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TP. HO CHI MINH " 2OOO
PHAN.HIfU HIEN ?id,? S,
NGUYEh v..iN XUAN ?,oc s'
NGUYEN HDNG TAM, Th.ac si
LE vAN BAN, ?/toc s,
TRIJONG viNH, fllac st
 iu

LOI GIOI TNruU

'dt cd cac thi?t ltdi nhu lrut bi l,n m,ng, dm udng, t! lb gao nguy?n thlip,
hat cd cht?d d6c td, eid.m ndt md.m, bi mot .u.t,... dlu do ldm h.h6 lnt hl$ng
d ng hi thuol no ro
Thdi didm rdy ra nlttng thiit ltgi ndry tdp trung nhdt ld lic ltdtn htong mtdc
trotg lLat dang cdn caa- Do d6, tlldi didnt ngay sau hhi hat duic i.,L.t io@clL ld. thdi
didm "cuc trong" Vao tll(ri d;dnt tn! ndu hh6ng co gid.i ph,ap phoi sdy hip tltdi ud
phn lop thi tan tlldt se xdy ra ud, hh6ng thi! citu uAn dtdc.
rdy, Cd hlfing nh{lng giim Lot cdc tdn tlitt sdu thu hoaclt md cdn dd ndng
'v'r
cao chdt luong rrorrg son, SiY,YAT ta giii phep clc trj quan trong ua hllong thd
thidu.
Tu! nltian, oiac dta c6ng nglLo sdy hat ud,o sdn tudt dai trii ddi l@i mot sd
didu hiAn, clulng han nh,rt :
. Clti phi ch.d t{to, lai.p dd.t, uQn ltunlt mciy sii1, hat phdi tltdp lon nl du
ldn so Ddi tlidt bi nh,Qp cia mttc ngodi.
. Ki thuett sdy pfuii phn llop Ddi ttng loat sdn pltdm: sd1 trdi, sdy cd,y
phdt ltlulc sdy hat; sd1, lrut girlng pltci:i hlnc sdy lnt ldm luong thvc
haic lint tltrc.in gra 3r;c
. Phdi c6 hoat d6ng chqtdn giaa hj tlludt ddy di ddn ngudi n,ng dd.n stl
dung mdy sd1, giip lto Ddn hanl1. thiinh tltro theo ding ybu ciiu hy
thutit d6, duoc qui dinh ddi t)di tdng Laai sdn plt dm dem sti.y.
Dct 1?u cd.u nd,tig caaclldt luong srin piLdm ctia chinh. minh, ngat ttt dAu
nhttg ndm 1980, C6ng Q Gidry Cdy tr6ng Lliin Natn pltdi hdp Ddi Trulng D.ti
lrcc N6ng Lant TP. Hd Chi ltinll dd. tridn hlwi clLd tao, hldo nghiAm, ud srl durtg
may sdlt cld sdy lnt gidn.g. C6ng tJ, dd ttng btac chd tao, trang bi, t)a nAng cao cdng
sudt stiy hat gidng. Ddn w4t, m6i ddt thu haacll, C6ng ty dd cd tlld tidp nhd.tl L)d
sd1 hrtn. 600 tdn trai blip gidng ftudng duong hh.od.ng lOA hecta ru6ng nhdn gidng
btjp)- Trong tlldi glan toi, C6ng t! sC co thd sd1,tod.n bO ud hh6ng cdn ding bian
ph{ip plLoi niing d.e ldm hlfi san phd.n gidng cia ninh tLta, nhiim chi d6ng uii
ntjng cao cltdt Ludng hat gidng.
Eoat dOng chd tao, Lti.p dd.t, ua sl dqng na! sd1 6 C6ngtt Gidng CAr bdng
Miin Nam cd sLt d.6tlg gdp rdt dang hd cia Khoa Co hhi Trxdng Eai llac N6ng Ldm
t-a \o , t1'ott Tinn si Plran HtAu HtAn
 Sau nltiiu t d.,L nghien ctu, tridn.hlLai clLd
tao ud hluio ttghi,nt tllalll c6ng
ctic loai nay stiy hat. ?idn si ptnn hieu
Hiin ta cac Oo" iii"iii."r' ; fn." C,
I.ttt C6ng ngt,;, Trrotte Dai ]toe t\.o.te La,,t da b.,g t.."t,"
'd lt ".1,1Ay sAY H.\T O VtET .\A.rt. i,i, "'." tttonlt tqp
Cr/€ uir_url?" trinh btty Li thulA! cd b!:
,, .. u6 sd.y
s91, uA cdu tao, idp ddt, udn tnnh, oa het qud
hat, tdp thd ta.c ELtt da.sidi
t.t,r_?_y
i"r'i,ii'""i t""r' ,lnt ;dl ho.t
r t
Vt.l Nat IJBuot ta ,ac tu, 6,o ttlng do pltan'rtch r.it 0,,,'"rr-, ,," ul, ,',,',",
sd1, oa plttlc lLoa rq, uiitt cdnh ria d.rth l,iong ",i,i'i"'
ctto t,a tr[", tr" ,,i,,"i ,, r"j,-:";"";;l
Dijng bdng .6ne Ctu Long.
u6i du.ng tttidt thuc, td.p sticll t6 rd.ng ld. rdt htiu icll lrll6ng
'..'d,i
s hhi tfine ngtiap, cdiL b6 hhu1,iln n6ng, tid.
Lhing ctlo t?i
.c(
n6ttr tlglt.iep. "dn "no "a" ,i,,a'iTar"ii ,,reL
"au
iTun nia, odn Ld. ban ldu ndil Ljai^.Tiitl _;i plLan
ita vinlt du gioi ttLlau tap sicj: "LIAy SAy HAT
Httu Hin. tit rdt uui ntt!.n€
tJ viET N.\ j- L-;,';a;,';oc
Tp. t!6 Chi Minh, ngdy 21 thdn1 4 n.j.m 20OO

a
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.u"
",T:.X
J,*il 3u'i,?u",,,* *"-
MUC LVC
5.4.

5.5.
5.6.
5.7 .
7.12. Chi phi "kh6ng sdy" .........
.........100
7.13. Phdn doc th6m Chlrong: Tinh sudt n6i hoin IRR
............101
 Chtdng 1

r6ruc euAN vE vAr.r OE SAY HAT

i.1. HAo HUT crA rnr NONc s.,iN pn{m v'u Ht , THU
Trong nhidu nam qua, sdn luong ir_ia sdn xudt d.Vi6t Nam dd l*6ng ngtng gia
tang. Nem 1998, cdc tinh D6ng bdng S6ng Crlu Long (DBSCL) szin xua't 15,i] tri6u
tin ILia, chidm hon m6t n[fa idng s;n ]Lrong cd nudc; trong d6 6,:} rri6u ta,n lia dudc
ihu hoach trong mia mda (vu ha - thu). So vdi nem l9g3 vdi chi 1,4 iri6u tdn lda
h0 - thu, day ld mdt budc tdng vot.
\i ra1' sa'1 lLta he - thu da rr; rhinh vdn di thdi su, nhim gi:im hut sau
'h. r.o,.n. \.J.'d. -ng:,- r,r d" na Dt.,- rTror ;. an:,.np hou"hao tirui l,at..
trong vu ha - thu. Nhi6u cuoc didu ira th6ng k6 cho rhay hao hur do ki6ng phoi siy
kip nam trong khodng tr) b d6n 2SEd Cric con sd ndy c6 th6 chua that chinh xdc,
nhrmg ching ta kl6ng can xem x6t ti mi, vi sd ndo cing tlrdng duong gri t.i bac ri,
dii h6i suy nghi dd giii
quydt vdn dd hon le ban tdm ddn b6n th6n sd lieu.
LA'y vi du c a trLldng hop khd cuc doan id hao hut 207o san ludng ]6a, nghra
ld
t hoing 1 tliau tdn, gid tri ld 1800 ti d6ng (1j0 tri6u USD). blng 1/5
kim ngach
xudt kh6u gAo cia Vi6t Nam heng ndm. tr{6t vi du nh6 hon: Theo ngudn tin ti m6t
C6ng ty kidm dinh hdng h6a xudt khdu thi phrii xudt gao hd _ thu val gi;
thap hon
30 USD/tin so vdi gao dong - xuan vi chei tuong k6m hon. NhLr vAy,-vdi 400.000
rin gao xudt khdu trt.v'u mua ney, coi nhd mit 130 ti (12 triQu USD). T6m lai, hao
h.rt m;t mdt td rdt l6n
Cing vdi lda. bdp (ng6) 1d cay ludng thuc quan trong, vdi sen lddng teng ddng
kd trong cdc nem vda qua. Nem 1994, sen l,Jong bdp ce nu6c da dat cir sd tr6n t
tli0u tdn. Bdp vu hi - thu cOng bi hao hut vi kh6ng phoi si,1, kip se bi bdc n6ng,
m6c den... Dnc bi6t le tric dung d6y chuydn hhi b6p duoc lAm thrlc
an gia sLtc. D6c
td aflatoxia sinh ra trj b6p mdc dm c6 thd lAm gia sric ch6it hdng loat, nhdt ln
ddi
1-di vir. Nhu vay, tai hai kl6ng phei d kit6gram b6p bi gi:im gid
bao nhi6u, md cdn
o cho gir lr cua gid <uc bj chei bd d-.

. Ngoai lda, b5p, c6 thd nrii phdn ldn hat n6ng sdn thu hoach trong mia mua
ci6u cd y6u cdu ldm kh6 kip thdi iii tr6nh hao hut: d6u phong
0ac), d6u ndnh, hat
dii-u... Tar ca Jpu cdu nay rleu xuai phdr rJ ngJ)en nhan hao'nri gi"
i., nong."n
 2 TO\c qL:;N VF VAj.r DE SAt HAI

r.2" v.(N oi pndr r,rlr.. r.(p...

C6 th6' x6t 2 trudng hop: vu hd - thu tmrra,. vd r.u dins - xu;n
1.2.1. Vu hi - thu
C6 V kidn cho ring: Dr) vdo mr)a mua, sd li6u khi trrong cho thiy s6 gid {ng
trong ogey vdn khri I6n. Thuc ra, ciic con s0-cdn chri j Id sd ldn mrra. lLrong mua
m6i ngiy, vd bao nhi6u nem thi gep mda ddm, nua bao li6n tuc. Mtla bao nhu id
thi6n tai, kh6ng tldn thudng riuyen hAng ndlll.
N-ing llrong mit trdi di v6 tdn. nhLhg sL? dung kh6ng 16, kh6ng d6 trr,n3 mr)a
mLra. R0 riing li dang vrrdng ndc vd phoi lia hd - thu_ Vu d6ng , -!uan, it nghe ai
"kau" v6 vi6c phoi lda; cnng kl6ng ai dit v{n d6 vA rhidu sdn phoi. Vdn dA ta mua
nhidu hay it, kh6ng phrii li ndng nhidu hav it, c6 ndng hay khdng.
d Thai Lr.r, nhi6u chrl nhA md], xa]. da ddu tu san plloi, c6 sdn r6ng ddn
t hecta. Th6-nhm-rg ho vAn phdi mua th6m m6y,ciy. Didu d6 phrin inh sd bir tric
ciia sen phdi vdo mia mLIa.
Khodng 1')i nam gin ddy, d DBSCL da xudt hi6n nhidu idu phtri lna. Ldu ia
mot mdi che bing ny , lon, r6ng 50, 150 mr, phri l6n san phdi. Day la m6t budc
cai ri6n gidm nhe c6ng lao d6ng thu don lia khi trdi sip mua. C6 nhidu ]i kidn
khdc nhau r,6 giii phdp niy, tuy ring ddn nay cirua c6 nghi6n crju <ldi han nhidu
nam d6 dinh gi6 ding. Tuv nhi6n. c6 thd thn'y diy van chda te giai phdp triet de.
N"r, mLrr oa^3-{.gar l..n l,rc. rn. iua \ n b Ftdm.h rrrud g.

Hnlt l. ! Plloi l a, c6ng uiAc phdn lttu td llthl' t 2. I na rithu sou rdL nso). qtlo
ctia plru nn Dd tre em bdo, nnc tnbng nht gi..t ddu
1.2.2. Vu al6ng " xuan
Thdi tidt kio 16o, ning nhi6u nAn moi ngudi rhudng cho ring phoi lI di rili,
kh6ng c6 nhu cAu sd'y. Thd nhLrng trong \.ai rlem gdn d6v, hinh ttviAt Nam phdr
tridn. gid c6ng lao d6ng cao ddn l6n, thi vdn dd girii ph6ng sdc lao d6ng phdi l[a
cing da dudc det ra. Tddng tlr nhu td cudc ddt hodc ddp tia bing tay ddn cd,v may
vd m6y dep, sdy hat bing m6y li m6t bLrdc cd gidi h6a n6ng nghi6p. trong n6 luc
chung v6 hi6n dai h6a, c6ng nghiCp h6a cria c6 nu6c. Sdy hat bing mdy dLing ciich
(phan tich d cdc Chudng sau) s6 cho chdt tudng hat cao hon phoi.
Vdn dd cdn lai id
 TO\C {U'\\\a vi\ DE 5,\, Il>_ 3
limsao cho sri]'re hox pndi. Thd! td, vli noi d Long An vi S6c Trdng dd sdy lria
d6ng - xuAn rhay vi phoi; tr.ong calc trudng hdp d6, chi phi sa'y tinh ra rd hon ph,ri.
r.B. \dN Di sly nar d vrET NAM
lloi ngudi d6u nha't tri vd mfc d6 nghiOm rrong v) cdp b6ch ctia vi6c phoi sdy
lLia, bdp... vu hE - thu. Vdn dd ddt ra la phei girii quydt rhr.r thd ndo ? Tai sao
vdn
d6 tdn tai hon 10 ndm md xem ra chda gizii quydt <1uoc nhidu ? C6 ndi ndo. ciich
nio da giiii qulr6.t vdn dA m6t c:ich tich cuc ?
Trong ohiou nirn qua, nhi6u co quan, nhe mliy da nghi6n cfu thiil ird, chd
cao nhi6u m6u mev kidu cd khic nhau_ Thd nhLhg tldn 199?, u6c tinh chi c6
kho:ing 97. lna hb - thu duoc sdy bing mdy 6 DBSCL. Trong d6, khoang 1/3 tnp
.rung; S6c Tring, vdi kholing 500 mriy sdy tinh vi np;ang.
'lai sao mdy sa'y chua duoc phd bidn nhrnh r6ng ? C6 nhi6u l! do, nhLmg ri
dil chi rin :r6u 2 rrguydn nhdn cliri y6u.
ThJ rhe-:. chr phi sdy qu:i cao lphdn niy sa clud. triDh bay lO hon d. Chdong
tj;. Trn, tiroi rorr gon 1a si; mi khdng c6 to-l, taiir kim qud thi hh6ng
-qdy.
Ngiry6n nhan thn hai ld vdn d6 khuydn ndng. Bidu ndy ii6n quan ddn
m6t
dj6'm d6c lhi cria m6y sa'y, khdc hin vdi da sd c6c md1, mac nOnq'ngh,,.o
tt;;.
Ngudi n6ng dAn mudn mua mdt miy civ hrv mAt mil.ngh:en Ulif... cA
tla.em
thao di6n ngny. V6i ;16,. ;,Arh iii :rt,i. ]:lot 15! iiar bap... ld bi6.t ngay
mdy lim
vilc thi nio lli qure: C:;::- ]]r!:, lrr,r. nhong -\glJo-c hi v6i rnziy sdy;hai chd
ddn
kiri ih! r .i.: 11,-: jrj :r.a.h lai le ln. ben r6n nhd't crja aOrrg darr_ Ho it
thu,i
r ...-. :.:.: :.t: ji di xem mQt c6i mdy sA'y 6 cliu Co. M,)a gnt
. .-- r,. : rrn, k}li hoi rd:jh r6i thi khdng ;u. _^" i.org"A,;;;
cdn co hii Ci ,tcm naJa, lai doi qua nam sau
Cu nhu th6, tinh trang,,kh6ig thiy ihi kidng tiri.keo dai...
Chuy6n tcit ph:ii thdy i,xri tin, nguoc lai chuy€n xd.u larr
truydn khd nhan!
Chr cin mit miiy saiy nao d.i 15p dai rrong xa lem viec kh6ng
t6.t (giy gao, hat I6n
mdng...), thi "mdy sa'y (tat ca) ti nhd thd,,, If6t thinh Lido
H,O aol, ,i'a,,,g
dJn hat }ia Ai sen cLta chini nguoi n0ng den. Nhtng cau l,ai "lum
c6 ])m chdt mdm?,,hay.,SA'y c6 ldm chriy hle.?,,rA.t thrrong "rrg]rn'; nhd,, S6y
^gii'^;o
a,r,l" nhing noi
rnri Lip ciet rn{}.. T6rn iai, may sdy la tA't cd nhitng gr l,arrgia" nghe rha.y d
mot mdv cu tha nao d6 d trong ling xa hoic d noi ho da "gui;
cri dip xern.

,_ Di€u ."1: niy rho thiy vei tri cdc hi quan trong cLia c6ng tdc kluy6n n6ng sdy_
niv. cat mav ,ay chi ld cdc tei li6u, cric-m6 f,i,.,t,
Y:".*
nam r.n":.lirn. khont
^.. phal nuJ ql "i" aarre ,Xt
Jrldc ca
1.{. NOI DUNC l]AP TiiI LIBU
lunh u_q" sdy hat ra't phong phri. Nhidu
-. ,h,r:. nguy6n li vd phudng ph.ip sdy. nhu
.:^y chan khons, siv hong ngoai .v.v... Nhi6u
:ii
nnrpu Lar \'ret dinE{ d c:ic tap chi cd d€n hdng ngan bii. "a"l
ua
"afli6u
ngrr, ,.r,,",
"a nA},
Tap tni chi gidi
4 1'0N-c QUAN vi vIN DS Siy HAT

thieu phLidng phdp siy dr)ng kh6ng khi ddi 1uu, dudc dUng phd bi6n nhat dd say
hat. TAi li6u aldoc biAn soan v6i muc dich khri gidi han, nhlm girlp ban doc:
. Hidu c6c khrij niQm co bin vd ngul'6n l1i vn qu6 trini sdy hat.
. Hidu cdu tao chung cia cdc loai m6l.sa). 1d cdc b6 phAn chri ydu.
. Chon loqi m;iy sdy thich hop cho di6u ki6n dia phudng.
. Hidu cdch van hinh m6t sd m6u mdy sd'y c6 kh6 neng ph6t tri6n d Vi6t
Nam
Hy vong ti( tap tii li6u ndy, ban aloc sE tim hidu 16 hon v6 vdn dd sa'y. c6 thd
tlr minh gidi ddp mQt sd cAu hrii nh6 don rien, hoec m6t sd vdn dd c6 tinh vi m6
hon. Ching han:
- SA'y c6 to't hdn phoi ktr6ng ? C6 idm chdt mdm hat kh6ng ?

- Lam th6'nAo d6 hat sdy khdng bi dm mii kh6i ddt ?

- Lam thd neo dd dm dq hAt sa'y duoc ddng d6u ?

hoec:
- San rudt nh6, phan t6n, thu hoach chi 1 - 3 tdn har; lim sao c6 thd dau tu
vdo m6y sdy ndng sue't hing rrdm tdn m6i nem ?
M6i nim chi sdy 2 - 3 tuan, ldm sao ldy lai vdn ddu trr kI6 16n vao mdy

, !I6i tinh Ddng bhng song Ciu Long cdn ddu tLr bao nhiOu dd giei quydt
vdn d6 hao hut sau thu ho4ch l(a hd thu ? Vd ldi ich dem lai bao nhi6u
m6i ndm ?
Chtdng 2

so Luqc vE lY rnuyE'r sAy nnr

z.r. xs6Nc xrri du

Sa'y hat bhng kh6ng khi ld qu6 trinh truydn dm tl} trong hat ra ngodi kh6ng
khi trdi. Iv/i thd, hidu bidt vd trang th6i kh6ng khi dm Id cdn thi61 cho vi6e chon
,je. :ip duDg, ve s& dung cdc hA thdng mriy sdy.
Klta g itkl dz ld m6t h6n hop cr.ra kh6ng khi kh6 (chri y6.u chfa oxygen ve
:..:::a:-=- i.'r idi nJdc. Dav ld tiic nhan duoc si dung dd srn'v hat. Luong hdi nudc
:. i: :::--.: ": :. i i.: s:r :-r kl-rrs rhi6u nhung 6nh hUdog ra't ldn d6n qud _irinh
..j
'--: :- -r:- ::r1::- so crdu -.i:: tra.,g !hd: cua kh6ng khi dm. Mdi quan h6 c0a
:.--:-g ic: qud lrini siy duoc bidu di6n bang d6 lhi kh6ng kni dm, trinh bay 6 phu
luc Chuftg 2. Hai th6ng sd thudng gdp nllir Ia nli6i d6 va dm d6.

. NhiAt d6 6 Dring bing s6ng C&u Long it thay aldi trong odm. Nguoc lai, d
mi6n Trung vd midn B6c, nhi6t d6 bidn thiCn nhidu (Hinh 2.1).

50
,a'=
o:40
':-?
830
20 E

2 3 4 5 6 7 I 9 10 11
Thang (1 = gr6ng. 12:chao)
. a.Nhi6l d0 Hd Noi+Nhiet dO Hud + Nh €l dO Tp. HCt\t
-. -Am dO Ha NOi aO Hug + dm d6 Tp.HCNt
Hinh 2.1: Nhiat
-,{md6 vd dm d6 htl,ng hht & S unns
@d Noi, Hud, TP. Hd Chi Minh) cncl ViAt Nanl
 6 S, Ltl(,C vE Li THLrytiT Siy HAT

,,. d?,,00 tuae d6;nshia.ra

cua khon6 k},r,,!rnr ret_Rl, bieu thi
lddng hdi am trong
P"rl::r"
ra
j,llr""d_ klrong khi.ru56t a"i u,". Ne,;"'i;i'. "roo"*
n, n*n,"
rurong Khr oao hoa dm. dong sudng
ving kh6 han A r{p c6 Rh thd,p 20 _
_
.104l.. .Cdc
Ngudc lai, Vi6t Nam thu6c ving nhi-at
ddi a.m co Rn ,O _-ri""-""
"."
, Qud trinh s6.y bang may chi di6n ra rrong vai gib hoac vai ngay. nen sd tieu
ji nshia quan trons hdn. Hinh z 2 cio iray
:::'"ll::i::.:Tj.:11:*11."u
,9 va.am d0 crtii mot ngay ti6u bidr.r trong mia kh6 (thiidg srr thay
::,.,",,:'
Ithang 8 i tai Cin Thd, theo sd lieu rrung 3) va mia mtla
binh ciia E nem fgg8 - 19;2. Mi. khO i,"y
mira mua thi ti nAa dOm tdi Z gid sdng,
kh6ng khi ddu rdt d,m, Rh cao hdo 907..
10-sio sang d6'n 4 gid chi6u, khong khi Tt
khd h"on, En .tifron'iOr"
thap hdD 70Zo vdo mr)a ndrg. rnu.
"i" -,, ",
.t
iro0
r90
*l 80
6
c- ;:l 70e
605
arl
& .,.l soP
40e
::l
10
2

12 15 18 21 24
Gro trong ngdy (12 : l.ua; 24 = nia d6rn)
+ Nh6t ddTh. 3 .+- Nhtel ddTh. 8 +am d6Th.3 .--am do Th.8
Ihth 2.2: Biin thitn nhiat (1.) ud d;t dd kha
tCAn Tho. thdns:l td tiftrt-q B. t,Ltne
e ktli trong ngil-\
bnn JrS fii2,
2.2. AM D6 HAT
2.2.1. Dinh nghia

Am do har. % f,hoi
:-mqUg!e,*!frgEfr'
l(Idng hat (chet kio vA nudc
, -"
-- _- )

Vi du: Can EO g hat vd do ddoc c6 12 gn\16c,

thi dm d6 hat = (12 I EO * to} = 24Eo

2.2-2. 'Idm quan trgng cria dm d0 hat
d- d6 khdi hat ie y6'u td quan tlgn8 nhdt quydr dinh thoi gian bio qu6n
,haL. jTrong klo.ing 14 _ 1S7,, moi 1% sai bi6l 6nh hLrdng f-'al f,iri'uu"g
moc ram hu hong hat. Vdi di6u kic" th6; ;;;;; of,r,
rhe oao'.1
I,:1."::
co
iiltl n+t na uq"
quAn duoc 1 nam; nhung ngdoc lai, Lia 1g7r
ehi gin duoc khoang 2 tuin.
 sO LLtOc vn LV THUyiT s^y HAT 7

O D6nA bang s6ng Ciu Long, n6ng dan thrdng chi phdi l(a ddn 15%, th6m
chi chl 1i.i vao mira mua. Nguyan nhen lnc diu ln do thidu phdong ti6n phdi siy.
Sau Cb. dLr m6t sd noi c6 lb sii'y, th6i quen nay v6n dai d6ng, dd .,bdn lia ndng
hon Chi ld ioi ich cuc b6 ve trddc mit. Thiet hai ldu dii vd toan cuc thi to ldn.
Xay gao ra phei phoi sdy lai mdi bdo qurin ddoc. Xua't khdu gi6 thdp, vi chdt luoDg
thdp, khrich hdng bidt ld kh6 t6n trn 1au dei 16 gao. ,t6m lai, cing vdi m6t s6
nguy6n nhan khtlc, 6'm d6 cao id "thLl pham,, lam cho giii gao Vi6t Nam ludn lu6n
thip hon gid gao Thdi Lan.
* Am d6 hat 1A chi tiOu quan trong trong viec mua ban nong phdm. ,Ih6p
hon
m6t ti crlng ldm ngddi brin bi 16. Vi du: N6ng dan bdn 10 tdn Lta theo hop d6ng r4,m
,i6 hat ld 157, nhung n6'u th(c t6ld 1S7, s6 bi 16 2g5kg nd6c c6 gili tri tudng duong
gid iia, nghia ln 16 352 000d ndu gi6 lta ln 1800d,&g. M6r teu xua't 10 000 tan gao
c6 dm d6 th6p hrrn drn 116 ghi trong hdp d6ng id 17o s6 lam nha::,:it kiau bi thiet
khoing,l00 rri6u d6ng, gie s& gid gao la 2s0.USD/tdn ({p dung c6ng thfc d Muc
2.2.1. d€ tinh).

2.2.3. Do dm dO h?t
C6 nhidu phrrong ph:lp do dm d6 hat; th6ng dung nhdt trong thr/c td la 2
phrrcnq phdp sau:

PlLuong phap ti sd1: Det h6p mau chra mLit iuong hat nhit dinh vio t
^)
s:i'y c6 nhiilt.16 kh6ng dAi trong mit ihdi gjan nhai Cinht cdn dd xdc dinh l(dng
nddc m{t di. vd tinh am d6. \'i rlu:

Hip Hi)p br . Lu. deu Lnr.nrii

Hop +

#007 1r-.i 34,35 34,36,17,71 34,36

1 30,16 30,16 4,20 /16,65 *100
= 16,65 = 4,20 = 25,23'L
Llrong hat, nhi6t d6, thdi gian ddu ddoc qui dinh theo ti6u chudn qu6.c gia; c6
.
thd hoi l<hzic gi&a
nhau c6c nddc. Ngay d Mt, cnDg c6 nhidu tiou ch,rdn troi thac
nhau (Bang 2.1). !'i thd kni bdo ceo. nOn ghi 16 nhi6t dd sri dung vA thdi gian
siy.
Bo4 !.1: Thiti gian vi nhiQt dQ chudn dd x6c dinh dm dQ hat
Nhict ilo, Thdi sian, IG6'i tridag hau,
Loai hqt Tiou chue'n
sid
Bip & Dau 99 - 100 't2 96 25 AOAC
r03 17 15- 100 CSSA
Dau phong 130 6 200 ASAE
<72 200
 -
B !d Ltioc vt Li TllLrytT siY HAT

Phuong phdp tri sdy ia phuo.:rg ph6p chinh x6c d:ra't (1 0,27,) vd id phudng
phap chr.rdn r'ld so s6nh vdi c6c phrrong ph6p khac. Nhuoc didm la mdt thdi gian ddi
mdi xdc dinh du-oc am d9.
Plutung pltup gitin tidp'. Di6].. tr6 hoac dien dung cia hat thav d6'i uiy theo
am d0 hat. D\.ra vao tinh chdt ney, nguoi ta gi6n tidp xdc dinh dm dO hqt blng
cdch do.li6n tr8 irodc tli€a dung hat. Hinh 2.3 Ii 2 loai "m6v" do dm d0 hqt thudng
dnng d Viet Nam.
Ti6n loi cua phdoig phrip gi6n iidp ld nhanh, doc ddqc dm d0 sau ve'i giav'
Nhuq. didm 1i d6 chinh xdc kh6ng cao, vi cbn t'iv thuOc hinl dqng, kich thudc h4t,
d6 bdn... d kho6ns dm d0 thdp, sai s6 c6 thd chi 1 0 374. nhdog d dm d6 cao
(rdt
u6t) sai sd c6 thd ddn t 37o.

ti

n diau khidn

Hinh 2.3: Hui laq.i "mdy" do dm da llqt

2-2-4. Cdtg thitc tinlt h{qng nddc b6c hdi
a llot ilrgng hat Ca,,,3 dm d0 ddu M1, s61y xu6'ng dm dQ cudi M2. LLdng nddc
troug hat phii mdt di li GH"o :

* Mr -Mz
Gnrc, = G,i-
100 - M2
Vi du: SAy 1 tao het (1000 kg) til 307o xu6ng 157., Iudng nddc ma't di ld:
G"ro = 1000 * (30 - 15) / (100 - 15) = 176 kg
nghia ii lridi luong hat sau sdy h: 1000 - 176 = 824 kC.
N6u chi bidt i<h6'i iu{rng sau khi sey Ia G.r,", thi lLrong nudc da met di le G'H2o:

i
G'"ro = Guno *

Vi du: C6 I h4t hh6 (1000 kg) a 1570 dm dO, do da sa'v tu dm dQ ddu 307o,
Ldn
*
Idonq nLrdc da mdt di la: G's26 = i000 (30 - 15) / (100 - 30) = 214 kg nghia ln khdi
Iudng hai udt ban dAu ld: 1000 + 214 = 7274 kg,.
 sO LTIOC vi LV THUYdT siY HAT 9
2.3. .{M DO cAN BiNG
2.3.1. Dinh nghia
Hai c6 tinh hrit dm hodc ni6 dtr tiy theo dm d6 m6i t dng. Ndu dd m6t
nhd:n hat vio m6t binh kin c6 dm d6 tuong do.i Ei kh6ng ddi vd nhi6t d6 ? kh6ng
ddi t.ong thdi gian kh6 dli, thi hat s6 dat m6r dm d6 kh6ng d6'i, goi lt dm dO c6i
bing M". Goi ld cdn bbng, vi hat kh6ng th6m dm hodc mdt dm di nrla.
.{ln d6 cin bhng thay cldi tjy looi lto,t, tLhiet d6 T, td d.nt d6 t&rng ddi Rh ci)a
ktr6ng khi. Cec sd li6u vd dm d6 cAn blng da ddoc ra't nhi6u ngudi nghiAn otu va
tdng k6i. Vi du: ASAX Yearbook, 1994 [et k6 /im d6 cAn bing cna 20 tai hat, m6t
.rd dlioc ghi lai 3 Bing 2.2.

Bdng 2.2: An d,Q cAn bing cria mQt sd hqt (ASAE, i994)
Nhiet Am d0 khone khi, Rn,9.
d0,'c 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ao 90 lo0
s.! 11.1 13,3 I4-5 16.6 19,2
2 '.2 5
f.il..1 11,.! I3,7 17,6
9.4 I.6 12.2 13.4 14,8 t6,7

30 i-,1 E5 r0,0 10,9 11,9 13,1 14, t- 1t,1

44 10,3 72,3 14,3 16,5
25 4,9 '|,7 9,5 10,3 11,0 12,0 13,4 15,3 18,3 23,3
Dau phong va 2I 4,0 5,1 6,2 7,2 8,4 9,6 tt,2 13,{
32 3.6 4,6 5,6 6,6 8,9
7,1- 10.5 r2.7
Dau phong hat 21 3,4 4,3 5,1 5,9 6,7 8,9 10,6
32 3,0 3,9 4,i 5,6 6,5 7,5 8,8 10,6
Bdp har. l, 25 5,0 7,1 8,8 10,0 11,0 12,4 14,0 16,1 19,0 2:),9
eiing Wl) 2i 52 8,9 10,1 11,0 12,2 13,7 15,9 19 I 21,5
38 4,2 6.2 7,5 u,5 9,8 11,3 t2,5 14,4 r6,9
60 3.0 5,0 6,0 7,0 7,9 8,8 10,3 12,7 14,6
25 3,8 5,3 6,1 6,9 7,8 9,7 15,8 21,3
2,9 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,1 8,7 11,1 14,9
5;t 7,6 9,0 10,5 11,9 13,1 t4,7 16,? 17,1
50 5,6 6,9 8,3 9,6 r0,9 15,1 19.0

23.2, f r'ghia cria dm ilQ cin bing

. Giis& kh6ng khi trdi c6 nhi6t d6 ? 27oC i\ dm d6 lilz
=
i.hong khi nay qua khdi hat bdp trong thoi gian dai, thi dm do cdn
= 80q,. N6.u thdi
bhng M"
i6.0'i (Hinh 2.4). Ndu ld har tda thi M" = 74.BVo. Nhu vdy, chi thoi kh6ng khi=
rhudr{ crng cir thd girim 6'm d6 d:ing kd, vrli tlidu ki6n 1A thdi gian rhdi kh6ng k6o
 tF

10 sd LLIoO YE l,Y rliul-ET SAY IlA',l

dni qurl lAu, dd ndm mdc chua c6 co h6i ph6t tridn. Dey li cd sd c0a phrrong ph6p
sdy bdo qudn trong kho.
. Ndu nung n6ng irh6ng khi trdn ddn 43"C (Rlz khi d6 Id 3370, xem PhrT lgc
3.?) vd thdi qua khdi Lia, thi Me = 8,570. Nghia 1A hqt bi sdy qu6 khd. Th{c td, phai
ng&ng siy k}ri ldp dddi cfia k}rdi l6a dat dm dA 13 - 13,5Vo vi chdp nh{n l6p tr6n
khoring 14 - 157c dm dQ.
. Thi nghi6m cho thdy nA'm mdc chQm phdt tridn khi dm dO tudng ddi cia
khong khi Bh h6 hon ?0%. Vi thd cdn ha iim d6 xr.:dng mdc c6o bing v6t Rh r'iry
mrli brio qurin IAu ddi drrdc; vdi hat lia iA khodng 137..
dv Do cAN BA\G cuA r uA
I Modit ied H e nde tson Eq. )

," t--
a ,el --
'"t--
r5l-
,"1 270C

,,L-
ilf-:
32aC
E ;[_
,w 43oc

:t_a5r0J)a0.t5C::6:<-.
im db kh6ng khi' Rh, (%)
iMDOcAN sANG cara BAP
I M&ih6d Hahdetsbn equali@)

: ,?
"- i6
27oc
> t5

3 13

z.a
Eo
7 I
r-
!) 25 3a 35 40 ,15 50 55 60 65 70 75 30 35 90 95
dm dO khdng khi ' Fh (%)

Hinh 2.4: Arn d0 cAn' bdne cna tlia od bd.p

Hinh 2.4 bic;u thl am d9 cen bing cia l6a va bip d 27, 32, vd 43oC. ThUc ra,
dy theo gidng cay, dm dO cdn bing c6 thd sai khAc kioang 0,574.
 sd r,Lr6c vB r,i' Tlir,'r,6T s,iy sAr t I
2.1. roc o6 s.{v rroc od cr.Au .{ml
2.4.r. Ldp hqt m6ng
?a
roc oQ say cua he thdng s6'y tDy
thLr6c vao to'c dO girim um cua tung
hat riAng 16, cin goi ld toc oo say ldp
;r2
Tdc dg ld dao him cia drrdng E
eran dm do thpo lhoi gLan. D(ong 6
giam a'm ldp m6ng tiy thu6c vdo
nn:Pr 4o say, am do kfiong khi sav!
vd loai hat. N6i chung, hat kich thudc
rrh6 thi kho nhanh hon hat ldn; hat 0
rrdn tr.i thl mdt dm de hdn hat, cd 0123
Thd, gian (gid)
rc boc Di6u nay dLrdc minh hoa a
Hinh 2 5. sdi nhi6t d6 sdy 1A 49"C Hinh 2.5: Tdc da sdr cia 3 lo.ri hat,
Hat cdp to thd:.an girm am cham udi nh;?t dO sdy 49'C.
nhat. hat 1ia nudc va 16a rai gdn nhd cirng kich thudc, nhlll,1g th6c c6 v6 tra-u n6n
chdn kh6 hon.
LLrQig gib 0 56 imssr .lhal
Van ldc rhoar ba frar:0,i m/s
10" €

a
1oj 'o
E
./.----..\
20
l.*-*.
30 60 90 r20 150 160 210 240
. Ilro gai sa, lphdl)
Hinh 2.6: Dtdne Eid.m dm La t6c d6 sdy cna hat biip
Hinh 2.6 ld k6't qu6 nghion cALr vd t6'c dQ sdy cria bdp (Multon, 1988). ciai
doan ddu cia qud trinh sa'y ddoc goi ld ,,giai doan tdc d6 sdy kh6ng ddi (constant
rate)". Khi a'm d6 ba mdt da dudc l(hrl, tdc d6 sdy gi6m ddn vd su di chuydn cria
hdm luong dm ra bd met cia nguyon li6u Ia nhd vao hi6n tudng khuy6-ch t6n b6n
trong hat.
Day ld "giai doan tdc d6 sA'y gi6m ddn lfalling rate)". Toc do say trong sud't
giai doan niy thdp hon rdt nhi6u so vrii giai doan d6u. Am do chuyen trdp gioa hai
giai doan nay le "dm d6 tdi han". Vdi bdp, dm d6 t6i han nlm trong khoiing 21 -
27q,, tir]'theo nhi6t d6 sa'y, h.rong gi6, vi dm d6 hat ban ddu.
12 so LrJdc vi LI THTTYET sAY HAT
2.4.2. Ldp hat diry
Sdy ldp hat diy dddc rno hinh h6a nhd Ii
tdng cria nhi6u l6p hqt m6ng kd ti6p nhau (Hinh
2.?). Kh6ng khi sA'y vdo tdp m6ng l vdi dm d6
tudng ddi Rho), ra kh6i vd vdo ldp 2 v6i Rhrz, >
Rho). Cll th5, kh6ng khi cudi ciing thodt ra ngoei
vdi Rh1ol rdt cao, c6 thd bao hda nghia ld Rh(n) =
1007o. Vl thd, hat d c6c ldp khdc nhau c6 t6'c dQ
say k}rdc nhau. nghia la kho khong ddu. N'hi6u
biQn phdp duqc st? dqng dd dm dQ cu6'i ci.g it sai
bi6t, li cd sd dd phAn loai cric phuong phrlp sdy 2
ding kh6ng khi ddi luu (Muc 2.5).
Sdy 1dp ddy da duoc m6 hinh h6a rdt ph6'
biSn trong ba thAp ni6n qua, vdi 3 li thuydt ph6'
bien nhdt li m6 hinh c6n bhng, m6 hinh kh6ng
cAn bing vi m6 hinh logr:arit. Vdi m6y tinh dien
tf, viec m6 hinh h6a cho ph6p nhanh ch6ng ti6n Hinll 2.7: Mo hinh h6a
qud trinlt sdJ ldp ddX
dodn dLrdng gi6m dm dQ h4t trong c6c didu ki6n
lim vi6c k}rdc nhau. Hinh 2.8 le kdi que chay
chLJong tinh m6 hinh h6a AIT (Jindal, 1993).

