Chu'o'ng 3

cAc pHU'oNG puAp xu'r-v crrAr rr-rAr nAN

l. Phfln lo4i chit thii rin
I rr-rtic l<hi chat thtri rin clu'crc su' clung lai. tdi ch6. ldrn nguy€n li0u clio san xuat
cong nghi"^p. lan'r phAn corlpost. tao khi m€ tan. cdn thi6t phai qua giai cloan phan loai.
lloat clong phan loai chit thai riur co the dLrcrc ti6n hztnh rai cac ho ,eia dinh. cac cliinr
'^ cn. cac hai thai.
trung. clru_r
'l'gi ctic hQ giu dinlt
l)han loai chit thai rin tai cac hQ gia clinh la buoc dau rien giup cho c6ng tac xu'
11 ti0p thco clu'crc thuan loi hon. Dd1' lri hoat d6ng rnang tinh hop tac cua rndi ngrLiri
dan r (ri co quan phu trach v'c sinh moi trucrng khu vuc. Nga), tai circ gia dinh. chun-e
ct-t. ciic chat thiii riirr cli du'trc phan loai c6 thd theo clac diem 11" h(ra hoic theo li.iclr
thLLtic ctiit n(r. Vi du: l)u'ng ri0ng rac thuc pharn. tui clanh cho gial'loai. bao cir. t0i
dLlng chai mirnh thuy tinh v6'" rui dUng d6 kim loai...
O cac nucrc ph6t tri0n viOc phdn loai chAt thai rin tiri gia dinh da trd thirnh c1u1'
dinh vii moi gia dinh d€u tudn thu.
'l-gi ctic' ttiim tQp rrung rric trung gittn,
trtrm trung clruy€rt
'l
rot.ts tram trung chuyCn. c6ng tac plidn lclai rdc ducrc ti6n hanh. Tai dai, nguoi
ta phan loai rac bdng circ phucrng phdp nhu' 11' tdm. th6i khi. tu'tinh vd cac thi6t bi
khirc.
O cac do thi cia nu6'c ta. trarn trun,s, chul irr rlc chua ducyc hinh thanh rnA dan-e
t6rr tai cic di0rn ric tatn tlidi la ncri tAp trung rdc thu gom clu'<rc Lu' I ha1,, 2. 3 n-ed pho.
lihu chung cu'\'.\1.., 'l'hdi eian luu gi0'cLra nh0'ng thung r6c nay chi khodng I ngi\1.
sau dri nti du'oc chri cl0n bAi thai chung cua clia phucrng.
Phlin loai r:ic tai bei thei
- l)hu'crtt-u. phirp thu c6ng: 'l-rong phu'ong phap nay" phai dung tay dd nhiit tirng
loai rac tlleo tnuc dich. Cac cdng cu tho so ducrc su dung kerr theo nhu que _eip"
xing bdi riic. x[rc riic...
- I'}han loai bing ludng khf th6i: Phu'cmg phap nay su'clr,rng trong shn xulit c6ng
nghiCp. Irhim ttich cac vat li€u. ctic szin phAm h6n hqp kh6. 'l-rong phan loai chat thiii
cti trotr-u. ILrottg nhc- (hi'u ccr) lin chit thni rdn co trong luong ndng hon (vo co') neu,iri
ta sr,r dung phutrng phap khf rh6i 16r co hie u c1ua.
- I)han loai ban-e tir tinh: Phuong phap ndy du'a vao cl4c tinh hut kim loai (sit)
cua nanr chdrr dC tach,kirn loai thai vrvi cac thdnh phAn phi kim loai khac trong d6ng
ritc. I)hutrtrg phap phArr loai nal dr-rtrc su'cl,rng aOi vOi ch6t thai rdn sau khi da nghicn
rA trLroc I<hi clua vao he thong phdn loai bin-e th6i khi hoac ca sau khi nghien vii thoi
li.hi. NCLr thiet bi c(r tlAu nanr chArn lrin thi cci th6 su'dung cri doi r,,6'i chat rhiii ran
truLti'c khi clap. nghien.
Phu'ong phap tu'tinh cDng duqrc ap dung d6 hut kim loai tu'rro tdn sau khi thicu
d5t cn6t thai ran vd ca 6'bAi rhai.
