= + =
⇒ x > 4 ⇒ x > 4 and x < 1 which implies no solution (1 + y)2 (1 + y)2 (1 + y)2
2x + 1 (1 + y)2
If x > 1 ⇒ 1 – x < 0 ⇒ <–3 ⇒N= =1
1–x
(1 + y)2
2x + 1
⇒ > – 3(1 – x) = 3x – 3
1 And π = 3.147 > 3 and 7 > 6

⇒ 3x – 2x < 1 + 3 = 4 ⇒ x < 4 and x > 1 ⇒ x ∈ (1, 4) So, log3 π > 1 and log7 6 < 1

log3 x2 +(log3 x)2 –10 1 Sol 15: (A, D) 22x –8.2x = – 12

Sol 12: (D) x = = x–2
2
x
Assume that 2x = y
⇒ log3x2 + (log3x)2 – 10 = – 2
⇒ y2 – 8y = – 12 ⇒ (y – 6)(y – 2) = 0 ⇒ y = 6 or y = 2
Assume log3x = y → 2y + y2 – 10 = – 2
⇒ y2 + 2y – 10 + 2 = y2 + 2y – 8 = 0 2x = 6 ; 2x = 21
x log102 = log106 = log10(2 × 3)
⇒ (y + 4)(y – 2) = 0 ⇒ y = –4 or y = 2

1 log10 2 + log10 3 log10 3

x = 3–4 = ;x=9 x= 1+
= ;x=
1
81 log10 2 log10 2
 1
x = 1, 9,  x x
81
  Sol 16: (A, B, C, D)  5 2 – 7  + 6  5 2 + 7  = 7
   
(l n) 2 - 3 l nx + 3 Assume x = log y
Sol 13: (A) <1
l nx - 1 5 2 –7

If ln x – 1 > 0 ⇒ ln x > 1 ⇒ x > e log y log y

⇒  5 2 – 7  +6  5 2 + 7 
5 2 –7 5 2 –7
=7
⇒ (ln x)2 – 3ln x + 3 < 1[(ln(x)) –1]    

Assume ln x = y 5 2 +7
5 2 –7 = 5 2 –7×
⇒ y – 3y + 3 < y – 1 ⇒ y – 3y – y + 3 + 1 < 0
2 2
5 2 +7
⇒ y2 – 4y + 4 < 0 ⇒ (y – 2)2 < 0 always false 50 – 49 –1
= =  5 2 + 7 
So if ln x < 1 ⇒ x < e and x > 0 5 2 +7  

y2 – 3y + 3 > (y – 1) ⇒ y2 – 3y – y + 3 + 1 > 0 − log y

⇒ y + 6  5 2 + 7 
5 2 +7
= 7 ⇒ y + 6y–1 = 7
y2 – 4y + 4 > 0 ⇒ (y – 2)2 > 0 always true  

So, x ∈ (0, e) ⇒ y2 + 6 = 7y ⇒ y2 – 7y + 6 = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 1.51

⇒ (y – 6)(y –1) = 0 which gives y = 6 or y = 1

⇒ 17 – 2x = (x – 1)

x = log 6 or x = log 1= 0 Squaring both sides

5 2–7 5 2–7

⇒ 17 – 2x = (x – 1)2 = x2 – 2x + 1
⇒ x = log 6 = 2log(5 6 = log(5 36
(5 2 –7)1/2 2 –7) 2 –7)
⇒ 17 = x2 + 1 ⇒ x2 = 16⇒ x = ± 4
2 –2 ⇒ x ≠ – 4 does not satisfy equation in statement-I
x= =
log6 (5 2 – 7) log6 (5 2 + 7) So x = 4. x has a solution
Statement-II

Assertion Reasoning Type “Change of base in logarithm is possible” which is true

but not the correct explanation for statement-I.
Sol 17: (D) Statement-I
log5 (x3 +1)
/2 Sol 19: (B) Statement-I: 5 – x2 = 1 have two
distinct real solutions.
loga N
cos -ve cos +ve Statement-II: a = N when a > 0 a ≠ 1, N > 0
 2, 0 log5 x3 +1
⇒5 – x2 = 1
cos -ve cos +ve
log5 (x3 +1)
[5 = x3 + 1] from statement-II
3/2
⇒ x3 + 1 – x2 = 1 ⇒ x3 – x2 = 0