€ re

':l_or qial sar' gro)

Hinh 2.8: Mi hinh haa qud inll sdy t nh noi l6p l adalA,3n
 sd LUdc 1d L1' 'rHi,YdT siY HaT 13

2.5. CAC PHTJdNC PHiP SAY

Co nhi6u phddng phdp sdy, cdn cf theo cdch truydn nhi6t cho vat ii6u siy.
loi hat, cdch phd bi6'a nhdt 1A blng ddng kh6ng khi ddi ltfu. Kh6ng kli dlr.rc thdi
den ti6p xdc vdi hat vd mang dm di. Tiry theo c6ch bd tri khdi hat d['ng y6n hay di
chuydn d6i v6i ddng khi, ngddi ta phan biet 2 phddng phrip: SA'y ldp hat ding yAn
(tinh), va sa'y i6p h4t di chuydn (d6ng).
2.5.1. Sdy l6p h?t .h?ng y6n (finh)
Hinh 2.9 trinh bdy cdch b,5 r thdng dulrg nha't. Hat dijdc chda tr6n sln 16
vdi bA ddy L, kl6ng khi thdi tir dddi sin xuy6n thang du'ng qua ldp hat va tho6t ra
ngoAi. Tr)y theo b6 day ldp hat vd nhiet dO si dung, dd hinh thinh 2 ph,Jdng phap
sdy cd ban mi c6c didrn khdc nhau duoc trinh bey trong Beng 2.3.

der*s4
€ o---a
-T
I \q}dd "9ffi!
t r:'J::
--r e$F$ U4'"S _l
ff
Khong kh
A
u
I hriirsdy
(a)
A
I
(h6r g
ff
khisay
(b)

Hinh 2.9: @ 56, finh ti nsan!; (b) S'i! nhiat da ttrtp

BdDg 2.3r So s6nh sAy tinh vi ngang vi sd'y nhiQt dg thdp

Sn'y tinh vi ngang Se'y nhier ilo tha'p
Bd da! ldp hat L : 0,2 0,5 r,
Nhiot d0 hdn kht tdi ATI 10 20'c 0-5,c
Luong si6 cho 1 tdn hat: 0,05 - 0, .'1 mj/s
Qua trinh siem am: * L6p dddi vn l6p rron cnne gian * Ldp ai(di kho trtri,c ch. da;n ,m
dn q^ cln orng or khong k,l
'
* Ldp dlrdi kho nhanh hdn ldp * Sau d6, l6p tren ki tid! mdi biit
dau kh6.
+ Ldp tr6n mat kho cuoi cnns.
Cham dft qud tinh sA'yl Khi trmg binh crla ldp tr6n Khi tuan khdi hai dat a'm do can
(vdi yeu cdu a"m d0 cudr la (>M2) v, ldp dildi 1<i12) xip xi bins vdi ii'm do khdns khi siy
M2) bihs M2 t. = M2)

f nghia thuc td: Hat kh6 kh6ns ddu, IIar, kho rit d6u,
sai biet dm do = 2 - 5% sai biot dm CO < 1%
14 sd Lriqc vi Li THLTTET sAY HAT

2.5.2. Sdy lrtp hqt di dQng

Ddne hat chay c6 thd cing chi6u, n$ioc chidu,
hodc thing g6c vdi kh6ng khi sdy. Hat c6 co hEi tidp
xric d6u vdi kh6ng khi sdy n6n sg gidm dm s6 d6ng
ddu hon. DAy le uu didm cria mriy s6'y "rl6ng" so vdi
phLtdng phap say tlnh vi ngang. Tipu bi6u nhct va pho
bi6n nhdt ld mriy sdy thdp (Hinh 2.10). Hat di ehuydn
tU tr6n cao (do gau tai dda lAn) xu6ng met ddt theo
chuydn dQng thing dfng hoec zich - zdc. Chdong 6 sE
giri,i thi€u chi tidt hdn vd ca'u tao vd nguy6n tdc vAn
hdnh cdc loai m6y sa'y l6p hat di d6ng.
2.6. QUAT vA KH6NC KHi SAY
2.6.1. NhiQm vr1
HinL 2.10: M(4 sdt thdp
Trong h6 thdng sdy, quat c6 2 nhiCm vq:
. "manB" nhiQt ddn vdi hat, dd lem n6ng hat va b6'c hoi nudc td hat;
. mang hdi nudc di thodt khoi k-hoi har..
Dd chon vi srl dgng quat cho phr) hop vdi hQ th6ng sdy, cAn hi6u mQt sd
nguy6n tic vi th6ng sd co brin.
2.6.2. C6c th6ng sd cria quat
C6c th6ng sd chJ ydu cia quat ld ludng gi6, tinh 6p, c6ng sudt, vi hiqu sudt.
lGhi chn: Dd vidt gon, ta goi "GIo' le lu6ng kh6ng khi chuydn d6ng do quat tao

Li6n ha gina c6c th6ng sd tron drloc bidu di6o tr6n cirng m6t d6 thi goi 1I
"d(dng C4c tinh" quat. Hinh 2.11 ld kdt qr-ri khio nghi€m crla quat ding trong mdy
sdy tinh SHG-,l.
Ldqng Ei6 Q hir floa):
cdn goi la "chi phi kh6ng khl', le thd tich khong
khi chuydn d6ng qua quat trong mot don \.i thoi gian. Don vi do la mils, m3./gid,
hodc cfm trong hQ Anh Mt cn, qui ddi 1000 cfm = 0,47 m3/s = 0,5 m3/s. Tren d6 thi,
luong gi6 drioc ghi theo trr;c hoinh. Do ludng bing cdch do v{n t6'c gi6 trong dng c6
tidt di6n nha't dinh.
Tinh dp Ap (ett tic pressure.): Ia 6p sudt cdn thi€'t dd thdng s(c cdn eria
drr,)ng fing, vd cua khdi hat. Tinh dp trong budng sdy cing tddng tli nhu tl-nh 6p
lim cing tr:ii b6ng hoac ruot xe dap. T'inh 6p teng thi luong gi6 giem, vA ngddc
i;i. l)on vi do tinh ap ld pascal hoec mm nddc.

D6'i Con vi: 1 pascal (1 Pa) = 1 N/m2 ; imm H2O = 9,8 Pa = 10 Pa.
 sO Lrloc v6 Ly TrruytiT sAy i]AT 15

5000
c --1.-i--
E:
E'a 4000 :
€i
30oo 3
;r
2AAta

0
i5 rla

€- --.r a: <- F a- sJal .h ---..- a aL srar .J - I - Ca.. s,ir

Hinh 2.11:Dtdng ddc tinh quat SHG-4
C6ng sudt quat (po.!er): Ta phan bi6t:
. Cing sudt U tJluydt ht.r pouet, prr: la c6ng sudt tdi thiaiu dd tao ldonEi gi6 vA
tinh ep tr6n, gi6 srt hi6u suit ld 1007..

Pr,r(k1V) Q(m3 /s) * Ap(mmH2o)

102
. C6ng su61 thuc td P,lb. c6ng sudt do dong cd can dd k6o quat, nhrr vAy bao g6m
c:ic hao hut khi d6ng, hao hut do b6 truydn ddng ti done cd ddn quat. Dd ki6ch
i1uan, kh6ng tinh hao hut do bzin thin dong co, ta thuong dung dor.s crr
dj6n d6
Ju va rrrJ cor,6 sudr chdy khorg tai.

IIiAu sudt tinh (static effi.cier.c!) Ilt

4r = (C6ng sudr 11/ thul.cit / C6ng suA't thLrc td) x 100q.

hay

Cdng suai thdc td Pr1 = (C6ng sudt li th uydt pLT/tlt) * loAvo

IkL : Y6u cau quat h(dng truc vdi e = 4 m3 /s ve B0 mm H2O
PLr = 4 + 30 i 102 = 1, 18 kW = 1,8? ng{a.
N6'u thidt kd va chd tao dat 4t = SOS| = 0,b0 (cdc hang ndi riCng nu6c ngoei),
Pu = 1,57 / 0,50 = 3,1 rgJa + DOng cd ddu 6 ngua ti drl dirng.
 ---r

l6 scJ LUOC vt Ll'rEl-r€r siY r1,1'i

,\0-u d3t ni = 307. = 0,410 (qunt SHC-4),

i, 5? / 0.30 = 5,2 nglra

P,, = = CAr d6ng cc <idu 10 ngr.ta.
Ndu dat li = $.L = 0,70 (ph6n l6n quat do n6ng dan tLr chd),
P,t = 1,.57 / 0,10 = 15,7 ngda + DQng co ddu 1E ngua bi qu6 tii.
2.6.3. C6c loai quat
EI:ri loai q,rat thudng ding cho sav hat le quat hu,lrrg t.uc vi quat Iy tam
,lln[ 2.12i
dQuqt ht6ng trucr nhin iu6ng irh6ng khi veo va ddt.gi6 ra thec -thec cr)ng
hr'6ng cia truc qlrat. Cdc cdnh quat quay trong i16t vc quat
Gi6 khi gip luc cen cia ldp hat c6 thd d6i ngudc iirn gi6m hi6u su6-t quat.
Khi thidt kd va chd t-ao, cArT 11,'r,l y 2 di6u dd tr:inh tinh trang ndy:
o Nrc ho gita cdnlt ua L)6 phAi nh6. Li6n h6 girla khe hd n:iy l.e hi6u suit
q'rat da dudc :dc dinh r0. T! lQ khe h6 so v6i dudng kini telLg 0,1q. thi hi6u suit
quat girm 27.. Nh'J ve].. cu thd v6i quat c6 dddng kinh = ?50 mm, khe hd ttrng rr)
2 mm ddn 5 mm ldm luong gi6 gidm, vi du td 4,2 m3/s cdn 3,9 m'/s. \ri thd. trong
chd tao, ta gi8 khe h6 cing nho cdng tdt (2 3mm), chi bi gi6i han bdi c6ng ngh6
rhd tao tneu khe hd nhd hon rhi khd l{p dat vi cdnh quat d6 co vio v6 quat).

1l
I
Dr
:I l

t.

Iltnlt 2.19: tu) Quat iu!6|g truc, Hinh 2.13: Ki.cll thuoc moa\,.a
.)a to) Quat it lanr La.:atnh quat
* Ti
l0 giila duong h{nh n1.ooJ.o quo.t Dt ve dddng kinh cAnh quat Dn. Do vin
tdc cua gi6 thdp gin riudng tam quat vi cao d gAn r'6 (Ilinh 2.13), nan khi gEp si,c
c:in cLia l6p hat, gi6 c6 kiu].nh hddng xoliy d6i ngudc lai. Vi thd, th6ng thddng
DtlD p}Lei ldn llon 0,5. Didm nrilr kldc v6i quat trdn holc quat th6ng thoiing srl
dun; rdi tinh rip nho hon 150 Pa, nen rl kl6ng cAn phdi ir1n.
b) Quq.t lf tdn: hrit kh6n6 khi doc theo tr.rc, nhr) ldc ly tam dda ra quanh v6
quat, vi rldy gi6 ra theo hudng thAng g6c vdi truc quat. Quat lv tam c6 L(u didm it
6n hon quat hlidng truc.
 sd Lridc vi Lf THUair siy HAT l7
Chon quat ly tim hay hddng trgc? Car, tri 1di }d tr)y dp sua't. Vdi thidt kd
don gidn vi ch6 tao th0 c6ng, thi cing c6ng sudt, ndu tinh dp nh6 hoTr 500 pa
(trlrdng hdp mdy sdy tinh), quqt hu6ng truc cho lddng gi6 cao hdn, nghia li hi6u
su6i! cao hdn. Srl dung quat ly tAm khi cAn 5p sudt ldn hdn 600 - 900 pa, vi du 3
m6y sriy vdi ldp hat diy hon 2m, holc mdy sdy +Ang s6i ... Hinh 2.14 minh hoa vdi
cdc quat a Mr, theo tdng hdp Brooker et.al. 1992.

Ngoei ra, mdt sd y€iu td khac cnng inh huSng ddn su ida chon. Gin ihnnh chd
tao quat hddng trqc 16 hdn quet Ij'$m, gdp phrin ha rhi phi siv. Ngudc lai, quat
hlrdng t.uc ga], ti6:ng dn hon q,.rat ly t4m.
2000

riu3.! trq. i3rLa 1or)

! ! r Ly lam lc.nlrluoai)

-
,!

a
:

2
luL,fg g n (a,r Iow), m3/s

Hinll2.11: Dtdng dd.c ti.nh cia quat lut,lt\g truc La quat tr tdn 7,5 tqua
t Bt.oher et aL., j992).
2.6.4. Khrio nghiem quat

0m

Hinh 2.b. dne hhna hshiam quat

De biOlt cec tha)ng sd tr6n cia quat, ngudi ta dr)ng b6 thidt bi Llo gol lit,,dng
hluio nghi?m quol' (Fan test duct), Hinh 2.15. C{c dung ccr tdi thjdu cdn c6 ld: dng
pitot (lIinh 2.16), dung cu do ep suii, dung cu do c6ng sudt rti6n, nhi6t k6. Ong
khdo nghi6m quat ld m6t O'rjg ddi, tao ludng giti iin dinh vd m6t sllc cdn giri thay
d6'i tir], theo milc didu chinh. Cdc n.ia,c Mr. Dr?c, Nh6t... d6u cri ti6u chudn v6 thiel
bi niry, vi du nhu ti6u chudn JIS B83S0 cria Nhdt.
 ----------.-----

1i{ .j,J t-'.Ioc v,,ij ri rHrrli._l sAy H-{l

'i.
r-F

dai,9
ONG (HAO \GIIEI,4 CUET i
l- oLJonq Sstl --r

Hinh 2.t6. DunE cu pitot L,d 6nC khdo nghiAm qu.at

2.6.5. 1am quan trong c a quat vi khao nghiem quat
Quat ]d b6 phAn quan trong nhA't cia h6 thdng srA'y, x6t vd thidt kd vd chd
tao- Ndu quat chi cho 2/3 idong gi6 so v6i y6u cAu, thi thdi gian sa'y s6 teng xdp xi
gdp nr6i, nhu thd lim g16m n6ng sudt sdy, tang chi phi chd't aldt, giem che't ldong
sdy vi lim dO cudi kh6ng ddng d6u. Chrl m6y thddng teng nhi6t d6 sdy l6n tid bn
cho thiAlu gid. C:ich ddi ph6 ndy dAn ddn kdt quA lA ndu sA'y lria thi gao xay gay
nhi6u hon; n61 sa1., gi6ng thi gi.ir! boi. mdt srrc n61-mdm. T6m l:.i d6;" li thdt bai
thal, vi ihinh c6ng cho toin hO thdng .
fihong ai c6 th6 bao ddm cric th6ng sd cria quat chi nhd thic't kd. Rdt it tai
1i6u vO thidt kd quat vdi dAy du chi ti61. Ndu c6 thi cnng ddy d6y cric h6 sd mi
ngu.,i thidi kd tha hd tiy chonl L1i do c6 tO nhLr B.Eck da vi6i trong ldi tLra quydn
s;,ch no'i tiang crla ,Jng vd quatr ''Qua, lii con ghi cia r?i tituatt, tr tLo td nving |tinh
doanlt lnng tri,u tio - lt!".
Di thi6t ird ciring, trong chd tao ci4g,,sai m6t ly di mOr ddm,,. Hen cenh quat
i]Jlririr,g ch6ch tdi hay lui 'chdr xiu,, la da c6 thd giam 307. hi6u suit. Nhuhg kh6ng
C6 thdy didu l1ny, r'i cri hdn crinh quat m6t g6c ndo d, v6i hudng gi6 la rhdy,,gi6 eo
no'. \ri thd c6 lhd khEng dinh mi kh6ng sd qud trCn: Khrio nghiem 1d c6ch dr.ry
rlit Cd bdu dam cdc th6ng sd dat y€u cdu. Chd tao md k}6ng khdo nghiem crlng
llhJ iian LIuc me kh6ng c6 thu6c cap hoic palrner. Nhd ngudr mii tim dudng. DI
nhi6n c6 khi cnng di d6in noi, nhuhg bidt bao mb rnaml
2.6.6. Tdn 6p cria h6 thdng sd1-
Tdn :ip bidur thi nanE luong quat mdt di do ma sdt v; ddng chay ro'i. Tdn ep
bao gdm hai thinh phdn chinh: tdn that neng lrrcing qua ldp hat, vd tdn thdt qua
siin lir, 6ng gi6, r.6 quat vr..... Khi chon quar, tr-nir dp cia quat phei dri hhdng c6c
thdnh phan tdn thdt niy.
 so r,lroc vE Li THrniT s,iY n.{1 19

Tdn dp qua ir,D hat tiy thuo,: r'ao nhi6u ydu td:1oai hat, h)nh d6ng, dO rolig,
dm dd hat, bi! day l6p hat tap chit, d6 ndn... Tdn ep thay doi theo t6'c dQ bi6u
kidn cLra lu6ng gi6i don vi do tdc dO gi6 te m3/s/m'= m./s, tinh bing luong gi6 chla
cho tidt di6n l6p har.
D6 bitlu Shedd bidu thi 1i6n h6 gi&a tdn ip q,.ia 1dp hBi (trng v6i 1m bd ddi'),
vn tdc dd bidu kidn cr-ia 1u6ng gi.d (Ilinh 2.17 vdi liIa. b?ip...). Eay li sd liQr.r chung
nhri't do d4c trong phd.g thi nghiem, th\rc td c6 tht, h.ii khdc vi cdc ydu td trcn.
Nang luo-rg tdn thit qua sdn 16, o'ng gi6, va v6 qu.it c6 thd tinh dLioc theo
c6ng thi'c cd hoc; tit cd, vdi m6y sa)' tinh, c6 thd ldy bing 100 Pa.
TON HAO AP SUAT
7001

E
500

400

3:C

c,00 0.02 c.0: 006 a,oa a'0

A-"'n" a12 014 016 c18
Van l6c krOnq (hllnod (rnrs = n3/s/m2)

Hnlt 2 17: Di 5!;r Si.dd Lat ltc, b6?. tlnu nl]lth, t ai d.'tu pl:on{

2.7. Ld DdT
Nhi6m vu cia 1d do't ia neng nhiot dQ kh6ng kii siy cao hon nhi6t d6 khi
trdi dd sdy nhanh hon vd l<h6i phu thu6c veo thiri tidt.
2.?.1. Nhi6n IiCu itdt
C6 thd phan chia ra ll nh6m:
. rihi6n li€u gic dliu h6a: ddu diesel, dliu ma - zut (F.O. = luet oll), hay khi
ddt... C6ng th(c h6a hoc chung ld C.H,,.
. Than dd: g6c nhi6n iiQu h6a thach (fossil). C6ng rhrlc chr.rng ld C*H,O, mn
thdnh phdn ch.r ydu 15 carbon C thd riin.
. NhiAn lieu g6c sinh khdi (biomass): crli, trdu, cni bdp, vo dAu phong... C6ng
thfc chung cDng iir C*HyO, nhung carbon C niim trong cric hdp chit d6 bd.
hdi v6i nhiCt d0 til 150"C trd lAn, goi li\ "ch(it bdc (uolatile tutter)", li lhtjng
dung gdn ddng goi li 'kh6i".
20 s.r r L3c YE Li THLryET SAY UA.f

Nhi6n ii6u nao cing chfa m6t lLidng r,ho iiirrgen N va idu hu)inh S. Ndu
kh6ng x6t ti mi, nifogen (N) coi nhrr ld khi t.o. Lur hu]ni S trong khi dd! vd
trong sinh khiii rat it, coi nhu kldng c6; vi du khi ddt chi chi.a 0,002 g S&g. Nguoc
lai, S trong than dd vd dau ma - zLir kl-r6 cao. DAu ma - zdt chfa 35 g S,&g = 3,57..
LLru huj.nh chdy tao ra SOr; cha't ney hdp vdi nddc tco ra H2SOa: acid sulfuric nay
dn mdn c,ic b6 phan sdt th6p cia m6y rit nhanh. Vi thd, lb d6't ddu hay than dri
thddng dhng b0 giao nhi6t dd kh6i ld kh6ng ridp xdc vdi br_r6og sr4'y.
Nhi6i tri cLia m6t s6- nhi6n li6u ghi 3 BAtg 2.4:
Bdrg 2.?r NhiCt tri nhi6n liQu
chal ddr Nhiet tri (th6'p)
Lower he.t value Gid mu& Gi.i rdng lugng
Trdu i0% dm d0 11 MJ,&g i00 d 9 d6ns A{J
Cni Lrp {la1 ng6) 20, ^<g
a'm dd 13.4 )iJ,/kg
aa 21% a'm C0 tl - 13 MJrl,g
16 - 18 MJ&s
Than s6 27 MJkg
Than dd Anahracite 29 MJ,hs 80U al Ag 27 dir.s l'r'.J
Dau diesel J5,6 MJ/l,rr
35,3 it{r-;-tt 3500 &/Lit 99 dons IMJ
5L,4 M.llltg
49,4 MJkg
GhL cLi: Bti s ttin chi ld s6 licu chutq. Si; lieu cu thd ttur ddi thea ncu6n sdc chdt d6t.
N61u ta didn gi6 mua Dhien ii6u vdo bring tr€n rdi tinh g16, tri crla 1 MJ nhi6t s6
so s6rrh dudc gid tri cria m6i loai, ch6ng l-rarl trdu rg hon rdt nhidu so v6i dAu h6a.

2.7.2. Sd lliqc v6 qu6 trinh aldt ch6y nhien lieu

Co bdn ctia Cdt nhi6n li6u te ddt carbon C vd hydrogen H theo cOng thdc:

C + 02 + CO2 \,a H2 + ti2 02 -,> H2O

Dd dO hidu, x6t vi du ddn gian nhdt li ddt metan (CH4)
i' D6t v6i oxygen:

CHa +2O2 r CO2 +2H2O

* Ddt vdj khdng khi, vi 1 mol oxygen (thd tich) di chung v6i 3,?6 n1ol nitrotsen:

CIJ.a +2(02 +3,76N2) '+ aO2 +2H2O+2*3,76N2

nghia Ii 16 kg CHa t6c dung vdi 2* (4,'t6 * 22,4 m3) = 213,2 m3 kh6ng khi.

Nhu vAy 1 kg CH4 cdn: 21J,2 / t6 = 1g,i m3 ki6ng khi.

 sal Lll.ia v[ Li THin'6T sA.i:1.]r Zi
ld luong irhf,r.g r-; 1j. rhuyet Thuc te. do hoa tron khong tron vpn, c:in
De',.
Irrar lLjrng L,\6ng khi ia da' r:d-t chdy ahion ii6r:. O6i ddr.r, can d,J 20 - 30%; Lloi trriu,
5c) . 304c so vdi ]i rhuy€it. Nhi.u hon hay it h,j!1 d1u 6nh hLr<ing kh6ng tdt ddn que
trinh chdy.
2.7.3. Ph6n biQt ddr than.16 vi ddt lidu
D6't than dd chrl ydu li
d6't carborr
cd dinn td thd rdn) n6n chi y6u nhd
lLr6ng khi so cdp thdi xuydn qua ghi id
i Hinh 2.18).

Dur r"du. ngugc lai, chu .veu la dor L \- 1

carbon va hydrogon lr6ng chir bo. hui

,. Cnne co dot carbon co dinh ]2Qi?
"'k}l6i L J.!Z
nhLmg khong quan trgng bang. vi hem
I t f
Irnns n.iv I$,Jng nhipr, nhr: o thrn J,i.
!r ,,:r':,:i 1o rl,jr rriu /hoac cur cuL
I i I
-toifl.li,;'.'* ltr
^t'""41;""0
bap.-.t. can bo tn 2 egu,in cung c:ip Hinh 2. jE: Cune cdp hhang hhi
khong khi: IG6ng klri sd cip x,r]6n ghi, khic nh(tu E;na d.;t than uu ddt
vd khdng khi thrl cip 6 vr)ng "kh6i" bay trdu
I6n. Thi6't kd ve sir dung nhu thd s6 han
ch6 t6'i da ldong kh6i, Ndu nguoc lai thi i<h6i sinh nhidu ldm {m L116i va gi6m chdr
lrrong s6n phA"m, ddng thdi ti6..r ttin nhi6n li6u nhi6u hdn vi ch6y kh6ng uon.
2.7,4. Qu6 tr.inh chdy thuan vd ch6y ng\idc
2.7.1.1. ChdJ' thuAn: .{h.i.hai Ca. nim trorl ghj ld, khdng irhi dudc cung
cip til phia dudi. Qu6 trinh cha]'rao thanh ciic "vun,g. sau (Ilinh 2.i9ll
. DL(6i cing li uriag fro, gdm ciic cha'i tro khOng ch6y diJdc
. Kd tr6o ti uing cllay, chi y6'u ld carbon thd rin ch6y rLrr rl,i.
. Kd trdn \ta li, ting nhiAt piADt chalt do't bi nung n6ng ]em tho6t cec.l1ii.
b6'c I6n tr6n.
. Ben t;r6n kh6i mat chdt ddt, lit ving char ct.dt b62, chdy vdi ngon lua, ne-.u c6
di khdng khi thf cdp; n6u ra't thidu kh6ng khl ney, sa td ,,kl6i mir mit,,.
. Goi ld chriy thuan, vi kh6ng khi cung c6lp vA kh6i sinh ra di chuydn cing
chi6u. Qud trinh nay thudng gap nhdt ri, cric b6p dun crii, than..
2.7.4.2. Chdr ngrlgc: N61 khdng khi ddoc cung cip ttr tr6n di rudng, Lip chA.t
bdc cnng bi k6o ngrrsc xu6'ng. Xuy6n qua ldp than dang chdy d6 vd ldp tro dang
cdn
n6ng, chit bdc tang nhi6t d6 n6n d6 ddng chriy hdn, we chdy tron \.en hsn,
nghia
ld it sinh khrji va mu6i than. Goi ld chriy ngddc, vi chi6u di chuydn tlJ nhion (di
16n) cria chA't b6rc ngrroc vdi chi6u di chuydn cria Hr6ng khi di xu6,o; (Hinh
2.19).
 srJ r,rldc vi r,i t(ryiT sAt ILAT

2.7.5. Ld ddt trgc ti6'p vh gien tidp

Lb ddt trtlc tidpt Khi d6t (sdn
2.7.5.1. Lna;,i JI

phdm chdy) duoc thdi qua ldp hat cirng v6i CHA'/ NGUQC
kh6ng khi siv. tlu didm li r"hidt bi ddn gian. ttl
rd, vA hi6u sudt nhiet ceo. TLry nhion, can han tlt
ch6. 'u6i da kh6i lb vn tan trc dii it bi al1h
hlrone dOn n6ng srin. Thuc td, dd sdy lia,
bdp... dait tnjc ti6p dring cdch da duoc cha'p ,
nhan ld binh thudng. Nhdc lai ld vdi nhian
li6u nhidu lltr huinh, ddr tnjc ti6p se nhanh
ch6ng ldm ri mdn cric chi ti6r mdy. rit
2.7.5.2, Ld <1dt gidn tidp: Khi Cdr dLidc
c6ch iy vcii Lh6ng khi sai. Nhiat ]r.long.ldoc
tt'1;i-
Hinlt 2.19: Quti ttinh ddt char
tru-vin qua bA ll1it tru)An nhiet clla b0 giao
thfin 0d .htiy tLgltoc
nhi6t. Llu didm Id khi sdy sach, gia chdt luong
san phdm. cin thjdt khi sdy n6ng san gia tri
cao nhd rau qLrri... Thrl d6n ld an toAl cho bu6ng sdv, kh6ng so h6a hoqn, kh6ng so
c6c chi ridt bi an mdn. Nhddc didm la hiCu sudd i}Ii6t thdp hdn 25 - 507o so vdi i6
trlrc tidp; nghia ii ti6u tdn nhi6n iieu c6 th6- teng gap d6i, nhd thd ta g chi phi
sd]'.

2.8. CHAT LIJONG TI4'T 1.A QUA TRiNH SAY

2.8.1. Chdt lddng hat
Chir tugng (CL) sin phdm Id cric dqc tlnh cria s6n phdm md ti6u di.rng ngr.rdi
hodc khach hiing y6u cAu. Do d6, CL mang nhidu nghia kh6c nhau t)y theo ddi
tuctng. Theo d6, gi6 phii tr:i cho Cl, crlng kh6c nhau. Vi du vdi n6ng ddn triing chi
ihu hoaclr 1 tnn iLia dd du in trong vai th.ing t6i. rhi CL xal xdt ra gao nguy6n hay
gao tAm kiong quan trqng l6m. Nhu'ng !di n6ng dan cdn bdn 10 ta'n l{a hang h6a
dd thua, thi hoan to)n ng.ioc 14i.
(lL d(dc tao ra trong qud trinh sdn xr.rdt. CL crla m6t kllau (c6ng cloanl tiry
thuic hei ydu td: 1) you td "n6i i.ai', tLJc ia chrnh c6c tdc vu cua khdu ndy vir 2) ydu
iai "thlra hding" tfc ld kei qua cr.ia cdc khAu trudc.

,!.....rrr rr rr.rr.r..rir i,= . . r r . . . . . t. r . r t r r r r . . . tI t t r r r r r r r t r r .

icoor' ta. i+rhu hoitch i-Ph,ir s.{v !+snoqu'in :=Muabdtr :
:nsoaidons '. '. :vnohdbic; :vntieudnng :

Hinh 2.20: C(ic cans doan sdn rt rit lna gqo

Nhu vay, trong vi9c san xudt hat, sdy tidp ohen c6c thu6c tinh chdt lddng cia
ciic cong doan tn:dc dd nhu dg dii hat, mdu sdc hat, dQ nft het do m6y thu hoach"'
 HAT 23
SdLUqCld L' THUYfT SiY

*sia cons:
Hinh 2 20). ve ".o T:::11",':::
rhrr b6o qr.rdn ch6 bi6n"' Nh'lng Yeu
hT'"'#;t:ffili,:"r-:r::t!JT:
chi tieu chal lugng can dqt
d'Jgc'
hat
2.8.2. C6c chi ticu chdt ldqltg
hat bao g6m:
* vdi16a. c6c chi ticu chdt Ltgng

- Arn d0 hat vn dQ d6ng ddu dm dQ'

t
l1
- T! I( gao nguY6n'
I - D6 bidn meu (dm vAng' kh6c meu")'
I
- D0 nhi6rn s6u bq'
- DO nhiom t+P chdt'
(dung ti I''hqt vd'thav vi ti te
* vdi bdp. cdc chr ti6u crl-ng ludng tg nhd lrcn
hai nsuyan) Nsoai ra do "t"T
#i"J."ll;:ttfli"'Xt:r|-lr'Ltj,Hl;
loa, nirm mdc nhu Asp?rsillus .Iro'!";,,i1'-;;t ;; triii'i. nly cnng bi nhi6m
crla sra suc' nlrcu khi lam ch't vq ".1"
theol ngtY hiEm nh;t la
bi ung ihd'
Di nhion' hat gidng cnng
* Vdi hat giong, dq ndy mdm 1A ydu cdu sd mQt
chat' hat c6"'
ttro"g aro. Jie-In sau bo' tqp
" Id ng vir qui trtnh sdv
2.83. Cdc Uen hC giila chdt ' hlong hqt va
gi6m drn dO hat' nen cac lion
Quri trinh sdv lhm i:-T'"-1'"''"
sav'
bdi cdc vdu d dnh hrrdng ddn qu6 trinh
rn Uo=oir'Ot o'noi
"nt
t Am d6 h+t Dd' tttdi gian bAo
quin
vd c6 thd bio qu6n hqt trong
thi'i gian dAi
ph6t trido
Dd ndm mdc khOng
ph6p toi da fiav ddi tiy theo
lo+i hqt Vi dq: Lia
,^* ;;;;,. ,r,i'a" ao
"t'"
13,09a; BdP: 13,5%r D4u
nAnh: 11'0%'
thdi gian b6o quin ciLng ngdn'
,d'm dQ cdng cao,

o Am d'Q hat oii t! la gao nguY?n

Dh4r c6 thd
kg l6a sqch (da loqi b6 tqp chdt)' sa'r phdm thu
Khi xav 100 'IJoc
kh6i qu6t nhu Hinh 2'21' hon ?5% chidu ddi
lghia le hat.c6.chidu dli
Gao nsuvon (heail rice) ddoc tlinh
tam (broken rice)'
n., ' nirin hdn thi goi la
"i*u.',"t1* di6u kiQn tnr'6c hoech
T'i lC gqo nguydn sau xay x6t tiry thuQc nhidu 'thu
hoach nhu:
(pi6ns. dm dE khi thu hoqcht'
jm d6 hqt khi xay x6t, ao r.r,o,g
va
"o'ei"i'0" 1rhii'vd''6,:fl*:
ji""g ia, dm dQ, loqi.vA c6ch di.u^chlnh mcy
at r'" ii t]" lQ g9o nguven cing giam'
xay... Noi chung' khi ao
"ane1;"o 'isn 'l
kinh t€' vi gi6 cia 1 kg tdm 1u6n lu6u t,ldp hon
Ti lC gao nguvOn c6 f nglrra
I

,l

J
24 Sd LLIoC vi Li rHW6T SiY i.J,AT

gid gao nguy6o. d fUy, gia tdm thudne blng 1/2 gi6 ggo Dguyon; cdn d ViQt Nam
thudng gi6 te'm bang khoeng 2/3 gi6 "gqo 5" (g?o ct,tta 5% ldrJj,).