- Sirng phdn loai ch6t thAi rin: O6i vo'i phAn lo4i ch6t thai ran hdn hop nhicu
tht)nh pharl co kich thu'trc khac rrhau nguoi ta su'clung he th6ng sang d6ng hoic tinh
44
nhi0u l6p. Sang phAn loai srr dpng cho ca chat thai ran kho lan rLot. nf,ng r a nhc.
'l'hong
thu'irng phuong phap nay c1u<;rc ap clurng OOi vO'i ch6t thai rf,n trudc vi\ sau l<hi
clAp. nghien va sau khi phan lo4i bAng thoi khi.
'l-hi6t bi sang bao gort"r ciic loai nhu'
sau: loai sdng rung. loai sdng hinh trr.r tron quay...
Ngoai cac phucrng phap phan loqri ch6t thai r[n noi trdn. ngucri ta con ap clqng
cdc phLrcrng phap I<hac nhu: rac noi trong nucvc hodc tinh di0n v.v...
2. Girim kich thu'ri'c ch6t thrii rin
(iiiim kich thu'(rc ch6t thai r6n la siarn tich. cti trong lutrng tir l6n xLrong ber.
LhLl
(iiiim the tich. cO cti th0 khong larn thar doi trong lucrng cua chAt thiii rarr (ncLr la
clrat thiii rin kho) r'rhung klii larn giam trong lu'ong thi scr gilrn cling lirl t'e\ th0 tich.
Gitirn l<ich thutrc ch6t thai rin nhdrn nang cao hi0u qua thu gorn. van chulcn chiit
thdi ran: thu gorn. van chuyOn duoc nhidu ch6t thai rln htrn. siL clung it chuv0n xc
-fai
hon. giarn thoi gian di lai va chi phf. bai thai giam tlie tich ch6t thiii rin nhirl
tang thoi gian hoat clQng va giam cliQn lich clat cua bai thai.
2.1. Cirtg nghQ rrirt, tip
Cong r-rgh0 ncn cp chi ldrn gidrn thel tich cua chdt thai rin. Khi sri dung cong
nghe nen ep cin luu y:
r Dac cli0m cua riic cdn phai 6p nen (bao gorn kich thurrc. thanh phAn" clo drn.
nrat clo rac).
i I)huLong pliap chul'Cn rhc va nap rac vao thic{t bi cp ncn.
t I)hu'crng phirp gorn giri'va sr-r dLrng ric di ncn cp.
r D(ic di0rn thict l<0 thiOt bi cp. nen.
r l)qic clierr hoar clorrg bao gom y0u cAu uii nlng lucrng. )'eu cau ctv ch0 lirn
r icc ve bao clu'dng" ve rrlrc dQ tiiing on. ycu cau vc kicrr soat o nhi6rn khi vi\ nudc.
2.2. Cing nghQ thiAu d6t
-l'hiOu
d6t rac cfrng dtrcrc 6p clung d6 lam giam thc tich ban daLr cLra circ loai chAt
thai r[n chiry <lu'oc. Sir clLrng cong nghQ nay co thO giarn the tich tu'80 cl0n cX)9uo. l'rong
cprd trinh thieu dot. v6n cl0 o nhi6m khong khi can du'oc cluan tan"r mot cach thich cliing.
San phirl cua qua trinh thi0u a6t cn6t thai rin ld tro tein. Ncu cong vi0c phan loai chat
thai ran clr-rcrc thu'c hiOn tot va lo4i ch6t tnai rln dua viro lo thiOu la ch6t hD'u co thi tro
tar"r r-ren clu'trc si'dung de larn phdn bon.

2.3. CAng nghe nghiirr, ctit, brim nhti

Su' clung cong ngh0 na1,' nhinr bi0n nhirng chAt thrii riin cri kich thtrti.^ ltin thiinh
nhD'ng rliinh. cuc vey vurr nhd. nhAm nang cao hi0u clua thu son.t vd van clturcrt. lhi
clu: clic hop gi61'to. circ rnarrg be torrg. hirn cia. ban. gh6... can phai dLroc crit" chirt. clap
nlici.
