TAIVtr}Atrl STPLN 1EIB:197g-

LampiranSurat KeputusanDireksiPLN
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PEBUSAHAAN UMUM LISTFIK -AI€GA8A No. 1UlDlR/79, Tanggal3 Desember1979

IEG FL'BLIGATICIN:
First edition 1976

guide
Appliuation foron-foad
tap-changers

penerapan
Pedoman pengubah
sadapan
berbeban

DEPARTEMEN PERTAMBANGANDAN ENERGI

P E R U S A H A A NU M U M L I S T R I KN E G A R A
- - -l
JALATU TRUNOJOYO BLOK ITI I/135 - KEBAYORAN BABU - {ArAFrN
-....

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STANtrIAFI SPLN 18E3..1979
Lampi ranS uratK eputusan
D i reksiPLN
PERUSAHAANUMUM LISTRIKNEGABA No. 134lDlR/79, Tanggal3 Desember1979

IECPublication
542
Fi rstE di tion 1976

APPLICATION
GUIDEFORON.LOADTAP.CHANGERS

P ED O MA NP EN E R A P A NP E N GU B A HS A D A P A NB E R B E B A N

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
' P ubl i cati on
1 . T h e E n g l i s hversi on of IE C 542 i s adoptedas
a PLN standardaccordinqto a decreeof the PLN Board of
DirectoN r o . 1 3 4 l D l R l 7 9 , 3 r dD , e c e m b e1r 9 7 9

2. T h i s En g l i s hversi onof IE C P ubl i cati on 542 i s reproduced

i n 2 5 0 c o p i e sfor use as companystandard,by permi ssi on of
In te rn a ti o n aEl l ectrotechni cal
C ommi ssi onas statedi n a l etter
of the GeneralSecretarydated 12th, July 1979.

Copyright:
INTE RNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
Geneve,1976

lssued by :
DEPARTEMEN PERTAMBANGAN & ENERGI
PERUSAHAAN UMUM LISTRIK NEGARA
Jakarta, 1982
FEfrFTJSTAK.AAry
",-,."
No. Agc"'idi I ., ,, ; -

]'angs*r0 I APR
 _ltl _

CONTENTS
Page

Fonrrvono
v
h.mece v
Clausc

l. Scope
I
2. Selection of a tap-changer I
2.1 Generalremarks I
2.2 Insulation level I
2.3 Current I
2.4 Breakingcapacity 2
2.5 Number of tappingpositions 2
2.6 Disiharge problems with change-over selectors 3
2.7 Mechanicallife 3
2.8 Motor-drivemechanism
3
2.9 Pressure and vacuum tests
3
2.10 Low-temperature
conditions 3
2.11 Continuousoperation 3
3. Location of oil-immersedtap-changercomponents 4
3.1 Tap selectors 4
3.2 Diverter and selectorswitches 4
3.3 Oil level alarm contacts 4
4. Field service 4
4.1 Safetyof operation 4
4.2 Paralleloperation 4
4.3 Contact erosionand oil contamination 4
5. Information requiredwith enquiry or order 5
5.1 Rating and generaldata )
5.2 Insulation level 5
5.3 Pressure,vacuumand temperaturerequirements 6
5.4 Special 6
-<.5 Fittings 6
i 6 Motor-drive mechanism 6
I

G
 - v-

TNTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

APPLICATION GUIDE FOR ON-LOAD TAP-CHANGERS

FOREWORD

l) The formal decisions or agreements of the I E c on techoical matters, prepared by T€chnical committ€es o! which all the National
CotrEnittees having a special intelest therein are replesented, expaess,as llea y as possible, an international cong€lsus of opinion
otr the subjects dealt with.
2) They hav€ the form oi recommendations for iotemational use atld they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.

3) In order to promote intemational unmcatioo, the I E C expressesthe wish that all National Committees should adopt the text of
the I E C r€commeDdation fo! their natiotal rules in so far as natioDal conditions will permit. Ary diverg€nce betw€en the I E C
r@ommendalion and the correspotrding national rules should, as far as possible, be clearly indicated in the latter.

