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PHYsics 1 - MEASUREMENTS

Tntiroduchon
Physics s te study natue and nalunal phenonana,
Physits i the base all science Subjecks
Tts based on expeninmental obseautation. he
paincaples and obsewathors devulops deper uhderndandirg
hatwre
the
n Phystcs 13 many physrial quanbhes
-
1heortes
that hawe to be muasued

Measnwment

ase theall sdnhiht studies ARepentrrens

vital nole n oun daly lfe.
S playsa
as de
delermindúen sie od maghibude
t dulined
9uanty

qualty Mas tuo parks:

-MeasUemonb a
ti) a umber
5 m
i) a wit
T
rumber
60 S
ExAMPLES: 2 Km, to ka, untt

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Unte: A standand quantiBy wlth which unnouh
quartitis

e comjptse d .

(Earliton dforert
unit systems wene vsad by jeole from
diferunt Countres

Unit Sysberm Forlioe imes Mebric Sustem wascreated

the French un 1710
ystem| LENGTH MASS TIME by
Ceninebre bvam second et
ChS Metrie system-standard
untts
Kiloqam Setod
MKS Metre
Not a metrl syslem.
und second
Frs Foot It sa Bihsh systam unis

Thternahohal System 4 Units (6I System):Sysfemte Intenatinal

Gentnal Conferure Wleght 4 Manstuss
on
In 1160, in te h
Porisin rana, scienaats reaegnised the need 4 sing
al known as SI Sustum. (frnch name)
pulanly
atondand nits.
have chosen 7 Phsical uorthts ase Auantihe s
Solonbisks
Unit muasUu cach ona, Thay are
Shandard
and dknud a o undamental nits
t o e Units
known as Mass, Tine , Tenperatue, Electte auaent
Fundamental ularditès
:
Length,
Wnlts :metve (m) kilogram stond kebuin
anpere (A)..
Fundamental (k) s) (K)
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Meas urements

Physial uardities

D'ved Muartites.)
(hundamental Quantihes)
Base Auanhhes)
in tems Obkaired by ulbioyng ,
Carnot ho eessed duinduing mathenachcally
any ofhen quanh'ties
Combinérq te pundaertal quartte
(7 Base ianhhes n System) Unit
v e xprsim
Brse 6uanthty | Untt Symbd enqh x breadh
2
m

Jangth Aiea ms
x hieght m

Mass kilogran kg Vouumerea

-3
mass x Voiume kq m
Time Second S Derstty
Tenmpenaturne kelvin K
en
Veloity displacement /time ms
Flchtic u u n t ampere A Monortum mass x veleocity kams
ms-2

mot Acdenachinvelotity/tinme
Amount ma
N
mass xacelenation kgms D
Substan e
Force
candela cd
uminous
ress efor Ce /area Nmeo Pa
Jntenslty

Erengy fovce x dustance Nm ) T

Cwork
Suaeora
fota/lanqth Nm
tensin

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1. Length one ppint and other desived ptnt.
DBkance betwer
netre (n). /1m lo cm
SI Unlt leng h
/1 Cm O mn.
Mulhples km 1008 m -

For mere
Prefix bbreviaioSubmultiple
lodecinetre 1 metre
Dec d /1
(00 Cotmetre= 1 mebre
Certi C
1 metre
MElll m Yio00 l000 muimetre
nanoynetre
O000 O00001 | merre.
Nano o000o0 00 o

Lntelix: lo expres voy Lange and veny small quant tieg.

.

oues 4to nitPrekör Symbo l oESAMP:Es

5 n diameter nuceus
/o's
peta
distantce befiwcon 2stas
tera
l o 2
26

31 mass
elackron
M 9-11xto kg-
mega
mas mulkyuay Jolavy
lo3 ki lo 2- x lo kg -
Units outside
lo2
hecto lm - Angstrom (A)/ stll
doca da STaystem
(D d Om Fexmi G) .accepted.
2
cenh C

( o 3

milt m One meve is the distana travelled bu

in
ight thnough
Vacwm
lo% micto
/o-? nano
/29,97, 92,458 setond
l o - 2

ptco P
femto f
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Meas uniny vey dange distana Lnit
Unt (14U=
14U= x1o' m)
|-416xto
|-416
Ashomital
Asiomial
tev measring distane d aa (ly) (1y 9.46 xio"m)
u
astronomical objects ue
3.26 lightyeas
Parsec (p) faec
( ansec 3.08 x1o m.)
G) Astronomital tnit (4U)
Mean datane the antre q the Sun fom Contre 4 Lanth.
Aphelion
Eath eholion positon
SUN IAU posikehortest . ditone
dlskanesuR
I496Xio m Isa millten km
4T.Imlto
(41.6 million km) km

) Light Year (ly)

travelled by Light
n
un on
one year n
Y2an vacuum
vacuum
htance
in Vacuum = 3x1o ms
ms