Cong nghe dap. nghicn nhii di clugc ap clung cho rnQt so ngdnh cong nghiOp
nhu san xuat xi ming. sarr xudt gi6i,. v.v...
J. ChO bi6n ch6t th:ii rin
Cn6 Uien de sLi durng lai. lam nguy0n li0u cho rnot so ngarrh cong nghiCp. thrr
cong nghifp. lanr nhien liQu. chAt cl6t. v6t liOu xa1, du'ng. lirm phdn bon" lt)nr thllc irn
cho gia s[rc... la nhirng hoqt dQng nharn tdn dr,rng va giam thidu kh6i lucrng chat thai
:
ran.
45
 - Sir clttng /qi. Nhi0u loai chdt thai rin dutrc su'dr,rng lqri rnd khong can th0rn k!
thLrat nang cap. tai ch0. Lo4i chat thai rin nay sau khi su' c1ung <lang con n-e.u1'Ch vr-^n.
chat lLlong tot. bao gdrn: chai thu, tinh. hQp. tLri plastic" do dung khdng thich hqp. cir
cua chu nhan niir du't'rc churcrn sans, cho chu rrhan khdc v.v...
- 7.di chA: Mot so loai chAt thai rin duoc su clung nhu la\ m6t phdn ngLri,'en lie^Lr.
phu cho nhiOu ngdnh sdn xudt cong nghiOp, thu c6ng nghiQp nhu: thuii tinh vd. lop
-eia
xe hring. nhua h6ng. sdt" nh6m. xi than (larn php gia cho sdn xudt xi rndng) v.v...
- I-om chat citit. I{orn. ra. ld cdy" cdnh cAy. clue tre, n['a. g5. rnat cua" vd bao... la
-l
nguOn chat ckrt r6t tOt. ir truci'c clen na1- rv n6n-e th6n nucrc ta. d4c biQt rv cac tilth dong
bang song llong cac chdt thai ncii trcn c16ng vai tro rdt quan trong trong vi€c su' clLrng
chit ckrt.
- l.dnt ,-at liOu xtr.t'cltrng; (iqrch. n-e(ri v0. xi than.... du'oc su'clung dc rai duivrr-e...
- l,int thirc'cin c'ho gia szic'.'Ittvm. r4. day khoai lang. ciy lac" rdc thLLc phirrr rrhLr
coln. raLr thu'a. bi rnfa. bi ruou. phin gia s[rc... ddu cluoc clic,eia clinh ci nong thon sLL
dr-rrrg liim thu'c irn clio gia s[rc va ca.
4. ChO bi6n thinh phin vi sinh
4.t. Cdt'r,i siuh t,fit tham giu vrio qui trinh ph(in hu! sinh hgtc cltfit thrii rin
Circ vi sinh r.,At thani gia clud trinh phdn hu1, chAt thai rdn tao ra nh0'ng san phinr
hoirc ban thanh phanr nroi la PROTIST (n-quyOn sinh). c6c vi sinh v4t trong nhorn nav
cii th0 lij dcrn bao hoqrc da bao nhung kh6ng co su khac biet vC cau tao t6 bdo. Dai diQn
cho nhtin-t I'}l{O'l'lSl'la cac vi khuan. nAm. ndrn rnen. actinomycitcs. dQng vat ngur'6n
sinh (Protozoa) r'd tiio. . .
Cac vi lihuAn dor-r bao lzi khLrAn car-r (Cocci). khuAn qLrc (ltocl) hoac khuA,., *oirrl
(Spiral). Khuan cau c6 cluo'ng kfnh khoang 0,5 - 4 prn-r" khuAn que co chieu dai tir 0.5 -
20 ptnr vi chiCu rQng 0.5 4 prr" khudn xoiin co chi€u ddi trOn l0 pm, rong khoang
0.5pm.
Nlirr clu'oc coi ld da bzrro. kh6ng cluang hgp. la cac I'}l{O-l'lSl'cli duenig. llaLr h0t
ciic loai ndtn cci khii rrirng phat tri€n trong clieLr kiQn ctQ drr thdp rna vo'i dtl arn nir
l<h6ng thfch hop cho cac rilihuin ho4t dQng.'l'hcrn vdo cl(1. cic ndrn co thi chiu clu'o'c
clQ pll thiip va dai rQng tu' 2 - 9" ptl ly tuirng cho cdc loqi n6rr le 5 - 6.