Tra'u 20 kg

Gao nSuyen 55 kE
{45 - 60 ks)
Lna 100 kg
Tem 15 ks
(10 - 25 ks)

CdD 10 ks
Einh 2.21: Sdn phdm td tu! rdt lia Gh6c)

. Dd hh6nq dong diu (in d6 hat ua ti la Eao nguJan

L6 hat ceng kh6ng d6ng d6u vd dm dQ ihi khi xay x6t cang bi gey vd nhidu.
Li do le may xay ndu dugc didu chinh phr) hgp vdi mQt dm dQ nao dd dd c6 gqo
ngLry6n t6i da,'"hi kh6ng phi hdp vdi c6c ml1c dm dQ kh6c.

. NhiAt d6 sdy ud t! lQ gqo nguydn

Thuc ra, khang phii nhiQt dQ kh6ng khi
sdy tnJc tidp enh hrrAng d6n chdt
Iuong hqt, ma td nhiet dQ cia lvg.t sau mot thdi gian tic'p xr.ic vdi kh6ng khi sdy.
Tudrg td nhu ta nhLing ng6n tay vdo nddc soi trong 1/2 giay thi che sao, nhung k6o
ddi vni giay tdt nhicn s6 bi b6ng. Ngudi ta da xdc dinh 16: N61 nhiQt d0 hat dat
ldn hon 45 "C t ong thdi gian mot gid, thi dg gay vd geo tang len ddng kd.
Vdi m6y sdy lo4i ti6n tqc, c6 thd dnng nhiet dO klong khi sdy ddn 65"C, vi
hat lia chi tidp xic trong khoang 15 ph(t, nen hat chrra kip n6ng i6m thi d5 di vi.o
thing 0 vi ngu6i lai. Vdi mriy sdy tdng s6i (Chdong 6) c6 thd ding nhi6t d0 120"C
md hgt kh6ng qud n6ng. Tr6i lqi, vdi m6y sdy tinh, thdi gian sdy hon 4 gid, n6n
chdc chdn Ie nhiCt dO hat 3 ldp dudi sE dat blng nhiet d0 kh6ng khi sdy. Vi v{y,
d€i gao xay it bi gdy, didu cAn gil nhd ld. hh6k9 bao gio dd hh6ng hlti sdy uuot qwi
4C-r vrrr ma] say trnn,
TuAn thrl didu cd ban tron, c6 thd n6i ch6c chdn tfug s{fu ttlt hon phoi ndng
trOn san d - meng khi so srinh ti 10 gao nguyCn nh4n d'Jgc. \n nhiCt d0 cia sen
phoi l6c ndng g6t d6 dang dat 55 " 60"C. Di6u niy da ddgc kidm chfng thdc td 3
Long An, S6c Trdng trong c6c nam qua. Ndu sdy ld.tn gdy gao hon phoi niing, h.dy
ra so(it l&i cricl" thi4t hd, chd tao hod.c stl dung mdy sdy ! ("Irit v6i ttudng hgp ngoqi
IQ, xem Muc 2.8.4).

L(Iu thom ld I vii vr)ag cria D6og blng s6ng C&u Long, Ifa dong - xuen vrl
i
kh6 lai b! gey vd nii6u hdn vu ha - thu. Nghich lf ndy ln do tap qudn "phdi md";
nghla la glt xong, phoi h4t cdn tren than 2 - 3 ngey. Qua dem, h4t h6t dm tr6 lqi
gay gay vd. Di6u nay dugc nhi6u chrl nhe m6y xay va thuong l6i mua b6n lia xr4c
 SO LUqc 1d Li THLTYdT sAY HAT ZO

nhan, vA chi'ng minh qua c6c thi nghiQm cia ViQn L[a Ddng blng s6ng Cr?u Long
vd Du iin Sau thu hoqch Cdn Tho.
. Nhiat d6 sd.y li|n hp ddn tdc dQ gidm dm
Nudc 6 mit ngoai hqt Lia lu6n tu6n bdc a'm nhanh hdn nudc d trung tam hat.
HiCn tugng ney tao n6n sai biet (ng sudt trong hqt, IAm hqt d6 gdy. Gi6m dm cdng
nhanh thi cdng g6y nhi6u. \'i thd, 6 mAy sd'y li6n tuc, sau khi gi6m 2 - 37o dm d0
trong 15 - 20 phit, n$Jdi ta phei "ri" trong 4 gid, dd dm dQ hat d6og ddu t.d lai.
Vdi m6y sa'y tinh, vi khong c6 thdi gian l1, nen phei gidi hqn tdc tlQ giim dm,
i,.t hhitug qua 2EalEid. Dr) v{y sau khi sA'y, c&ng phai dgi qua ngdy sau m6i non xay
xdrt. dd dm dQ phdn b6 d6u lai trong hat.

a NhiAt d6 sdy uA t:) li ndr n(jm

Cdc nhd nghiOn c(u da xdc lap ddgc, ve thrlc tii kh{p thd gidi cung khlng
dinh mot diAu dO nhd: Nhi6t dQ sdy tran 43'C lem gi6m hoic ma't sfc ndy mdm
cua hat gidng. Mot lan nrla, sd'y vin tdt hdn phdi n6ng. \ thd, c6c cong ty sen
xue't gi6ng ul tin d6u sdy hat. khOng ai mac hidm giao cha't luong hat gi6'ng cho
thdi tidt bdi thudng :
t in tang td thdi gian trtoc hhi td.o nLdy sdy
Brin thAn cum tL{ 6m vdnE.cing nor len l-!r. he g:la h.t A- u'. mdu Vang.
Ciic bdo crio nghi6n cfu c6 thd khdc ntrau vd cric loai ndm mdc, cdc enzym lem cho
hat gao bi6n meu vdng. \-hung ddu dudc rhdt tri li: Ydu td gAy ra 6'rn vring chinh
ii lLI cham tr6 tror,g viQc phoi sdy, li hqt lia dm. Cdng tr6 cing dm veng d cac
nLldc tiOn ti6;, khd x6y ra dm ving vi tr) thu hoach blng m6y get d4p han hop ddn
khi hat vio m6y sdy chi trong vai gid. Trong di6u kiQn ViQt Nam cdn ph6i gat th0
c6ng mdt thdi gian, vd thidu mriy d{p lia khi ihu hoqch d6n dap, cdng cdn f thfc
vdn dd vd phdn ddu sao cho ti khi ciit diln khi sdy kh6r,g qu' 2O gtd.
NguyOn nhan thA hai gAy dm vdng ld dm dQ cao khi b6o qudn. 86o qu6n l(a 6
dm dQ t6'i da in 147a thi ndm m6'c g6y dm vdng kh6ng phdt tridn. i.m rtQ b6o qudn
cing cao hon l4Ea, gao blrdrl mdu cdng nrau xdy ra.
t vdi. biip, dQ nh.iEm afLatorin li6n h6 ddn thdi gian dr khi thu hoach ddn khi
sdy. Ndu da lay ra hat, b6p dm phii ddgc dua vio mdy sa'y t.ong vbng 48 fio. hfij
em d6 hs,t da tha'p hdn 187o, Iodi ndm m6'c sin sinh ra aflatoxin chAm phdt tridn,
ra o' 14q. thi kh6ng phdt tridn ddoc.
2.8.4. Di6m cAn ldu f
Sd-y kh6ng nAng cd'p dugc hqt sdp hu ! Ndu ddng lia sau khi d{p da bdc n6ng
s:ip srla ndy mdm, thi sdy cfing chi cr1u cho kh6i dd b6. Trong trudng hdp ney,
kh6ng thd so srlnh chdt ldong hat sdy vdi hat phdi n6ng thong thrrdng. Sdy biing
m:i) du vdi phdong phdp ddn eian nhdt, cong dbi hdi quydt tAm vi hogch dinh
truoc: kh6ng phai le doi de'n khi trdi mua li6n Inien mdi nghi ddn ding m6y sdy.
 ----_--...!.-

26 pHiN Dqc rr$M crlrror.iG 2: LY rHurir M;.y siy HAT

z.e. pHiN Dec rEtM cHrJdNG 2 : od ru1 ruonc xui .{u

Kh,ng hhi dm le mot h6n h<ip ctia kh6ng khi kh6 (chi y6u chaa oxygen ve
njtrogen) Dd hdi nudc. Day D tdc nhAn dugc sfi dr;ng d6 sa'y h+t. L'Jgng hdi nudc
chfa trong kh6ng khi sdy ttry kh6og nhi6u nhmg 6nh hu8ng rdt ldn ddo qud trinh
sdy.

Dd thi khine hhi dm (DTIA\,A) bidu di6n ckc th6ng sd traDg th6i cia kh6ng
khi dml mQt sd tAc Eie goi Ii\ giAn dd triic dm ho4c d6 thi 1-d. mnh P2.5 D dd thi
vJi dp surit khi quydn P,h = 101 325 Pa. Cac quar hC gifia cec th6ng sd duoc di6n
giai d lnnh P2.3. C6 t}:,d st dung DTKKA dd phan tich qu6 tnnh sdy, r,t du d m6y
sa'y tinh-

2.9.1. Cdc thAng sti cria kh6ng khl Cm

. NhiQt d6 7 (cin goi ld nhiQt ttQ b6Lr kI6) : la nhiet d6 khong khi dm tlo
bang m6t nhi6t kd binh thiJdng. Tr6n DTKKA, ? alddc d9c theo tluc hoenh. Vi dg :
"t = 27 "C.
.Luong nulc bd,-t hita d." (fng vdi nhiet d0 T), le hrdng hoi nd6c t6'i da c6 thd
chd. i.ong 1 kg kh6ng k}li kh6 (8(K). Vi dq: & 27'C, d" = 0,0230 kg&gKKK, nghia
iA phdn hrri nddc vdgt qu6 mfc Diy sO ngrhg tu thinl dang l6ng. Trgng thei ndy
edn goi D kl6ng khi 1001, dm d6 tudng ddi Rh.
C6ch xric dinh ds : Ti T, gi6ng 1, g{p tlddng beo hda 100%Rh, gi6ng r, alqc
ds tran truc tung d, ld tryc bidu dion tf 16 dm,

(.lon vi ld ke/kg = kg hdi nudc/1 kg kh6ng khi kh6).

o T! l0 dn d]: Ii luong nudc th{c sd c6 trong trong 1 kg kh6ng khi kh6
(kg H,O/1 kg KKK). Di nhien dr < d"
c Am d.6 tttotg dtii Rh: Ddy ld th6ng sd quan trgng nh6't ciia qu6 trtnh sdy.
Dinh nghia chinh xlic, Rh bbng rip sudt hoi ri€ng phdn chia cho 6p sudt hoi & trang
th6i bdo hda.
C6 th€i dilir nghia gdn dring blng c6ng thrlc:

Rh,VO - [9,)-
ld" / 'oo
Vi du: Ndu kh6ng khi 3 27 'C chi chrla 0,018 kg&g,

Rh - f ryPl r loo = 8ozo, trinh p2.3)

l\0.023 ./

Dinh nghia gdn dring tr6n thi d6 hin}l dung hon; sai sd kh6ng qu6 2% so vdi
dinh nghia chinh x6c, trong di6u ki6n khi hau ViCt Nae.
. NhiAt d6 bdu udt Tw : li nhi6t d6 kh6og khl dm do blng mQt nhi6t kd i6
 pHiN Dqc rHtM cHrtdl rG 2: Li rHL\dT MAY sAv HAT 27

boc midng vdi thdm rrdt 6 bdu thriy ngao (hoec rddu). Mu6n
chinh xdc hon, c6 thi cho lu6ng kh6og khi thdi qua bau ddt
vdi van t6-c kho6ng 4 - 5 m/s. Di v{y, vdi nhiQt kd sai sd
i0,6"C thi Rh cdng sai sli d&r x 59o. Theo ti6u chudn
i
ASTM-E7. mudn Bh chl sai k6m 17a, dQ chinh x6c c'ia
nhi€t kd ph6i dqt 1 0,15"C.
r Li6n hQ glta Nhiet dA bd.u utt Tw rd Am dfi tuong
ddi Rh :

Rh clng thdp thi k}Ia nang bdc hoi nudc tlt midng vdi
tha'm ddt cAng nhidu, ldm gi6m T\r cria bdu r.r6t. N6i cdch
kh6c, sai biet gilfa T ve Tw cAng nhi6u thi Rh cdng tha'p.
T = Tw nghia ld Rh = 100%.
Ndu do dudc T ve Rh, thi c6 thd xric dinh'lw.
Hinh P2.1 : Nhiet hd
Vi du: T = 27'C, Rh = 80%, = Trv = 24,3"C biiu hhd - bdu u.1t

Nguqc lai, ndu do duoc T vd Tw, thi c6 thd xdc dinh

Rh.
Vi du: T = 27 "C, Tw = 24,3"C, = Rh = 807o.
Do dddc T vAL T\^r ,4odc T va Rh thi xdc dinh ddoc tdt cd cdc th6ng sd kh6c cria
khone khi dm. Dr,rng c9 do T vd Rh Ioei di6n ti hien sd khd d6t, cd vai trieu ddng.
Trdi tqi, hai nhiQt k6 do T va Tw rdt 16, ch'lng vdi chuc ngdn d6ng.
. Entlla.lpy I : lA nhiQt l:ong cria kh6ng khi dm fng vdi 1 kg KKK, so vdi
nhiQt dQ chudn (thtldng ldy la 0'C ). Tr6n dd thi, toa truc enthalpy nlm x6o khoing
45' so vdi truc hodnh. Vi du:
do"c, I= 0 kJ nrs.
21'C vd 80co Rh, I = 73 kJ,4.g (Gi6ng R va doc d truc enthalpy).
43"C vn 337a Rh, I=90 kJ &e.
. Thd tich fiang u: la thd tich cia kh6ng khi dm dng vdi 1 kg fItK.
vi du : d Rh, v = 0,92 m3/kg
43 "C ve 337o
2.9.2. C6c thang 6d cria kh6ng khi d,n bing phrldng ph6p tlnh
Dd thi kh6ng khi dm In bidu di6n tr{c quan c6c th6ng sd kh6ng khi dm, gon
gang tren mot trang gidy. Thgc sfr, d6 ihi dudc Hp tran cd sA tinh to5n blng mot
bO phuong trinh bidu di6n s1r li6n hC gira cac th6ng sd ndy. C6 te't ca ? th6ng sd:
Nhiat d6 bdu hho T, NhiU d6 bdu udt T*.im d.Q htong d.di P.,., NhiQt do didm
suung T*.Ti t? dm dr, Entholpy l, tip sudt khi quydn P*^, Tqi mot dia didm vd
rhdi didm .hdt dinh (bi6't P,t- vt T), chi car bi6l thom 1 trong 5 th6ng sd cbn 1+i,
thi xric dinh dudc tdt ca c6c th6ng sd cia kh6ng khi dm. IJu didm cria phudrg phdp
2g pHiN boc THEM CIILIONG 2: Li rHLryET Mriy siy H]\T

tinh le giai ra k6't que tqi cdc ndi ap sua't kii quydn P,,- kh6c vdi dp sudt d mat
bidn (vi du: Thdnh phd Dd Lat A dO cao t50om vdi P"t, = 84,5 kpa). Vdi mdy vi
tinh hi6n nay, cac tinh to6n ney rtt nhanh ch6ng, kh6ng tdi 1 giay.
2.9.3. Phin tich qu6 trinh sdy bing.16 thi kh6ns khi dm
Sd li6u cdn bidt ('li vdi mdy sdy tinh, Hinh 2.8):
* Ltrr-r luong kl6ng khi cria quat Vq (thr-tdng do nhd sdn xudt cung cdp).
Vi du : \'a = 4 m3/s,6 mLlc Unh 6p 25mm H2O.
* Do nhi6t d0 T vd dm dQ tdong ddi Rh (hoAc T\v) d 3 didm :

Didn O = Kh6ng k}Ii trdi : Vi ds : T1 = 27"C, Rh = SOS1 .

Drah @ = Kh6ng khi duoc nung n6ng trong budng gi6: T, = 43"C
,tam O = IG6ng khi tho6t ra trAn mer ldp lda : T3 = So.C, Twr = 28,2.C

1. Khong
3 Kh6ng khithoar

+ --_:"::-l: 2. Khong khi s5y

Hinh P2.2: So d.6 md! sd! ttnh.

Bdng kdt qud. (sd in dam la sd thgc do; cric sd l:hdc doc tr6a dd thi kldng
khidm):
DidE
Bdu kh6 Bdu ridt Am dQ KK T! lQ dm Enthalpy Thd tich ri6ng
a, "c Tw, "C Rh,q. d. ksrrc t,kJtks
o 27 24,3 80 0,0i80 j'3

@ 13 33 0,0180 90 0,92

o 30 24,2 86 0,0235 90

Bidu dtdn qua trinh sdy bAn dd thi kh6ng hhi dm:

a) Nung n6ng hh,6tg [hl sdy : Tn didm O adn atdln @theo dudng ngang -),
Tf 16 dm kh6ng ddi, nhi6t d6 tnng, enthalpy teng = I, - Ir (do lb ddt cung
cdP)'

b) Kh,ng hhi sdy mang dm thoat ra ngod.i: Trl didm @ do.r, aid- @ th"o
dudng ch6o N,
Enthalpy kh6ng ddi, rhi6t dA giam, ti lQ dm cria kh6ng khi tdng, do A'm ti
hat truydn qua: Ad = d, - dl
 PHAN DQc THEM CEUdNG 2: Li THUY61 MAY SiY T14T 29

e.s

/f ^e
,
"rs
s* F/ ,',
E
0,0235
0,0230

,"'""t*
15, 6
I
st
.a" d
9 !l
-.'
\$.
.J \,)
Nhiet do (bau kha),oc

Hinh P2.3: Qud trinh sdr tan d6 thi khong hhi dn

2.9.4. Tlnh c6ng sudt ld ddt
. Luu ld,ing hh6i (chi phi hhbng hhi) Gq cia quat :

Cq = Voiv
= 4 (ms/s) /0.92 (m3/kg) = 4,3 kg/s
vdi: va = luu ldong thd tich cia qust, m3/s
v = thd tich rieng, m3&g )
. C6ng sudt lb ddt PL :

Pr' =Gq*(12-Ir)
*
= 4,3 (ks/s) ( 90 - 73 ) (kJ&g)
= ?S,1 kJ/s = ZA,1 kW = 268 MJtgid
(vi 1 kW = 3,6 MJ/h)

. Chi phi chdt ddt I

Ndu dr)ng trdu c6 nhiot tri q = 11,3 MJ&g vi gia sl1 hi6u sudt nhiQt chung cria
rney sdy le la 7570 (1 = 0,75) thi chi phi chdt ddt le:
263(MJ / h)
G"a =P"=
q*n 11,3(MJ/kg)*0,75
= 31 (kc/h)
g0 pHiN Dec THEM cl]ud),,rc 2: Ll rHr dT Mdy sAy HAT

2.9.5. Tioh thiri gian sdy

t KhA tud,ng mang dm cia qaat
Ldong hdi nr.Jdc do I(k sdy mang di rlng vdi 1 kg kh6ng khi kh6 :

Ad = d2 - d1 = 0,0235 - 0,0180 = 0,0055 kg HrO&g KKK

Ilng vdi qugt c6 Iuu lusng Ga kg/6, lddng nddc (trong hat) do quat mang ali :
DHzo = Ge * Ad = 4,3 kgls * 0,0055 kgr.g 0,0236 kg /s=

t Tiah thdi gian sdy

Gi6 s& cho vdo thr:ng sa'y 4 tdn ILra d<it {G6u1 = 4OO0 kg) d dm d(t M1 = 24Vo
vi cdn sdy xu6'ng dm dd cu6'i le M2 = 74Eo. Lddrg nudc (trong hat) cAn phai mit di
Id:
*(M1 - M2)/(100 - M2)
G112e = G6u1

*
= 4000 ( 24 - 14)/G00 - 14) = 465 kg H,O
Nhd vay, ,tdi gion stiy U thwdt td ..

tr,r = GHz/Duzo
= 465/0,00286 = 19203 giey = 5,5 gid
Trong thdc td :

a) Ludng nddc b6'c hd tri trong hat khdc vdi b6'c hdi tlf mat thodng tu do.
b) Vio ltic cudi, kh6ng khi thodt kh6i m6t lia (didm @) cdng kh6 hdn nen
lddng nudc bdc hoi cdng girim dAn, thd hien & dm d6 tLrong d6i Rh rho6t ra k}I6
thdp.
Ngodi ra, dd dotr gi6n tinh torin, c6 b6 qua m6t sd ih6ng sd kl6c.
\\ th6 thdi gian sdy thuc td (ldloeng 7 gid) dai hdn thdi gian sdy ti thuy6t.
2.I0. CAc CHIJONG TRiNH MAY TiNH
Tirh todn quri trinh sdy nhu tr6n c6 thd iludc ldi giai rdt nhanh bang m6y
tinh c6 nhan. HiCn t?i c6 c6c chddng trinh sau tl6 drroc c6ng bd:
. AIT Drying Simulation, 1993, cLia Vi6n C6ng ngh6 chAu A, Bangkok, Thfi
Lan. (860 Kbltes).
. UNSW Food Drying Package, cria ThJdng Dai hoc New South Wales. Uc.
(2200 Kbltes).

Mdt sd giang vi6n Khoa Co khi - C6ng nghQ Dai hoc N6ng Lam Thdnh phd
Hd Chi Minh hi6n dang st dung m6t chudng trinh ddn gi6n h6a, vidt thdnh bang
 i,l.iN Doc rHEM cHlrd!-c 2: Lf Tt]UIdT MAy siy EAT g1
tinh Excel 7 vCi Visual H.:ir iri i.g (iile SAY\I\I.XLS, 150 Kbytes). Kel qu6 b6ng
tinh dddc minh hoa d F{inh P2 4.

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Hinh P.2.5: D6 thi hh6ng l; iri rit,r (ASAE, tst i)

 Chlrdng 3

nrtAy sAy rixn vi NGANG

s.r. rdNc quaN
C6ng nghe sA'y hat bing md5, sai tinh (MST) da .rj ti gina thd ki 20 A M, vA
Nhat. Vdo nhrng E;ni 1970, 6 Fhilippines, hai b6n thidi kd MST da drroc dua ra
do
Dai hoc UP Los Beios i1 E ta'nrrnet r.a Vie:r Lua euoc te llrl (1 vd 2 tAn/m6)_

. d ViAt Sa-. nh.tng thrit ki ndy dn dddc Trudng D:ri hoc N6ng LAm Thdnh
phd H6 Chi ]Iinh (DtiNL) thidr kd lai vdi nhrfng cOrg srdt toD h-on. Mau may
sri'1, tinh vi ngang ddu ti6n, c6 nang sua't S ta.Vma,"O
a.ro" idp dat vao nem t98B tai
huy€n Ke-Sdch. tin}l S6c Tranc. Qua thuc tO sin xua't, meu mdJ,
da duoc nong dl;
vd ciic nhi k, ihuar cdi ti6n dan, dco nal dr- hrnh thantL rr,riau Lidu
MST khdc
nhau vA dudc goi chung Ii "mdy s6';, S6c Trnng,'.
D.o cdu tao don gi6n, tjn cay, phi hop vdi srin xudt phan
. ,
chdp nhdn ddoc, loai mdy ndy trd n6n phd bi6n ddn, grip pia.,
tdn vd gid thdnh
aarrg kd trong viOc
!l 16
Tli -1"" SLf l[a dLrdc sdy bXng mriy 6 nhidu rinh Ddng bhng Jng Criu Long
(EBSCL). phdt tridn MST tir con sd kh6ng rim 1980, da gia;ngk;ong
ngtng
theo ,U tAng trdAng cia Ci6n tich vd sia lrrong lia r, EBSCL] a,ro" ifro tt,dy t.o,.,g
Bdn6 3.1.
BdnA 3..ti Sd lieu m6y sdy tinh vi ngang ldp .lit A DBSCL
Sin hiqng Sin hiqas I'ia thr tioach sd ttiOng
trong mna ml,a bing m:iy 6ai
(trieu tdn) (tri6u t6;) (3
1980
- 8 ta-rvma) tinh
5,3 - 1,0 0
_ 6,4
2 0,0001
r99o i 9,5
1993
= 100 - 7,2
11,1 4,6 = 40il -4
1997 t4,1 5,1 = 1500 =9

Ndm 1994, Khoa Co khi _ C6ng ngho OHNL da dr_ra ra

m6u thidt kd MST
mdi,4 tdrJm|, t6n'goi SHG-4; vd mer 8 ran/mi, t",r go, SHC-S ;Io
nhing uu didm nhd chdt ld.,ng hat sau khi
n; rsSO. VOi
pni s{y ti,ip
"a tht! sdy
cO
nhi6u loai n6ng sdn kh6c nhau, cri hai mdu"iynay"uo, "ii
"0";ai" t;ie "dc
da arq" nhe san
xr,ra"t nhanh ch6ng tidp nhAn. Edn na1
da *,oarrg 100 *a;;;; ial, a, aro"
DHNL phd bidn cho nhi6Lr tinh DBSCL; D6ng "a
Nai,"Ba nr" " V."g ia;r, i., fir"frt
mi6n D6ng Nam 86; Dnk Ldk, cia Lai d Tav Nguy6n; Binf,
Trung: r'd IId Tdy, Hn Gia;rg o phia BIc. Va,
fi,ir,'ftra a UiA"
au"lJ-iHNf, .fuya"
giao c6ng ngh6 chc rn6t sd tinh nhri Cdn Tho, -ay "j..g
aa
Sric Trengl fian C;ang, ,tfrai einn
94 MAY s,iY riNH vi NGANC

vd mot sd doanh nghiep tu nhan. Tinh rlJr, cudi [ar", 1t99, dii ci tren 500 mriy s6iy
SHG ddgc I6p d{t ve di veo hoqt dQng thdlg qua qri trirh ch',ydn giro c6ng ngh6.
Ngoai ra, meu m6y sdy SHG-4 cing da d,rgc chu-rd' grao irJ lai Philippiles, ti6ng
qua chudng trinh hgp t6c giila DHNL vd ViSn llghlan riu Lira PhiiRiee.

Chddng nay chi ydu triDi biry cdu tao, hoat dong, van h)nh, 1'd mot sd kdt
qui qua thgc td rlng dgng c,ia cdc mau mdy SHG'4 vd SHG-E.
s.2. c.{u rAo CHUNG r!r.{Y s.{Y sHG
NIOI mAy sdy tini vi ngang SHG bao g6m 4 b,j phQi, chir'h: quat' lb d6t,
bu6ng sd1.' vir nhd che ddgc bd tri nhd Hinh 3.1.

Hinh 3.1: Cdu tao chuae hdt'sdv SHG'4 ud SHC 8

Qu6 trinh sdy ddgc thuc hien nhd sa.i:
Lia hoec cdc loai hat kldc ddoc dd tr6n mit san ludi J6 .rdi ldp ddy khodng
25 - 40 cm. Kh6ng ktri n6ng tao non bai lb d6t. Cucc qu4! s{y hit vd thdi vao o'ng
gi6 h6ng, sau kli da hda trOn r,di khOng khi mei ttuJrg dal ddn nhiQt dQ lchi s{y
cdn thidt. Sau d6 tir dng gi6 h6ng, khi st'y ch,r;rdn irij,Jng qua tu6ng gi6 chinh
(bu6ng sdy) nhm phia dddi sin lLldi 16 vi di hJ6ng I6n ruy6n qua l6p hat marlg dm
tholit ra ngoai. Qr.rd trinh sdy tidp di6n cho ddn khi cd l6p h4t du6i v) tr0r1 dqt
dddc dm d0 can thidt.
 MAY siY TiNH vi NGA\G g5
3.3. QUAT
Day Ia chi ti6t quan tr.or.;, zinh hudng rdt ldn deh chdt lddng s6n phdm vd
hi6u qu6 cria rndy sa'y. Quat ding cho cric mdy s6'y SHG thuQc dang quat hudng
truc.
3.3.1. Quat cho m6y sdy SIIG-4
Quat ding cho mdy sdy SHc-4 c6 dudng kinh 750 mm, tdc dO quay 1600
vbng/ph'jt, dr-ioc truydn ddrg tir d6ng co diesel 12 _ lE ngua, hobc al6og cd di6n 2,5
kW (Hin}l 3.21. Tlddc kii i6p dit, quat da qua kidm nghi0m ddy d0, vdi cric y6u cAu
vd tinh can bhng, k}I.i ndng hoat d6ng dn dinh vd ddm beo cung ce,p m6t lddng gi6
4 m3A tng vdi mrc tinh ap 30 mm HrO.
3.3.2. Qu?t cho m6y sdy SIIG-8
D6i v6'i cric mdy sA'y SHG-8, c6 thd lip d6t th.o hai c6ch:
. Diing 2 qdat. SH(}-4 ghip song song, truy6n d6ng tt m6t d6ng co diesel 22
- 25 ngrJa hoac dilns c,J Ci6n 15 klv.
. Dnng 1 quat co dlid.g i<inh 1100 mri, .luay vdi idc d6 1200 vbng/phft ve
truy6n d6ng rir d6ng. co dipsel22
^E$a.

Nhln tn phja buSn_5 say

aa
at
-i
tl
IT
lt
ta
ta
t
.t
ll
a ,l
a ll
Jt
I
I
al
tl
I

H;nh J.2: euat d.nns cho mdy sdr SHc 4

s.4. Ld DdT

- Ld do't dirng cho cdc loai mdy siy SHG dusc thi6.t kd theo phddng cham tan
dung ngu6n nhi6n ti6u idi ch6 vi "sdy gi dnng ndy,,. Do v6y
c6 lo.itO a;i t i,
di.rng sd'y Lia, li d6't than d6 vd ld rl6't cni b6p, crii, v6 aau "i"
ihong... dnng dd sdy c6c
sdn phdm khdc nhau.
36 MAY saY TiNH vi NGANG

3.4.1- Ld do't trdu ghi b$c nghi6ng v6i budng d6't tru (LD'I)
Mau Id ddt LDT srl dgng cho sdy 1'ja, dugc thi6t k6'vdi hai co c6ng sua't, 25
kg,41 uho mey sdy SHG-4, vd 50 kg,h cho mdy sdv SHG-8.

Vd cA'u tao, ]d c6 mot budng d6't dddi (BD) hinh hop, c6 kdt c{u tddng tg nhd
cric mAu lb ddt trdu dang s& dr;ng. Didm kh6c biei ld c6 th6m budng ddt tron
(BT)
hinh tru, ldm nhiem vu idng tro vi tdng cddng klla ndng chdy chdt b6'c (Hinh 3 3)'
Khi hoat al6ng, trdu td thing chu'a dudc nap vio ghi lb qua c&a djdu chinh'
BD- Drrdi tdc
Que tdnh chdy ddu ti6n di6n ta trong ving khdng gian c6a budng d6't
dung ciia luc hdt quat sdy, khi chey ddoc hdt vd phia tr6n. Khi di vdo budng ddt
BT, g4p cdc dddng gi6 thli, cdp (dLidc nap tidp tuv6n vdi hinh tru) sE chuydn dQng
vd phia tr6n theo cdc dddng ro6y. Di6u nay c5 tec dung k6o ddi thdi gian lw tnl
cia c6c phan tu chriy vi chdt bdc trong vrlng ch6y, lam cho qu6 trinh ch6y c6 i<h6
nd,rg x6y ra triet d6 hdn.

dNG rBUNG-rArr

lHUNG TBAU

ogn

Hinh 3.3: Lb ddt trdu gllt nghiang bu6n! trr!. LDT

3.4.2. Ld .16't crii, cii bip'.. ch6y ngugc (LDN)

Meu Ib ddt LDN c6 thd dr)ng nhi6n li0u ld cii, cni bdp, v6 dQu phong vi
thudng duoc sr! dung khi sdy cir ph6, b6p, dQr..r phong, hat ali6u... Ld dt.igc thidt kd
vdi nhi6u cd c6ng sudt 25, 35, 50 vd ?0 kg,&, tnv theo loai s6n phdm s6'y ve cdc vau
cdu cdn thidt nhu sdy h4t thuorg phdm hav ldm hat gi6ig.
Cdr.r tao chung cria lb d6't LEN trinh biy d Hirrh 3.4, gdm c6 budng ddt hQp
(BIl) vn budng ddt tru (BT). Bu6ng ddt BH c6 ghi lb dang phing, thdng dLlng dd
tao su ch6y nguoc va m6t ghi ngang ding dd tho6t tro. Budng d6't BT c6 cA'u t4o vd
nhiem v\r tddng tu nitr budng d6't BT cria ld ddt trdu da trinh bdy 3 Muc 3.4.1.
Khi hoat dQng, chdt d6't le c0i ho+c cr)i b{p drroc n4p vdo budng d6't BH'
Kh6ng khi so cA'p dugc quat sdy hflt vio tU phia tr6n di xuy6n qua l6p nhi6n li€Lr
 MAY sAY TiNH \1 NGANG 37
xu6'ng phia dudi noi (,r ghi ,l!ri,,l. qui trinh ch:iy s6 xey ra trong ving
kh6ng gian
c6 ghi dLlng ney. ICli chdy kh. dudc hit qua b,r6ng ddt tru BT, g6p dudng gi6
thl1
cip (dugc n4p tid.p tuy6r- vrli iinh truj s6 chuydn rl6ng vd plrl, t.an tt c{ic drrd.g
xody, cd t6c duirg i:Lrong tu ilu A la d6i tr6'u. NBIAi ra do nguy6n li "o
chdy ngudc,
cha't b6'c sinh ra trong qud idrh nung nring sE di xuyon qua vr)ng chriy
than c6
nhi6t d6 cao.