Speod light
(565 aouy, 36 Sx24 x 60x bo
Tn a hon -

leap yat sgconoBJ

total number d 3.153 X lo sécond

by ight n yeat Bxo°x 3-15x lo (ms'x

tane trawelad
kight Yaai . 46 x o m .
Tanse asttonomical ohects outst
used to measure
Unit odistance
1 ans ec 3.26 iaht yean
3.26 X 9. 46 xj6m
Pansec 3.08 X /o°m.
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small leng ths thickress
Meas uri'n
Count: The smallsk lonqth whih can e measured ey mdiesak
Least
scale mm
eas count metre
Aoant count Verniin Calle ib o-) mm Ch mm)
(Yoo mm)
Least Count zorew quagp O . o mm

2. Mass: un an objcck
Measwrement amount dmatter
S 1 nit kg
Weight: Grauitabonal pull expericncad by matter.
Neght mass maas
Naight is diretly pioporbionel to
Moons qnavi tational pull Eanths grauttational pull
than an farth.
Thus obfects wegh tiimes uahter on Moan
wil Plm an th sane
Euk he mass
Moss (m) Woug ht =mas x qranity (W= m9)
1 is a denived quantie.
is ndamentl quantily
1 ha, rnagnithude aAdiectian -\écto quantt
a

alona -Stalnquartie,a.
2has magnitudo
|3 h i tho noimal fote ovented by the
B . i thu amount 4 matter, ontained
-An a bodiy sulaa on tu opject agin qetational pell
dhe same eveuywhee 4 vauiesomlace to place.
4. ramains maassed by snnq kalance.
puaicgl bakana. 5.is
5. i measuud by wnit is nelwton. CN)
unit kilagtam. (ka) 6. hs
.J
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can maasure mass acurately uplo 5q.
NoTEom mon balance
halane tan ma2Ue mass acunatdy upto lo mg.
Fhusitcal k Lqilal
3.Ime events and interval
Ldivan then
durakion
Maas ure d tbu past b he present
proqres6ionevent rorn
t é lh
(H kays changing). ST unt is uond
the Puture.
ino the
the time Poughly
Ulocks ame used to measue

TypasCbk
kasad on iplany:
clock.
clock i') 8gtal
0) Analog
wokung muchanism
Typslack basad
on

clock
i) buaatz
chock i ) omi
nsdilltions contrdud by a Quort tiptal
cock ses ehctoric
Auata 10second

ccuwa0
odthrungwifhin atom
atom
vibrahons odoung wifhin the
se perialic
Atomit clock ACCurac4 1 0 second
73

Jntenaional limeRitthdin
Poaihioning Sste),
Gts (abbol
Senita,
sed n Satallte &ystem).
(Global Nawhaion
Ga LONIASS
Tmo (GMD Grænuih in londm
NoTE6rreeruich Mean Chsoniatony,at
mean zoln
time at tha Xoyl
the Zore 1houn) (Toal 24 Zonea =

measUnd at o'longitiide.
(1s-1 =

J (IsT): STE GMT5.30 hous

Tndian dandard Time
Jt á loatrd at
2
S'lonqthude at Mitapu», UterHadesh.
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4. 7empenature
zubstane
-Measuwre d hotnos ot ddneS5 a
-I delinnd as a measure g tho overage the
entngy qtho_porbiles in a system.
kinebic tamperatiue
Theomomettes am usrd b masure
ST w kelvin (K)
directiy
Electic Cwrent (1) ehcbrie chorqe(2
().
5.
(1) Amounk 4 -

Electric urment TCme t )

cubaent mes Wred Coul umb (C).
Elhtno
ST wnlt ketric
Curene ampere CA). |
used o 'electyic uront
aasure'eleclic usrent.
Ammeton g he douie
6. Amount Suhstane: m a sulkstance
(parhiles) prsenk
number t t é s
-
Maasure election ar poton)
ion,
Catom, moleule,
maabred in mala
the sTunit,
s contains
which contains
amount substane
as he
Nd b dined mot.
ent'hes I danoted by
6.023 x [o
r u m b v n - 6.023 xlo
PAvagadho
23
xtounits 4 the subslane
mde any suhstana 6. 02 3

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7. Luminous Intensty:
Measure the pouwer
the pmited light, by a

unit
hight soue n a panbular divechon, per
is talld es lhuminous intensity.
Solid angt
(cd).
SI unit á Candela

- One candela is approximately e uaht emiled pom

wax
candle.
Comman,
a

minous intesity
hotometor is used to measwe
-
neaswre 4 he pereioved
uminous jpuwer is hu
Luminous hix
o

T uwtt i umen
men'
pow th
lght.
Jundamental unlts, thoe are

NOTE Apant rom 7 as duoived

douived wnits.
wnits
2mou untts, nown
Plane n ge Splid nge.
intersection
the angu madu at ho ont-
óthe arge made by oint
- pan 3 o mo planes at a common

inkosechontuo lneso
o dimantional_(2D) . N s three dirensiomal (3D)
(Tad) Tls unit s steradion )
Shs unit b 'udian

Unbill 1e95, lane anqle and edid anglu were claifted ndor
|Supplamontary quontihes. nived quantih es
n 11s, thy wee shifed l
T
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