NAtl tlcn la vi sinh v6t clon biro. co hinh cAu voi duong kinh tu 8- l2prn hoac
c6 hinh clip (chieu ddi khong cluir 15pm). Ilo4t dQng rnanh nhdt cua loai ndrn nay'lii
lCn rren duo'ng thanh rucru va COr.
KhLrlin tia (Actinornycctc) la mot nhorl vtii clic di6nt trung gian giD'a r,ilihuran
va narn. Khuan tia co t6 bao vrri kich thucyc tu'0.5 - l"4pm.
4.2. l'hfin vi sinh (compost)
Cac chat thai rin h0'u ccv co the cluoc phin loai nhu sau: Cdc thanh phin hoa tan
tron!] nu'tic nhur du'o'ng. hot. axit arnin va circ axit hfr'u ccr khac.
- Cac san phirn Ilcnricellulose co 5 <tdn 6 duong cacbon:
- Ccllulose - san plranr cua 6 ducx-rg cacbon. glucose.
- I)dLr. mO la chc estc cua ruryu va cac axit beo bic cao:
- [.i-unin:
- Cac lignin ccllulose:
46
 - Cac prote in la su'kOt hqp cua chu6i antino axit.
Ncu circ thanh phdn hii'u ccr n6u tren clucrc phdn loai tu' ch6t thai rin clo thi r i di
cho cdc vi khuAn phan huy thi san phAm con lai sau hoat dQng dong lioa. dl hoii cua vi
khudn ld nrun (humus). Qua trinh na1, cr)n clu'gc goi la qua trinh cornpost (tao philn',i
sinh). Sir phdn hu1,ch6t hfr'u ccr co thc clu'tvc thuc hi91n btii c6c sinh vat ki khi hoac lCni
khi phLr thuoc r.,ao dieu kien oxy. Qua trinh phan hu1, ki l(hi thu'rrng xtiv ra l<hir charn va
ec) nriri clo dti ',,:'hau het cac clua trinh cornpost thuo'ng d'dqrrg hao khi.
I)qrc tinh 11, hoa cr-,a ,nun bi0n <Iong thco loai ct-,At tnai ran. dieLr kiQn hoat clong
cua c1r-ri trinh corrpost. NhD'ng dac diem chinh sau clAy' rna ta co thi phiin bi0t nrirn vd'i
cdc vit ch6t tU nhien khac la: Co rniu ndr-r don cicn dcn: l'i le nittr-cacborr thap: Cti su'
thal' cloi tiep tuc clo su'hoat clong cua vi sinh vat: Co kha nf,ng trao cloi bazo.
4.3. lloot d0ng ciio vi sinlt vQt trong qud lrinh ii rric conrpost
(lirc vi sinh vat cti rnit trong qua trinh u phan rac corrpost bao gorn r i kliuAn.
narn. msn. khudn tia v.v... Ngurri ta xac djnh ran-e hAr,r htlt cac loai trong nhorn vi sinh
vat nOu trcn dOu co kha nlng phdn gini gAn h5t cac ch6t h['u co tho trong rirc thaii. fat
:.
nhicn nroi mot loai vi sinh v6t co khi nang t6t nhdt d0 phdn hu! rnot darrg chat l'r[i'r-r crv
ni\o clti. Vi clq clLrr)ns hoa tan trong nrrdc la tot nh6t OOi rOl vi khuan tr..r,r! khi cki narn.
rncn. khuin tia lai hoat clong rdt nranh dcii l,6i chat cellLrlosc vi hcrniccllulosc. (lulr
trinh trao A6i cn6t la hiOn trrcrng ph6 bi0n trons ir phan rac i,'a mot 1,0u to cpran trr.rng
lihac ld su' phan giai nhiet do hoqrt dQng clong hoa va cli hoa cua vi sinh r it clc tuo ra
nrirrr. () nhiet dQ 45 50"C1 cric vi sinh vAt u'a nhi0t bit dau hoat dQng ld chri 10u.
l)6i vdi cdc vi sinh vat ua nhi0t nay' nhigt dd 55"C la tOi uu va do cki nri cti so
lu'ong chiern dAi cla s6. C) nhi6t d6 45 - -50"C con cci cac vi khuan va khLran tia hoat
dQng. 1'rong di0u kiQn birrh thudng ri nhict clo cao cac vi sirrh v'dt hoat clong nranh r ij
on dinh hon ri nhi6t cJQ trurng binh.