I
*]
-l
- \$\-
\.Y I

I
l
L
tjiLt 8.4 La (lot .u:, L .t bap cha], ngtoc LDN
3.5. BUd\G SAY
1994, cdc miiy s6'y vi ngang phd bi6;r1 i)BSCL d6u s& dung
.lL,dng
. 1*r. cdch b6. tri
khong khi s.i Ci vio titr chlnh tem rh.)i;,iy (fiinh 3.5a). iJ;Ou
kO.t que
khao srit cho thdy kidu budng s6'y nAy c6 .hdcrc didrn phAn bd
si6 vd nhiAt d6
khong d6u r-rdn mar lhu rT sav. Ddn d6n sai bi+t am dd gilta
cac r,"i
- 5%. Mdt sd bi6n phrip khdc phuc d,-roc d6 xua,t nhu
cdo tlio nhi6u "j ldn "d,;d;;;i
khi sdy, sdy
vdi ldp hat c6 bd day kf,ic nhau, holc bd tfi cdc tdm ngan htrOng
dOng ludng khi
sd;,... N6i chung hiQu qui cua c6c bi6n ph6p nAy cbn phi
tf,rQc rihidu iao vd,
td chri quan vd kd-t qud nhrin dlrdc thudng rdt ki6c nhau_ "ac
Tr:r 1994, mAu rr,Liy SIIG rluor dd xua't vdi thi6i kd
_
h6ng nhrr Flinh 3.5b vii
budng sA,y m6i, c6 dng gi6
J.6. Kh6ng l<hr sey aludc quar thrli vio ang gio hang, tich
t4i.Cay tru6c khi d6i hLidng 90', vao Luone say chrnh nam pl.,,u
auoi 1u6i 16. Tn
budng sn'y chinh ni;u. kii sn'y tli i6n xuyOn qua ldp hat "Ia.,
mang A,m ra agoii.
Cdc kai qud l<trric ;ra-hi6m co bdn iai Long AlI (Iluc
.
ndi bar cria
3.10) da xec dinh Ju didm
kidu bueing sd'y vci 6.ng giri ben halg: gi" a,ro.lr,J tJiirrg aA, rror,,
ddn ddn it sai bi6t dm d6 hon giila c6c vi .d.
dd tang l:hi neng chon lua kh xdc dinh mat bang ldp
.bu6ngTn.1998,
sdy n;iy sA'y
det m6y,
SHft d:?dc 1.hia't kL cu hai kieu. kieu co iog
',i *io'f,O,ig ao",1,u"
thr)r,g si-v. kiri;! .{i dr-L!- 1:.! h6ns tl,po .hieu ngang thung s.i
ifii"hi.if. S,j p},a"
 l-
38 MAY siY riNE vi NcANo

bd gi6 cria hai ki6'u c6 116 d6ng d6u tuong aludng nhau, nhrrng kidu sau c6 kha neng
giam dugc 10 - 157o v6t IiQu xdy drrng bu6ng sdy

ilitlh ) a llni liar lirrlg !a-r

Hinh 3.6: Mtit sdy SHG'4 t'ii dtlg gi6 ban h6ng

Hinh 3.7: Mtiy siiJ SHG'8 ""di

hai kidu 6ng gin (theo chidu doc L'it
theo chilu ngdE)
Phq bin A
Hinh dnh vd mdv sdv SHG-4 ad SEG'8

lF.
Md.- sdr- SHG'4 r'di lb ddt ngnqc, adt bdp
f
May sdY SHG-4 odi odch budtg sd! caa,
sdy b&p trd.i

ni xdt lAt May sdy SHG'L sdY cd PhO

Mdt sdy SHG'8KM, sdr kho@i

6 tdtulm,) Ghe thurAn cia nang dan odL hdnE x6o

LIa-'- sdy ttnh ai ngatue SEG'8
tqi nLOt trotug sd 500 itia didm c6 m6v stiv
SHG tai Cdr. fhd uit S6c Trdng
 -----F

Phu bin B
Hinh &nh hhuydn n6ng mdy sdy SHG-4 (loai

SHG-4 tqi Trung tam

Khuydn n6ng Long An,
thAng 1111994

Ii' Bo.,

SHG-4 tqi Hii chO

NAng nghiep Cdn Thd,
thAng 511995

F.FI.- F
.t
-
*-*{.1 I

sHG-4 tai ViQn Lrta

P hi lRice ( P hilippine s ),
thAne 111996
 i,lAY siY TiNH 1'1 NG}NG 39

3.6. NI{A CHE

NhA che cho cec m6y sdy SHG dddc tinh toiin c6 cing thdi gian khdu hao v6i
b,r6ng sdy n6n th(dng duoc )ray ddng b6n ki6n cd. Nhung phai drim b6o drroc cdc
yOu cau sau:
. Mua kh6ng ddoc dot hoec tat veo bd chrla hat hay khu vLtc quat Ye lb d6't
(Hqt mua rdi thang drlng ph6i cdch bd sdy taii thidu 2m).
. Am tho6t ra tU hat, phAi tho&t ra ngodi d.6 ddng, kh'r.g bi r)n cuon
dudi mdi che.
. C6ng nhan va ngudi van hlnh m6y c6 ihd di lai dE din8, vrec nap ve theo
li6u dudc holn todn thuAn ldi.
. Vat lieu xay vd lop: n6n srl dung loai kh6 ch6y, ohdt Id khu vr_tc ld d6't.
. Cdc cQt cia mdi che kh6ng n6n nAm trong
khu vrrc bi chua hat.
Dd dam beo cric y6u cdu tr6n, didm thap nhdr
cia mai che nen cao hdn 2,2 tu. Tiy vat IiCu ldp mei, -,.\
dQ d6'c cria m6i che phei d0 .ld d6 deng tho6t nudc
(ndu srl dung t6n, dQ ddc = 20"). Tr6n n6c mdi che
ph&i c6 n6c thoAt S'i6, dd hoi dm ti hat tho6t lAn ve Hinh 3.8: Kdt cilu m(ri che
c6 n6c thoat gi6
ra ngodi d6 ddng tron sudt b6 ddi b6' sdy (Hinh 3.8).
s.?. KfT euA sr] ouNc uAy s.{y sHc.4 vi SHG-B
3.7.1. Sdy hia
Tdoxg td cdc m6y sdy tinh hiQn co, cdc mdu rr.ay SHG khong bi han chd v6
dm dQ hia ddu vdo vi kl6ng y6u cdu cao vd d6 sach cia nguy€n liQu sdy.
May sA'y SHG-4 (hodc SHG-8) c6 thd sdy 4 td'n Lia (hodc 8 tdn), ha dm d6 tn
24-25Voxo6tg74-75E ttong6-7 gid,v6i nliOt d6 sa'y kh6ng quri 48"C. D6'i vdi
Iia c6 dm dQ cao khodng 30 - 32Eo, LiIIiJi gian sdy c6 thd k6o dai S - 10 9d. im d6
cu6'i c!)ng trong khdi h4t kh6 ddng d6u, d6 16ch trung binh kh6ng vddt qu6 gi6i han
cho phbp 2Vo gi&a ldp trCn- ldp dddi ve giia vi tri cac g6c. Lria sdy cho tj.i6 gao
nguy6n bing holc cao hoo phoi. Kdt qud nay gop phdn khong nhd trong vi6c hinh
thdnh vd c0ng cd quan ni6m "Siy tOt HON PHOI" trong nong dan va c6c nha
sin xudt.
Chi phi trdu cho lb d6't cia m6y sd'y SHG-4 ti\ 22 - 25 ke/Eid, vd SHG-S td 45 _
50 kg/gid. Chi phi ddu dieset cho dong cd k6o qu?t thudng dao dQng trong kho6ng
1,2 - 1,8 liUgid. Ddc bi6t, su6't qu6 trinh s6'y, m6i m6 chi cdn ddo m6t ldn khoring
20 phrit cho m6y sdy SHG-4 va 40 phut cho m6y SHG-8 vdi 2 ngudi. Dey D c6c ydu
td ldm giem thdp chi phi sdy vd giim cuc nhgc cho ngudi lao dong khi v{n hAnh
m6y s6y.
40 n^y s{y TiNH !t NcAl.ic

3.7.2. Sdy bip (ne6)

Mot dng dung kh6c khd phii bi6'n cia mdy sdy SHG td sd'y bdp dirng cho
thudng phdrn va sdy bdp gi6'og.
3.7.2.1. Sdy bdp thrtong phdnt
Ddgc 6p dung tai c6c huyOn T6nh Linh vA D(c Linh tldh Binh ThuAn; Dinh
qu61 ve Ta:: Phrl tinh D6ng Nai, Tleng Beng ti h Tdy Ninh, vd huy6n Ch6u phri
tinh An Giang.
MQt m6y s6y SHG-4 c6 thd sdy 4 - 6 tdn bdp, dm dd ddu 22 - xudtg 1.4 -35
l51a Lrorg khoeng tU 8 - 15 gid. Chdt ludng b{p sau khi sdy d6m b6o c6c y6u cdu;
rEiu vang tr.Jdi, kh6ng bi 6m kh6i, kh6ng b! nft bd, sai bi6t dm dO chi khoring 296.
MAt sd k6't qua st'y b6p thuong phdm tai ciic dia phuong, d(dc ghi nhan trong Beng

Edng 3.?: MQt sd kdt qui sdy bdp thudag phdm

Di. diCh QuAb Ba La Ngi' Iretrg Birg Ten Phti Dinh qu6n c
Hn Gians DdDg n-ai aey Ninh D6ng Nai Ddng Nai
Luqns bdp vdo, ks 3800 6oC0 4000 6000 5100 4500
Am d0 diu,?u ll1 =22 -30 27,5 36
6m dO cul,i,% -14 t4 15 15 16,4 18
Thdi gian Ee'y, sid 10 16 8 8 5 10
Loai ln d6L - hs/h LDt{ - 25 LDN - 25 LDN . 35 .DI.I ' 45 LTB . 30 LEN J5

3.7,2.2. Sdy bd.p eidne

Dey lA fry dung tfdng ddi m6i 3 Vi6t Nam. C6c ddn \ri c6 si dr,rng mriy sdy
SHG-4 trong khau s,A'y bdp gi6'ng nhidu ndm qr.ra nhd: Trung tam Hrr:g L6c d D6ng
Nai (ViQn Khoa hoc N6ng nghiep Mi6n Nam), Trai Gidng T6n HiQp (C6ng ty Gi6'ng
Cdy tr6ng Nlidn Nam), Trai Gi6'ng S6ng Bdi (Vien Nghien crlu Ng6, Hd Tay), N6ng
ttudlrg A6ng l0rdi d Tay Ninh (Vi6n Nghi6n crlu Ddu vri Cdy c6 ddu).
Mdy s{y SHG-4 dring sdy bdp giO'ng c6 k6t ca'u tuong tu k}ri sdy lia hodc sdy
b6p thudng phdm. Didm khric bi6t lh bd ch(a hat duoc xAy ddng cao hdr (khoang 2
m) ve id ddt ddqc thidt kd vdi c6ng sudt nh6 hdn (khoing 2b kglgid) dd nhi6t d6
kh6ng qu6 cao.

Qui trinh sdy trudc h6t le s6'y b{p trdi (ng6 b6p) cO a'm d6 B0 - ZSVo, xu6tg
dm dd 18 - 241o, dd c6 thd tiSn han}l ley tech hat (t6 ng6), vdi d6 tdn thudng thdp
nha't. Nhi6t dQ s{y trong giai doan n}y kholng 43"C, thdi gian sdy thrrdng k6o dAi
tn 50 - 60 gid, tiy thu6c vdo dm d6 vd nhiQt d6 m6i rrudng. Sau khi ldy, bdp hat
drroc s6'y binh thddng vdi nhiQt dQ 40 - 42'C, dd hq dm dQ cdn 13 - 147o. Thdi gian
sdy bdp hat c6 thd k6o dei tn 15 - 20 gid.
 i{AY sAY TiNH vI NcA.\o 4I
C:ic sd IiQu ghi nh4n tiJ C6ng ty Gidng Cdy trdng Mi6n Nam vA ViOn Nghion
c(u NgO cho tha'y ti l0 ndy mdm ciia bdp gi6'ng qua sty trOn mdy SHG kh6 cao,
tran 92-.. Didu niy dd g6p phan ki6ng nh6 trong vifc dAm bdo chdt luong hat
giong, gi6m nhg c6ng lao d6ng, chi d6ng trong kd hoach s6n xudt gidng vi gi6m
thdp chi phi cho L kg bdp gidng.
3.7.3. Sdy cn ph6
Vi6c si dung m6y sdy SHG dd sA'y ci pha, dddc ddnh gi6 budc dau rhanh
cdng iai cdc tinh c6 di64 tich vd sdn ludng ca phC I6n nhu Dek Ldk, Gia Lai vd
Lam Ddng.
l{6t m6y sdy SHG-4 c6 thd sdy 4 tdn ce ph6 tudi nguyOn qua, vdi hd ddy ldp
hat khoang 30 cm. Qu6 trinh sdy thudng.hja lam hai giai doan. Giai doan ddu sd'y
vdi nhi6t d6 65 - 70"C, giam a'm ti 607c xLr6'ng 20 - 189o, thitj, gian sdy khoring 16
gid. V6i dm d0 =18%, cd phe que dudc xdt kh6. Iird sach vd tidp tr.rc sdy v6i nhi6t
d6 nho hon 50"C, ddn khi d4t dm dQ cd thd r.dn tlii 13 - i4q.. Thdi ga: sdy cho giai
doan hai thudng k6o ddi k}:o6ng 10 giJ. TNa'nB hdp ce phe que xnt tuoi, thdi gian
sd-i'giar doan mOt, tJ tuoi xuA'ng iS% lr.hcdng i2 gid.
La, ddt ding sAy cd ph6 c6 thd s& dung nhi6o li6u ia cii, cii bdp, hay v6 cd
ph6, chi phi 60 kg/gid; hoac than de 20 kslsid.

3.7.4. Sdy c6c loai hat kh6c

Tinh da dang cria m6y sdy SHG ihd hi6n qua vioc miiy cbn kh?i reng fng
dung cho m6t sd a6ng srin ki6c nhu dau phorg, khoai mi (xdt l6t), har di6u...
3.7.5. Ddu trl vi
gi6 thinh sdy
Tinh theo thdi gi6 6/1999, tdng cidu tu cho m6t mdy sdy SHG-4 ii 26 tri6u
ddng vd m6y sdy StIc-8 ld 43 tri6u d6ng. N6i dung ddu trr gdm g phan, d(dc IiCt
ka chi ti6t 6 Bang 3.3.

Chi phi sdy 1 kg Lia cria may sdy SHG-4 Ii 55,4 d6ns; i/e cia SHG_8 la 44,1
Cring. C6c thdnh phdn chi phi sdy dudc ghi d Bang 3.4.

TrLrdng Ldp sdy bip thdong phdm, girim dm ti BO - 127, xu6ng 14 - 7SVo, chi
phi siy trung b)nh khoang 60 ddng&g. N61 sa'y bdp gidng, chi phi sd'y tdng c6ng
kiodng 154 ddng cho 1 kg hat. Cdc chi phi cu thd dudc n6u 6 Bdng 3.b.
B'i:ng 3.3: GiA ddu trt m6y sdy SHG-4 vi SHG-8
SIIG.4 sItG-8
(ddns) (d6ns)
1. Phen sa'yr quat, ld do-i, bu6ns siy 17.500.000 30.000.000
2. D6ng cd 5.000 000 6.000.000
3 NhA che 3.500.000 7.000.000
Ta'ne ddu tn: 26,000.0N) 43.000.0u)
42 NriY s.!Y TiNir vi ,{GANG

Bd.ng 3.4. Cdc t}rittth phdn chi phi sA-y hia cria SIIG-4 ver SHG"8.
slrc-4 SHG.8
Thenh phdn chi pht sn'y (ddnE{r() (ddns/kg)
Chi Dht kha'u hao, si?a chia vd laj vay iE,6
Chi ph, chal d6t 5,0 5,0
Chi Dhi nens lLrdnc d6ns cd 8,8 .9,C
Chr phi lao d6ns t9.4 13,7
Tdns cehd: 55,4 14,1

Bdnp 3.5: Chi phi sdy bip gidug, ildng/kg hqt

'rhdnh phdn chi pht sdy
Se'y trni xu6'!g i Sdy hqt xuo'lg Tdng cong
20 - 24qa t2 - t4c.
CP k!6u l,ao, sra chna, lai vay 43 19
27 11
Chi Dhi olDe iLlons di.ns cc 17 8
Chi pbi lao din 19 t0
c0ne: 146 151

GIi .lnr Tinh theo thdi Ai6 thdqg 5/1999

;.8- VA}i H.\i"IE MTY
tinh SHG tuong d,ii cion gi6n, irh6ng ddi hdi k, thuat cso.
-qir dung matr say
Tuy nhr6n tid qud trinh sfy an todn, dat hi6u qu6, viQc vQn henh r,:iy cd nhing qui
dirrh sau:
3.8.1. Kidm tra tnl6c khi sd'y
' Tinh trang cdc mdi ghap bulong quat, dong co...
. D6 ceng day dai: luc 7 kG dat kho6ng gitra hai puli, gay ra d6 v6ng = 10
mm.
. DO kin dng ndi Iii bat giiia quat ve 6-ng gi6 L6ng. Khoang cdch gi8a quat
vA 6r,g gi6 h6ng = 50 mm.
. L6 sin 1u6i kbong bi 4ghet, san khong c6 khe hd hqt 19t xu6'ng.
. i,b d6t sach tro, kh6ng bi nft n6.
i1.8.2. '.rAn hiih Inay
.Nap ti6u: ldp hat c6 ird day irhdc nhau tai cdc vi ti (do ktr6ng dugc san
phlnq t6i), l:i n6n cuc b0 (do d6m dap tr6n bd m+t) hoec khdi hat c6 l6n tqp ch,a't,
ddn ddn phAn bd 916 r,d nhi6t dQ sdy ki6ng dilu, ld nhnng nguy€! nhan gey ra sai
brit dm d6 hat sau i{hi sdy. Dd trdnh c6c hien tusng tr6n, viec nap lieu cho c6c
mriy sdy SHG cdn rlrdc thuc hian nhd sau:
Drra vdo khdi lligng h+t cen st'y, xdc dinh bA dey ldp hat tddng dng vdi diQn
tich sAn. Khi sd'y l(ra, mdy SHG-4 c6 thd nap mA 3,5 - 4 td.n, rr,ey SHG-S nap 7 - 8
ran. rJdnts Lrng voi b;: Jby 26 - 30 cm
 \dY s;Y TiNli \i NilAlic 43
Do lat ier sdn vdi b6 day da dioh theo hudng L)i din vd san phing b6 mdi.
Tldnh d, i"i, d6m d4p l6n hat gay hi6n tLlong r6n khdi hat.
. 96r li: dung rno! it tr{u kho hoa.c vdr lilu Ci ch: v tli d^t ilrdi. trLidrc d6 pliAi
ir,c ndp che 3 n6c lb dd kh6i thoat ra va qu6 trinh m6i dudc rhanh ch6ng.

'Khrii dQng quat: chi ti6n h)rir hhi chii d6t b6t deu ch5y d6u, ding lai nip

'Kidm t.a 6p }rc gi6: mriic chdnh l6ch nudc'i dp kd chir LI irhoarg 20 1nr,1, vdi
lCp hal daJr J0 cm. t'rdu do bhng dung cu do t6'c dQ gi6 bi rnEt, van tdc tho:il trdr
'De mE't hat phdi dat 9 - 1i rr.,/phdt Tuutlg fng vdi v4n t6c n5y, xd gii.,'' vA hoc sinL,
hoic grdy b;io kh6 c6 thd bay trl(gt id ld tran m4t tdp hat li dat y6u':d,r.
Ndu chrra dat d(sc mfc tran, cArr kidm tra lai: tdc d6 quat (tay ga d6ng cd, sLlc
cing dal,curoa), d6 hin bd ch(a hat, b6 dny tdp hat...
\d,.u pha. trJ gi6 thodt rrAn m.i+ 14p hai taL mqt vaL diem co srt ch6nh lQch
que l6n i,rua |ni lir do iap laii. cdn triim trE ba iia:i 1Jp hat, hien tuong nin cuc b0
bcec iin qua rhrex tap chi!.
. KiOm tra nhiC! dQ sa'y: thr.tc hi€n thrrdng xuy6n sudt qu6 tri;rh s6'y.
N61 sd'y lia hodc bdp gidng, nhi6t d6 40 - ,13 'C. Tuyet d6i kh6ng vlrdt qud
a3'C, vi dQ ndy mim cia ha', s6 giam h6n sau m6t thari gian tdn trtl.
Ndu sa'y 1na dn, nhi6t d0 42 - 45'C. NhiQt d0 cao qud se giem ti 14 gao
n{:il an qur ra! xai. Trlldng hop lfa qu6 udt (drn riQ cao hdn 30-s.), chi cho ph6p siy
vdi nhiar d6 khdng qud 48"C trong 2 gid ddu ti6n.
Ddi v6'i bip thLrdrg phdm, nhi6t dQ sify khodng 52"C, bip se khdns bi ni1t.
. Khr iha'y hi6n vdi rlidm khii tr6n b6 met c6 rhd tidn hdnh cio dao ldp rnit 5
- l0 L:nr dd khi <liu vi nhanh hcin.
. cid siy cudi cr)ng, dd dm d6 hat sau khi s:iy diing d6u hon, nan taIrr nE,-hg
.luat va deo trQn todn b,) khdi hat. TbLtdng chi cdn mQt ldn diio; chi dio 2 ldn khi
siy gidng xudng 72 - 13% d.m dQ, vd mudn thQt ding d6u.
. Cu6i m6 sd:,', t;t lb bang c6ch ngrihg cung cdp chdt do't, tidp tuc cho quat cbay
a'rarr 45 phrt dd lam nguoi hat. TuyCt d6'i khong nguhg quat lfii lb cdn ch6y to.

3.9. CAC CO MAY SdY TINH KHAC (2, 6, 10 tdN,/,n6)

Nhhn d6p dng sd da dang vd qui md s6n xu6't l6a cia nong d6n cdn s6y 2
ta'r. 6 tdn hodc 10 ldn trong mot md sA'y dd tien l.ri c6ng viac, c6c mau m6y SIIG -
2, SHG - 6N vn SHG - 10N \,di ndng sudt 1,5 - 2 tdrJmd, 6 - 7 tdnr'm6 vn 10 - 12
tdn.h6 de dddc thi6t k6.
Cdc mdu mdy mdi niy c6 cdu tAo cing gi6'ng nhu c6c mdy sdy tinh SHG-,l,
t,ao gim quql. ld ddt, vn bu6ng sdy. Bing 3.6 gidi thi6u chung vd cle mdu nay na;.
44 MAY siy ri*'H \i NGANG -T
Bdng 3.6: D|c titrh kf thuat c6c mry sdy 2, 6, 10 tdn /m6

Cdc iuc tiDh churg M:iy se'y Mdy se-y

sr{c-2 SHG.6N SIIG.tON
Ning suit: 1,5 2 tdr'tm! 10 12 ta-n/md
Quai: 2 Quat S.100mm 1 QuaL (,900mm 2 Quar +900mh
Lb do't: Than dd 5 ks/gid TrAu -35 kg/gid Tr6'u -70 kglgid
Cong !u{t dOng co: 2 d6ng cd dien * 1 HP diesel -20HP diesel 30 l1P
Diqn tich san I 9-10m'2 30-36m'? 60 -?2 mi
DiCn tich mat bing t6i ihi6u: 10m x 12m

Cdc m6u mriy tr6n da dddc hop rl6ng 16p tai Tp. H6 Chi l{inh, Long Ajl, Ti6n
Giang vi CAn Tho. Cdc kdt qu6 khio nghi6rn quat, phan bd gi6, vd qurl trinh gidm
dm da cho thdy mriy hoat C6ng tdt. [I6y SHG - 2 dtroc dnng dd s6y cdc loai hat
gidng ahu cdi, rau mudng... (di nhi6n v6n sa'y dtrrrc h.ia, biip..i V,r nj thu 1999
cdc
m6y SHG - 6N vi SHc - 10N da sdl,tr6n 400 t6'n 16a vi n6ip, dat kdt qu:i to.t.
Hinh 3.9 vi 3.10 ghi dLrdng giem dm cria SIIC - 6N khi sdy ina vd ndp d Long An.
C6c kc't qu6 bddc deu cho thdy khri ndng d6p fng c6c kich c6,nang sut't. Tuy
nhi6n, m5i thidt k6 m6.i dbi h6i theo d6i d6 bdn c6c chi tidt m6y qua 2 miia s6:y vdi
loat nh6 3,5
m6y, ttu6c khi c6 thd phd bidn r6ng rai nhu cdc m6u SHG_4 vd
SHG.8.

oddns giam dm May say SHG-6, s5y LoA.

bE day rdp hat=3scm nhi6t dO sdy=47oc

26
--+- Ouoi T

3zz I -r(- Du6i_G

E --i'- Dudi S
18

Thdigian, gid

Hinh 3.9: Mdy stly SHG . 6, sdr trla

 MAY SiY TiN}I \l NGANC 46

otrdng siAm dm May s5y SHG 6. sAy NeP,

b. ddy rdp h?r=33cm,.nhl€l d0 sdy=4s'c

";;;-^ r
26
--.- o"o' , ]i
€2, _x-Du!i G
li
E --a- D,J,j, S I

18

8 10

Hinh s.10: tuIi" sdt SHG- 5, sdt nb u*

I = trunq binh (T1, T2, T3)

o
G = lrung bhh (G1, G2, G3)
Tran = ldp hat tro. m6t
Dudi = 16p hat dudi, set sln
T = vi tri Trudc (s quqt), hinh+
G = vi tri Gina
S = vi t Sau (edn quct)
i 'f , C , S Ia trunE btnll .na 3 didm) S = trung binh (Sl, 52. Sg)

3.r0. PH^N DQC ?E8M CrflJdNc 3

a, xir qui KHio NGHIEM MAv sAv src-a
Ngay : 28./11/1994 . Dia didm : HuyQn Tdn Trg, Tlnh Long An
Loai hat : L6a IR19
Sd vbng quay quqt : 1600 vdng/phit. Ti6u thg trdu : 16,7 kg/h .
NSrg sudt sa'y : 3,2 tdnlad ?i6u hao nhi€n liQu : 1,1 l,&
Nhiet dO m6i tflJdng ban ddu /sau cing 35/29'C Bd diy llja : 22 cm
:
Arn dO m6i tnldng ban ddu /sau ci\g i 60175% Thdi gian sdy /6 gid
Thdi gian dao tron: 0,3 gid
 46 MAY siY TINH !'i NGANG

(5 vl ttt dac k6a thtng s6y)

t
tnoigr"n (g,a)
30

25

8-20
E

10

--a- Ldp dav

--a- Ldp fral

2
,no gr"n 19u;3
Hinll 3.8: Dtdng eid,n dm d6 tna sdy bdne ndr SHc-4 tai TT Kttuydn Ndng Lang An,
11 - 9 . 1994 (nhiat d6 sdr trung btnh: 4OoC thdi gian dd.o
; tr6n: 20 phnt)
3.10.1. Am d0 hia theo thdi gian sdy
Nhicr d0
I I 2 3

11h15 1 24,'l 22,3 21,9 22,8 22,L

2 21,9 2t,5 22 22,3 22,5 39
3 21.4 22,6 22,1 24.1 2r.5
t3h l5 1 20,7 21,8 17,6 19 18,6 21,7
2 1?,6 19,1 19 2t,3 22,r 2t,4 40
3 t7,5 21.:l 79,7 20,2 '18,2
21,'l
15h15 I ),7,3 20,3 14,9 15,5 15,5 21,6
2 15,9 17,9 13,6 77,4 17,6 20,6 40
3 t5.2 18,6 15,6 18.5 18 21.8
Dio tron lda tn rbhr5 de; r5h35 vi tidp tuc sty
17h35 1 t4,7 r3,5 12,3 '14,7
1,4,9 t3,4
2 13,4 14,9 13,2 74,3 13,5 13,5
3 14.2 72.6 14,5 13,9 14,2 4l
Ti€p tuc rhdi kh6ns khi -a t<ho"g do'r ti dd la- nguoi lna va ln ddr .
 MAY sAY TiNH l,i NcA}iG 47

Vi tri ldy m,iu

1
2
3

3.f0.2. Am tlQ trung binh ltia sau khi sdy, dqc theo chi6u diri thing
say
Vi tri t8p
la'v miu Dddi T16n Truni binh
1 13.47 r1.20 13,84
2 12.31j t4.57 13.4.1
3 13,60 14,13 13,87
T.uns bnih \3,\2 14,30
Bdng ANOVA cho hai ydu td hh6ng ld.p lgi
s,v SS df MS F P - value F cdt
Ldp 0,2305 2 0,1153 0,2543 0,7973 19.0000
Chiau ddi 2,0764 1 2,0?68 4,5819 0,1,65 t- 18,5128
Sai s6 0,9065
? 0.4533
TdLs 3,2139 5

3.10.3. Am d0 trung binh hia sau khi sdy, dgc theo bd rQng thring sdy
Vi tri l-op
ldv n6u Drldi Tren Tnrne binh
1 73,41 14.37 13.92
2 r3.37 14.23 13,80
3 12,93 14,30 13.62
Truns binh 13,26 14,30
Bd.ng ANOVA cho hoi rdu td hhAnq lLp lqi
S.V SS df MS F P- value F crit
lnp 0,0944 ? _2 1-1141 0,4600
0!947 1s,00q0
Chiiu Iong 1,9338 _ 1 .1,6328 40rq005 0,0238 18,5128
sai sd -4
q,9.8"
2 _0,0492
5

3.10.4. Nhan x6t

Cec bang tr6n va cec phir tich thdng kA cho thdy:
. Su kh6c biQt dm dQ crla Lia doc theo chidu dai va gina cdc ldp tr6n dudi 1a
j
kh6ng c6 nghla 6 mllc xdc sua't 57,.
. Sai biet a'm d6 I6n nhdt cria girTa cdc \i tri ld 2,6Ea .
 -tt-

48 r,i.{Y sAY "ii\H vi NcAnic

3.11. PHAN DQC TEtM CHLToNG 3

BrToc DO XHONG KHi THOAT Tr(I-:J ' b' ''r - i rAYsAisfli;-4r-'i
.\;i,t, 19 l i ' 1998. Dia didm: Khoa Cd k|r Tnrdng Dai l1i' ll" !s Lan TP
li6 Uilrh'
'hi
Di6n trch nd sdy: 6 m x 4 rn = m2. BA div ldp iia: 28 cm T6c 'ld quat: i520 \'itng/phnt'
2l
ba inet ldp Lia' m'/ph6t'
D,rng cu ilo: Rotameter, do l6c dO i(h6ng khi tho6t rAn
I

1'-' i 145 i liu i..t1-r.. i:r.f r1-;

r-, ,, !; 0 | l4.n l4,l '
l.-
t:1, jj5 ii: 1.1,r,1

13.0 13,5 13,5 l4.O l.io rl: 1t5 15

van ldc kho.g kn'lhoal khor rp hai (r pf:rl

.:+.:rcr!tsir-. . . - .
\l'.'.r-:L'-'-i-1.'
..,+L/\:Jr4
ih) ,.1, .',s..'.v'l'F
I
I
a
,l
a
a
ta
t

I'tinh 3.g:'16:c di htlane hhl tha tftn LA mit Ldp lda

b): Thtc do. $): Mo hinh h6a theo cht"ng trnlt SURFER
Chtdng 4

MAY SAY NI-iIET DO THAP

4.1. TONG QUAN VA NGTIYEN LY
4.1.1. Dinh nghia
Sdy nhi6t dO thdp ld ihuong phdp sa-v hat \.di nhi6t d0 sdy bing hoic cao
hon ki6ng quri 5oC so vdi nhrai. u.r mci lnJdng, v6i ldp hat khd diy, 1 - 4m tny
theo dm d0 hat vi drn dd rr,6i t,.tix6; rhJi gian sa'y li6o darj tir r.ai ngiy don r.ii
tudn.
Saukhi sdy. hat da kh6 co th6 ldy ra hc.5c iid! tuc dd lai tiong thing sdy nhd
la kho b:io quan c6 kit hdp th6ig ihodnt do 1e! cbn ducrc goi lit sdy bd.o quitn (,t
store d.tltng). K6t criu thirng sdy nhu lar kho bdo qlran c6 qr..:et gi6 rd ha lhdng phan
ph6'i gi6.

4,1.2. Nguy6n lf hoat il0ng

Miiy sdy nhiQt d6 thdp dLta vdo dm d6 c6n bhng cria hat khi b6o quan voi mor
tnldng xung quanh. Vi d9: Tidp xdc \.6i kh6ng khi c6 nhi6t d6 2?"C vA dm d6 tLidng
d6i Rb 'isCa, thi hat lra sO cAn blng & 14% dm dQ; ndu Rh = 85qa, Bd can bang 6
15,7Eo drn dQ (Hinh 2.4). Gid sri 6m dQ y6r.r cdu cho biio qurin llja le 147.. Do d6 ti
hat thu hoach c6 dO dm cao:
. N6'u Rh = 757a, kh6nC can neng nhiet d6 cho khdng khi sdy trong qu6
ttinh sdy, hat se gi6m dm d6 dat 147o, dring y6u cdr.r b6o qu6n.
. Ndu Rh = 8570, hat sC da! dm d0 l5,7qo , gan vdi y6u cAu bio qudn. Chi
cdn nang nhiQt d0 l6n mr:t it, dd ha Rh xu6tg 757c, s6 dat y6u cdu b6o
quen.
VAy th',rc chdt cia qu6 trinh sdy nhi€t d6 thA'p In quri trinh th6ng thodng sdn
phdm sdy, kh6ng cdn c6'p nhiQt, hoac cli ca'p nhi6t m6t it.

Qud trinh s6'y di6o bi6'n nhll sau (trIiEh 4.1):

Hqt dddc nap vio thr)ng chua v6i d6 day L vA d6 dm ban ddu la Mr. ChA'do
sdy ddgc xdc lAp. Ne'u dm dO m6i trdddg nh6 hon dm dO tuc,ng doi can brng l1ng
vdi Ml cia hat, thi m6y hoat d6ng chl c6 quat kh6ng cer! cdp nhiat. N6u 6'm dQ moi
tnJdng cao, phii cdp nhiQt chc kh6ng khi sdy. Qud trini sa'y bdt dAu tir ldp driy cria
kh6'i hat, kh6ng khi sg'y xuy6n qua lop hat theo chi6u ti dudi l6n tr6n. Vj dm dd
hgt cdn cao so vdi dm tlQ can bXr,g, rr6n ntrdc bdc hdi ve ddoc kh6ng khi sdy mang
drAn 16n ldp tren vA tho6t ra ngoAi. Qud trinh ndy di6n ra ddn ddn cho d61n khi ldp
hat dat d6'n gi6 tri dm tlQ cdn biog ddi vdi kh6ng khi srn'y, tao thinh vr)ng kh6.
MAY siY N}IIET DO TH.(P

. Ving khO sE duoc hinh thlnh ddn dan tu i6F dudi c..ing J6rr l6p met. i{du
nging miiy s6m thi dm dQ I6p h4t tr6n cr)ng vArr eao hon nnrdu sc vdi ldp
d\16i1. Mdy kh6ng c6 clttc nd.ng "clwy tuA\g" c}(a nlrrirg ljag .6 sdn lucng
l6n vd thu hoach vdo mia mua.
. Kh6og khi sdy mang dm d0 tn l6p du6i I6n ldp tr6n, do d6 c6 th6 c6 hiOr
hJdng ten8 dm dO hqt A cdc l6p tr6n trong nhong gid ddu.
. VAn tdc gi6 qua i6p het anh hudng Idn ddn viing s6'y. N6u vdn t6'c nho qud
thi kh6ng khi sdy kh6ng msng dudc nd6c cia idp d,Jdi ICn tr6n, ma sa
ngfiig tu lai 6 ldp tron. Ndu van tdc ldn qud sE t6'n nhidu ntng luong dd
k6o quat. Do d6 quat gi6 phai dudc tinh io6n cho phi hdp vJi ba ddy ldp
het.