PREFACE
This publication has been preparedby Sub-CommitteeI4B, On-load Tap-changers,of I E C TechnicalCom-
mitteeNo. 14,PowerTransformers.
It constitutesan applicationguidefor onload tap-changers.
A first draft was discussedat the meetingheld in Brusselsin 1971,and a seconddraft was discussedat the
meetingheld in Parisin 1973.As a resultofthis meeting,a draft, Documentl4B(CentralOfrce)g,wassubmittedto
the National Committeesfor approvalunderthe Six Months' Rule in May 1974.
The following countriesvoted explicitly in favour of publication:
Australia Norway
Austria poland
Belgium portugal
Czechoslovakia Romania
Denmark SouthAfrica (Republicof)
Finland Spain
France Sweden
Germany Switzerland
Hungary Turkey
Italy Union of SovietSocialistRepublics
Japan United Kingdom
Netherlands United statesof America

Orher I E C publications quoted in ,his publication:

Publication Nos. 76-l: power Transforme$. part l: General.
76-4i Part 4t Tapplngs and Conoections.
76-5: part 5: Ability to Withstand Short Circuit.
214 : Or-load Tap{hangers (s€cond editioD).
354 : LoadiDg Guide for Oil-immersed Ttansformers.
 - 1

APPLICATION GUIDE FOR ON-LOAD TAP-CHANGERS

l. Scope

Thisapplicationguideis intendcdto assistin thesclccr

ion of suitableonJoadtap-changers for usein conjunctron
with the tappedwindingsof transformersor reactorsrvhich,in the following text, are referredto as transformers.

As in the secondeditionof I E C Publication214,OnJoadTap-changers (revisionof Publication214 (1966)),

the designation"onJoad tap-changer"is shortenedto "tap-changer"in the remainderof this guide and all the
tap-changersreferredto shallbe presumedto comply with the requirementsspecifiedin I E C Publication214.

The recommendations of the applicationguide are not mandatoryand only representadviceto the tap-changer
manufacturerand purchaser. The responsibilityfor the correct application of the fully assembledtap-changerin
connectionwith the transformeris with the manufacturerof the transformer.

2. Selectionof a tap-changer

2.1 Gcncral retnark.\

Si n cet he t ap- c halt g ere

r p re s e n tso n l \ a s n ra l lp a rt of the total cost of the equi pnl el tti n w hi ch i t i s used,i t shou ld
b e fre elirc hos ent o s u i t th e e q u i p r.r.l c .t.H o ri c rc r. l l C C t)ul rt
shoul d be takcn of the avai l abl estandardtypes of
ta p -ch anger s .

2.2 In.wlation leyal

The following values occurring on all tapping positions of the transformer should be checkedagainst the tap-
changermanufacturer'sdeslaredvalues in accordancervith Sub-clause8.6.4 of I E C Publication 214:

l) Norrnal porver-frequency operating voltagcsappearingol1 the tap-changerin service.

2 ) Por v er - f r equencvvo l ta g e sa p p e a ri n go n th e ta p-changerduri ng testson the transformer.
3) Irlpulse voltagesappearingon the tap-changerduring tests on the transfonner or in service.

Notc. - W i t h s o m e w i n d i n g a r r a n g e m c n t s ,t h e r o l t a g e s a p p e a r i n g o n t h e t r a n s f o r m e r c a n b e a b n o r m a l l y h i g h , e . g . :

- neutral point tappings in auto-transfornters,

- line-end tltppings, and
-- booster transformer arrangellents.
These voltages can be alfected considerably by the choice of linear, coarse/fine or reversing tapping arrangements. Methods of
catering for voltage variation which involve variations in the magnetic flux in the transformer core can also affect the voltages
appearing on various parts of the tap-changer (see I E C Publication 76, Power Transformers).

2.3 Current

The tap-changershould satisfythe following conditions:

2.3.l Ratedthrouglt-current
Thc rated through-currentof the tap-changeras definedin Sub-clause4.17 of I E C Publication214 shoul<lbe
::.': lcs. than that resultiugliom the highestvalue of tapping current of the tapied winding of the transtormer(in
.:.J(rrdrurcc rvith Sub-clause 4.2 of I E C Publication76-1,Part I : General).
 - z -

2.3.2 Overloatlcurrmt
When tap-changersare fitted on transformerswhich are subjectedto overloadconditionsin accordancewith
I E C Publication354, Loading Guide for Oil-immersedTransformers,they should generallybe restrictedto the
occasionaloverloadconditions statedin Sub-clause4.2 of IEC Publication 76-1,unlessspecificallyorderedfor
other overloadconditionsby the transformermanufacturer.

