JSPM’s

Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Tathawade

“Electrical Machines and Drives”, S.Y. B.Tech.

• What are learning outcomes?

1) DC generators vs DC motors
2) Operating principle of DC motors
3) Types: Series, Shunt and Compound wound motors
4) Characteristics of DC motors
1) DC Generators & DC Motors:
DC generators DC motors
1) Construction is same, consisting of 1) Construction is same, consisting of
stator and rotor as two basic parts. stator and rotor as two basic parts.

2) Constructional parts are: 2) Constructional parts are:

1. Yoke 2. Poles and pole shoes 1. Yoke 2. Poles and pole shoes
3. Field winding 4. Armature core and 3. Field winding 4. Armature core and
winding 5. Commutator and Brushes winding 5. Commutator and Brushes

3) Fleming’s right hand rule 3) Fleming’s left hand rule

4) Series, shunt, compound wound 4) Shunt wound, compound wound

5) Generated emf is greater than terminal 5) Generated emf is less than terminal
voltage voltage
EMF Equation of DC motor:

Eb = V – Ia Ra
Here, Eb is emf generated in armature,
V is terminal voltage,
Ra is resistance of armature,
Ia is armature current.

This generated emf is called as “Back emf”, as it is in opposition to

applied voltage.

Ia would be enormously high if there is no back emf.

EMF eqn can be written as V = Eb + Ia Ra ,i.e.,
V Ia = Eb Ia + Ia² Ra
Where V Ia is electrical input to armature
Eb Ia is equivalent of mechanical power developed in armature
Ia² Ra is copper loss

Motor efficiency eqn is ∏ = Eb / V

2) Operating principle of DC motor :
“Stretch the index finger, middle finger and thumb of left hand mutually perpendicular to each other,
and if the index finger shows the magnetic field, the middle finger shows the direction of current, then
the thumb shows the direction of force.” This is Fleming’s left hand rule.

Note that if the conductor is parallel to magnetic field, then there will be no force on the wire.

Working:
One side of coil experiences upward pull and the other a downward push. The coil starts rotating.
Then, the swapping of commutator happens and the current get reversed. This is repeated, resulting
into non stop spinning of coil. Polarity get reversed.
When current flows through conductor, current get induced in it. One side of coil posses strong flux
while the other weak flux. This creats a torque.
The force is given by F = B I L
Where B is flux density
I is current
L is length

3) Types :
Based on armature and field winding connections, the DC Motor can be classified into:
Series, Shunt and Compound motors.

1. Series motor:

Field winding are in series with armature winding.

Series field resistance is less than armature resistance.
EMF eqn becomes V = Eb + Ia (Ra + Rse)
Flux is proportional to Ia or Ise
2. Shunt motor:

Field winding are parallel to armature winding

Shunt field resistance is more than armature resistance.
Ia = IL + ISH
Voltage developed is same across both the windings.
EMF Eqn is V = Eb + Ia Ra
Flux is proportional to Ise
3. Compound motors:
They have series and shunt type winding.
Again classified into long shunt and short shunt compound motor.
4) Characteristics of DC motor:Torque-
current
T vs I
a

T is proportional to product of flux and Ia

Curve is parabola for smaller value of Ia
After magnetic saturation, the flux is independent of Ia
Hence, the curve becomes a straight line.
These are speed torque characteristics.

These are speed armature current characteristics.

7) Summary:
A series motor shall never be started without sufficient mechanical load on its shaft, as rush of
current can be very high.
Shunt motor has medium starting torque as compared to series motor
Field control is applicable only for the shunt and compound motor where shunt fields are provided.
THANK YOU