5. S:in xr,6t kt i sinh v4t (biogas)
O Viet Nan-r cong nghQ san xuAt khi rne tan tu' phdn gia stc cirng di drroc clLra
: ,l ..
r cl rnot so dia phu'ong nhu Cdn 'I'hcr. Scrn Tay. Bac Ninh va mot so vung khirc.
^

Viec su'durng phan gia sfrc nlang lai nhidu lcri ich dang k6:
- Giarn sfrc ep v0 ctii dun. l<hi clOt tp'nhiOrr. Vi0c cLrng cAp cLii durn ngi)r cang
khan hi0m" dac bi0t a6i vO'i vung clong bnng. Nga),ca vurrg trung du cLri clr-rn clarrg ngii.
L',
cang it r i lli van d0 quan tam cua nhdn ddn virng thon qLrc.
- Ilan chO du'qc nan chit cd1'ru'ng lA1'cii: phirt tri0n san xuat khi me tan dcn
tLrng ho gia dinh s0 han chO nan chiit cay. pha ru'ng Oe tAi' cui cJun vtii n-rr-rc clich trL cap
vd thuong mai.
- 'l'r.rn dr,rng nguon phdn gia sLrc ldm phdn brin hfr'u co grip phan ticli cLrc r do
ctirrg tiic giarn thiCu chat thai ran d nong th6n.
- (i6p phan lzim sach rnoi tru'rrng tai circ lio gia dinh. trang trai: I)l-ran tuoi clrLtrc
thu clon hiing nga1,. duoc u kin lranh mui hdi th6i va khong cr)n ld noi 11 tuong clc rLroi.
.l
r.rlri.rng pnat tnen.
- 1'rong phan gia suc dI u. khfrng c<)n cdc vi khuan ga.r' benh vd rnui hoi cua
,.;
plrirr du'trc giarn rat nhiCu.
Mot s6 han chC:
4l
 I l)oi ht)i clau tLr ltinh phf ban dAu tuong d(>i cao so vryi nhfr'ng h6 c6 thu nhap
- ,i
nans rlant tltilp.
r YCr-r cau du so luong gia s[rc nhu'trdu. bo. l<yn.
, Can cluoc cluan tArn hAr-rg ngd),.
r Cl6 the xal ra su c6 nhu' cha1. no.
- Cric.l'iu fi rirtlt hut)'tr14 tt\n qud trinh siin suirt klti sinh vQt
+ I)liu viio h"^ thong: Dau vao cua he thong srin xuat khi sinh vdt bao gdrr phan
tuoi. trLr(vc giai. nu'ric trrin co thi ca rac hiru co. N6u khong duy tri sp'6n dinh vd lucrng
r at chat n6i trdn se anh huong den kh6i luqng khi sinh ra va cac hoat <16ng phAn hLrr.
cua vi sinh vAt trong be ph6i.
I 'l'heo <JOi. ki,-irn tra: l'rons qud trinh ho4t cl6ng cua b€ pnOi 1Ue sinh Iihi) co Lhtl
xav ra nhilne su' co nhu tao l6p vdng clay h4n chO thoat khi: rd ri khi rt be pnOi. f iirn
tra nhict d6. DOi v(ri cdc tui plastic sinh khi cAn phai kiOrn tra thucrn-u xuy6n v'i loai na1
cl0 bi rrich. thLrng clo cli6. rnco cao. cdn.
r I hrvi ti0t: Su thar doi thcri tiet co dnh hucrng liyn d6n c1r,r6 rrinh sinh khi. Nhier
do khort-s khi ha tlidp larr giarn hoat dong phan huy cua cac vi sinh vat trong bi ph6i
do clti lihoi lu'ong khi sinh ra se gidm anh hu'cing nay clirc biqt rl0 nhdn thdy' cl6i vrii circ
bi tui sinh khi r-rirni ld thien.