logx cos(2πx) is a meaningful quantity only if ⇒ x3 = x2 ⇒ x = 0 or 1

Statement-I is true and II is true and II is not the correct
 1 3 
x ∈  0,  ∪  ,1  explanation for statement -I.
 4 4 
π
cos 2px > 0 ⇒ > 2px > 0 Comprehension Type
2
1
> x > 0 and x ≠ 1 , x > 0 Paragraph 1:
4
3π 3 Sol 20: (D) log3x 10 – 6 log2x 10 + 11 logx 10 – 6 = 0
< 2px < 2p ⇒ < x < 1
2 4
Assume that logx 10 = y
 1 3  ⇒ y3 – 6y2 + 11y – 6 = 0
So x ∈  0,  ∪  , 1 
 4 4 
f(y) = y3 – 6y2 + 11y – 6
But also logx cos(2px) > 0 = logx 1
df(y)
cos 2px > 1 which is never possible = 3y2 – 12y + 11 → 0
dy
So statement-I is false
12 ± 122 – 4 × 3 × 11 12 ± 12
⇒y= =
Statement-II If the number N > O and the base of the 2(3) 6
logarithm b(greater than zero not equal to)
There is maxima and minima at
Both lie on the same side of unity than logb N > 0 and
if they lie on the different side of unity then logb N < 0 12 ± 12 6 2 2 1
y= =2± = 2± = 2±
statement-II is true 6 6 6 3
1
Sol 18: (B) Statement-I At y = 2+
3
1
log2(2 17 – 2x ) = 1 + log2(x –1) has a solution y – 6y + 11y – 6 is negative and at y = 2 –
3 2
,
3
⇒ 1 + log2( 17 – 2x ) = 1 + log2(x – 1) Equation y3 – 6y2 + 11y – 6 is positive
1 . 5 2 | Basic Mathematics

So there is total 3 solutions for this equation Area of triangle is

f(y) Area = a2 + b2 – c2

Also, we have b2 = a2 + c2
y
1 ac
So area = a2 + (a2 + c2) – c2 = ×a×c=
2 2
ac ac a
⇒ 2a2 = ⇒4= =
2 a2 c
c
⇒ ratio = =4
Match the Columns a
(D) a, b, c ∈ N
Sol 21: A → q, r, s; B → p, q, r, s; C → p; D → r
∴ ((4)1/3 + (2)1/3 – 2)(a(4)1/3+b(2)1/3+c)=20
(A)
= (22/3+21/3–2)(a22/3 + b21/3+c)=20
3 x – 7x + 4x – 1 2x + 4x – 1
⇒ a(24/3 + 2 – 2.22/3) + b[23/3 + 22/3 – 2.21/3]
+ c(22/3+21/3–23/3)=20
3 x + 7x + 4x – 1 = 13
⇒ 21/3(2a – 2b + c) + 23/3(a + b – c)
(3 x – 7x + 4x – 1 )(3 x + 7x + 4x – 1 )  + 22/3(–2a + b + c)= 20
20
⇒a+b–c= = 10
( 2x + 4x – 1 ) 2
2
(3 x ) ( )
2
= –  7x + 4x – 1  2x + 4x – 1
  Sol 22: A → p; B → p, r, s; C → p, r; D → p, q, r

= (9x − 7x − 4x − 1 )(2x + 4x − 1 ) (A) x = log2 log9 6 + 6 + 6 + ......∞

Assume that x = log2 log9y

= (2x − 4x − 1 )(2x + 4x − 1 )
⇒y= 6 + 6 + 6 + ......∞ = 6+y
( 2x ) − ( 4x − 1) =
2
( 4x )
2
= 13 ⇒ − 4x − 1 =
13
⇒ y2 = 6+ y ⇒ y2 – 6 – y = 0
14
⇒ ( 2x − 1 ) = 13 ⇒ x = = 7
2 ⇒(y – 3)(y + 2) = 0 ⇒ y = 3 or y = – 2, y ≠ – 2
(B) P (x) = x7 – 3x5 + x3 – 7x2 + 5 ∴ y=3
Q (x) = x – 2 x = log2 log93 = log2 log9(9)1/2
P(x)
Remainder ⇒ x = log2  1  = log2 2–1 = – 1
Q(x)  
2
Q (x) = 0 at x = 2
⇒ x = – 1 is an integer
So P(2) = 2 – 3(2) + 2 – 7(2) + 5 = 17
7 5 3 2
(log2 3.log3 4.log4 5......log99 100)
(B) N = 2
(C)
N = 2x (Assume)
a b
log3 log 4 log100 log100
⇒ x= . … = =log2100
log2 log3 log99 log2
c log2 100
N= 2 = 100
 M a them a ti cs | 1.53

N = 100 which is a composite, integer, natural number

1 1 1
(C) +
log5 3 log6 3 log10 3

log5 log6 log10  log5 + log6 – log10 

⇒ + – = 
log3 log3 log3  log3 

log(5 × 6 ÷ 10) log3

⇒ = =1
log3 log3

⇒ 1 is natural and integer number

(D) N = 2 + 5 – 6 – 3 5 + 14 – 6 5

N = 2 + 5 – 6 – 3 5 + (3 – 5)2

N= 2 + 5 – 6 – 3 5 + (– 5 + 3) = 2+ 5 – 9– 4 5

N= 2 + 5 – ( 5)2 + (2)2 – 2(2) 5

N= 2 + 5 – ( 5 – 2)2 = 2 + 5 – 5 + 2 = 4 = 2

2 is natural prime and an integer.