SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

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STUDENT DETAILS

Student name: Lê Minh Quân Student ID number: 20689559

UNIT AND TUTORIAL DETAILS

Unit name: Managing in the Global Environment Unit number:

Tutorial group: Group 6 Tutorial day and time: Friday 12g-15g30
Lecturer or Tutor name: Nguyen Kim Thao

ASSIGNMENT DETAILS

Title: Comparative Analysis

Length: Due date: 19/6/2022 Date submitted: 19/6/2022
Home campus (where you are enrolled):

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ARO 00380 08/15

The rising significance in localizing culture and associating it with socio-economic

developments gather vast attention for research (Lazareva et al., 2018), while
manifesting national identity with distinguishing traits and composition of values,
beliefs and traditions. The paper places its focus on the comparative perspective
between Vietnam and Philippines under globalization trend and cultural framework
dimensions. It’s to start with the understanding of the framework and its dimensions
before instigating comparative analysis, finalized with the author statement.

Hofstede’s cultural framework encapsulates and categorizes national culture into 6

distinctive dimensions, including Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance,
Individualism, Masculinity (Hofstede, 1991), Long-term Orientations (Hofstede &
Bond, 1988) and Indulgence factors (Hofstede et al., 2010). Pursuant to the
introduction of national culture’s scoring metric of 100, intercultural comparative
analysis augments domestic management behaviour assessment (Venaik & Brewer,
2016; Matus, 2021).

Being the latest addition to the framework, Long-term Orientations and Indulgence
are specifically chosen for the analysis of Vietnam and Philippines’ culture
differences. The former utility is characterized with cultural adaptability and
maintainability of past-future link (Bearden et al., 2006), exhibiting thriftiness,

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perseverance and self-peripheralization willingness in goals achievement (Dainton &
Zelley, 2011), while contrasting with centred gratification desire, stability and past
respect in short-term oriented cultures (Hofstede, 2011). Concurrently, Indulgence
manifests residents’ pleasure needs, life happiness, personal life control, freedom of
speech and positivism reminiscence (Minkov, 2007; Koc et al., 2017; Heydari et al.,
2021; Hofstede 2011), while its Restraint counterpart displays desperation, restricted
freedom, negativism, skeptical decision-making and limited desires, bearing
regulations of certain behaviours and constant apathy for opposition (Bathaee,
2011).

Guo et al. (2018) have conjectured and questioned the existential link between Long-
term Orientation (LTO) and Indulgence versus Restraints (IVR) dimensions despite
insufficient underlying research. The negative correlation between LTO and IVR
(Hofstede et al., 2010) has partially implied the abstract view into the corresponding
traits of national cultures, while elucidating its particular connections with prosocial
behaviours.

Philippines short-term orientation distinguishes itself from Vietnam long-term

dimension with respective score (Hofstede Insights, n.d.). Vietnamese cultural values
manifest national patriotism, compassion; familial connection and respect (Gezgin,
2018), reputation concerns and learning enthusiasm; and sympathetic with
consolidated belief in Karma (Quynh, 2016). Besides, Ye et al. (2019) described
East Asian countries with high saving ratios correlation and long-term orientation
characteristics regarding absolute belief in educational investment for future
development. Moreover, Vietnamese adaptability to circumstances is remarkable,
giving the immediate response, governmental leadership, clinical and multi-sectorial
support during Covid-19 pandemic (Bui et al., 2020) concurrent with digitalization
adoption and consumers adaptability during global technological transformation (Le
& Tran, 2020).

Filipino cultures resemble similarities with traditions appreciation with religious belief,
artistic activities, gift-givings and greetings reciprocation, superstitious and
regionally-accepted assumptions (World Trade Press, 2010), and adaptive,
assiduous emigrants (Cruz, 2022; Saito et al., 2010). However, their family
responsibility norms are somewhat stricter on Filipino children, regarding their

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constant expression of respect for parents and grandparents and regimental
punishments for non-compliance (Stoodley,1957). Ultimately, Philippines’ cultural
and characteristics consistency witness corruption during the modernization waves
and awareness of child labour that challenge their social values (Gozum, 2020).

Both countries manifest its restrained culture characteristics for low index records
(Hofstede Insights, n.d.). However, the notion of Filipino happiness slightly exhibits
the opposite pole traits where rural residents experience higher happiness scale,
degree of life satisfaction and leisure time than metropolitan residents (Porio & See,
2017), attributed to extensive prosocial activities and family connections among
adolescents (Datu & Valdez, 2012). Adversely, the existential fatalistic worldview or
“bahala na” depicts Filipino helplessness towards uncontrollable events, thereby
acquiesces it, or pessimistic and envious attitude towards oppressing others under
crab mentality in fulfilling self-desires (Aydin & Oğuzhan, 2019), ultimately bearing
job-related stress, mental and physical illnesses among corporate staffs (Soubhari &
Kumar, 2014).

Vietnamese cultures manifest higher restraint level, with similar cross-dimensional

characteristics of happiness and well-being. Moreover, the honorable notion of
friendship is significant within same-ethnic and cross-ethnic adolescents’
relationships (Le & Mohd-Zaharim, 2015) and primary schoolers learning
experiences (Phelps et al., 2014). Uniquely, the country inclines to moral education
in pedagogical system to distribute and seek practices of pragmatic social conformity
to morality (Kim & Taylor, 2017), besides strict governmental regulations of online
expression freedom congruent to the social media technologies adoption (Amnesty,
2020).

The comparative analysis has elucidated different cultural values global businesses
can apply to its management, by understanding fundamental localized values from
employees’ attitudes and behaviours and consumers’ preferences, needs and
expectations (Leonaviciene & Burinskiene, 2022). Moreover, incorporating long-term
orientation into culture operationalization witnesses business innovativeness,
projecting corporate values into future benefits through possessions of goods and
corporate beliefs permeation (Soares et al., 2007) and trust generation with conflict
suppression (Ryu & Moon, 2009). Besides, with lower Indulgence score, corporate

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risk aversion is significant due to pessimistic attitudes (Abdelrahim, 2021) that alerts
them with further investments and operations, while strictly complying with the
predetermined norms.

In conclusion, the comparative analysis has identified Vietnam and Philippines

cultures on the scope of Long-term Orientation and Indulgence. The analysis also
notes both cultures’ differences and similar degree under 2 cultural dimensions’
characteristics with several line-crossing identification, while commenting on global
businesses adoption of such framework in managing and operating multinationally.

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