I L

I I

air dau sa'y dang say Kdl lh Lic sdy

Hinh 4.1 : Ngulen Li sdy nh;et dA thdp

4.r.3. IJu didm
Phdorlg ph6p sdy nhiQt tlQ thdp c6 nhing uir didm saur
, Thidt bi vA qu6 trinh sdy don gi6n, do d6 ddu t'J thidt bi thdp, vd chi phi
van hdnh the'p.
. Vi sdy 6 nhiet d0 thdp, n6n neng tudng nhi6t cung cdp cho qud trlnh siy
kh6ng nhi6u.
. Ding it gi6 so vdi c6c phddng ph6p sdy khdc. n6a Ireng ]udng quat cung
khOng nhidu.
. Thdi gian sdy k6o ddi n6n d6 ddng ddu vd dm d6 r5't cao (ch6nh 10ch dm
klr6ng qud lqo), ttor,g qu6 trinh sdy kh6ng cdn phei tdn c6ng cio deo vat
liQu sdy.
. Chi6u dny ldp I6a sdy c6 thd cao ddn 2,4 m (trong di6u kiQn khi h4u nhi€t
ddi) do d6 giam dddc met beng si dung cho mdy.
 VAY SAY I,'HI.T DO THAP 51

4.2. rrAr pHrJoNG TIrUc sf nuNc uliv sdv r.nrr4t o0 tnAp

Cing nguyan ti dnng tthiet dO thdp, nhung xdt vd qui m6 l1ng dung, c6 thd
phan thdnh hai loai fng dung:
a) M6y sdy b6o qu6n

Qui m6 chrla chrlng tram tdn ddn vdi ngen idn. S{y tn 18 - 207o dm dQ vd b6o
qu:in ngay t4i kho sau khi sdy.
b) NI4y sa'y nhiQt d0 thdp qui mO nh6:
Qui m6 chda khoing 5 - 6 tdn ho4c thd hdn, 1 - 2 tdn. Srl dqng nhu mdy sdv
md ,.,di dm d6 ddu 18 - 307,, m6 cudi cirng c6 thd dugc bao quen tai bin sdy.
Do tdm quan trQng cua Ioai m6y ney vdi e6c hO DOng dAn nh6 d ViCt Nam,
nQi duirg du,Jc trinh bALy ri6ng 6 Chudng 5.

4.s. MAY sav sAo euiN

Cirng ngh{ Sdy bio qudn da ddgc eP dung ddu ti6n a Mt vdo c6c oAm 1950
rai cdc n6ng rrai b5p o ving trung tam phia Nam vd c6c n6ng trai lua I bang
Te:ras. Tuy nhi6n, vdo lnc d6 k, *ruat ndy dudc 6p dr;ng mang tinh chdt tham db
vd dn xdy ra htr h6ng hat do 6p dgng luu lrrgng khi sA'y thdp vd nhiQi dQ cao. Mdc
dn phdong phap sa'y da ddqc aAc lap tn d6, nhdng chl ddn nhnng ndm 1970 khi m6
hinh todn duoc phdt tria'i bdi Thompson (19?2) thi su nghien cfu md hinh sdy mdi
bdt ddu d M!, Chdu Au vi ChAu Uc.
Di6u kiQn khi hQu ving nhiet ddi it thich hqp cho sdy bAo quAn so vdi khi
hQu 6n ddi do ving nhiQt ddi c6 nhiet dQ vA dm ilQ cao. Hon nia, lia virng niy
thudng dddc thu hcach hat 3 dm dQ cao (25 - 35qa) so vdi virng 6t dfi (71 - 22Eo).
,'ao thap ki 1970, cdc nhi nghion cfu mdi brt ddu 6p dung ki thu$t sA'y bdo qudn
a ving nhiet ddi cho Lja va sau.16 cho b{p, d$u phQng, d$u nnnh. Cuo'i th4p ki
1990, mriy sdy b6o qudn i1a dugc dng dgog 6 giai doan II cia "k, thuat sa'y 2 giat
doan" (Muc 4.5).
4.3.1, Cdu t4o lniy sdy bio quirn
MOt m6y sa'y bio qudn bao gdm 3 bQ phsn chinh:ld ddt, qu+t, vd thr)ng sdy
(Hinh 4.2.) Kh6ng khi td nhicn ho4c c6 gia nhiOt phg ttr6m bang lb ddt dugc quet
hait vd thdi vio bu6ng sdy xuy6n qua sdn r6i qua cdc Idp hqt. Trong qu6 trinh sdy
khdi hat ddoc phdn thAnh 3 v')ng. Virng dudi cing da dddc sdy kh6, ving gita dang
drigc sd'y vi viDg tr6n cing chrta sdy. Theo thdi gian, Idp h4t de sty ph6t tridn tn
drrrli I6n cho ddn lic toin bQ khdi hat dddc sdy kh6 thi quri trinh sa'y chdm drlt.
Tiry theo dm tlO cAn blng c&a hgt fbg v6i m6i tnJdng me ta chgn llJ. a c6 gia
nhiet hay kh6ng vd lddng nhiQt cdn bao nhi6u. d D6ng bAng SOng C&u Long vlo
ban ngdy dm dQ kh6ng khi tung binh 7O4o ltric}:^ hgp cho sdy b6o qurin kh6ng gia
nhiat. Tuy nhiOn vdo ban d6m hoec vg hE thu dm dQ kh6ng khi cao tn 85% d6'n 95
52 :,lAY s;y NIIET D0 THip

- 100%. N6u ta ding kh6ng khi ody dii sriy thi hat s6 hit drn tham dAn ddn hr.r
h6ng. Do vAy cdn ohii gia nhi6t dd gi4m dm <i6 khdng khi xudng thdp hdn ho6c
bing dm d6 cen bxng. Vi6c rinh rodn llidng gi6 vn nhi€t tddng tu nhu 6 m6y s6'y
md tinh.

'/za1/zza

Hintl 4.2 : n, sc;j- bdo qLan

4.3.2. Thiri gian bio quln cho ph6p
Sd'y bdc' qu6n phai dat duoc hat kh6 trd6c khi hat bi hl-r h6ng. Cd ban ld lem
sao ldp hat kn6 rJ dudi ddy 16n trCn dinh kh6'i har trong thdi gian b6o qu6n cho
ph6p. Di6u d6 dan trji phii chon iua luu ldorrg khi s{y thich hdp. Einh 4.g chi thdi
gian bdo qu6n cho ph6p cria bdp a Nii.. B6 li thdi gian brio qudn hqt cho d6'n 16c
0,5ol" lLrdng chdt kh6 bi phd hiy (0,S7. DML = 0,5q, Dry Matter Loss). Khi ahiAt dQ
vd dm dO tar,g lan thi thdi gian b6o qudn cho ph6p gi6m xudng. Nghia ld khi hat
n6ng hon ve a'm hon thi ydu cdu luu luong k}ri sdy phii ldn hon dd thdi giao sdy
irhong vrlot thdi gian cho ph6p.

e60
550

Fro

Hinh 4.3: Tltdi gidn bdo qwin cho phep cna bdp dd l6t ud
|Theo ASAD 333 . 3s7, 1972. Bdng sd li1u cna Thompson)
 rdY s;Y NHrir D0 rHiP 53

4.3.3. Lriu ldqng vi nhiet

d$ khi sdy
Ldu lddng khi s6'y ln :raju td chinh :inh htrdng ddn d5c tinh lim vi6c cia miiy
sdy bao qudn. Thdi gian s6y 1i6n quan m4t thidt vdi ldu luong khi sdy. Ludng khi
cdng 16n het cing ki6 nhanh vd an toan cho chdt lllsng hat. Tu], nhion, idu ldqng
khi sd'y cdng idn thi trA luc qua ldp hat ceng teng dan dd-r hao phi neng ludng cho
qu4t ldn.
Ngay d trong mQt qudc gia, 6 vr)ng kh6 hon dirng lddng khi sdy it hon 6 vr)ng
rnm. Bdng 4.1 cho luu ldgng k}}i sdy tdi thidu [hg vdi bd day tdi da c0a ]dp hat theo
ti6u chui-n cua M'. Cdc giri tri trong bang ndy tudng tng vdi kh6ng kii tu nhi6n,
kh6ng cdn gia Dhi6i. Qua bang ta rhiy khi iim d6 hqt ceng cao ldgng khi s{y yAu
ciu cdng ldn ddng thdi b6 dAy ldp hat cho ph6p cing nh6. Crc sd'1i6u nby phr) hop
vdi khi h6u 6n ddi. Khi rip.dung d c6c nudc nhiet d6i nhLl nd6c ta thi cdn phdi hi6u
chinh lai, ddng thdi ph6i c6 li ddt dd gia ntiqt khi cAn thidt.
Nbiet .]i cnng le m6t t a'u tO' q,.ran trollg'cia nguyan lf sa'y bzio o.uin. Khi gia
nhter. ihi6t d6 l,hi sdv chl ldn hdn nhrat .16 rn6i trddng hhoeng 1 - 5'C. Nr4m rndc
li.gu.,6:: -l:en chirl ..r.1 sL.l ii!-,i [at ,ting qui trinh sa_\, b:io quria vi qu6
trinh beo quan hat. Bir-g ::ch ki6m i.rit :m dA vi ihiat d5 srt ph6t tridl cria ndrn
m6'c bi han chd vi hqt Cddc sty kh6 md lah6ng bi hLJ hdng.

Bdng 4.1 : Bi ddy tdi da vA hldng khi sdy tdi thieu

(I'g&dr: nl; Ning tgiliap USDA)

Loai h?t
86 dny ldp hat, Ltlcrg khi tdi Qui ra:
th,iiu, D3.G/m3xr0 l
86p 25 1.98 67,2 8,9
:!l 3,05 40,3 5,4
18 3,66 26,9 3,6
16 4,88 13,4 1,8
Lia 22 1,83 53,8 9,2
20 2,44 40ts 6,9
18 2.44 26,9 4.6
Dau nanh 2ll 3 il5 .10,3 5.,t
i8 3.i_lri 2tiI :l,h
16 13,4 1,8

4.4. UNG DUNG s-iv aAo quAN 6 cAc Nrjdc

4.4.1. MS'
Sdy brio qurin vdi rl,ret dO thip d(dc 6p dung ddu ti6n 6 Mj. Cec khr-ry6n c6o v6
thdi gian, ldong 9i6.. (trich dan 6 Muc.1.3) duoc BO N6ng nghiep dda ra tit cec thep ki
1950 - 1960, vdi c6c chi ti6'J khiic nhau tiy di6u ki6n khi hdu rn6i tidu bang.
4.4.2. Vc
DiAn fich tr6ng lLia o Uc chi tang nhanh ti 20 ndm qua. Vi du ba!}g New
South Wales nem 1960 tr6ng kl6ng d6n 20.000 ha, n}rung 1980 da c6 hdn 100.000
54 MAy sAr NHrEr D0 rHip
hecta hia. Do vay, cdc bi6n phdp sdy lia nudc crlng mdi dn dinh tri ddu th6p kf
1980, tran cd sd cec ki thuAt sdly b:io quen vdi hat Lia mi, vtin teu ddi hon vdi qui
m6 heng trieu hecta. Day le nhdog thanh tuu vdi qui m6 tdn. Nhrng kho s61y bdo
qr,rrin 3.000 - 20.000 tdn lia hi6n nay dudc si dung dd lAm kh6 cho hon g\qo l$dng
llia (th6c) thlr hoqch d Uc. TiOu thu neng iddng cho sdy 1 tin lua, giem po d,m dQ
lA 6 kWh di6n vi 0,03 lit ddu.
CAn lrrLr l, ld k}li hQu d cric ving trdng lda chinh A Uc kh6 thu{n loi cho s6'y
b6o qudn: ban d6m nhiQt d6 kh6ng khi m6t mB va dm d6 kh6ng k}li kh6 tha'p.
Ngodi ra lria kh6 kh6 16o, dm dd khi thu hoach thudng dtt6i,z\qa.
4-4.3. Th:ii Lan
M6y sdy brio quan dudc m6t sd nhd m6y xay x6t tu nhan 6 Th6i Lan (ng
dung vi chdp nhrin tl} 1995. Thdi gian sdy k6o dii trong nhi6u tuCn. Thing sd'y c6
sr1c ch(a tU 100 tdn ddn 5000 t{n lla da duoc alua vao hoat dQng. Chi phi hoat
d6ng cho sdy b6o quan 16a khd thdp. Ti6u thu tleug lugng ri6ng dd sdy lia trl 20%
ddn 149o ld 6 kWh.rtdn. Chdt Iudrg hat t6't sau khi sdy. Lrroug khi s6'y d6 srt dung
In fi 8,3 * 10 - 3 d6',n 16,6 * 10 -3 m3/!/m3 (1,4 - 2,8 m3/s /100 tdn }ia), va khuydn c6o
rdng dm d6 hat dein sdy kh6ng nan vddL qo| 2OEo. ThiJc td, dm dO alau veo thddng
chi khoring 16 - 177o.
4.d. dNc DUNG s.{v s.4o euiN d vrET NAM
d Viqt N.m, thi nghiam sdy b6o qu6n ddu tien duoc thdc hi6o A N6ng trudng
S6ng H{u (Cen Tho) vdi qui mO 4 td'n vio ddu nlm 1994. Kdt que tdt cia thi
nghiem ho co sd vd srl td tin dd cudi naln 1994, m6t m6y sdy b6o qu6n 80 tdn
ddoc thidt kd, ch6 tao 6 Dai hoc N6ng Lam Tp. Hd Chi Minh (DHNL), ve c[ng
dulc l6p ddt tai N6ng ttuddg Song Hau (Hinh 4.4). LLtu ludng khi sdy s& dung 4,6
m3/s, qui ra le 33 * 10-3 m3/s/m3 hat. Thdi gian sA'y k6o dti 96 gid vi tE? gid (ng
vdi bd day ldp hat le 1,1 m vd 1,8 m dd sa'y lia tl] 18,57. xuting 14,S% trong vg
mtra (Phu luc P.4.7.1). Ch6nh lQch dm d6 tdp dddi vd ldp tren ta O,A d6n t,tSa.
Luong gao nguyen thu duoc sau k}Ii xay x:it la 47?o ttotrg ljc mdu d6'i ch(ng phoi
trong bdng rarn ld 45co.
Mot sd thi nghiern trcn 16a ba dny 2,5 m, vd cho bdp vdi miu m6y nh6 cdng
da dudc ti6n hinh nem 1998. M6t mdy s6'y b6o qudn d')ng trong phdng t}li nghiCm
da dudc thidt kd vd 16p dat tai Khoa Co khi - C6ng nghe DHNL. M6y g6m c6:
Bu6ng sdy vdi di6n tich sdn 30 x 30 cm, chidu cao thing chfa 3 m; quat ly tam va
dng gi6 c6 thd cung cd'p gi6 vd kh6ng chd duoc v6n tdc gi6 b6 m6t tn 2,S d6h 6
r/phdt; vA di6n trd dd cung cdp nhiQt. Trong didu kiQn khi hAu vdo th6ng 10/1998
tai DHNL, mdy drloc st dgng tld sd'y lia vdi dm dO khoeng 19%, bd dAy ldp hat
2,44 m vdi lrrong gi6 bd met 2,75 m/phdt. Kei qu6 sa'y dat dudc khd t6't, giem dm
ti 197. xudng 13Eo trong 144 gid (Phu \uc P4.7.2. m6 ta D'Jdng gi6m dm cria ltia
theo thdi gian).
 PhU brin C
Hinh d.nh khuydn n6ng md.y sdy SRR.I

Chuyin chd mar sdi dan noi MdJ d-uO" ldp ddt Da sai tna tronA mOt
ldp .|dt bdng xe gdn md|
e6c phbng (Dtrc Hbq LonE An, tgbU

Trinh cliin lrrd! SRE,, Ridm tra bdp trdi (neo, b.ip)
(TP. Hi; Chi Minh, 1996)
sau ma sd!. (Ha Tdy, 1996)
*-

Sdy hqt didu &ong An, 1996) Hdi thtio ad trinh di6n SRR-I
tq.i Bangladesh, 1996

SRR-I tsi IRRI,

Philippines, t9g6 SRR-1 tqi in DO, lss7
 F

Phu bin D
Hinh 6nh khuydn n6ng may sdy STR-I

\
STR-I 6 Thdi Binh,
thAng 611999

Hudn luyin liip rdp

,nAy STR-I tq.i noi
trinh d.i6n

sTR-1 d CAn Thd,

thAng 611999
 MAY siY NrrrEr Dr) rHiP 55

,:. :. " "-r

I

H::ih 1.; JtJJ s.il t r. q!dn 8, ldl

Tran co sd cac koi qun ihdc nghiCm tai N6ng u !-(dng S6ng lIAu, rdrn 1998
Khoa Co Khi - C6ng NghQ DHNL de hop tdr vdi TrLrng tam Gidng Arl Giarg ldp
ddt tai lrai Gidng Dinh ThI[h (An Gian8) m6t m5.,. sA'y bdo quen 100 tdo. Vi]i
dien tich sin 4m x 6m x 3 hoc, quat ly tem k6o b&ng dQng c{, dien 15 kW, ld ddt
than dd 5 kg/gid. Kdt quri sd'y v6i bd ddy 1 p lia tr) 1,1m den 1,8m thdi gian sdy tLr
76 - 96 gid, vu ddng xu6n 1998 da sa'y d'Jdc 100 trin.

Dau nnm 1999, hai mdy siy l,ao qu:in 20! tan cilg da d,Jdc lip det tai Trai
Gi6'ng Einh Thinh (hho chtla 200 ta'n, sd-v 1C0 tdor4 ng}yt. v6i ba day l6p lia ii
1,5 n ddu 2,0 m; thdi gian siy tir ?6 den 95 g,,d.'Ihdng 3 ndm 1999 il6 s6'y 250
tdn. Vu h! rhu, thring 7 n;m 1999, kdt hop v6i hai mriy sdy tinh ding dd sdy
nhanh giai doan 1 tr'i lie udt xuiing 18ry,, sau d6 lda trlr dm C6 1E7. duoc d'.ra veo sa'y
tidp bing mriy sdy bdo <iuan. va dr-r siy tiip dddc khodng 250 tdn Lia gi6'ng.
V6i miy siy b6o qurin 200 tda. ra6r hdc ch(a 50 tdn tda da &rgc si dung dd
i:io quan lria siaing. Vdi ch6 dd khoring 10 nga]'th6ng thodng 1 ldn, cdc chi tieu
dr^ dar va d0 ndy m:inr duoc theo dii rAo ngiy 15 mai th;ing, sau 5 th6ng (iri thdng
3 - 1999 Cen thdng 8 - i999) kdr qLrir ti 16 ndy mdm cria c6c ldp vAn ldn hon 91..2a,
dLroc Trung tim Ngiri6i crlu Yi Srin rr,6't Cijag rthulc 161g ty Bao vO Thuc vat An
Ciang) drinh gid Ldr". Ti lA moL icf, o k]rodnE a crn ldp tidy) Iir kh6ng deng kd.
IIiOn Khoa Co hhi - C6ng ngha DIINi, d,rng tjep tuc lap dar tai huyQn Thiit
Niri m6t mriy sdy b::io qu:in 100 tdn; vn ti meu miiy sdy SIIG - 4 vA SHC - 8 cnng
de dddc linh tunn thrai kd tai dd tro thaDh rniy sa'], tinh tdn trA SIIG - 4K (sA'y
tinh.i tin/m6 tdn tr,f, 30 tdn) vd SHG - 8K (si'y tinh 8 tdnlmd - t6n trri 60 tdn)
nhAm ph; triin cho nhfiig noi ciin'orio qurin 30 - 60 tA'n.
 56 MAY s?iY NHrEr D0

4.6. sAy B.4o euAN vA

THip

rt rnu4r s.6y z cmr oo.n N

r
4.6.1. Cd s8
rlar khi via mdi thu hoach c6 dm d6 cao khodng ttt 22Vo d,6n 30%, d6i lnc d6n
357. cho ttudng hgp bap holc lia gep mua. Ltic b6t dAu sdy, dm d6 b6 met hat bdc
hdi nhanh va tdc dQ sdy kh6ng ddi. Sau tl6 t6'c dO s6:y giam di do cdn thdi gian dd
dm di chuydn tU bcn trong ra bd m{t hat. Sd di chr:ydn ndy chri ydu do slJ khudch
tdn cda e'm b6n trong v6t li6u (Hinh 4.5).
.,p
g
Hinh 4.5 : Ei thi t6c d6 s(i!
Tren d6 thi tot dO sa-y, c6 rhd mo !e
o
ki thuat sA'y hai giai doan nhu Eau :
A - B : Say siai doqn 1
B - C : Sdv siai doan 2

Thdigian sey (gid)

K! i,huQt sdy 2 giai doan dua v,io d{c didm tr6n cia quii trinh sdy. Giai doon
116, ding mdy sdy c6 tdc d6 sdy cao dd ldy di dm d6 b6 mdt cia hat nhiim grarn
dm dO tir mfc thu hoach ddn mdrc tudng 6ng vdi dm d6 18/o - l9?c ddi vtli lna vi
bdp. Dd tarlg tdc dQ sdy c6 thd ding r,hiQt dQ sa'y cao hav ldy b6t dm d rrong khi
sdy. Do s{ b6'c hoi dm bd m4t Ie d6ng luc chinh tror.g giai dcao ndy, viec tang
nhiQt d0 sa'y trong gidi han nio d6 kh6ng ar-h hLrdng ddn chdt ludng s6n phdm.
Trong thuc td c6 thd ding m6y sA'y rn6 tinh, m6y sdy thrip hay mriy sdy tdng s6i
cho giai do4n nAy. Sau khi hodn thdnh giai doan mot, hat dLrdc dda qua m6y s6'y
giai doan hai.
Sau khi bdc dm bd m{t, ndu tidp tuc sdy 6 nhiQt dQ cao s6 gep phei c6c bdr
ldi sau day :
o TdDg srJ nrJt hat do s\J trddng nd khdng ddu cria vAt liQu bd mer va bon
Lrong hat.
o Mr4't nhi6u c6c chdt bdc hdi c6 trong vAt 1i6u sdy.
o D6 t4o "ldp crlng bd rn{t" do c6c ch6't hda tan di chuydn theo nu6c ti bAn
trong ra bCn ngoei.
o Tieu t6'n neng luong cao.
Chinh vi vAy, giai doqn hai fng dung phudng ph6p sdy kI6 hat bing kldng
khi nhiet d6 lhdp (sdy bd:o qudn). Hat s6 dddc sdy ch6m tn 187o aleh 14olo. Lrlc ney
chi ydu bdc dm b6n trong ldng hat n6n tO'c dQ sdy gidm. Thr)ng sdy c6 thd dnng dai
sdy vd bao qr.r6n cho ddn Iic xay x6t hay b6n di, hoec ding dd sa'y rdi chuydn qua
kho brio qudn khric.

l.
 MAY s;Y NHrEr I)4 rlt-r 57

1.6.2, Cu didm cria ki thuat sdy hai giai.loan

Grlnt clti phi ndllg ludngi So vdi ky thuat s6y thOng dung n6 tdng hieu sua-t
rri si1-vi it mdt nhiCt ra m6i trlrdng. Nang luqng dd vAn chuydn vat li6u sau khi
sat liI m:iy sdy giai doan m6t ddn mdy sdy giai doan hai, cing tdong t{ nhu khj
vd,n chuydn ti mdy s{y th6ng dung vdo't<ho bio qu6n.
TdDg ning su(it ILC tlfing sdy: Do giai doan mot 6p dung mey se'y c6 tdc d0
sdy nhanh, n6a ning sudt qua mriy sdy 1dn.
Gii:r uilng clLAi Lrlong lt !: Do hat c6 thdi gian 0 Cii ktri siy 3 giai d.an iLi
n6n sr.t ch6nh l€ch dm trong hat khrlng dAng kd. NhiQt dQ thdp tr6nh lem qu6 kh6
b6 mdt hat, nghia 1A trdnh ddoc nguyan nh6n gAy ddn vir mlt hat.
4.6.3. C6c phdi hqp s6y hai giai doan
Sd'y blo quin phij bidn nhdt cho giai doan hai. Giai doa,r m6t
dL(oc st.i'dung
trudc d6 khd da dang hon: D rg mriy sdy thrip & lIda5,sia, mdy say tdnB s6i d
Thar Lan, m:iy sd'v r-i ngang d \riat Nam. Vdi lia. ranh gidi dm d0 gilfa hai giai
ioair ra i-i']
Do J1g j!1a i.:- .i-ii: se1 bai grai iloan cdn khd mdi o virng D6ng Nam A
ch'ia iJcc 1r r:::r.:r a-j:-.::arlr r.-,-ri i.ai siilr Ca khing dinh tinh kinh td vi
sd phu ndp cua cac k'i :jrj:: :r::.r. D: .r.; - : . thar Jtoc dd1 r.: hLrong tridn vong
cho srn xudt lua c q,tri -- -. li.
.1.2. prliN Doc rrrEu cHfo\c I xdT euA rri,io NcnrEnr uriv s,(v
'
B,i.o eui.N
Phu luc P,4,7.1: Kdt qua siy Lia vdi mriy sdy 80 tdn /m6, tai ll6ng +,rudrg
Song H4u.
HE T}u 1994 Ha Thu 1994 D6ng Xuen 1995
1I ' 18 thdnp 8 -1994 02 09 thdnq 9'1994 +s,1 - l!94
Treng lugng nhA! (kg) 49 732 i2 100 ,rO 480
Chrau cao ldp lta sa'y (m): t,i 1.8 2
Nhi6t dO say ("Cl: 32 29 32 & 29 (*) Ngay: K]( t.ir i
Dem: 28 - 30
Van t0c 11i6 (m/Dhnl): 4,1
im do rruns b,nl, ('.r
DAu: 18,6 16.4 18.3
'C"o'i' 14.5 14.5
Ti;n! thai sian sa'y (siol: 157 93
\ans ludaq ti6u ldn
1247 77r
Dau (lit): 2L2 345
TrSu (ks) 380
Tv la sao nsuvon me se'v 46,2 -1E,8 58.3 60.1
Tr la gao nsuyon d6'i .15,4 ;8.1
:hJl( trhoib6nq ram
("):Hditn c nl.iit.1.6 dxoc dt dttng. : hltAng do, - a - : hh1n€ dnnE
58 MAY sAY LHI',r't Do rHAP

D4i hoc N6ng

Phg lqc 4.7.2. K6t qud Sdv bio qu6n thi nghiem tai Trrrdng
Lam TP Hd Chi Minh, thrtng 10 - 1998
Cdc sd li6u: Dlen tich sen lda: 0.3m*0.3m
86 div ldp 1da: 250 cm.

Van t6c bd mAt: 2,75 m,lph.

' 1,1 m3 /ph /m3
Lddng gi6:
.6.m dQ ddu: -20Ea.

Am dQ curii: -l3Ea.
Thdi gian sdY: 144 gid.

NhiQt d6 sdy: 34 'c

OUONG CIAM dM
lBe CelBptia:2,50 an;uBtut 2 75 /ph)
:--Nla1

F rs

E
- tt< - Trung binh

Thoi gian (gid)

L hudrtg 5
^. I
MAY SAY tlHlET OQ THAP "KIEU SRR"
5.1. LICH sr, Pru(r rnIiN
Ddu th{p ky 1980, trong lic mdy sdy rhi6t d0 thip dddc 6p dung v6i qui m6
1,1n d M!, Uc.. cho lia mi r.d bdp thu hoach vdi dm d6 khd thdp 1? - 207a, thi vAn
cd dlt ra v6i cdc xf nhiet d6i li: Sdy nhiQt do tha'p c6 6p dung ddoc vdi lta nu6c
ldi im d6 cao 25 - 35?.? C6 th6 sdy "mQt giai doan" nghla lir chi ding mOt m6y sdy
thal- vi 2 m6y, nhu ki thu4t sdy 2 giai doan) ?

\:a rnat l.i- thuydt, di nhi6n li c6 giai ph6p, chi cdn tdng ludng gi6 vd phq
:-.1:. :lr]r!t dd thdi gian sa'y lih6ng vudt qud mfc ma het bi coi ld giem chdt ldong.
\a-- a: :: ;r,,: phdp d6 c6 tinh kinh td hay kh6ng, n6n d qui mO nao, so vdi cdc
!,,rii-:. I-.1r! !...j i::g iljlc dp dung: C6 thd hinh dung sd- phat tridn ctia phuong
::.-.,.. .-,i :r:rr.: jo radp ::)i. qua cdc nghi6n cdu vi tridn khai 6 Hdn Qudc, Vi6n
L:a IRRi o PhrlLpp;nes 1a viet NanI, md miu m5y sdy SRF,-1 1d mdy deu ti6n dLldc
ph6 bien rong rai irong nLldc.
5.1.1. Hin Qu6'c
ir lnot chlrong trinh hdp tdc giila Hen Qudc vd Ddc, m6y sdy nhiet d0 tha'p 3
'l
:an rn,a de dr.rdc thidt kd vd tridn kh,ai (Hinh 5.1 a,b). Thing s6'y d4ng hQp, kich
iiiiiJc dei 2,4 m x .6ng i,8 m. Ldp lia diy 1,i m l1ng v6i khoang 3 tdn lda tJ6t.
Quat ly rdm cung cdp ludng gi6 5 m3/phdt/m3 hat (= 83 x 10-3 m3/s/m3).

i l(hong khi

:IffiIJx*'
Kh6na hhi
f -i+]

Hinh 5.1: (a): Mdy sdx nhiCt d0 thtlp (b): M1t cdt ngang Dd ru't bd.ng mdy sdy
3 tin I ni, dp dung d Hdn Qu6c. nhkt do thdp 3 ton I nC
(Ngudn: Cheigh et.al., 1985)

Khing dr)ng ld d6't, d khi hau kh6 rdo, ban ngdy dm d6 tudng d6'i Rh eiem
t,rr mLIci5 - SLr'.. KAf qud sAy 3 id'n lia ti 217o 6m dQ ti6u bidu khi thu hcach)
60 MAY scY NHrtl Dqrri^p'NL.r'sFF'

)N6nE 1,5Ea i,rong 9 ngey (211h). Ti6u tiru tli6n 28 k$,h/ tin hat. Cha't lddng sdy dat
y6u cdu. Giri mey 450 USD phi ho-p vdi n6ng den Itin Qu6'c, nOn t.onq Z nem
(1984 - 1990), da c6 kioeng 100 000 mey ddcc rlp dr.rng 6 IIen Qudc.

5.1.2. IRRI (Philippines)

Vdi thanh cdng 6 Hdo Qudc, td chrlc GTZ c&a Chinh phd Drlc hop ic vd tdi
tro cho Vien Nghi6n c(r.r Lria Qudc td IRRI d6ng 6 Philippines, Cd thi nghi6m sdJ,
Lia dm dQ cao vdi nhi6t d6 thip. MAu mdy rhi nghiom ding thing siy dai 2,4 m,
rong 1,8 m, chfa 5 tdn lda udt, i6p iia dAy 2m. Vdi bd ddy nay, t6'D thdt tinl dp 1d
400 pascal, fng vdi luong gi6 3,8 ms/phdt"/mJhat (= 63 x 10 3 m3/s/m3), ttic d6 gi6
thodt bd mat te 0,12 m-ls. KOi qua tiau bidu: Gi6m dm dQ Ln 26,4,/o xu6ng 12,8L,
trong ? ngdy (157 h), vdi oli6t d0 sdy cao hon 6.C so vdi thi6t d6 m6i trddng. Cac
kidm tra v6 chit ldong hat sA'y (d6 nA"y mrim, d6 triing, dd thu h6i gao nguy6n...)
d6u dat yAu cdL,, kh6ng kh6c bi6t c6 ! :rghie- so vdi siv tldi chrng trong b6ng rem.
Sai bi6t tdi da dm d6 giiia ldp tr6n vd l6p drj6i ]a 1.3%.
5.1.3. Indonesia, Philippines, Viet Nam: Lap lai thi nghiQm cia IRRI
Thi nghiOm thdnh c6ng tai IRRI dA dLlcic IRRI vd GTZ cr)ng vdi c6c cd quan
ddi tdc lap lai trong di6u l.jAn dia phLrdng cia Indonesia, philippines, vd Vi6t Nam.
C:ic mAu m6y 5 - 6 tdnlma dudc thiit kd theo tham khio mdu m6y tai IRRI. Kdt
qud sdy nhi6t d6 thdp dat c6c you cdu chdt iLrdng hat 6 ci 3 qu6'c gia. Vi du d Vi6t
Nam v6i rn6u mdy 6 t6'D (ddt €n SNDT - 6) do Trr_rdng Dai hoc N6ng LAm Tp. Hd
Chi Minh thidt kd chd tao nam 1994 (Hinh 5.2). Thnng sn'y deng h6p, kich thudc
ddi 3 m, r6ng 2 m. Ldp l6a ddy 2 rn fng v6i khoring 6 tdn l6a udt. Quat ly tam k6o
biing d6ng co diCn 1,5 kW cung cA'p lddng gi6 5,8 m3/phium3 h4t (= 96 *10'3
lr1",'s,'m3). Thi nghiom vdo rh6rlg 7 - 1995 cho th6'y sdy 6 t6n lna tr 247o dm d6
xudnq 14% l,rong 5 ngiy (120 gid). \rhi6t t16 sdy drroc didu r:irinh 6 30.C bing cdch
.irng i,rd themosrat tu dong; th(r su nhi6t d6 khi trdi thay d6'i trong khoang 23 -
il2'C 6m d5 hhi trdi trong khcirg 55 - 95%. Ti 16 ihu hdi gao nguy6n cao hd. 3Zo
3. rdi phdi ndng.
?s

--

.t ra

12

Thcigian sdy (gid)

:+!-.:.-_'.. . .s _:__eqa+.'-:
Hiih 5.2irr: i!,.r s;j !i:t dA thcp (h): Dtnns sidm dnl d<)
SliI)1'. 5 (3 tdrL /nA mci.y scil SNDT 0
 MdY s{Y NHI6T DO THAP "radu snn' 61

l,l6v sdv nhiQt dO thdp det dddc c6c v6u cdu v6 th6ng sd ky thuat' Tuv nhi6n'
(gi6 dd'r hJ cho
vd .1a1: .Jnh !d g{p nhi6u h4n chd do gi6 thdnh ddu td m6y sd"r' cao
r--,-:1 .i.r' nhiQt clQ thdp 6 Indonesia id khoang 3000 USD )

IlJc tinh vdi thbi na 1995, chi phi s{v Y6i mev SNDT - 6 D 10? d'&g' chi phi
nir.irhe cao do vi0c khdu hao cao. So vdi chi phi sdy v6i m6y sdy vi ngang Id 35 -
45 d,4<g, vn chi phi gia c6ng sdv md n6ng dan tra cho chO lb sdv
vi ngang ld 75 d'4<g'

T6m lai. d ca 3 ]1ddc Indonesia, Philippines, va viet Nan, may sdv n}liet dq
thdp cd 5 - 6 tdnlrnd it Cudc rip dqng duqc cho tilng hO n6ng den c6 thd vi kI6ng
c6

hi6Lr quri kinh t6.