The aboverequirernentsare met:

a) If the maximumrated through-currentof the tap-changeris at least 1.2 times the highesttapping current of
the transformer.or
,, ifth€ tap-changetmanufactureris able to demonstratethat the temperature-riselimits givenin Sub-clause
8.1
of Publication 214 are not exceededwhen the contacts carry 1.2 times the maximum rated through-cunent.
(The valuesof current to apply for the other testsof Clause8 of Publication214 rcmatnbasedon the valueof
the maximum rated through-current.)
The number of tap-changes for eachoccasionaloverloadperiod should be limited to the numberof operations
correspondingto one-halfof on€ completeoperatingcycleand the peaktemperaturerise of the transition resistors
should not exceed360"C for air-environmenttap-changersor 300'C for oil-environmenttap-changers.

Where tap-changers are subject to overload conditions not in accordance with the limitations stated in I E C
Publication 76-1 with regard to the loading guide for oil-immersed transforners, the tap-changer manufacturer
should be consulted anrl given the current magnitude and duration so that the correct tap-changer can be recom-
mendedfor the duty reouired.

2-3.3 Short-circuitcurrent

The short-circuitcurrent of the tap-changeras given in Sub-clause8.3 of I E C Publication214 shouldbe not

less than that resulting from the overcurrentof the associatedtransformeras given in Sub-clause1.2 of IEC
Publication76-5,Part 5: Ability to Withstand Short Circuit.

Nor€. - Particular care should be taken to check this current on low-impedanceand booster transformers. In some instances.the
fault-current value could dictate the choice of tap-changer.

2.4 Breaking capacitl'

The highest tapping current and the voltage per step of the transformer should be within the values of rated
through-current and relevant rated step voltage declared by the tap-changer manufacturer for the particular tap-
changer.

For values outside of those declared, the tap-changer manufacturer should be consulted.

For application to transformers with severaldifferent currents and step voltages, the transition impedance should
be designed so that the switched current and recovery voltage in the tap-changer do not exceed those covered by
the type tests.

l{ote,- In certaitrapplications,
suchasfurna@tnnsformers,thetap-changer may becalledupon,ifr€quired,to op€rateduringfreriods
of momentaryoverloadsof two to threetimesthe transformercontinuousmaximumrating.The diverterswitchor selector
switchshouldbe chosenso that it is capableof meetingthis condition.
Where appropriate,considerationshould be givell to the efect on the step voltage,and in consequenceon the b(eakhg
capacity,of methodsofvoltagevariationgivingvariationsin the mag.eticflux in thetransfotmercore.

2.5 Number of tapping positi1ns

The number of inherent tapping positions of the tap-changers is generally :tandardized with various manu-
facturers' equipment. The selection of the number of service tapping positions should preferably be made within
that ranse,

::#
 As the extentof the tapping rangeincreases,the voltagesto be cateredfor also increaseand it is essentialthat
precautionsbe taken to avoid excessive voltagesover the tapping range when operatingor testing at minimum
winding positions. The effectcan be very marked on furnaceand rectifiertransformersfeedingelectrolyticplants
wherewide tapping rangesare often necessaryand the tap-changeris in the constantvoltagewinding, i.e. wide
variationsin the magneticflux in the transformercore occur.

2.6 Dischargeproblemswith change-over

selectors

It shouldbe noted that, undercertainconditions,tap-changers with change-overselectorscan allow momentary

disconnectionof the tappedwinding. In suchcases,dischargesbetweenthe openingand closingcontactscan occur
during the operation of the change-overselector,and in order to avoid difficultieswith regard to the dielectric
stressand the formation of gaseswhich could arisewhen th€ tap-changeroperatesunder high voltageto earth,
specialprecautionswill be necessary.There are many diferent metbodsof overcomingthe problem but some
examplesare the use of two-way change-overselectors,control resistors,or capacitivecontrol b€tweenthe main
windingand the tappedportionofthe winding.

2.'1 Mechanicalli-fe

The mechanicaldut), may needconsiderationif the expectednumber of operationsper annum exceeds20000,

for example,this can occur on transformersfor useon rolling-mills,electrolyticplantsor furnacesupplies.

2.8 Motor-driyemeclwnisnr

If the motor-drivemechanismis purchasedfrom a manufacturerother than the manufacturerofthe tap-changer,

then it is the purchaser'sresponsibilityto ensurethat the motor-drive mechanismis suitablefor all its necessarv
duties.

2.9 Pressureand vacuum tests

Where applicable,the tap-changerwhen fully assembledhas to withstandall the pressureand vacuumtestsof

its associatedtransformer. In such cases,all the relevantinformation should be given in the order to the manu-
facturerof the tap-changer.