- Ciu tgo cila h( thOng siin xufu khi sinlt v$t
+ tlo ph4n ccv bdtr cua he^ thorrg sdn xudt khi sinh \ at la lre sinh khi ttal con goi
li) bC phan hu,'. b0 pn6i. t<icn thudc cua b6 tu! thu6c vdo kha nang ve tai chinh. so
lucrng gia s[rc va nhu cAu ue chit d6t lkhi c16ty.
I'he tich chung cua b0 sinh khi va bd cht'a khi nhu sau:
Vf du: San xuat 2 rrr3 kh(/nga.r,the tich chung cua bc sinh khi I ch[r.a khi ln l0
m': Siin xuat 5 rrr lihi/rrgil,the tich chung cua b0 sinh khi r ch[r'a khi la 25rrrr.
- llotrt et\ng cilu ltQ th6ng
.:
I rotre b0 sinh l<hi. hon hqp phdn va nudc bi phAn huy y0m khf tao thanh khi rlC
tan duLtii tiic don-e l0n rtren cua vi khuin rnethanogencs. () nhiet do trong bc la 35"Cl vi
lihLrdn se hoat dong rdt rranh vi sO siin xuit cluoc nhi0u khi. Nhict dd cirn-e thap thi
hoat dong sinh lilii cua vi sinh vAt cang giarn. () nhiet d6 l0"C hoat cl6n-e sinh [i.hi
Ir-u[Ltrq hiin. O cac nucic nhiet dcii. nhiet dQ trung binh cua khdng khi thuong tir 2-5"C
30"C. lho'i -eiarr trung binh du clc cho vi khuAn hoat clong l0n rnen l.rong di0ur hi0n nhi0t
dtii lii -50 ng2r1'. 'l'rong clieu ki€n khi hdu nong hcrn thoi gian ndy se gidm xuong cdn 40
ngdl'. O cac khu vuc c6 khi hdu lanh hon thi thoi gian hoat d6ng l0n rnen lAu hon. it
nhit 60-70 ngay.
I)C cho bd sinh l<hi hoat cl6ng tot. cAn phai dirn bdo rnQt so y6u tO sau dAy:
- I lang nga,r' nap di lu'ong phAn. nu'crc theo ty l€ ho-p li, 'li l0 phan/nu'tic cti rhc
lii I :l:2:3 hoirc 4:5.
- l)rinr bao ptl..tl (mu'c t6i uu) cua h5n hcrp phAn" nudc.
- Ki0ni tra hoat don-e ban cldur cua b0 sinh khf. hoqrt d6ng cua vi khuAn" clinh
dLrirng cho vi sinh vat.
- I(i0m tra ciau ra: khoi lu'ong l<hi. dac rliern cua pharr sau khi phdn hu1.
.t.
48
 T'Ar LrEU'rrrAM xuAo

I . VO Van 'l'an" Giao trinh Hoa hoc m6i truong" NXB Dai hoc I Iue. 201 2.
2. VO Van 1-dn" Ngo Van l'[r. Nghidn cu'u xri li COD" I]OI)s t] nudc rhrii sinli
hoat bang than bun T'hua'l'hien IIue.'l'u1,0n tflp circ b6o cao khoa hoc tai
Iloi ngh! Moi tru'crng toan cluoc nam 1998. Nha xu6t ban Khoa hoc ra Kr-
thuat. f la Noi l99tt. trang 689-692.
3. L0 Vln Cat. Ctv sir hoa hoc va kn thuAt xir lv nudc. NXII'l'hanh niOn. IIi)
Noi 1999.
1. TrAn VIn Nhan. Ngo'l'hi Nga. Giao trinh Cong ngh0 xr-L ll nu'ric thrii. NXI]
Khoa hoc va K! thuat. IIa Noi 1999.
5. Ngo Thi Nga. K! thLrat phan ung. NXI) Khoa hoc va K! thLrat" Ili Noi 2002.
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