5.1.4. !1Qt Nam: m6Y sdy.dt 16 SRR

Tli kinh nghi6m tr6n, 3 Trrrdng D+i hoc N6ng Lam TP Hd Chi Minh nim
1995 da thidt kd mot m6v st'v nhiQt dQ th{p khric, vdi phuong cham la gi6 mav
phar that re c1d giAm chi phi khdu hao Kdt qu6 ld miu mdv SRR'1 vdi ndng sudt
1 tenine drtoc thi nehi6m thanh cong va phd bidn nhanh ch6ng DAy Ii mau mriy
nhdn iio d;r tuong sll dung la cdc n6ng dan san xudt nh6, canh t6c kio6ng 0,5
hecta nhLr o ngoai ir:rnh TP. H6 Chi l{inh. Bdn Ldc (Long Ar), midn D6ng, midn
Trung. . )ldl inR-l .a.1 duoc nhidu n6ng sdn phdm khdc nhau n}ld lia' b6p, dau
phong, c,r phO, hat dieu... DiEu kiQn cdn 1d phAi c6 lrrdi diQn 3 nhtng noi ney'
Nhdng nam gdn ddy, diQn k}li h6a n6ng thon teng nhanh, viec sr1 dgng diQn sinh
hoat I ph6 ti6r, o ,rhidu noi trong c6c ving tran. MI)a mda, nudc thiy diCn doi
dnc, it bi cLip di6n, n6n kh6 neng ding dien cho viec sdy lfa cho hQ n6ag dAn
nhanh ch6ng llng dung ddgc.
Trong 5 nam 1995 - 1999, hon 1000 m6y dr.roc n6ng dan til Cao Biing ddn Cd
Mau mua v6 si dgng, chfng t,i qui rn6, milc dQ ddu trr, vi didu kiQn si dr;ng phr)
hop v6i raot bO ph4n n6ng dAn hiQn nav. M6y cong dddc chuydn giao k9 thu4t tr6
iai cho IRRI vb 5 nudc A chAu: Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, India. ve
fljanm-:.
Sau day li phdn gitli thiQu mQt s6 k61t qu6 nghi6n cfu Llng dung cria m6y se'v
SnR-1 vd cdc mAu m6y "dan xudt" ti mdy ney (SRR = Sdy Ra't R6).
5.2. cAu r4o MAY sAY sRR-l
cidng nhd nhtng mdy sdy kh6c, SRR gdm c6 3 bO ph{n chin}r: bu6ng sd'y,
qltat gi6, ve phdn cdp nhiQt (Hinh 5.3).
5.2.1. Bu6ng sdy
Ld be, c6t rre udn thdnh hai vbng d6ng tam, khi sdy lua dudng kinh trong
0,4 m, dudng kinh ngoei 1,5 m vA cao 1,1 m. C6t tre li loai nguyon lieu dE tim, gie
re 6 n6ng th6n. Ldp c6t b6n trong dugc dd phy bhng vdng srt o 6 mm dd kh6nc bi
lcp hat da bep; nhi6m vq 2ldp c6t tre li chrla hqt vd dd cho kh6ng khi sdy xuyan
qua d6 dirng. Khi dnng SRR-I dd sdy c6c s6n phdm khric ngodi lia nh'J b6p, deu
62 MA\ sAY NH.E1 DorHA,'NL|,scn'

phoDg, cd ph6, hat didu... dudng Linh c6t C(oc thay ddi eho phi hi;p vdi trd ldc .:da
lop hatl lhdong la Lanq JJdng krnh v/ <iam r:hr6u cao cho cic lcai hat co i'rrh
thudc l6n hdn I6a.

t'.-_ \
L__;,"- _

Hiih 5.3: SAil 1 rdi 5;t ti.an td ang

h) SLt dd .au tuo h) Ln mn td atry. i) Qua| (d) ILn.b quat
(SRE 2 ao k6! cda I ttit, .|tl kilat hicll tlt{.ic)
 NIA./ s,{Y NIIIOT DO ,IH,{P "K1E LI s&R, 63

5.2.2. Qupt sA'y

I-a ioai quat hrrdng trl1. h.j tiEg, n6 - td 12 ng]ta, thdi gi6 ti dng trong
r.uy6n qua l6p h4t mang dm ra ngoii. Quat phdi di 6p l\Jc thrng trd luc b6 diy ldp
hat. Khi sdy lia ep ldc gi6 tao ra phdi ldn hon 25 mm HrO vdi luu ldgog 0,35 m3/s.
116 - td dien sLl dung cho SRR-t id loai I pha 220 vo1t, t6c d0 quay 2800 vongTphdt,
khdi dOng biing tu rli6n cho m6 - ne..r l--hdi d6ng 16n vi crinh qu4t gin truc tidp voi
truc motor. I{h6ng nAn ding r]}O ' td lc,ai khor dQng biing vdng ngdn mach hodc m6
- to loai van neng dr)ng chdi than. L{6 - to iem vi6c lian tuc vei chuc gid trong m6
sA'y, rlo d6 phai thet :iri coy, c6 bi Dhrin beo vC que nbiet va qud ddog dd bao ve
cho ma - td k}li lddi dian ba't th,;Jr,g.

5.2.3. Phdn cdp nhiQt

PhAn ca.D nhiat ciia mdy sar SRR t hiqn tai dddc thidt kd srl dung theo 2
hu6ngi
5.2.3.1. Cdp nhiQt b&ng diQn trd: di6n trd 1000W, dudc b6 tri trddc quat dd
cung cip nhi6t phu thOm khi trJi Am. Phuong phdp cdp nhiQt ndy rit don giin, tuy
.hi6n kh6ng ddp Llng d(dc d nh&ng vrlng c6 ldri dien y6-u, ho4c nhfing vr)ng gi6
di6n cao, C6n ddn chi phi sA'y cao.
5.3.2.2. Cdp nhiQt bing than: dd th6c phuc nhr;oc clidm tr6n, phudng 6n
thf 2 ld Crlng bOp than td ong thay th6 cha diQn tr6. NhrJ thd wia tidt ki6m di6n
vara njt ngdn thdi gian sdy (ITinh 5.3). Tu1. ohi6n phii ddu tu th6m bdp than. vd
trong qui t nh s6'y phdi ch( j ddn m6y nhidu hol! so vdi khi si dung di6n tr3. Srl
ch6nh l6ch 6m dO trong vd ngodi ldp lua sc idn hon m6t it .
Hoat dong cria SRR I nhLl sau :

khi lja duoc nap varo L{hoing girJa 2 L6 c6t va bat phi C,Joc cot 14i, d6ng
Sar-r
ciu dao di6n cho qrat hoat dor)g. Quat hdt kh6ng khi trdi thdi xuy6n qua l6p hat
lam khd nat din td trong ra r+aobi. DiOn tro hay b6p than ciri ct'p tham nhi6t veo
ban d6m h3y khi trdi jim do mua i,ac; nhu thd ning irlong di6n chLi y6u dr)ng ctray
quqt.

5.9. I,AP DAT VA VAN HANH ]VIAY SAY SRR.1

5.3.1. Lip tl{t SRR-I
. Choo vi tri thodng mdL, c6 6 cdm cliQn drj tdi, mua kh6ng tat, diCn tich tdi thiiiu
2fix2rr...
- L6t m6t ldp bao t6i kh6, h.)ic r)i-16ng 6 d:iy; ndu ndn dd-t dm udt, rai mQt
l6p trdu irudc kii i6t bao tei.
- Boc dng c6t quanh khung th6p dO quat. Dnng dey kem dd buoc.
' Drrng tdm c61, vdng ngcdi cing tr,6c bing dAy kdm. Chn 1i sao cho hai vbng
c6t trong va c6t ngoei d6n€.uii1. Tinh dudng kinh vdng c6t ngodi = (chu vi
 I

M-AY siY NHI6T DO THiP'1qdu sRi'

ddu trddc khi qual'I
DUng phdn vach vdng tibn c6i ngoei dd d6nh
c6t/3,14).
lrd
di6n' cAu dao
bat phri quanh quat' tll phia dr:di I6n' dd 16 ddy
- Trbng tdm
tr6n tdm bat'
buqc lAn khung th6p'
- Dat quat vd ding dey kEm
-Ddhatvaogioahalvongc6t.Ddxoayvbngddphdnbdldaddu.L6phqt
lam cot'
vanh tren
ottai la, ngu'g voi cirng c']ng
k6m quanh c6t [goAi Sdi tron
' Cat 3 vdng day r'i - Iong hay day
trdn'
.* o.r"f,i,nrUut Phu d6 llm kin m4t
de s6t ldp tia' ding viri vion gach hoac vat nang nhu
- Ndu tdm bal kl6ng
dbn l6n tdm bat
96, cui thanh dd
--OUrrUrr,,*Uurdi€nd6n6c6msaochogongang'thuan!iCn'antodn' mdi
1 gid' n6u thdy dn dinh
theo d6i khoang
- KhAi d6ng quar chav dn dinh' di€n vdu quat c6 thd
di lem viec kh6c, dii phdng t";"";;;;;vine
t{t sau 1/2 gid hoat d6ng'
lb than cho m6v sdv 3RR'1
5.3.2. Lipil{t vlr khSi ilQng quat
xong' d6 16a vdo' cot them 1 thanh tre hav g6 vho
- Sau kl.ri I6p ddt
theo chi6'.r thtng d(ng'
.
co! ons r6y nhrcr.vao. rhanr
phia Io ilJij::_:l? :l;]: IlJi.'T:-:?T-;::
vanh mieng quat diu lon ve "*''- :1:'-:.':; lri.o
bt hr. uro
quanh cdv mir kh6ng hi
il:';;;;'il;" 6'ng cd kha nans xoav
quqt.
tam vdi
klung dd cho lb ddt' c6 chidu cao mat tran ngang
- Tim gh6 ddu hay
mdt tr6n qllat' rui dr6v
it crii nh6 dd nhom than D4t cii v:ro trong loi'nhdm cho
' Che mot
o"g l;;"t'hi" chT p lin plrra
rr'n 1o vh kh<ii
to thi d6t than lan xong fav
dong quat'
nhdc khe dng ldv "h]9t
(i:"':
- ouat chav khoing l0 phut thi "1:9' "s^"s
;";';*;;u rit dA' cr'av chua; no'u cii t6t
t'antr dns bi hdt vao o'u' cila rd'
v3'"o *'a chEn them c'ri trr
;ffiiir";i.;;;;'iv
d6n 3
- Sau khi rb da ch6v tu 2 tt TiJYi,b'd::^1',"TJ;',};#;iill
*:1,:l^:;, :: li,i:i :*
",ff ',:1",.,:"H:"":J fi nong p si r
{1; :,' l, :"
n g x'e
vai eav
cao xr than ra ngoai chri
;; ; ; ir'u'' "t"' :'6
the
'r:irian henh
'
an*f"' tj'"" tu tdt khi m'6i than sc
chdv bat phi b6 cdt Nou
nhu td dAu'
 MAY siY NHI6T DO TH,{P 'l{liu sBR' 65

5.3.3. Vfn hirnh m6Y sdY SRE-I

Ban ngAy (ti 8 gid s6ng ddn 6 gid chi6u, trdi kh6ng mda bao)' rhay
quat'
f.r,Ong adt d-ie; trd, n;u.,Av chri vdu dnng nhiet trong
kh6nC khi trdi dd ldm kho
nit ii,r. g"" dom thi ngung quat dd ti6t kiQm di6n, trdnh h6i dm vi dm d6 trons
iiu"* f.frt cao, nhiQt dO ;hd;. Ndu mudn rrit ng{n thdi gian s{v thikh6ng
d6m v6n chav
khi siv'
dd gi6m dQ dm
tr.i""r-rnat iat atCn r.a hoec d6't Id than th6m lb
i'ri"g t,l, ,re,Ay mua ddm phrii m6 diQr trd ho4c than dd hat kh6 kh6 nhanh
nhanh hon'
Nd; i.n ngiy"r,X.,g, vAn tidp tqc d6ng diQn tro hoac ddt ld thj lla s6
ldong ve khi xav se
hon, nhmf hao di6n va ld, lia trong s6 qud th6 lem m{t kh6i
bi gdy gao nhidu hon.
Nhu vAy ndu sr! dung diQn ird cip nhret, c5 thd ghi lfch chav mdy theo Bang
5.1.
B/iDg 5.1.'Lich van hiLnh m6y sdy SRR-1
Ngiv eid Quqt Dien trA

Ngalieu lren 5g s:ixs 6s cii:: rrd TAT

Dcm deu iien 68 chiiiu _ 8g sang h'b sau v6 tAr loq" ud

8s s6ns ' 69 chiAu MO TAT
Nger !h, nhi
Dem thf nhi 6s chi6u - 8g sdng hom sau Md MO

8A s6ng - 6s chiAu Md 'I.qT

.TAT .TAT
69 chi;u - 8s seng h6m sau
Ngey thi tu 8s sdns '6s chi6u Md TAT
6s chidu - 8g sdns h65 sau TAT TAT
Ngay thn lam 8s sers - 6s chi6u Md TAT

t,,rrr]l"-d, bt trq" t"4" (ti dlr b! crip {tien),1hi phai don khoing thiri gian kh6ng sa'v vao c'c ngev
"O

T,hv theo dm dO ddu (Lia Lrdt nhidlr hav it), thdi gian sdv c6 thd chd'm drrt vao
ngdy thr1 ba trd di. Kidm tra (blng mdy do dm d6, hodc c6n hat lia theo kinh
nghiCm), n5u ldp ngoii kh6 Id duoc.
Non dLia lia vlr6 tudt dAp vdo s,A'v ngal', hlinE natL dLta lia da bi i 2 ' 3 ngdv
Ndu lia c6 ca bao (dt ddm bi d6ng cuc viL bao tr.rdng ddi rdo, thi bao dm phei rai
d6u ra Llr6ng nen t4p t.ung mot ch6. Sdi xong l?h6ng ndn xav lio ngaJ, hay ddi
qua mot ngdy sau mdi xaY
Ndu v4n hdnh m6y c6 lb than, thi lich tr6n thav vi t d6ng dien tr6 bAng ddt
lb than va ngay d6m ddu phii ddt 1d dd giem thdi gian sdv
5.4. Kdr euA rrf THUAT vA KrNrr ctIA sRR-r rf
5.4.r. Sdy hia
Kdt qu6 ghi 3 BAng 5.2. Khi srl dung b6p than cho SRR-1 thdi gian sd'y s6
nhanh hon nhLmg phai ron cong thay L\cn sau m6r 3 giir.
 MAY siY NHIET DO TTTiP "K6U SRR,

5.4,2. SdY c6c san Phdm kh6c

qud tiar bidu gfi' i; Beng 5:i
Mdy SRR-1 phai si dung vdi Ib than, vei ket
Bdng 5.2: SdY hia v6'i SRR-I
NgudD nhiet Dt,NG DI+N TR DUNG TEAIi 'I oNG I
Chi ri€u
Lrrorc lua sa'v a6i m6: r ta'n , h4 dm 287. (Ina
do tu 26 ' I ti. , ha 5n ild tn 26 _ 28q,

ddt mdi thu hoach) audng 14,5%

Thdi gian saY: rt ngiy, trong d6:
- Thdi gi.n qu4t :36 _ 43 gid
Thdi gian qlAt : 70 - 84 gid
- Thdi gian aldt dien: 14 ' 20 gid - Thoi gian d6'i.'"ha.: 25 35 giJ

Tiiu thu dien: Chc quat : 48 _

58 kwh Ch. quqr 3: kwh
Cho dlen trii : 14 _ 20 kwh Cho JlCn trd : ' -!

Chenh lech am dO cudi

Bcing 53: SdY cic sin Phdm kh6c

Bip DAu phlng Hqt diCu

Th.z - 1996 /Hd Tav Th.3 ' 1996/TP HCM 'Ih 4 1996/Long An
Nsny/ Dia didm
1050 'i50
Khdi lugns s6'Y, kg
241 'l'i :9
im dd dau,%
64 71
Thdi gian si)' gid 36
8,3 11
Fm aO c'6i 13,8

5.4.3. Ddu td vd giA thnnh sdY

ddu ndm 200C li
Ddu tu m6t m6v sdy SRR-1 c6 ld than id org vio
,to oIo aa"* i"f,t uoc ooo idng 'ao cudi 1995)' trong d6 mot nria
li td gid donq co
a,Crr. NUu tat g(,i' c6 16 day la mdv sdv 16
nhdt'

So sdnh gi6 thdnh sdv c0a m6v sdy SRR-1

vi cia cdc phuong phdp khric:
. Gid thanh sdv cria m6v sdv SRR-I le 65 d'&g
lia tinh dri ci khdlr hao m5 v'
trong d6 tidn diQn chidm 35 d (thdi gi6 hd thu i995)'
nhung do thuc siy' chi lna phAi
. Gid thanh sdv eria mdv sdv tinh Ii 40 d'&g;
tJ "no "nn m6y khoAng 70 d'4<g, vn chri lna phii canh l[a vd bdc vdc ra
v6
mdy'
mdy siy, vd trd ti6n di chuydn lfa tu n}Ie ddn
.- Gi6 therh phdi lua.ho cong nhan 1a 30 d'&g' kl6ng
kd dau tLl san phoi ld
;;ffiff;ita,'L* d nh'rng hiQn thidLr lao 'lQng' c6rg nhdn chi
'':ng
*i, "iil ""* "-,r 'di *'idu t': z! ooo aa" 30 000 d6r:g m6i nsav phoi bdt
 M, Y s.{Y NHI6r DO rHAP'rsiu sRR" 67

kO mua ndng, c6 kii lrdi mda dam nhi6u ngdv kh6ng kh6, ho4c v'la phdi
mua chup xuo-ng kh6ng che kip.
C6 thd t6m tdt hi6u +re kinh t6 cia m6y SRR-1 nhu sau: N6ng dan b6n l6a
khd r6t, cao gid hdn 3u - 50 ngdn ddng/tdn ;tid+, kiem lao dong phoi 25 - 50 ngan
ddnqltdn (cilng nhe dd di IAm cho k}Iu vtic cong nghiep dang can ngudi);kh6i ddu
td sin phdi, khdng cdn cani ching lia khi pioi vd nhdt ld hlldi lo lna mdt Sidt 10A
2CC ngin ddng ltdn ui bi ttdi ngdy mua ddm, tia bi den, ndv mdm. . Chi phi sdv
vdi m;iy SRR-1 tA chdp nh{n dddc (theo thdm db vdi ndng drin d Long Ar v} TP'
H6 Chi Minh).
Didm ndi bat Id hat sdy chtt lddng cao. Ch6nh lQch dm dQ gida cdc ilidm
trong m6i m6 sdy d6u nh6 hon 17o khi dr)ng diQn tr8, khi d6't than ch6nh l6ch dm
do khoanS. 2 - 3Ea, cing tddng dudng v6i m6y s{y tinh loqi t6't. Nhd dm dQ d6ng
ddu, ii I4 xay x6t ret tdt. Kdt qui so sdnh vdi phdi ndng (thdi tidt tdt), ti'16 gao
nsuv6n cao hft it nhdt 1A 24. (di nhien, ndu mda bao lien luc thi ti 16 nay cbn cao
a.n nhrd!i)
Sar xh iat. lua C:oc bdo qudn trong bd c6t tre nhu b6 lda biDh thlrdng; quat
ci thrl Li,-roc ,1o q'Ja b6 c6t khec (cia chinh minh hay cria hAng x6m) dd sdy mB kd
.iip . Qust clng c6 thA dnng dd ra lam sach lia.
5.4,4. 86o quin hia vdi m6y sdy SRR-f
Hai thi nghiam vd b6o quAn de duge tidn henh tai Khoa Cd khi - Cong ngho
DH N6ng LAm TP.HCM vi tai 86 m6n BAo qu6n Chd bidn N6ng s6n DH N6ng Lem
Hud vio nim 1996. Sau kh sdy, l6a dddc b6o qu6rl trong chinh b6 c6t cria m6y sdy
SRR-1. Theo dinh ki (10 ngey A TP. Hd Chi Minh, va 30 ngey A HuO, bat quat thdi
trong 1 gid dd th6ng thoring. Cd sau 3 th6ng, ti6n hinh do dac/ quarr sdt c6c chi ti6u
sau: dm dO hat, tj lQ gao nguyon, s6 sau Irlgt, miu s6c hat I[a va hAi g4o, dec dr*r
com. Thi nghiQm k6o dii 9 thdng 3 Hud, vd 12 t}6ng I TP. Hd Chi Illinh,
Hinh 5.4 trinh biy cric kdt qua thi nghiem, theo b6o cro cia Th.S Br)i Ngoc
Hnng (TP.HCM), vd Th S. H6 Thi Bich Thoa (Hud). T6m tit:
. im dd hat hau nhu kh6ng ddi trong thdi gian bao quan. Chi tidn hinl.r th6ng
rhodng vao budi trtra khi 6'm CO khong khi trdi th{p n}.it (60 - 7oq;).
. Ti 16 gao nguyOn cing hdu nirr kh6ng ddi.
. D6 ndy mdm thay tldi tiy dia phuong, c6 le vi khi h4u vi gi6'ng 1ia. d gud, aO
ndy mdm lia gi6'ng vin cao sau 6 th6ng; tuy nhi6n, 6 TP. Hd Chi Minh lai
giem nga], seu 3 thdng.
Sd ddm sau mQt cho thdy mtlc dQ nhi6m kh6ng d6ng kd sau 6 tl6ng d c6 2 noi.
Sau m6t Dam, hat v6n chua bi seu hai 6 TP. H6 Chi Minh. Tuy nhi6n, sau 9
thdng, sd sau mot bdt dritr phrit tridn nhi6u tren hqt a Hud, c6 16 do gian c6ch
thong thodng qu6 lau (30 ngay).
 -----.

68 vAy sA\ NHIET Do ,rHAt .lgi( sRR.

. Mdu hat lda hdi c6 thay ddi ti ving hJdi sang veng sam sau 6 thdng. Tuy
nhi6n, su ddi meu ney khong anh huAng d6n chdt iddng gao.
. Inu hA! gqo van tring; nhin bing mdt thddng, meu trrng nay tr6ng it b6ng
hon. Kh6ng thdy hat dm vdng.
. Com ndu kh6ng c6 gi khdc la, van binh thddng.
Cric kdt lu{n trAn la ss bQ. Cdn lap lai nhi6u thi nghiam hdn dd tdng qudt
hoa. Di vay, k6't qu6 cnng n6u duoc ti6rn nEng srl dung m6y sdv SRR-1 dd b.io
qu6n l(a.

d05
3e0
--*t--{
e c6s
?60
955
13,C
36
i50
sd lhang bac qudn
(a) (b)
I, s0 gao nguycn : H./(]-l r + 84
Hr:gao nguyoniEr: gao gay

Hinh 5.1: Thi nehiam b,io qwin Ltia

L,di mdy sfu SRR-I tai Dai hcc Hud e l=dl
(EUE) uA 4i Eqi hoc NanE L(.n
l* i'uE

X
I
aIP. E6 Chi Minh (HCM) E
.a {o
d Thar ddi dm dO;
b) Thay ddi ti sd sao nguyery
c) Thay d.tii tj lP ruiy mrim.
369
(.) Sdlhang lao,.t!an

d.5. MAY SiY sRR-1.4, SRR-2 vi sRR-4

oia nhi6u bd con n6.g dan 6 nhitng ving c6 san luong
G,An dAy do y6u cdu
Iia ldn, har mau m6y SRR-2 va SRR-4 da drdc rhi aghi6m. Mdy SRR-1 cing dudc
cdr bidn dd nAng I6n n6ng sudt 1,4 tdn (SRR-1.4). Vd nguyen li cec m6y ney kh6ng
khdc gi vdi SRR-1, nhfng vA ce'u tao c6 vdi didm khric:
. Ddi vdi SRR-1.4: VrJi neng sua't 1,4 tdn thi budng sdy van giii kich rhddc
dddng kinh trong vd godi, chi tdng chidu cao I6n 1,5 m. Diing loai rI}6 - to
quat hdi kh6c so vdi m6 - to c0a c6c dot si dung ban ddu,
 MAY SAY NIIIET D6 TH-dP,KI6U SRE" 69

Ddi vcti SRR-2: Bu6ng sdy vdn s& dung blng c6t tre, v6i kich thddc vbng
ngoei ve vbng trong c6 thay ddi cho phi hdp vdi s'lc chila 2 tdn Vbng c6t
ngodi drrgc nep th6m bing nhtrng thaDh tre theo chidu d(ng ild teng cddng
khe oeng chiu lqc. M6 - to qu4t c6 caDg sudt 16n hdn, Iudng gi6 cnng phai
tang gdp dOi so vdi mdy s{y SRn-l. PhAn cdp nhiQt cria SRR-2 hoin toin
bing than td ong, vi ndu sti dung diCn vdi c6ng suat nhiCt ldn, khd ndng
dddng day khong cung c{p tai ndi.
Ddi vdi SRR-4: Bu6ng sdy tdong t\-r nh'J SRR-2, vdrg c6t tre trong vA ngoai
dlrdc tang cddng bing nhidu thanh tre theo chi€u ddng, vi tri d[t quat hien
tai ddgc bd tri tn phia dudi cho d6 ddng thao tac (Hinh 5.4). QLrqt cung cdp
kl6ng khi sdy cho SRR-4 c6 c6ng sua't khd ldn n6n kh6ng thd s& dgng m6 -
td dien 1 pha mn phdi k6o blng mb - td 3 pha hoec blng tlOng co n6'. Phdn
cdp nhiOt cho SRR-4 c6 thd bAng than td ong ho{c blng cec phg phdm trong
nilng nghiCp nhu tra'u, ciri b6p, crii... theo ph{rdng 6n lb ch6y nguoc (cbn
trong vdng thii nghiCm).

r-
I
I
I
I
I

i I
[-,.".
[- .,.---]
, 830

Einh 5.5 : SRR.4 udi Id than td ong

s.s. t{]{v sAv snn.z ocN
M6y SRR-I dudc phd bidn rQng rdi dd sdy tai cdc h0 n6ng dan nh6 canh t6c
it hon 0,5 hecta. B6n ch'1a hat bXng c6t tre le kdt cdu don gi6n vi 16 tidn. M6y
ding dong cd dien, non chdp nh{n duqc thdi gian sa'y kh6 dAi.
Mdy sdy sRR-2 DCN ddgc thiSt k6 tai DHNL ndm 1998, Id bic',n thd v6 k6t
cdu coa m6y SRR-1, nhtrrlg hoet dong theo nguyon li hoi khac. Cdc didrn kh6c biQt
ihrJ sau:
 t-
?0 \'.-\ sd\' \tr'E- rio THAP KtEI sFR'

'
I

Hinh 5.6: SRR-2 DCN Ddi ld than td ong

I

. Mdy SRR-2 DCN dnng dQng cd diesel, 6p dung 6 c6c ving sau kl6ng c6 di6n.
(Hinh 5.5).
. Ndng sudt teng i6n 2 tdnlm6, dd tQn dr,rng c6ng sudt dEng co nd, ve dd dap d,ru
y6u cdu cria n6ng ddn ca.h tdc t hecta.
. m dnng dong co n6, ren cdn nit ngdn thdi gian sdy, dd bdt hao mdn dqng cc.
vd b6t tdn c6ng tho canh may.
. \A thdi gian s6ly ngdn (dirng nhiCl de, kl.ring 13"C), md kdt cA'u b6 c6t tn
kl6ng cho ph6p ddo tr6n d6 ddng, n6n dd 6p dgng crich sd'y 2 chi dQ troLs cur{
mQt m6 sA'y:
- Chd d6 I: sA'y nhiQt dj .10 - .13"C (nhu sdy linh vi ngang).

- Ch6'dO II: sdy nhi€t dO 33 - 36"C (sfy nhiCt d0 tha'p).

Ddc didm 3 phdn chinh cia m6y:

Quat mdy sdy: Ld loai quat hudng truc 1 tang, ]ft hJgng gi6 1,8 mr /s, 6 m&
tinh :ip 30 mm H2O. Qu4t quay 1800 vdng/phdt, dugc k6o blng dong cd diesel 6 - l
HP qua diry curoa.
Phdn cdp nhiQt: ld than td ong, ti6u thu 2 - 7 ke/gtd, tr)y chdi ludng than ri

guarrs Vdn s& dung c6t tre. Ving trong cria m6i budng cd klung th6p I
"a'y,
cho cfng vilng, khung th6p c6 thd thdo rdi de deng dd v{n chuydn. Kich thddc c-r
m6i b6 c6t tre Diu sau:
* Dudog kini vbng trongi 2,20 m
* Dddng kinh vdng ngoai: 2,94 m
* Chi6u cao c6t: 1,1i) m

K& quA hi thudi Mdry sdy SRR-2 DCN: Qua c:ic m6 sdy tai Long I{! (C:o
Tho), U Minh (Cd Mau), Phr,rng Hiap (Can Thd) tir th6rg 9 d01 ih6ng 11 - 1998. :
thd t6m t6t kdt quri nhu sau:
 MIr s,!Y NHfT DO rH,iP 'Krdu snn' , i

S:. ,. , a.l rdn I6a dm d6 cao i > 28.oo), thai gl.n 6 - 7 gid 3 chd dQ I, ve
6gido id II (tdng thdi gian sd'y = 12 13gid), thi am dO cudi gidm d6n 147a,
ve sei. am dO ndy kh6ng qud 27.. Ti6u thu 6 - ? tit ddu vi 50 kg than
5.?. ]LiY S.dY STB. 1
}I:i1 sdy SRR-1 da ddP
rlng r !L: cdu sdy hat crla cdc h6
ron. .len canh t6c nh6 i<ho6ng
0.5 hecta d noj c6 .lien. Y6u
caLi cL,a m6t b6 ph4n ilng den
\h1c rciing 6 viing c6 dien)
canh tAc hdn t ha, hoic cua
nhi6u h0 nho mu6n sdy hat
trong ling 1 tuin, ]e mot m6y
sit. clrng re tuong ttr nhu SRR-
i nht;nq '.'di nalg sudt cao htrn.
Nghia le hoec cing thdi gian
sA'1'' nhrmg idng ldqrg hAt sd), Hinh 5.7 :Cdu tqo ndy STR - 1 udi ld than td ong
hoac cing luong sdy nhfig
qi;m thdi gian siy.
1{ny sdy STR - 1 dLigc thid.' kd rhilm ddp irr'g y6u c6.r tran: theo k6l cdr.l 16
t;en cia SRR, va dp dung chd dq s6y iinh dd sdy nhanh kho. Day kh6ng ph,ii li
. rar' -.!i nhrer do rhip ma ctri li "hdn si'y linh, da s{y :ii re".

ILii
S'l'R - 1 cnng g6m cac bo pirAn vii thoit nhin ral gidng nhlr SRR-1 kiilu
}d than. Tuy nhi6n cdc th6ng s6 ki thudt Lh:ic nhau nhi6u, dLJoc trinh biy 6 Bring

Bring 5.4: So sdnh il{c tinh k/ thu{t 2 lo4i miy sdy

STR-r(sdrrinh) SRR-r lsiiy nhiet d0 thrp)

0,35 m3/s
& 25 mtu II:O & 35 mm rI,O
& :tnh Jung:
aD sl- 3/4 t{P ri2 llP
- caDg suar darg cd diOn:

to Lhln i6 ong. tii! thu: 2 3 kg /gid 1 ks/gid

(i.m2bu6.srI&ll), Chl I ru6ns, chra 1000 kE hal.
-
:' ileu: kl ng tit. t:bt tre, bat Inii Luong chda 500 kE haL. Kich.hudc:
Kich rhuriie mol budnsi DLldng kinh vdns nsoii i,5 ni
'', aiiu cn tild lhitn .di di Dunns kinh vdns nsoAi. 1,1 n DLLrng llinh ldns trons 0,4 m
I
DddDA kjnh vona tronsr 0,4 n Chi6u cao budng: 1,1 n
Chiiu m irudrrc ll5 tu __
i2 liiY siy N{lEr DO THAP "rq6u sRR.
5.7.2. K9 thu{t sdy mdy STR - I
Ap dung kj thuat sdl, tinh c6 deo tr6n, nhiCt d6 42 - 45.C. Ldn ddu sau khi
s6y b6 ltia thll I 4 - 5 gid, dd ra tr6n lai. Troltg thdi gian t.On lai t}Ii chuydn quat
qua b6 ltia ilif II sdy 4 - 5 gid. Kd tidp, chuvdn quat ugugc Iai b6 thi, (sau
I khi
trQn)-sdy thAm 3 - 4 gid dat dm dO trung binh 14 - 15fo. Sau khi xong bd l[a thd I
ehuydn qugt qua b6 t(a thll II sdy tidp phdn cdn lai. Cl1 Ien tuc nhd ;hd, rrong khi
d6o trQn d bu6ng niy, quat dudc chuydn qua sri'y bu6ng kia, n6n kh6ng bi gi6n
doan. Thdi giarl s6'y (16 - 18 gid/m61 tdn) dudc tinh khi c6 ? budng d6u kh6.

5.7.3. K6't qua si'y hia vdi m6y STE - I

Iidt qu6 khrio nghi6m sdy lia vdi m6y sdy STR-1 d T?. H6 Chi Minh, Long
Arr, Thdi Binh, Cdn Tho... cho thdy nhu sau: Sdy I L*tlf.a fi
24% da d6 xu6ng 14%
hong 18 gid, ti6u tfin 11 kWh di6n ve 40 kg tfian. Chi phi neng lddng le 40 al rg
l6a kh6 ndu giri dien Ia 700 c14<114r, vd gi6 than lA 700 tvkg.
Vdi cdch s6'y c6 dao h6n, ch6nh l6ch dm dQ chi kho6ng 1 _ 1,S7o.

Hai mEu mdy SRR-I od. S?:R - l<tdu c6 lgi thd so s6otr. SRR-I gi6 16 hdn,
kh6ng t6'n c6ng dao tr6n, it tr6ng coi hon, nhung sdy chAm, chi thich hop kh6,i
r,.Jng nh6. STR - 1 rhi neng sudt sdy gdp d6i, thich hdp v6i qui m6 t hecta, nhltrrg
dAu tu hdi cao hon, vi tdn c6og lao dQng hon.