2.10 Low-temperature
conditions

Should the tap selectors,diverter switchesor selectorswitchesbe located in separatecontainersoutside the

transformertank, in air, and the ambient temperaturecan be lo|er than -25 "C, it is advisableto specifythe
qualityof the insulatingand/orlubricatingoils.

Shouldthe tap selectors,diverterswitchesor selectorswitchesbe locatedinsidethe transformertank and the oil

temperaturecan be lowerthan -25 "C during operation,the tap-changermanufacturershall be consulted,taking
the quality of lhe transformeroil into consideration.

If necessary,
automaticallycontrolledheatingdevicescould be provided or, alternatively,meansof preventing
tap-changeoperationat abnormallylow temperaturesmay be considered

).11 Continuousoperqtion

lf the tap-changeris requiredto operatecontinuously,the temperatureconditionsmay needto be checkedand

the tap-changermanufacturershould be consulted.
 - 4 -

3. Locrtion of oil-immersedtrlFcbsnger compon€nts

3.1 Tap selectors

Unlessotherwiseageed btween the manufacturerand the purchaser,the tap selectorsmay be locatedwithin
the main transformeroil.

3.2 Diverter and selector switches

To preventcontaminationof the main transformeror'1,oil-immerseddiverteror selectorswitchesshould be in a

separatecontainerwhich may be locatedinside or outsidethe main transformeroil. When locatedin the main
transformeroil, it is not necessary
for the containerto be absolutelyoil-tight, providing that precautionsare taken
to avoid any mixture of the switch oil with the transformer oil and that the oil in the container can be changed
easilywithout loweringthe oil levelin the transformertank. Whereappropriate,arrangements shouldbe rnadefor
it to be made clear in the transformer maintenanceinstructionsthat the main transformer oil should not be
draineduntil all ofthe oil has beenremovedfrom the div€ er switch container.

If an oil-tight containeris required,it shouldb€ specifiedby the purchaser.

3.3 Oil level ahrm contacts

If oil levelalarm contactsare required,they shouldbe specifiedby the purchaser.

4. Fiekl service

4.1 Safety of operation

1) Suchprotectivedevicesas may be considerednecessary should be connectedin accordancewith the manu-

facturer'sinsttuctions.
2) In order to minimizeswitchingunder excessive overloador short-circuitconditions,it is recommendedthat,
in the caseof motor control, a protectivedeviceshouldbe fitted to prevent,or if initiatedinterrupt, an operation
of the motor-drivemechanismwhen the transformerload exceedsthe acreedvalue.

Note. -ln the case of rlanual contol, prote.tive devices are not considered necessary as it is not normal practic€ to tap<hange
manually during periods of overload and the probability of coincideice of a tap-change operation under short{ircuit cou-
ditions is negligible,

4.2 Parallel operation

In the caseof paralleloperationof transformerswith tappedwindings,careshouldbe taken by the manufacturer

and the user of the transformerto ensurethat the currentscirculatingbetweenthe transformersare limited to an
acceptablevalue.

4.3 Contact erosion end oil contamination

Tap-changershave expendableitems iq their constructionand the manufacturer'sfiguresshould be noted for

maintenanceperiods in terms of time and in numbers ofoperations. Generally, expectedcontact life 1br a particular
tap-changeris given at maximum rated through-current. If the load current of the transformer is less than this
value, contact life is increased.

The nurnberof operationbbefore oil-changeis necessaryis conditional on the oil being in good condition originally
and maintainedin a dry state.
 5 -

For good utilization of the tap-changer, it is necessaryto follow the maintenance instruction book of the tap-
changer manufacturer, which generally gives the above as a function of:
l) rated through-current;
2) the serviceduty of the transformer.

5. Information required with enquiry or order

In order that the correcttap-changercan be specified,the following information should be given by the trans-
formetmanufacturer:

