BTEC-ND2/Three-phase Motors and Drives Parameters of 3 Ф Motor

Unit-4

[This unit covers criteria P2, P8, D1]

Parameter determination

4.1. Three phase Induction motor

4.1.1. Synchronous speed

• Synchronous speed=Ns=120 f / P

4.1.2. Slip
• Difference between synchronous speed and actual motor speed can be
expressed as Slip, S = Ws-Wr / Ws = Ns-Nr / Ns
• Actual speed can be expressed as N =Ns (1-S); where 0<S<1
• At stand still N=0 ,S=1, and at N=Ns, S=0, At plugging S>1 and will be
negative when operate as Generator

4.1.3. Rotor frequency

• fr = Sf, fr is also called slip frequency.

4.1.4. Induced voltage in the rotor

• E2= (N2/N1)*(E1), where E1= stator voltage/phase and N2, N1 are no of
turns per phase for rotor and stator
• Also induced voltage in running condition E2r= S*E2
• Emf induced in each rotor phase, Vph= Vline / √3.

4.1.5. Power Factor

• Cos Ф= R2/ √ (R22+ (S2X2)2

4.1.6. Torque produced by induction motor (proportional to Ф2 I2Cos Ф2)

• T= 3 E22 R2/ ωs S(R2 / S2 + X22 ), hence
• Maximum Torque = 3 E22/2 ωs X2 (obtained by differentiating T w.r.t to
R2),
Also if approximate equivalent circuit is used, the rotor generated emf E2
could be replaced by terminal voltage V1 (for equal stator and rotor turns)
• T ≈ 3 V12 R2/ ωs S (R2 / S2 + X22 )
• For small slip T ≈ 3 V12 R2S/ ωs (R22 / S2 + X22 ) ≈ 3 V12 R2S/ ωs R22
≈ 3 V12 S/ ωs R2 ,
Where E2 is the standstill value of rotor generated emf, R2 the rotor
resistance, ωs synchronous speed, s slip, and X2 the rotor leakage reactance
at standstill. The value of X2 is usually much greater than the rotor
resistance R2.

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BTEC-ND2/Three-phase Motors and Drives Parameters of 3 Ф Motor

4.1.7. Power measurement

• If E1= voltage supply to stator, I1= supply current to stator, and Ф1 is
the angle between E1 & I1, then Power supplied to stator of induction
motor, Pi= 3 E1 I1 Cos Ф1;
Also Pi is the sum of power delivered to rotor (P2), core loss (Pc), and stator
copper loss (Pc1),
• Pi =P2 + Pcore+Pc1 (stator)
• Electrical power delivered to rotor is also called gap power ( power
passing from stator to rotor through air gap ) is given by :
• Pag=P2= ωs T= 2π NsT/60
• If P2 is the gross mechanical power output of the motor then
• P2= Pm + Pc2= ω T= 2π NT/60; Pc2=Rotor copper loss
• Pc2= sP2= ( ωs – ωs )T = s ωs T & Pm= ω T = 2π NT/60,
• Hence Pm= P2 – Pc2 = (1-s) P2,

4.1.8. Rotor efficiency

• ηR = Pm / P2 = (1-s) P2/P2= (1-s), it mean rotor efficiency varies with
slip s,
• Net motor efficiency, η = Poutput at shaft / Pinput to motor = Pout / Pi
= Pm/ Pi (neglect friction & windage losses).

4.2. Synchronous motor

Starting a Synchronous Motor: A synchronous motor can not start by itself

so the motor is equipped with a squirrel case winding, so as to start as an
induction motor
• During starting, the dc field winding is short circuited
• When the motor has accelerated close to synchronous speed, the dc
excitation is then applied to produce the field flux
Pull-in torque– if the poles on the rotor at the moment the exciting current is
applied happen to be facing poles of opposite polarity on the stator, a strong
magnetic attraction is set up between them
• The mutual attraction locks the rotor and stator poles together
• The rotor is literally yanked into step with the revolving field.

Performance Characteristics and Parameter Determination:

4.2.1. Synchronous speed

• Rotating magnetic field rotates at a speed called synchronous speed
given by Ns= 120 f /P, where P= no of pole pair, f= supply frequency.

4.2.2. Back emf of dc motor

• Eb = PФNZ/60 a, Similarly there is an induced emf in the stator
winding due to flux produced by rotating rotor , this back emf is
alternating and is given by Eb/phase = 4.44kfФT.

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BTEC-ND2/Three-phase Motors and Drives Parameters of 3 Ф Motor

4.2.3. Impedance Measurement

• Zs= Ra + j Xs, where Ra= armature resistance /phase, Xs= synchronous
reactance or armature reactance per phase

4.2.4. Armature Measurement

• Ia = (V- Eb )/ Zs

Zs=Ra + j Xs

V Eb

Fig 4.1: Equivalent Circuit

4.3. Synchronous Motor under Load

• At no-load conditions, the rotor poles are directly opposite the stator
poles and their axes coincide
• As mechanical load is applied, the rotor poles fall slightly behind the
stator poles, but continues to turn at synchronous speed
• Greater torque is developed with increase separation angle
• There is a limit when the mechanical load exceeds the pull-out torque,
the motor will stall and come to a halt
• The pull-out torque is a function of the dc excitation current and the ac
stator current

Different Operating Conditions for a synchronous motor depending on level

of excitation (also shown Phasor diagrams):

4.3.1 Normal excitation :

• Here back emf Eb= V (applied voltage)
• Ia lags V by Ф, lagging power factor

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BTEC-ND2/Three-phase Motors and Drives Parameters of 3 Ф Motor

Eb=V
Er= Ia Zs

Ia

Fig 4.2: Phasor at Normal Excitation

4.3.2 Under excitation :

• Eb <V,
• Ia lags V by Ф, lagging power factor

Eb<V
Er

Ia

Fig 4.2: Phasor at Under Excitation

4.3.3 Over excitation :

• Eb >V,
• Ia leads V, leading power factor

Eb<V Er

Ia
V

Fig 4.3: Phasor at Over Excitation

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BTEC-ND2/Three-phase Motors and Drives Parameters of 3 Ф Motor

4.4.4 Critical excitation:

• Eb= V,
• Ia and V are in same phase ,Power factor Cos Ф= 1

Eb<V
Er

Ia
V

Fig 4.4: Phasor at Critical Excitation

4.5. Phasor Diagram for lagging, leading, unity power factor

θ-Ф V
θ+Ф
V

Eb -Er Eb -Er

Fig 4.5: Lagging power factor Fig 4.6: Leading power factor

Eb -Er

Fig 4.7: Unity power factor

• Power input/phase = V Ia Cos Ф= Pout + Armature copper loss

= Eb Ia Cos (δ-Ф) + Ia2Ra (neglect friction & windage losses),

• For star connected synchronous motor V= VL/ √3.

BTI-Electrical & Electronics division/Neeraj Shrivastava 43