5.s. T6Ir T.(T

Maiy "sa'y rdt 16 SRR" n6i chung da dep d:ig dLrdc c6c y6u cdu vd ndng sudt,
chdt llldng, vd giti thdnl eho vi6c sdy lja cia lo6t bO phan n6ng dan, giim bdt lao
dQng nnng nhoc trong phdi lia h! thu, mt phdn lda lao dong nay li
phU nA ve tr6
em. M4y ciing sa'y dr-roc nhidu n6ng srin phdm kh6c nhu b6p, tl{u phong._. M6i m6u
mi.y cria "ho SRR" ddu c6 nhirng tdi thd so sdDI nhe't dinl; tny theo qui E6 sen
x.rdt, milc dQ ddu tu vA sir dung, mA chon mau m6y thich hop. Cdn tidp tuc ttdy
nhanh viQc ph6'bi6n ky thuet cdc mdy niy, chuydn giao ky thu4t tldn nhi€u co sd
chd tao, dd s6n xua't kh6ng maag tinl don chidc, sd luong m6y dda ra d6p ,ihg kip
thJi khi cd y6u cdu cria ngudi d6n.
 MAY siY NIliaT DO lil,iP i{6u sHIi 73

s.e. PIiiN DQC TrIiM chddns 5

,{, I$T QUA EILA.O NGHIEM MAY SAY SIIR-I

Me say l,a, ngAy 18 _ 2413/1995

28
26

^24

d.o
,5 ,8
16

14

12
10

Thdl g 3. sjl l!ii,)

mnh P.s 1 . Dian aidn.on di ildL'ti4 1s 2118/tsgs)

80
Es5t, (1)
70
Nsay i2)
^60
a
0phc, nans
850
'! ao

630
'20
10

0
Thu hbi Gao nguyed

Ihih P.5.2: Ti Ia tu hii g?o ra1 gaa n€ryin sou Llti ral rat tnt.r sdJ 18 '2'1181 tges)
 F
'1.1
r1-{y sriy Nnrli l)0 THAP 'KIdu sli(,

Di6n bidn nhier c! (SBR,1: I e/8 - 24l8/j 935)

32
I

21 3e l5 0o 72 A4 96 103 r20 132

,rhdi!r3n sey (groj

DiAn bidn nlliat d6 stiy, cdp nhiat dian td (ttia 18 . 24lB l lgg|)

D Cn b do nhiCl C5 (SBR-1 loa than 24 - 26/5/i996)

100

34F
?"2 30;
Z,c
:13
r36 635
Z3a
32 5ce
23 52
26

rEtiF-i95
. Nhil d0 kh6nS klri
i€3 { Ei;!!!ii
rtea€.aaa aand Nhie( d0 kh6.g (hrsey
-

Sidn nlret dn sdy, cdp nhiat bap Lan&na,24 26Is/jsgi)

 N{,(r'- siy NHri: t Dd Tri,{p "I{]EL sltR' ?5

32
30

26
24
22

E 2C
18
16

12 13 24 3C 36

rria ! a. say lO d)

@1, P2, P3 ta cdLc didn ttu 3 bdn hi.nh.dch ttluu DA" qrlnh nltin€ ';4r)
tP1, P2, P3 nsoai = cit Lat tulaat 5 .D1: Pl, t'2, P3 tr.ttg - .a.i1 .at t,rhg 5 cn1)
Hinh P.5.5 : Sfu biip hsd): Diarl biin dm d6 hat Ni?n Nra Hn Ta! I 10i 2t 19s6)

D cn brdn nhi6t dO say bip tr, lfeng 2/1996 (vi an Ngi Ha l al

a4a

3'
i,a
12

Hinh P.5.6 : Sdy bdp: Diin bidn nhiat db sdr, cdp nhiat bdp tllan
Nien Ns6 Hd Tdr ncdr 9 . 10/2 ! 1996)
 F

MAy siy NHrir't D0 rHi-p "KiLr -e}ilt-

R, KET QI-A KIIAO NCHIEM IIAY SAY STR 1

l+r
t-,;;;,
i- -_ lt@r
i -"- ,.,;

Thar A a. s5y (qd)

Hinh P.5.7: Diin htdn iin d6 hat tran rrd,r S?fi - 7

, tua, A M6]', CAn Th,r n.gd| 2B I I
I I g-ag)

I \-{2. i

Ldp
S'.lerr'eI la (r 5d€ lpper 30im
r.unE b nh.31,trC rrL , -,rh 35arc- T,unqtlnl.lr4ra
i_-
il;n.t- P t.3 tian bii nhia.t.Ji s6, nlLiAr de top hat STR. I
(ino.6 t1.i ngd) 25i9i t,.9t)
Chtdng 6

cAc LoAluAY sAY nAr xnAc

Trongc6cchddngtrd6c,c6cloaim6ys6,yvdil6phatdl1ngyentrcngsLr6,tqu6 tinh t'dY'
rnai' sa'v tinh vi ngang' mdv sdv uhi6t dd thdl "
d3
,Anf, llSc
vdi idp hat.d.i d0ng' DonP h?t
chdm* nay xin gidi thieu vc cdc loti rnay sdy
Trons"iv,'nfru Ilur cd co
,-ni'lu"- Ji6u; nguoc chi6u hodc thdng gdc vdi khdng ldli-sA"'
"i."-"a ;;i u,a.'e r'r'r sev ne, su gi6m dm sr djngphdpddu hun' Div ld ur
;;;i;;;"Ji., Vdt phudng sav dbns hat di
iii- ",f" -* sd'v "DQng" so vdi mdv sav "T5nh"' quay' fiey saj tang sor "
dQng, c6 c6c loai mdy sd'y thdp, may siv trdng

6.T. MriY SAY THT(P

6.1.1. Cdu t?o
Ti6ubidunhdtvaphdbidnohdtcliasdyhatdid6ng.ldmS]-sdythep(Hinh
cao (do gdr'r t6i
O ,l l4u, *J^ Ur6ng sdv dqne thap dling Hat di chuvdn tir tr6n
"i d{i theo chuvdn aqng th6ng dlmg hoac zich - zdc Khdng
irr *"j-liligrrr+.
khi
g6c vdi ddng hat'
auq" that lro4c hlit ra cing chidu, ng'L(qc chi6u' hav vuong
"i, "a",
nia, trrC c6 tham phAr lem nguQi 6 phia du6i phdn sd1'
"i sdv' ta phdn biQt 2
Tiry theo c6ch bd tri cia ddng di chuydn hat qua thep
phudng ph6p sdY th6P:

Sdy iuEn hoan Sgy lian Qc aans hi

Hinh 6.1: Hai phulrng phap sdv bd'ng md1 sdv thap
 ]-
78 cAc Lo l Nriy sAy AT IJHAC

6"1,1.1. Sdy thap liOn rr'ucr Hat qua thdp

si), m6t triot (sa,),, c6 th6 kdt hop
lam nsuoir r6i vao bin u. va .n,.hj r;t,, a at _Oi
rh;, il,;; ; ;;;;; sid t,ly cr...
da say va loa i -hat ). Sau do lai qua th:ip
sa,y ludt. tl,f Zl ,t d+-tr" th6 iLrdt thir
3' 4:.. x{ec jilh cLla Li (temperins) ti.choi'm "},,
di A t;;;;;;;;;*,;i;"1:
ngoii m6t dd d6 bdc hoi. ch6nh l6ch dm rlQ. qud
suer ram say va hat. Didu ney"ht6,;;;;;';;'n",
,.,.,"
;lT,t;,ffiiir.^- re r.;o;il,';;;;;
"u,
xay ra sao

Thdi glan luu tni m6i ludt tr.ng th:ip sa,y khd
ngiin, khoing I5 - 30 phdt, nin
cho ph6p di,ns nhi6t d6 khd cao. vri r,;u.
nhi6t d6 sa'y 60 , 66"C.
.ot
"d
J;;e" ;;;;uyi
cao dnne

6.1.1.2. Sdy thAp tudrl hodn: Hat di qua

thep sa,y duoc gau tdi dlia trd l.ii
thdp. Thdi gian .,1j,, thuc che.t Ii thdi gian h4t
d tr;ng ;nu ;dr";; ;;."*;;;
chfa phia tr6n bu6ag sdy n6n rdons doi agdn.
n_arr.m:iy sdy thep, nhi6t L:16 Cing trong
1,ho6ng'iolioi.'itiii, .',0,
sdy li6n tuc.
ch6 di, .u.,' f."a"'riai .,J "0", *lino,
"" "0,
Thgc su, chon chd d6 nhi6t cho mdy sdy ld
- m6r bii todn cdn d6.i hinh td:
TIng nhi6t d6 sa'y thi gi.im chi Dhi vi thdi gian sd'v
nhanh hoil' nhuhs tens hao
no, *i, i.il,i r]#
"x;il;-:"' l-3! n.

ii,l li
ii'Li!tL
-11-
iiii
t! H
Hinlt ij.2: Kdt..iu lai taat ti(:tj sd! Ii i.l-,,.
lR-rl
ilyil
KHdNG rF0r.r

6.1.2. K6't eA'u hai Ioai thip si,y

Ilinh 6.2 cho the_v 2 toai kdt cd,u: loai hat chey kha,iJ tr6n (non , mixing), r,i
hat chay ct-i tr6n (mixing typel_
Loai hh6ng bA Hat chdy xuong gina 2 \ach iuoi
6-.1.2.1.
16 song song crlch
nrrau I 5 - 23 cn. Kb6ng khi tri bu6ng g;1,.- thd.i
troxg,v:r idp ngoii cf di xudng song song, kharng
ifan q,.r i;;;;i ,l ,,uo nu,
tr6n l6n nhau n6n "r"1,.
licl dm d6 cudi (di ihian v6n tdt hrn sa.y1inn, ,,
c6 sLr ch6nh
rn6nq hirn). \ th6 thdons d,)ng nhi6i 1ey
ag i,io r.rro"g "^;;;"";ji;;rl
q;;"5?;C'[; sl.r d6
r":uva rl ";y sao
 .^c Locl IIAY sA\ H4I y,HA. 79

. 6.1.2,2. Loai c6 trin: Kh6ng khi veo hJ nh&nB m;ing [p ngudc, vi thodr
ra ,
ir'lng m5ng so.g song nim so le phia rr6n ua phiu auoii oua.ig
ai'",i, rro, o,a
kl.ns khi dio zich - zitc n6n rr.On \. d.i nhau rdr,.ldu. !,i thd cho,il ",
: hon loai i{h6ng rrdn rvdi
il;;,;; ;;
,r' cao i[a c6 th6_ 66"C)

_ Loai c6 rr6n chd tao djt hon vi l<61 cdu crla c:ic m6ng dp_
Ngodi ra,
- bui d6 bi
th6i ra hdn, n6n cdn chti i d6n vi6c cirdng 6 nhi6m m6i ,*ur*i
ba_,-

Long cri h.ai loar, rloan drrdi cria thrip siy Id phdn jam ngu6i (cooling
_.nhi6t
dr{
secticr,.r)
d0 h:11 ra chi cao hdr kh6ng khi trrli irhodng 5 _ I0"C.
6.1.3. Cr, sd cria sdy lda nhidu lddt vrli m6y sdy th:ip
Cic nghien cdlr.o rhai |rm tj: c.
ttinh 6.3 v: ilinh 6.4. Nhtat dO say: 45ql
Si5, nhidu ludt thi tdng thdi gian ac
hat ti6p xdc vdi kh6ng khi siy ddoc i6r Sey nhr'6u lLlOt

nga1. thLIor,S .h, . ,.j gro. ta lL,ong )3

qu6 2 gid (so vdi sdy rinh phii 5 - ? Say m6l uc{ ti6n 1uc
sid), vi thd c6 thd tAng ning su6:t sa,y. 1e

Sril nh,eu I:or cho phep dung .1

thipr du cau n-a ly c sao ngr-yen knorg 23,1 5
girrn. Vdi llia. ti1 245. dn d6 siiy xu6'ng Thdi gran say (ord)
I47. cAn qua 4 5 l(dt; hai t(cit dau Hinh 6.3: Nhiiu hk't siy gtnp r t ngdn.
!.,.,irn ij1; itm do nhnis ll:ri sau .hi ijuoc tlii eion th.t.: sd!
glam tii da 2qt m6i ltct.
Thdi gian i irempei.jngl 1,jj ihia,r phri ln .i gid. c6 thd
tn 4 - 24 gid (Ilinh
ij.i l-

.-"\---:-=\
645
a

E:o
3
60

.ann rr,t, n,,n1a, ts:ot

Hintt 6.4: A h htine c,t" ai, tit idn t,tr Lo tttu h6i gao nsuyan
"niat "i ",li
 --_-I

.I' LOAI IIAY SAY HAT EHAC

62 40,fc

ii
3
U sau khilam ngu6lden 240c

,{h'6r dQ sdyr € Jt
4n An C a: 2a |"Qb
Ahdicu6i 13%wb

t 4 a 12 16 20 24 2e 32
Thd qian r:r gi0a hai lufl sdy (gid)

IIitLh 6.5: A tL $ le gqo neuran.

hrtdng thiti siarL n ddn

6.1.4. Miy s5'y th6p tr6n thi gidi vir d Vi0t Nam
Tran th6-gi6i, sa'y th:ip 1d loai mriy sdy hat phd bidn nh6't v6i nhidu kiCu
d.rng r;i phcng ptru. Ilily drloc si dgng cd dinh m6t noi hoec co d6ng d nhi6u dia
'c.;n. llrr miu mri, ldn niDg sudt d6'n 100 !dr,/gid .

d Yi-;t Narn, rrong 20 ndm qua, nhi6u m6y sdy thdp da dddc l6p d5t, ho4c
thi g qua cdc chdong trinh tii trd qu6'c t5, ho4c chd tqo trong nddc. ViCc si dung
da gitr cirr vdn C.} sau:
a) Cli;i diu +.d qud dii: Ni6t mdy 5 tan/gio, {giem 57, dd a"m) ngogi nh4p gid
irhoing i),5 - i tri6u USD (? - 14 ti ddng); ioai chd tao trong nddc gid kloeng 1ti
d.i.c. i)o viy, chi phi s6y rA-t cao. ri trong didu kiQn thu ho4ch rQ 6 nddc ta, kha'u
l-,ao r6i narn chi tinh ddoc irong 1 - 3 thring si dung.

bl Da sr) cic mdy dnng lo rldt ddu: Chi phi nhi6n liQu cat, thi chi phi sdy cao.

e) l,IQt sd m{y thidt kd kh6ng ddng lem giem chdt lddng hat. Sai Hm thudng
gdp nhit la "chep miu" mQt r,dy sdy li6n tuc ngoai nh4p. khone thay ddi lhiQt itQ,
nirL-rng lai sri dung d ch6. d6 siy tudn hodn.

d) Nhidu m6y kh6ng thd sdy ILia a'm dQ cao: LLia h. - thu ViCt Nam thu ho4ch
3 25 - XO% lirr d6 vd l6n nhi6u tap chdt n6n kl6ng thich hdp vdi thidt kd m6y sdy
thap o nli6c ngcii denh cho b?ip, lia mi.. H?t lia thudng bi dinh b01, nghet trong
thdp, k-h6ne di chuydn cir.rgc, 1im cho ca hC th6'ng bi v6 hiQu.
Nhu va],. dd mriy sdy thdp c6 ihd si dr]ng phd biSn hon, cdn giai quycl 4 va'n
d6 tr6n. Ndu khe'rg, cric gi6i ph6p khdc se chidm hnh thi trudng sa'y hat.
 c4c t,oAl \!A! siy II..,.f (irif 8l
6.2. rrr(Y s,{v rndnc quav
6.2,1. cdu tao
86 pher chinh cia m6y ld m6t thing sfy hinh rru c6 dudng kintr 1 - 2111. diri
10 - 20m, dudc dit nxm ngang hay ighiong r1iot ,1dc nho 2 - ,1", quav vdi toc ii
ch5m 4 - 8 vdng/phii. B6n t,ong c6 gdn th6m c6c crinh dAn d6" nAtrg hat tireo m::r I
trong chu vr trdng t4rdc kl}i roi tr.] lai day trdng IGi roi tLt.lo. haf. ija,p xu. !.1
kh6ng khi sdy, d6 ddng truy6n nhi6t ve truj,6n am
Tiy theo c{ich bd tri cna.:bng di chuydn hat q,r^ rd.g, ta phafl bi6t 2 phdong
phdp s6'y: sdy tr6'ng quay i?irn viec LAn tuc, vi lam viic theo chu kj, iitng ma r1-^t
6.2.2.1- Md5 sdy trdng quay ldm oi?c theo chu hi ttng rEA: Thing rij,
dudc ddt nAm ngang, vat I6u sdy dLicrc d6'vdo thr)ng v,1i khdi i,.iong bing ]),6t rri
sdy. Thirng quay li6n tuc, khi n6ng ciurrc dua vdo m6t ddu trdng, thdi dAu theo rruc
trdng vi mang dm thorit la i dAu kia lihi vat liarr kh6, ta ding mdv Cd th6o vat
l:ir :i1 ra neo!!
6,2,2.2. llay sd'y t.dng qu@:- ldm .iCc liAn ,i cl Thing sa'r.. drroc dit
rgh:arg ',ai i:Eu s6'1 dr:oc dija !a. r,.it iir.: vi rheo chidu nghi6ng chuydn d6n li6n
tuc ra ngodi Kh6ng khi say',ao rrlnt dau thung \.4 thoiit ra d ddu kra HLLrlng di
chuydn cria k}ri sdy thL(dng li cr)ng chieu vdi vat liOu sAi,. Nni6t d6 siS,khd cao 120
- 280"C. Thdi gian sd'y la thdi gian vir li6u di chuydn ti dau vio d6.n diu ra
khoeng 10 - 20 ph6t.

Hitlh 6.i: May s(ir trdng quay

6.2.2. Srl dung
d lty s6'y tr6'ng quay dddc :ling dd sdy gao d6 (ina hip, irarbciieci ricc),
milt sd noi d"',ay
Trung Qudc sdy bdp vi lja rni; o Vier Nam ,Juoc rt,.ng t1e sa.r cd phi.
 -r

32 c.rc Lo-{r rriY sAY HAT KE{c

tiu didm cda sdy trdng quay h xri 1i .ldoc cric srin phdm dm d6 cao vd d6 kdt
'irnh. \'i du gao dd 35ra dm dQ. San phdm s(y c6 dnr d6 ddng ddu do d6o tron li6n
'r!.r ra sa'y theo phddng phnp cing chidu.

Tu1. nhi6n do gin ddu tLi m:iy cao, hi6lr su{t nhi6t thdp, chi phi sA'y cao, non
mLlc dd rip dung mdy sdy tr6'ng quay dd s6'y n6ng sln ph4m kh6 han chd. \'di c6c
h-ia ch{t, meJ,'sdy tr6ng quay ddo-c sf dung phd bi6n hdn.
5.11. i!{AYs.{v rANc s6r
6.3.1. Dic tinh s6i eria ldp hat
Cho mot dong lrhi xuyin t,li dLidi 10n qua m6t l6p c.rrc phan tir nh6 nhu rr6n
ilinh 6.6 O l.ru itJong thiir, khr chi xuven qua khor,g g.-n tron;3iirr rac ph?in',ri
trr,;,:ai rdi ra khdi ldp ha1. DaJ- li m6t 16p hat cd dinh iHini.r C.6 (a),.
Xhi teng ltnl ldo-Dg I6n ddn m6t ilic nao d6. cric phdn tu biit dAu ld lirng trong
dbng klii di lan. Lic ney luc ma sdt gi&a phdn tr? vi ldu chdt c6n bing vdi irong
luoug phdn ti, thanh phdn thang ddng ciia ldc n6n gifra cric phdn trl k6 c4n mdt di,
idn ip xuv6n qua ldp hat bing vdi trong ludng cdc phan tt trong ldp hat d6- Ldp
hat aluc,c xem nhlr vua chdm sdi hay siii tdi thidu (Hinh 6.6(b)). VQn tdc dbng khi d
trang thdi nay go1 le van t6c tdi thidu %..

'!

+ vi)no s6t

!'-r Ven ldc kh

H)nh 6.6: Ddc tinh l.ip hat khi tlny ddi DAn fic hhi
Khi vAn tdc khi cao hon V,,,1 , xuft hi6n c6c bong b6rg khi ldn b6n trong 1dp
hat (Ilinh 6.6 (c)) vd tiin 5p q,.ra ldp hat vdn kl6ng t5ng. SLt xui4t hiCn cdc bong
Ding kli lim cho c:ic phdn tA ddoc ddy l6n rdi rdi xudng n€n duoc tr6n dau m6t
c.ich ii6n tuc tao ra sr,t ddng d6u nhiQl, dO cria toin ldp. EAy ie trang thdi "s6i",
tidng.{nh Id "fluidised" nghia 1a cha't rain c6 thd cldi luu gan gidng nh'J chdt i6ng.
N6u teng van tdc k}]i ddn m6t gi5 td ndo d6 cic phdn irl trd n6n 10 ltrng hodn
toan trong kh6ng khi ve ddoc goi la trang th{ii t6i han Ndu ven t6'c khi vdot qua
tlang th6i niy thi c6c phAn tLl hat se cli chuydn theo ddng k}li ra ngcii.
 cdc LoAr MAy s,{y HA- KxAc gg
Trorg -.i-"- hat ven r;:., khi ddoc lua chon d tr,Lng thrii c6
bong b6ng, goi la
len t5c khi od n6r V,1 . Th,.: kirrh nghi6m V4 g6ip t.iadn
Z Dn Vjti tti"r, nnp
cho s!r' hat tdng s6i Gid t.i ven rdc v-; phu tht,e,c vao
dac vat iy
rl:.- .hu'dc, hinh ddnq t:.cng lLrong ri6ng, dO xdp khdi hat vd'inn d+";; cria hat nh,r
ii-.r sd'y nhr.r d6 nirdt, kh6'i llrdng riOng. "6
;l;;;;
6.3.2. Sd ph6n bd vat lieu trong ldp s6i vA dO cao trr
do budng sA,y
Do kh6'i hat s6'y c6 l6n nhi6u thinh
phAn c6 trong luong ridng khzic nhau nen r
khi s6i cric phdn trr ndng hdn nim 6 dLrdi, I
I ntii:
cac phan tli ceng nhe cang rj lrpn cao
(Hinh 6.?). Khodng cdch td bd mdt ldp har

U
i
i
Ldp s6i
tinh ddn dinh bu6ng sA'y goi le dO cao ru I

Ldp t-nh
do Luong say H.. Niu H" nho rhr cri khd
ning hat br thoat ra ngoii. Ngudi ta rt.,g
ilur? tinh .hit r,i} cho m:iv si'v c6 hii _r,:
tl tt l

1: :: :-:.: Hi h 6 i D6 cao tlt .to Ht

\r::: -.:.. :,i- l:; ca, jia s; -:iar, rd: ljLli; ,,ap ch6.t lhodt ra. Sd
lda chon I{r
: - r.,l-". ldi cn;r cjn rhoJ: rr rgo" !" :.. L, ro: ,i- uu
6.3.3. Nguy6n li hoat clQng cria m6y sdy ting "lr]rr.ii.
sdi cho hat
Trong thrrc td c6 nhidu kidu mriv sa'y tdng s6i
cho nhidu toai vat ,i6u khdc
:::j
Ltudt _l:i]_::
,,,ur Knr l:,-1,11',!nl*
d
nong ra Duong s6v,lJ-c.eng"m6
hay rionluc. o
-* sA, ,a*
,ranh va lam loi l,lp hat. Sau mof "u,
ou"r -a,
nhdr d.r-h. hdr kI^ va duoc rrn,, ra ngua,. rt thd; gian
dm drroc cung c6p ri6n tuc vio bu6ng sa"y,
nray
"e; ;;;*. ;;i il"*'i',." ,,". n",
d, d";;;" ;;r';;in*,'"i i *u,
ll:iy sa'y d'rg sdi lidn tuc da du,J.. ap ciqng thanh cong ".".
,_ ehr cac loai hat nllu
Iua.n,r. .:.. n,roc. bap... .1,ldv co ry jpr}jeu
dar sa"n rron ,,o, n ,.
Tv le cang tdn. do am hat ra canq ddrg aa". "ni.,i.on*.1"'jon
Oa fr"t a- aa ;ili;" bu6ng sdy
duoc gdn bo phan rung
"c hoc Dor vdi Jrie, _ay acne
crlu gdn d6v va fng dung thdnh c6ng "dy.n"* "ay "hiioiluo" ,rgiie,l
d6u ti6n vi .u,
King Mongkur cua Th:ii Lan. "rrii,o'viu*n ^y ,nuu,
6.3.4. Ilng dung vi phdt tridn m6y sdy tdng
s6i <! ViQt Nam
Tu t995. Khoa Co khi - Cor? n8hi Truong Dai
. i{F. chp rao va hoc No'le L6m
lhi6r ltp il;l mor "o mal sAy leng soi lrer tuc. l\,ldv co Tp.HCM
.ll,ng
da
lhp say
tiia hoac b.ip, ndng sudt 1ta'nisid (Msis
nhd tron Hinh 6.8. Cdc b6 ph6n chinh
i,,"i,,i"s,; *rrril ii
"" "" uu "u,,""
-dy f\{SiS :1 ;;;; ,
. Lo dar: Cd Lhd sLi dung hai lori:",ia
, Ld d6't triu kidu phun li6n tuc;
hoie,
- Li ddt c i chdy ngudc.
 F

84 cAa Lo.tI MiY siY IIAT KHAC

. Q&ori Dang iy ta11i vdi c6ng sudt 11 klv, th6i khi r}611g tu id vao budng sdv
tao su s6i va sdy hat.
. Bu6nF Dang hinh hQp c6 sdn sdy hinl chir nlqt kich thddc 0'3 m x 1'9 ln'
sCr'.
g^t i'r pttdu tlddc ttlc cuo'n ddy li6n ruc vio budng sdv"'s6i" vd cli doc sAn
,rhi <ldy cria khi sdy rdi dugc th6o ra 6 cudi sin bing truc th6o
hat'
",r"
Ift6ng k}li sdy ',hoat ,a kh6i l6p h?t qua xv-c16n dd l6ng tap chdi r6i mot
"dl.
phdn drrcrc h6i luu vA qu+t vai hoi tr6n vdi khi ld dd tidl ki6m nhiat'
M6t kd! qu.i khrio nghiQm tr{STS - 1 v6i 10 tdn lia vdo vg hd - thr.r 1995 tai
No.g ;,rd,rg S6ng HQu (iAr. 'ffto), dugc trinh bdv d Phr.r luc 6 4 1 Thdi sian
sdv
neng sudt
t,u. I*.rg blh Z - g pltat' gi:im dQ dm cria hat trl 317o xudng 217"^vdi
ioo - roio kg/gia y theo dO iap chdt c'la hat Nhiet dO sdv la 1150C 1 'd d6't trdu
hoat dong t r', ai,}rt uoi khd ndng <1idu khidn tU dong nhiet dQ sdv sai biet
trong
kfr.aog t-S"C (Mqc 6.3.5). 114t sau khi sdv rlLroc ldv m6u vd 1im kh6 t'l
tn dd so
sa.rh.ii miu hai phoi chudn trong b6ng ram' DE ran nl1t h4t qua xay x6t crja hai
c']a gao cing nhu nhau- IJdc tinh chi phi sdv
-i'l-t'u" fu fnu"r'thac bi6t, dO tldng
l!.d czi khdr.r hao) trong didr.r ld6n tr6n khoring 62 ddng/ kg Chi phi nang llJgng
vdi sdv
ita'" quat va Id;dO dd bdc dm trldng ddi thdp' a600 kJ^<g H'zo sola
.tu"*-qra"
i,jo ieao kJrug H,o. chi phi nhiet dd bdc Cm trung binn
li 4300
r.ja.g'ffro sc vdi sdy mA tinh la 3300 kJ&g Hro ll6v cong ddgc kheo nghi6m sd
l.o rrap. Qua 2 ldot sdy c6 thd giam dm d6 tn 2 47o xudtg 159o'
'Zi
So vor Ia6y say thap. mdy siy tdng sdi c6 cdc rJu didn sau :

a) \I6t'it chidm mdt bhng, kdt cdu gr-'n, d6 ch6 tao hdn tr'i th6 d6c tinh deu td
chi bdng l/2 m5y sdv th6p cirng ndng sudt'
br Hat chuydn dQng qua bLr6ng sdv d6 ddng, dn dQ im hqt rdt cao w) c6 chrla
nhrE, r-ap chdt. Va' mav sfy thdp, hat dm vd bdn thL{dng kh6ng chav
duoc
qua thaP sdY.
A,n dd hat sau khi sdv d6ng diiu, do toen bO bd mat hqt ti6p xic rdt tdt
v6i
f]
khr siy nho su 'soi" im dq ddu vdo kh6og ddng d6u v6n cho ra hqt
kho
*o", idt aa"s aar, vi hat dm hon thi nang hon, non lLru ini trongt6'cb'rdng sdv
ii, nr". O miy s,n'y th6p hat it dm hav Am hon d6'.r ch6v cr)ng dQ' n6n
di.: ra it dSng ddu h<.tn
 C]iC LOAI \,IAY S,., tIAT XHI( 85

(a)

LO06rlRiu

BIbNG s{'r

----1
,'..4',;:
ii .i
"\".1|).--7-"-
,7ltr\Wz
Iltnh 6.d: (a.)Mdx sdr tdne s6i MSTS.I,
lb) So d.d cdu taa ua nguron Li hoat dang.

6.:1.5, Ld ddt dring cho mriy sd'y tAng s6i (vi mey s6,y irrio qudn)
6.3.6.7. YAu cdu chang
Viac cung c61p nhi6t cho c6c miiy sri,y b6o qurin vi mdy
sA.y tdng s6i ddi h6i
nhdi di6n ra li6n tgc, ddu at4n ve k6o.dei tronj nhi6u gra iol"
thiSt k€'nhrr v6y cdn d6p rlng c6c y6u cdu chrrrg "rrirl.t "i,i; ngey. M6t
- C6 thd kh6'ns chd vd tlidu chlnh t6.c dO ti6u thu
".u,-
nhi6n ti6u thich rlng vrli y6u
ciu ca'p n}liQt cfra m6y sdy, vi do d6 duy trr a,ro" nlrigt
aq f.fr, t."^g _Ot pfr.nl
\.i !}lat dinh "ry
 F

86 cAc Lo4I M-iY s,iY UAT tciAc

- C6 kh6 ndng hoat dong li6n tuc trong nhidu ngiy.

- Ddn gi6n trong v4n hanh, kh6ng gay ceng thing cho ngudi si dung do phili
noqr dong iren tuc keo dai.
Dd thda mar cdc yau cdu tr€n hdu h6t cdc m6v s{y hien c6 d nhiau nd6c dau
sit dung ngu6n nhiet luorg cung cdp ti
ddu m6. Ei€u ney rdt thuan ldi nhtr'ng chi
phi dau td ldn va gi6 thAnh sin phdm sAy sE tAng cao. Phan dlrdi d6v gidi thi6u
mdu 1b ddt FRC, si dr,rng nhi6n 1i6u trdu c6 khri neng d6p fng cric vou cdu tr6n.
Thdc td viCc 6p dung m6u 1d d6't FRC 6 mQt vai ndi tai Ddng bbng S6ng Criu l,ong
da cho thdy rdt nhi6u tridn vong.
6.3.5,2. MO t& cdu tgo od hoat irQng
Cdu tao chung cria ld ddt trdu liAn tuc FRC duoc minh hoa d Hinh 6.9. N6 beo
g6m bQ phAn cung cdp kh6ng k}li vd th6'i trd'u, bu6ng ddt chinh, bu6ng d6t pirLr vd
t,6 ahan nap lieu.

*1
,i"

ril

Hinh 6.9: So dd cdu taa chung Lo d lian tqc hh6ng elli FRC

ar BO phan cung cdp trdu (Hinh 6.10)

Cec bO ph4n chinh bao g6m thing chr.1a (6), dQng co rung (4), crla di6u chinh
(3) ve mdng cung cdp (1). Khi d6ng co rung hoat dong, tao ra luc rung cdn thidt cho
khdi trdu trong thing chrla, trA'u durrc di chufdn qua cira diiir chinh (3) dd va,, ph,l.r
cung cdp ci bQ phan cung cdp vti thO'i triu.
ViQc chgn cdqg sudt d6ng co rung cin thidt dqa theo ydu cdu: Iirp trdu di
chuydn tr6n bA mat mdng cung cA'p phdi ddu vd c6 b6 ddy cdn thidt. Bil dav ldp
trdu m6ng (tdong 6'ng vdi dQ md nho ciia crla didu chinh) se thu{n ldi cho qud trinh
thdi trdu nhdng ddi h6i mQt luc rung 14n Diiiu niy y6u cdu d6ng co c6 c6ng suat
ldD hdn hoac phei teng dO lech mm cia bA phe. rung vd sE ddn d6Ir gidm turji tho
cLia dong co. Ngrroc lai ndu c6ng sudt d6ng co nh,i, lrrc rung thdp dbi h6i d6 md ctia
ciia di6u chinh phdi i6n hon. Di6u ndv dtln ,1di ir'A dny 1dp trdLr cung cdp sE tlng
 cAc LoAr MAY sdY HAT KHAC 87

16n gat ki6 khan cho qu6 trinh di chuydn xudng pheu thiii trdu vi clng c6 thd 1n
nguvAn nhei gdy ra srr kh6ng ddng d6u vd ltrong cung cdp.

,-+

Hinh 6.10 Bn phat crne cip ttiu 1,, ddt FRC

b) BO phqn cung cip kh6ng k}ti ve thdi trdu (Hinh 6.1i )

N6 bao gdm quat cung cdp (1), b0 chia gi6 (2), phAu clrng cdp (3). dudng khi tht1
cep (5). dddng thiii trdu va khi so cip 16). Khi quat cung cdp hcal d6ng, kh6ng khi sd
di chuydn theo hai dubng: I/ d(dng dudi (sd 6) d6 cung cdp khi so cA'p c!:o qu6 trinh
cirSy o bu6ng d6't chinh dang rhdi mang trdu rdi xudng tit ph6u cung cdp (3) vdo bu6ng
ddt chinh; vd IV dudng tron (sd 5) dii cung cip khi thf cdp cho budng d6t phu.

Hinh 6.11: BA phdn cmg :aip

klfing klli ud thdi trau tha Tiau + KhdnS khi
-
Ln d6t FRC ! ,)-r r","r.r" - l
t trlong rh sr up,, no, r:" I
7 \rrop .dnq
I
88 LAc Lo^r rl,\Y siy ttA,r i{HAc

Dudng khi so cdp khi di vdo bu6ng d6't chinh dudc bd tri ti6p tuydn vdi chu vi
hinh tru vA nghiong mot g6c 10'so vdi mdt phang ndm ngang. Di6u niy girip cho
Lr.rdng trdu thdi veo dudc ph6n bd ddLr trong khong gian ch6y cia bu6ng ddt vi tao
ra mot ludng xoaS ban ddu cho khi cha],.
Dltdng khi thrl cdp di vdo bu6ng ddt phu theo hai d.rdng bd tri tidp tuydn vriri
chLi vi hinh tru nhiim tao ra m6t ldc xody cing chidu vdi chidu xoiiy ban ddu cria
khi sd ca'p. Di6u niy e6 tdc dung tao ra m6t luc ly tem, t6ch rdi c6c phan trl 'chda
.hiy d6 tra ching lai ldp nhi6n li6u ve bdt ch6y tidp tuc. 16t quan trong hon,
chuydn d6rrg xoriy cdn c6 nhiem vu k6o dii thdi gian ltu tnl cia c6c phdn tir ch6y
..d ciia cdc chdt bay hdi trong ving ch6y, d{p qud trinh ch6y xdy ra tri6t ddhor.
c) liudng ddt (Hini 6.12):
Bao g6m hai phdn, budng ddt chinh vd bu6ng ddt phr.r.
Budng d6't chinh c6 cdu tao theo nguyan I1i crla kidu ch6y "ld ttrng" kh6ng ghi.
NguyGn t?ic chung cria kidu ch6y ndy Id budng ddt phei lu6n duy tri dudc m6t nhiOt
d6 cain thidt l,e rli cao dd nhi6n lieu c6 thd bit ch6y ngay khi ti€'p xric v6i ngon lfa
trong bu6ng ddt. Mnt ghi gia cnng duoc bd tri trong phdn nAy nhim gi'ip cho qu6
trinh rn6i cLii ban ddu duoc d0 ddng hon.
Bu6ng ddt phu c6 cdu tao hinh tru v6i c6c dudng gi6 thf ca'p c6 t6c dung tao
chtrydn d6ng xo6y cho khi chriy vd bd suog kh6ng khi eho qu6 rdnh ch:iy cac chdt
b;rv hoi.

lll-T
lt \
\\l rri

1. euAno dotchrnh hrh kh6r

2 Dud.! kni s6 caF va ltd tr:r

7. Buong dot chinh hlnh rru oen qual sry

8. Gl.. Lr )

C Virng chay hU cdp

Hinh 6.12: Cdu t.lo bu6ne ddt cna lb d.dt FRC

 (ric LoAr MAy sAy rrAr KhAa Il9
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;E Pi

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E i6 E 3
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!!
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 _--F

Chnohg 7

CHI PHf SAY

vA HtEu ouA KINH rE c(tl rvlAy sAy
Khi dlr r.inh lzip mot m:iy sd'y, cdc c6u h6i ky thuei li: aArg sudt bao nhi6u
m gid. tia,r $'n bao nhiAu lit dau, bao nhi6u kg chd't do't, chdt luong s6,v nhLr thd
n;o... Cac cr1,.r hoi kd tidp vi nrit *iz[ ta s6 ld: Chi phi sd'y dd c6 I kg sdn ph6m
irhc ia bao nhiJu tidn? Chi phi nhu thd thi drir.r td m6y siy c6 ldy lai vdn duoc
kirirnE ?