5.1 Rating ond generaldata

l. Relevantspecification.
2. Number of tap-changersrequired.
3. Singleor polyphaseunits.
4. Number of phasesin system.
5. Frequency.
6. Rated power,in kilovoltamperes,of apparatusto which the tap-changeris to be connected.
7. Ratedyoltageof the q,indingto which the tap-changeris to be connected.
8. Windingconnections.
9. Tappingrangerequired.gireir rn pcr cent abo\e and belo* the ratedroltageof the winding. (SeeSub,
clause1 . 3o f I C E P L r b l i c a t i ie6. -r 1n .P a r t- l : T a p p i n gas n dC o n n e c t i o n s . )
10. Number of serricetappingpo5ition5required.the numberingof thesepositionsand their identification
witb reference to the transformerrappings.
11. Tapping arrangement(i.e. linear, reversingor coarsefine).
12. Positionof tappingsin winding (e.g.line end, middle,neutral point).
13. Highest tapping current of the winding to which the tap-changeris to be connected(see IEC Publi
cation76-1,Sub-clause 3.5.3.5).
14. Maximum valueand duration of short-circuitcurrentpassingthrough the tap-changer.
15. Phasevoltageper step (if the step voltagevaries over the range,give full details,togetherwith associated
cutrentsl.
16. On neutral-point tap-changers,whether one neutral terminal or three separateneutral terminals are
required.
1?. The power-frequencyvoltage appearingbetweenthe opening and closing contacts of the change-over
selector.(SeeSub-clause 2.6 of this guide.)
?Vore.- The power-frequedsy voltage has two componelts, i.e. an inductive component and a cdpacitive compon€nt, during the tim€
th€ windirg is disconnected.

5.2 Insulationlerel

The following impulsevoltageand power-frequency voltagetestvaluesshouldbe given:

L Highest voltage betweenthe extreme tappings and, where applicable, the highest voltage between the ends
of the coarsetapping winding sectionand the fine tapping section.
2. Highestvoltagebetweenthe most onerouslystressedtapping and earth.
3. Highestvoltagebetweentappingsof adjacentphases.
4. Highestvoltagebetweenthe diverterswitchand earth.
5. Highestvoltagebetweenphasesofthe diverterswitch.
6. Highestvoltagebetweenopendiverterswitchcontacts.
Nore. - If applicable, paftial discharge and switchiDg impulse levels should be giveD.
 6 --

5.3 Ptessure,vacuunxand temperaturerequirements

1. Maximum working pressurewhen oil-filled.

2. Maximum pressureduring oil tests on the apparatus.
3. Maximum vacuum to be applied.
4. Type of processing,maximufir temperature, vaclrum and d rrrtion it' the tap-ch:inger is fitted before thi;;
operation.
5. Temperaturesin specialenvironrnerts,e.g. noise enclosures,eic.
'C.
and detailsof any specialkrw-temperaturereq rirementsif below -25
6. Miniuruffr opcrating ternperatures

5^4 Special

; . Det aiis o f p e ri o d s o f o v e rl o a d , v ; l u e and durati on (;ee ,]l C P ui rl i cati on35,i , C i ai rse3, and 'ir Sub'.
r lt us e2. 3. 2o f th i s g u i d e ).
2. Details of duty of apparatus,e.g. di iribution trarrsfonner,a ; furnacc transfonne , etc.

3. Details of transport of transformcr.

4. Any specialrequirementsof the spe':ification.

5. 5 F it t ir t gs

Items not coveredby'the tap-changernranufacturer'sstandrrd, ".9.valves,etc., shouid be rirssifisd.

5. 6, , 1{ ot or - c l ri rem e c l n n i s n t

To enable the correct control devicesto be includeJ in th,: m< t<'r-drivemechanism thef rllestpossibledetails
of t h- - c ont r ol s c h e m es h o u l d b e g i v e n b .' th e purchaser,i nc' udi rg w hi ch. i f any, of the fol ow i ng basic cont r ol
f unc t ionsar e r e q u i re d ,to g e th e rw i th th e rv p e of devi ce,neccsstr!.,br the furcti on.

1. Local electricalcontrol and indication.

2. Remote electricalcontrol and indica[ion.
3. Local automatic control and indicalion, with or withc,u lin rlrop compensation.
4. Remote automatic control and indic rtion, with or witl,o rt li re drop c rmpensatioti.
5. Parallel control of two or more tran:,formers.
6. Supervisorycontrol and indication.
7. [n the case of remote and supervis,rrycontrol and irrd cat ,r , the approximate distancebetween the tap-
changerand the control point should b: stated.
8. Supplier of controlgear.
9. Auxiliary suppiy details for electrical motor and coltt,ol tq'llppen', i.e. norm:tl voltage, maximum and
m i n i m u m v o l t a g e l i m i t s i nf o t w i t h i n t h e s t a n d a r d l i m i t s g i r e n i rI E C P r b l i c a t i o n 2 i 4 , S u b - c l a u sl el . 2 , a . c . o r
d.c. If a.c., frequency,number of phase; and availability of neuiral point.