UhLJdng ndy trinh bdy c6c dn I6u cdn rhidt dd tinh chi phi sdy, ciic c6ng thdc
'rilrh, vi du minh hoa vd rip dung tinh chi phi sdy cho m6t sd trddng hop cu thd
ohin suy di6n y nqLla thdc id. Tn d6, xem x6t ddu td mdy sdy c6 thd dem iai loi
,rin ray kh6ng. IEi bao r.rhi6u, bao ldu mdi ldy lai vdn ddu tu...
Ghi chti:'lrcng cdc c6ng thfic tinh sau dey, thay vi goi tit cdc bi6-n sd vb
tb6ng sd. ta ding c6ch g9i tudng tu nhd cdc chLrdng tdnh pascal hay
QuickBasic da dirrrs. Bidn sd dddc vidt lida nhau, ndi blng chr: hoa (va ,a
n.ghibrre). \ i (1'r

'i-il \r\ nt: x =1 1

ra vidtr KlrcdngUudng = VdnTdc * TltdiGion

Ddn vi tinh dLJoc ghi trong ngoac vu6ng, vi dq tml, tm/sl, tkgl, td6agl....
.il -"ht'giri rgay sau cdc bidn sd, vi du:
Klt.odngD&)hg[m] = YQnTdc[m/s] * ThdiGian[s]
Loi didm crla cdch vi6i niy ld brt dudc m6t sd dinh nghr-a mac nhi6n.
D.al Cd hidu, cac con s6'minh hoa (dinh ddu >r) ldy tn d& IiCu cia mdy sdv
tinh SHC-d .-:reo thdi giii th6ng 6 , 1999. IUec dn da cd gdng don gi6n h6a c:ic tinh
roan, nguari doc crtng nen dirng bit :r., hoec mdy tiah bdm tay dd kidm chfng c6c
.6ng thdci ndLr chi doc iL.rdt se hdi kh6 hidu.
7"i, C- C TILiNiI rqAN CIII PHi SiY
Da drrn eizin tdi da, ta g6p cdc thdnh phdn chi phi sdy vdo 3 nh6m sau:
1r Nhi6n li6u vA cha't d6r.
zI uong rao d9ug.
J, Khd'u hao vd lii vay.
,, rr , r.nh chi pnr Ia d6ng/kg har k}ro.
 CIiI PHI sri'r 91

iil:' hiQu: CI1I_)(JO( = chi phi c0a th)nh phdn )O(X tinh rr6n 1 kg sdn phdm.
Vi du: CHI_KhduHoo = chi phi l.-ha'u hao,1{g hat k}r6
CHI_LonD6ng = chi phi lao d6ng/kg hat kh6.w.v...

7.2. CHI PHi NSI6N LIEU vi CH,{T DdT

7.2.1. Cac dil lieu cdn thi6t
t TltuiGicnSdl)I6i,tli tl \ =lh
Thdi gian sdy thay ddi tny dm dd ddu vd drr d6 ctr6'; cria hat. Thdi gian ? diil
ia ti6u bidu khi sdv lna tir 24 - 25q, xuang I I - 15% drn do ,. oi mp) sri1. SHG,B.
. Ndn€Sui$dy[hg /m?-/ = 56 k6 sin phdm kh6 thu ddoc trcdg 1 nre.
\,V.tng-Sr/dtsiiJf*g lmbl = 7 00A kg Oi du vdi mdv sa'v SIIG-8)
Su: ra:

I Nanesudtsdytts /t l = lta,esc,tsdytt c r*al / ii;c;SdyM;-i-i-ai i

\ = 7000 ks
= 1000 LC/h/Z h
Kd ti6p ld tiOu hao chit dd't lb, vd nhi6n ii6u c1d chay quat (ve cric bQ phin co
khi irhAc).
. Ti iuThuctfitDdt[hs th] >! - 50 kq trAu4r
, hoac lzlr ir-l ndu d6i deu).
. GidchdtDdt[C ihsj \ = 100 d&g rra'u
+ Nd.n E Lui ng DOngC dZ,i.t I hj i!. = 2,0 lit dieserh
. GiaNnnglildngki ILl )3. = 3400 d,'iit diesel
(haic ld I hWhl r'da d,ine d6ns co dia,nl

7.2.2. CA'Iq t}].ilc \ti Tinh todn

. ahr phr cher dot de sdv I kB hat kho:
CHI.ChdtDdt:
= TiauTh4ClLdtEdt lhl x GidchdtDd!td lhgl iN,inssu.dtsd,the /hl
(50 ks.&) * (100 d,&s) / (1000 ks,&)

5 .1.&g
92 cEr PHl siY

. Chi phi ning I'Jdng quat

CHI NdnELudngDohgco[d / hg]
=NangLWneD1nECd[Lq Ih] x GidNdngLxong[d IL] /NdnESudtsdrthg Ittl
:Ir = (2,0 L,t) 'k (3400 d,/L)(1000 ks,4!)
= 6,8 ivkc
(Ndu dr)ng dQng co dien, ddn vi kwh thay cho Lit)
7.3. CHI PHi CONG I,AO DONG
C6ng lao d6ng th(dng c6 2loai: tr6 theo thdi gian; ve tre theo kl6'i lddng
c6ng vi6c.

7.3,1. C6ng lao dQng theo thdi gian

Vi du c6ng tre cho tho van hdnh m6y vd d6't tb, th'jdng tra theo ca 8 gid (tinh
vdi 7 gii, thuc ldm vi6c):
i!. C6ngTh.eoTltoiGi.att. [dlcaj = 40 000 d]ca
Tn d6, tirh dddc c6ng m6i gid, vd c6ng tinh tr6n 1 kg lia sA'y.

C6ngT heoThdiGianM6iGid td / ltl = C6 ngT lrcoT hdiGianfd. l ca] I 7[tt]

:! = 40000[d/ca]/tlhl
= 57lO dl!-
vd

C6neTheoThatiGian[d I hg] = C6ngTheoTltdiGian[d lh] lNdnesudtSdythg lhl

! = 571 olcuhl/1oootkcal
= 5,7 d&g
7.3.2, C6ng lao dong theo kho6n kh6i ldqng
Vi du c6ng bdc x6p tii ghe ddn mdy sdy, vd v6 bao sau khi sdy. Thddng tinh
theo ddu tdn.
lq Cingl(hoitnKhdiLuons[d /tdn] = 8 000 d/rdn
hay C6nglthoanKhdiLrtong[d lhg] = 8 d,&g
7.3.3. Tdng c6ng lao along

i i!! -L!!t!|nsl.l hsl = ConsTheoThoiGionfd thB] a c,nsKhoan Ktt6iLttonetdJ4 l

)s = 5,7 dirg'+ I C^rC

= 13,7 dikg
 cff PHi siY 93

. Th\rc t6, vdi nhidu mey sdy da hoat dQng dn dinh, chri mdy rhtidng khodn
tdt cd moi viec (n6 m6v, chum Id, bdc xdp ..) cho mQt nh6m lao d6ng, r'd kiodn gon
theo dau idn.
E Vi du: khodn 15 000 d/tdn , tlc ld CHI LaoDQ;tE[d lhq] = 15 Akg
7.4. KILdU HAO
7.,1.1. Crc drl liCu cdn thi61
. t,a. io ILeJ da cc,
ThdiGianSdyMdiMA[h] b. =7h
NaneSudtSay[he lmZ] te =7 000kg
Ndnssu(itSdr[hs I h] )a =1000kg/h
. Cen bid|: Khdi Ltt4ltg hgt cd thd dttqc sdf trong 1 ndm. Mr]6'n vQy, cdn udc luong;
nang su6't s6'y m6i ngiy, vd sd ngdy sdy m5i nim
t Ndng sudt stil m6t ngay: Tiy thu6c vao sd gid hoat d,5ng m6i ngiy. Vdo mia vq,
mdy chqy hdt c6ng sua't, c6 thd tini vdi 20 gid/ngdy.
NdnesudtsdrM6iNsdy[kg] /h] + 2a [h lnsdv]
= NaDeSu.dtSdt[h.s

= 20 000 kg/ngay (= 20 tin/ng)y)

r So ,rgriJ sd.y m6i nam: M5i ndm sdy 40 ngry tn con sd trung binh- Thrrc t!, C
nhdng ndi ndng dan chua quen vdi tap quiin sdy, itic ddu chi dLrqc 20 - 30 ngay.
Nglgc lai, cdc chrl nhd m6y xay lia ch'i dQrg mua Lia vd sdy, m6i oem c6 lhd
sdl- 100 - 150 ngey. LLtu i m6i ngdy sdy phrii tdong l1ng vdi sd gid sdy 20h,/ngdy.
Vi du dAu vu t}lu hogch chrra nhi6u, m6i ngiry chi sdy 10h, thi 2 ngay sdy mdi kd
tlJong dddng 1 ngey.

Trong bii ney, >{ SdNgdySdyM6iNdm = 40 ngiy/nim

vayi
. Ludng lwt sdy dtu1c ltd,tug nd,m:
Ltongs drMA iN dm[he] = SdN gd.y S dyM6iNdm * N,ingS udtSdyMd iNgdyltgl
E = 40 ngay/nam
* 20 000 kg/ngdy
)s = 800 000 kglnam ( = 800tin)
Sd ngdy sdy, chinh x6c Id sd luong hat sdy m6i ndm, inh hr:ang rit ldn da:n
chi phi sdy, vi 6nh hu6ng ddn chi phi khdu hao, l6i vay...
. De trnh khdu hao, cdn bi6t tiing ddu tu cho mriy siy, vi tuiii tho cdc b0 phAn.
r Tdng ddr: ilt cho mdy s6'y gdm 3 phdn, vrii cong dung ho+c tudi thp kh6c nhau.
94 cHr pHi sAy

a) Phd.n sii1,: Li ddu trr ctro quat, lb, bu6ng sdy, khdng trnh (l6ng cd va nhd che.
Tudi tho crla phdn ndy thudng tinh Ia 5 nem, vdi c6c thidt bi don gi;in, tu cht!
trong nlt6c. Vdi cdc thidr bi nhap tii c6c hang n6'i ti6;g nudc ngodi, c6 thd tinh
trong khodng 7 - 15 nEm.
b) DOng co: \
m6i ndm chi sa'y m6t thdi gian ng6n, mi d6ng cd th) da dung (c6
thd k6o bdrn nudc, m6y dua)i t6m, m6:r' dap l6a ...), n6n tu6,i tho dong cd ddoc
tinh theo sd gid stl dung. Vi du: ,,rioi' dong co diesel la 6000 gid, dans co di6n ld
10000 grd. Dl nhiin. niJ dong (o chr dung.i,in* cho may sa.v thi rinh gdp
chung v6i nhau.
c) NlLd,che'Tr)y mI1c d6 ki6n cd vd ddu tr.r, ruiii tho crla nhi che mriy sdy c6 thd
kiri ngiin ngrii (3 nam, ndu ldp tli diJa ddn sd), hoic khd dei (? - i0 n;m, mdi
tdn, khung th6p...). Th6ng thlidng ddu tu sao cho tudi tho nhi che vl m6y sdy
bing nhau.
'1'6ngDd.uTt[ddng] = GiaPhdnSAy + GitiD| gcd + Gid,Nhd.Ctte
Vi du: is.
CioPtl;rsdr
C d.Phtin Sd.
i - 30 000 000 d Tudif hoPlinsdr [Ld.m] = s I'dtn
:-
GidDOngCd
I

= 6 000 000 d Tudi?hoa6ngcd[tt] = 6000 gid

Gid.Nhache = 7000000d
I
Tu1'iThoNhache [n,iml =S fiti
VAv:
Tdng0duTtt[d;ng] =30000 000d+6000 000 I +7000000d
= 43 000 000 cl

7.4.2" C6lrg thitc,ti Tinh to6n Khdu hao

Khi.uHqoPhiinSdtM6iNant = Gitlphdnsdytd.l I Tudifh.oMdytodrrl

30 000 000 d7 5 n6m = 6 000 000 .l

9!!:U!41!n!t!jtt8!l = Klyt.uHu9phdnS dyMeNant / Luqng S 6iyM 6 iN,imt hsl
6 000 000 d/800 000 kg = 7,5 d/kg
5!l!!4!9 D O!89!!418y!___:SpDa n sc otdl I T ud i? ho D6

= 6 000 000 d / 6000 h = 1000 d,tr

e H!:!(1ry!tHo:P9n E9r !!!! Hoo D-a nelltd ti o I Nd n ssu6 t stt'ths / h I

= (1000 d.&y (1000 kc,tr)
= I d/ks
 CTII PHi SiY 95

CHI -KhtiuHaaNltd.Che

= (ciaN naCn"Ml I r udiTtto N hd.Che[nd.nL] ) / LudnssdyM\iN dmtkpt

(z otro oools)zsoo ooo
1,8 tl&g
vAy:

CHI-KhduIIao
=CHI KlnukaoPhdnSdl + CHI Khd.uHaoD6tgCo + CHi KhduHaoNhaCtr,e
)!! = 7,5 d,/kg + 1 d/'kg + 1,8 d&g

= 10,3 d,,hg
Ght cltn.l$i tinh kha'u hao, coi nhLr hdt ddi mdy thi c[ng khdng c6 gie tri
pha ii6u C:ich nhin nhAn nil. vira ddn gidn h6a tinh to6n. vila dU phdng phAn
nio
cho lam phdr dijng ri6n

7.4.3. Khdu hao, sr?a chta vi linh tinh

Quat, ld ddt, d6ng cd, nha che, tit ce qua si dung <idu bi hao mbn phei bdo tri
hoec sia chia. Chi phi srta chna thidt bi hang nam thudng qui blng ti 16 ph:in
trAm cria tri gid ddu tu (4 - 10Vo) tny chdt l(ong ban ddL:. Di6u ni5z trrong duong vci
m6t tli 16 cria thanh phdn khiu hao. M vAy, v,1i cric thidt bi ki6ng phu,c tap nhu
tn:iy sa_v, thddng ta tdng chi phi khau hao khoring 30.ro d6'tinil lu6n;hen sta
chira.
M6t sd chi phi khdc cnng g6p phdn vio chi phi sd.y tuy kh6ng ldn, vi du nhu:
gi:i tri srl dr]ng ddt mdt bhng ld sdy, phi qu6n lf, thud Tinh lu6n cric
chi phi linh
iinh nay bhng c6ch t6ng khelu hao rh6m khoang 2OEa rrna.
T6m rdt, tinh chi phi Khe'u hao ,.,ri Sri,a ch&a ud Linh tinh bing cdch nhdn chi
phi kldu hao vdi bO s6' 1,5 .

CHI KhduHoo&SlaCluta&Linh.Tinh = 1,5 * CHt KhduHoa

)E
= 1,5 x 10,3 d,{rg

= 15,4 d,\.e
?.5 L-A.I VAY
D6ng ti6n lu6n c6 gie td sinh Iai. Kh6ng c6 ti6n ddu td m6y siy
thi phtii di
va','ve trd lei theo thdi gian. Ndu c6 sdn ti6n thi ddng ti6n d6 c6 thd gui
ngan
hdng l6'y lai ndu kh6ng ddu td m6y sdy. \A thd, m6t thdnh pher
cria chi phi sdy li
giri tri sinh loi c(a v6'n ddu trr.
 -

96 .irr Prii s,iY

N6ng dan thudng tinh tar sudt theo thring. Vi l,EalLh,ttg = |2q./ntI]\
lkhdr1g tinit k6p).
Er Laisudtvaiqo I ndtn| = |2Vo/nitm
C6ng thfc vi Tinh torin:
LaiVayVdnM6iNdn = 0,5 + TdneDAuTLt " ( LdisudtvaltV" I naryl/|O} )
'& = 0.5 1' 45 000 000 d * ( 12 l'100 )
- 2 580 000 .t
Gh) clLi: Ha s6 0,5 dp trnh dan mLtc trlrne brnh: nAm d6u tra ldi nhi;u nhdt.
r.am cudj cia ddi miiy tre it nha't.

CHI -LdiVay = LaiVaj'VdnM6iNan I LtonsS(iyM6iNam[hg]

= 2 580 000 d/800 000 ks

= 3,2 kc
7.6. B.{NG TdNG HOP CHI PHi SAY
Cdc tinh torin tr6n dLioc t6m tit d Beng 7.1 vd thd hian d Hinh ?.1.
Cec tinh iodn luong tu vdi m6y sa'y SHC-4 crlng alLldc 1i6t k6 dd so sdnh.
Ed.ng 7.1.. Cic thirnh phAn chi phi sdy (mdy sa'), SHG-8 vn SHG-,l)
StIG.8 sltG-4
ThiEh phdn chi phi sai
aldnsikr ddna/kq
Chi ph, cd dinh CHI Khdu II@&S tachnd&LinltTitlh 15.4 18,3
AItl Lai Va, 3,2 3,9
Cons: r8,6
CHI Chdt Ddt 5,0 5,0
CHI NdtELtllJngD'ngco 6.8 8.8
CHt L@Eons lJ,? 19,4
C0ng: 25,5
76NG coNc 41,1 55,1
6lir cliri Drl ligu chD mAy SIIG-4: Tdng dAu tu = 26 trien, trong d6 d6ng co = 5 hieu,
nha che = 3,5 triCu; Ti6u thu r,3 lil, diesel,/r,, va 25 kg triu/h.
Cd thd nhAn x6t v6i trrjdng hdp mdy sa'y SHG-8 vn SHG-4:
. Trong cde thinh ph,An chi phi ch0 ydu (khdu hao, Iao d6npJ, chdt ddt, nhi6n li6u)
thi lao d6ng chiC'm tj' 16 ldn (ddt nhdr vdi SHG,.4).
. Lai vay cirg chiSm mQt ii lC nha't dinh; vi vay cdn c6 chinh sdch cho r.ay vtli
iai sudt thip dd ginp gi6m ehi phi sdy.
Viec nghien edu hod.c s& dung cilng cAn chri ;i dd gi6m chi phi cda 3 thdnh
phdn cdn Iai (nhi6n liQu, chit ddt, va khd'u hao).
 CHI PHI S,{Y 97

MAY siY sHG.8

Hinh 7.1: Cttc thdnh phd.n chi phi sdy (mdy stiy SHG'8)
z.z. AP DqNG TiNll cHI PHi sAY
Sau ddy td tinh torin chi phi sdy cho mQt s6 trddng hqp ti6u bidu. Liy cric con
sd nhu vi du tr6n (tirrdng hgp I = mriy sdy SHG-4), chi thay d6'i mdt vii chi ti6u:
Bdng 7.2:
II III IV
M:iy sa'r c6 ring M.iy se'y tinh c6 Miy sa'y tinh SHG-2C6
sudt tridng dhldng Ddng suai fiidrg n{ng suit - 1/2 SHG-.I,
TrddDg hop: SHG'4, thuoc loai dddrg SEG-4i d6't nhdrg ddr, td kh6ng
giim hrdrg dddng
ddu td = 100 trieu *+*)
(xem Ghi chi
& SC& LT
Kh,iu Hoo 58,8 17,5 ?0.6
Ldi va! 1,2,9 3,8 4.5
Nd sLxqne DanECa l'J,7 8,8 9,!
Chdt Ddt 4,3 47,8 5,2
15.i1 19,4 30.9
CONG (d,&e) t03,5 97,3 70.9
* M4t bary: 40 m'? ;
* Tiou thg dau hoi Phan siy:10,5 tricu.
Nha che cao hdn, siri 7 Linh, D0ng cd: 3.5 ideu, tieu
kn6rg do'i gie = 3400 d/Lit thu 0,7 I-lh.
* Cc gi6i h6a m6t phdn * Dau td ld dau re hdn Nhn che: 1,0 trieu
khcens 1 triCu so vdi II4t bin& 56 m2
+ Nhi6u dons cd hdn ld do't tra'u. Ddr 13 kg trr'uh.
Sdy 200 E;/ndm.
98 oHr Prri sAy

NhAn x6t: (So v6i trrJdng hop I mAy SHC-4, chi phi sa'y = 55,4 d,4{C)
Trtdng hap 11: Chr phi sdy tdng nhi6Lr (gdp d6i) r.i Cau tu ban cli.r, qua cao,
dnh hr;dng ddn khdu hao va lai val.
'1'rttitnq lwp III:
chit ddt gdc daLr h6a lanl tang chi phi sdy gdn gd'p ddi.
Dnng
Truong ltp IV: Qui m6 nh6 (= 1/2 ttudng hop I cria SHG-4, vd = 1/4 cia SHG
8i ldm tang hau hdt thenh phan chi phi sd'y, tdng m6i th,J m6t it. Tdng nhidu ld
chi phi lao dong vi crlng cdn 1 tho v6n hdnh mdy di m6y ldn hay nh6. COng tit cri
lai. chi phi sa'y fing nhidu.

80:
7A/
50/
5a /'

i zat'.,
i 10
0
2 ran/me alan/m6 8 tAn/mg
(sBG-2) (sHG,4) (SHG-8)

Hinll 7.2. Cln th..;r qui m,) ni s4 cine lon, thi clti phi sdy
c a mai hg h.tt hhd cdng thdp.
Chi phi sdy v6i SHG-8 thip hon khodrg 2oqa so y6i SHc-4, ve thdp hdn
khodnq 609a so vdi SHG - 2, vi hi6u quri cria "srin xu{t 10n". Dr nhi6n, phdi c6 dri
iJdrlg hat iap trung sdy rldng thdi.
\/di mriy sdy tinh vi ngang, c6 16 nang su6:t m6 kh6ng n6n qud 10 t6'n, vi qudn
ij' lao d6ng se khri cdng k6nh.
7,s. DAU TU I{INH DoANH MAY sliy vA urdr craN H0AN voN
7.8.1, Ddu trl kinh doauh miv sdv
Muc dich ddu td mdl, sdv cria ngudi n6ng dan trudc hdt 1e sd-y "l6a nhd", gi6m
hao hut sau thu hoach. Vi6c nAy chi l/2 - 2 r'gdy lA xong, vdi cd mey se'y 4 tdnim6
vd 1 - 3 hecta. Vi thd, muc dich kh6c Lh6ng k6m quar.r trong li s{y gia c6ng }6a cria
nsudi khdc dd kidm ldi, dd mau thu hdi vdn dau ru.
VAy lim thd ndo dd d6nh gie "du 6n" ddu tu mey s6'y vd mdt kinh doanh?
Phdn saLr dAy s6 trinh bdy 2 phudng ph6p: "thdi gian hoin vdn", vd "suat n6i
hoin'. Cec tinh todn minh hoa dua tr6n sd 1i6u crla m6y sdy SHG-8 d cdc muc
tr.ldc i

X{6i nnm sA'y 80 td'n = 800 000kg

 .TII PHi SiY

DiiuTt = 1'3 Liau a

TdngCltiM6iNd.m = 35,28 tri6u rl (44,1 d,4<g * 800 000 ke)

TdngTluitSiNam = 64,0 tri0u d (5i100 * 800 000k9'! 1600 d/ ke lda)
rL;ia sU thir c.ng
"aJ binl 5'; 8ia tri lda sdj,
?,8.2. Thdi gian hoin v6'D

C6ng lhic tinh:

T ltdiGict n HcarVdt{naml =
?d ngThuM6iNd.m - TdngCh.iM6iN,i n
43,0
64,0 - 35,28
= 1,5 ndm

Nhd vAy, 6 vi du niy, sau khodng 1,5 nem (tfc li s6'v duoc 60 ngiy), ngdo"i
chir thu h6i duoc sd v6n d{ bd ra ddu tu vdo mdy s6'y. Trong bdi cdn}r kinh doaah
hiQn aay, thdi gian nay d6 drroc ch{p nhdn. Th6ng thddng, vdi crlc "drr rin" nh6,
ntsJdl ta coi ld k}ld bdt trdc ndu thdi gian hodn vdrl vdot qu6 4 - 5 ndm.

7.9. SUAT NOI HoAN {SUAT LOI NHUAN NOI TAI)

Cdc nhd kinh t6 ';i,nrng chc ld "thdi gian hodn v6'n" chi cho bi6l tdc d6 i,hu
h6i vdn mA thdi, ch6 chda n6i dugc mfc hdp dAn c,ia du dn. Chi tiou ney kl6ng
lien hA dlrdc vdi tudi tho thiol bi. Ndu tinh ddgc thdi giarr hoen v6'n ld 3 nem, mi
m61'ciri tho 2 nam? l{oac ngt/cc lai, ddi m:ly l} 5 nerr. thi ldi 16 thd ndo sar.r k}ri
hoan Yin?
m vay, rnOt chi tier d6uh gja ]d suit ndi hoeo (tidng Anhi lnrernal Rate of
Re;urn, vidt tdt IRR).
Sau khi x6c dinh IRR, ngd;i ta so senh vdi mot mfc iai sua't r6i thi6'u
dr-toe
me ta mong mu6n dat dr.loc khi dau tu. Di nhion, md'c niy ph:ii cao horr nhidu so
v6i lai sudt hi6n hi.h d ngen hing.
Sudt noi hodn IRR lii chi ti6u phii bidn nhdt dd phan tich kinh t6 r'A drlnh gi6
mot Du dn dau tu. (xem phu luc 7.13.2)
7.10. CHI PHi SdY vA DO TIN cAY CTA MAY SiY
Chi phi sdy thdc su g6m 2 thdnh phdn:
C'r,,.=Cr+C:
trong dd: C1 = chi phi sdy, tinh nhd 6 cdc muc tren.
C, = chi phi tinh ddn d6 tin cay crla mriy m6c. D6y ld m6t chi phi
"vd hinh"
 F
100 crrr Pui s.rl

Ndu m6:, hoat d6ig tdt, C,: = 0

1'n dng hdp cLrc doan nguoc lai, neu mriy hri hdng d6t xuit me kh6ng saa chia
hrp, cnng ki6ng kip xii 11' crich khdc d6 ci'u d6ng lia dang d trong budng sdy, thi C,
= gid tn cua kg hat dang sdy, nghia 1A mot chi phi s6y quri ldn !
Thuc !6 kh6ng de'.n n6i hLr hai tdt ce, nhlmg \i du tr6n cho thdy tdm quan
troog cLia moi mey sav c6 d6 tin cAy cao, y6u cdu hon hdn cAc may moc nong
nghigp khric- Mey cdy hay mriy nghi6n bdp truc trlc thi slJa chila trong vdi ngdy
cang ii anh hrrdng ddn chd-t luong slin phdm. Ngudc iai, hat nim trong m6y sd'y
kh6ng th6 chd qu, mot ngay !
D6 iin cey cua mdy seiy tiy thu6c cac ydu td sau:
. Chd tao chinh x6c, chdt lddng cao.
. Nd-u chd taochinh xac ("tho vudn"l thi m6y phai don gidn. cing it truc quay
it
ceng t6t. !'d Ij thuyai, n6u d0 tin cey cria 1 truc quay Ii 0,9 (nghia ld 107" xdc
suat hd hong), thi mdy c6 n trqc quay c6 dO tin cay le 0,9n. Vi du: n = 10 truc,
dO trn cay chi cdn 0,35. Nghia ld xdc sua't h6ng m6y lit 65Vo, n6m na la chay
m6y 3 ngdy thi 2 ngey gap truc trac.
. Ngudi sri dung ph.ii thdnh thao d€! trdnh sai lAm gd1,h6ng h<ic.

. Ndu mey htr hdng. phAi c6 ngddi sl?a chila ngay, vd dr-r phu tr)ng sria chaa thay
rhd.
D6 tin cay \.di eric ydu t6 tr6n ld m6t li do giii thich tinh trang cdc mriy sdy
ngoai nh{p kh6ng dLJdc sll dung tdt d nLr6c ta trong thdi gian qua.
7.1T. VONG LAN QUAN CUA CHI PHI SAT
C6ng th(c chung tinh khdu hao td:

CltiPltiKltdullo.o = GioJI(irl TlloicianStlDunE

'Ndu chi phi sd'y khr sti dung ddu ti6n vdi lrdc tinh thdi gian si dung 1) T1 (vi
du 60 ngdy/ nam) - li chip nhdn dL-Idc, thi ngudi ta sE thuc su sLI dung vdi thdi gian
T biing honc ldn hon T1. Khi T > T1, kiau hao gidm, chi phi sdy tidp tuc giim,
khuvdn khich viac k6o dei thdi gian s& dung mdy, cho d6n khi bi c6c ya'u t6 khac
han ch6. Nhrr viy, m6y sdy duoc si dung t6i da vd e6 hi6u qud irong sin xudt.
'Ndx ngudc lai, vdi thdi giaD u6c tinh si dung lir T1 me chi phi sdy d6 qud
cao, kh6ng chdp nh{n dLloc. thi ngudi ta sa b6t st dqng mdy ("kgt tdm mda bao
m6i xdi"). Khi T < T1, chi phi khiu hao tdng, cdng dA'y chi phi sdy 16n cao hon. Lai
ceng it ding hon. Ci'th6 cudi cing Ii mdy sdy x6p x6 hay trd thinh d6'ng phd [eu.
7.12. CHI PHi "KIIONG SAY"
Chi phi sdy tdi da chdp nh{n dudc le bao nhi6u? C6 thd trri 1di bing cdch h6i
ngdoc lai: ndu khdng sdy thi tdn bao nhi6u? C6c di6u tra nghiOn ci'u vd didm ndy
 cHI Ptii G'iY i01

cdn le te vd thidu s6t, nhLhg van hinh dung dudc c6c thenh
phan sau cia "chi phi
kh6ng sa]' :
a) Khdng sdy thi to'n ciri Llii phsi, bao gdm:
- XAy dLtng vi hhdu hao sdn Phoi,
- CiSng iao dQng ciio deo Ya xem chr:rng I6a phoi,

- IIao hL,t sd l,:qng trong khi phdi do ge vit eni do xe cO turg vdng ndu phoi
tren 16,
- Hao hui chit ldong do lAn cdt san, hodc san phdi qud n6ng lam gay hat'
- Hao hut do hu hong sd ludng va chdt ldong ndu trdi mua lien tuc, hAt kh6ng
k}l6 dLlgc.
b) Hao hut gien tiop v6 met xe hoi. Phdi l6a tr6n dudng 16 ldm cin trd giao
th6ng, ga-"v tai nan... d6,r ld hing chi thi cia xd hoi' d Philippines da c6
vai nghiAn cr?u dinh lrrong vd c6c phi tdr, niv.
c) Hao t6n vd tinh binh dang" lli6n tai, phan ldn vi63 phoi l6a id viec cira
phq nn va t!:e con. Co gidi h6a klau sdy g6p phdn giai ph6ng sfc lao d6ng
crja cdc gidi nAY.

C6 le d cdp vi m6 mdi x6t hdt c6c ydu td tr6n cia "chi phi kI6ng sdv" Ngudi
nOng dan hi6n tai quan tan hdn ddn nhnng didm trrrdc mdt. Ndu phoi tdn 30 d'&g,
sdy tdn 80 d4rg, vd ndu hao hut ki6ng qun 50 &kg do mua bao. thi kh6i suv nghi
ddn chuyQn sdy. VCr chri nha mdy xay xdt, phdi t6'n 30 d,&g, sdv tdn 80 d'hg, md
chdt lLtong xay xet lia sdy kh6ng tdng t6n hon 50 d tg ihi cnng kl6ng dau td m6y
sdy. Vdi ngddi sdy gia c6ng, n6.u n6ng ddn bing ldng trd c6ng s6'v 80 d'lkg, mi chi
phi sdy ld ?9 d,&g thi drrt kho6t kh6ng t6p dit mdv sdv.
Nhd vay, vdi m6i ddi tdgng s& dsng, dd hinh thinh (dn kh64g thd giai trinh
rd) mot mfc chi phi sdy t6i da c6 thd chd'p nhAn ddoc. X6t tinh hinh srl dung m6v
sdy o S6c Trlng vi mqt sd tinh kh6c, n6ng den chiu tra 5 - 69o gi6 tri lia cho khtiu
sdy. Con sd ney 6t c6 li' do thUc t6, c6 thd n6i le tong hgp cr.ia "chi phi kh6ng
sdy". C6 Ie dey le con sd hrrdng ddn md trong c6ng t6c khuydn n6ng, ta cAn ph6i
bio d6m dd c6 thd dua mdy sty tham nh4p vio san xuet.
7.13. PtlAN DQC THEM Cht?dns 6: TiNH SUAT N6I HOAN IRR
7.13.1. Lei sudt
Ldi sudt li giri tri d6ng li6n theo cdc thdi didrn khric nhau. N6i lai sudt
i = 59;. nghr-a la 100d hiQn tAi tudng duong vdi 105d saLl 1 ndm, hoec 110.2d sau 2
nem. Ngugc tai, 1o0d me sau 1 ndm m6i nhan duqc chi tddng dudng vdi 95,2d gi6
tri hien tai. Tinh theo c6ng thfc:
102 cH1 PHi siY

P= F.
i
F*kn vrli kp
L
(l + i/100):i (1+ i/100)N

va: P = gid tri hion rai. d6ng.

F = gi6 tri hong tdong lai, rldng (sau N nim).
N = sd ndm tinh lai sudt (cu6'i ndm thf N)
i = lai sudt, Tolnem.
Dd thuAn tien, Bdnq 7.3 tinh s6n tri sd eria hp fng vdi cdc t sd cia i vA N.
BaitLE 7.3: HQ sd kp vio cudi ndrn
N=2 3 4 6
0.33 4 o,962 0.925 q,qqe 0_855 0,8?2 0,790
0,42 5 0,952 0,90? 0.864 0,823 9,784 0,746
q,?9 6 0.943 0.s90 0,840 0,7s? 0,747 9,?q5
0,58 7 0,935 0,873 0.816 0,163 0.?13 0.666
0,9? 8 q,e?6 0,85? 0, r'94 0.735 0,681 0,630
0,75 9 0.917 0,842 0.772 0.708 0.650 0,596
0.83 10 0,909 0.326 0,751 0,683 0.621 0,564
o.92 11 q,s01 0,812 0.731 0,659 0.593 0,535
1,gg 12 0,893 9.7e1 0,712 0,63q 0,567 0,507
1,qq 13 0,88q q,7q3 0,693 0,q1q 0:543 11,480
1,17 l4 0,87',t 0.769 0,6?5 o,592 0.519 0.456
1,25 15 q,870 o,756 0,658 0,572 o,497 0.432
i,33 16 0,862 o,743 0,641 0,552 0,476 0.410
1.42 17 0.855 0,731 o,624 q,534 0,456 0,390
1,50 18 0,847 0,718 0,609 0,516 o,431 0,q70
1,58 19 0,840 0,706 0,593 u,499 0,419 9,152
1.67 20 0.833 0 694 0.579 I 0,482 0.402 0,335
2,0iJ 25 0,800 0,6.10 0,51: I
0,410 q.128 0,262
?,59 30 0,769 0,592 0,455 I 0.350 0.269 9,?07
?,?? .3! o,711 0.549 0,406 0,301 o,223 0,165
40 0,71.1 0.510 0,364 o.260 0,186 0,133
^.. .15 0.690 0,476 0,328 0,226 0.156 0.108
4.77 50 0,667 0,444 0,296 0.198 0.132 0 088
5,00
5,83
60
70
0.625
0,5E3
0,391
0,346
o.iai
0,204
l|
0,
0,120
!q3 0,095
0.070
0,060
q,941
6,67 80 0.556 0,309 0.1?1 0.095 0,053 0.029
Vi du: VOi lai suit l7./rhring l7zVa/^errl), u6c lLrdng thfa ddt hiQn stl hnu sau
m6t ndm c6 thd brn dudc 100 tri6u ddng. Thuc srt, sd tiAn d6 tudng fng vdi gi6 tri
hi6n tai ld: P = F * kt= 100triQu * 0,893 = 89,3tri6u
Bring tr6n cing dr)ng dwc dd chuydn tn gid tri hi6n tai sang gi6 td tuong lai.
Vi du: HiAr, c6 1 tri6u, cho ngan heng vay vdi lai suit 157./nam. Sau S ndm.
nit ra tlddci
 CHI PHi SiY 103

F = PihF = 1 tri6u,/ 0,497 = 2,01 tri6u.

Mdt phhp tinh hhd.c cnng thudng hay gdp: IJdc tinh m6i nam thu dugc A d, va
lap l4i (k6o dai) trong N nem. Gi6 tri hien t4i cia tdng thu qua N nam Ia:
(1+ i/100)N -1 ,
P= AXt
(i/ 10C) * (1+ i/100)N
,.N
Ir* ' I -r
t 100 ,
vio cudi ndm thll N
Bdng 7.4:HQ sdks=
I l- l'. lr *11
i100.) | 1oo J

-l 2 4
0.33 4 0.962 1,886 2.775 3.630 4,452 5,212
0,42 5 0.952 1,859 2,72:1 3.546 5,0?6
0.!g 6 0.943 1,833 2.673 3.465 -_-4?8 9l',?
!.58 0.935 1,803 2.6?! 3r38? 4,100 4,767
0,6i q 0.926 1,763 2:i17 .3,q]? 4,623
qJ5 9 0,917 1,759 2,531 3,21! 3.890 4.486
0.83 10 0,909 1.?36 2.487 3.170 3,791 4.355
0.92 11 0,901 1,713 2,444 3,102 3,696 ..!:231
1,qa 12 0.893 1,690 2,402 3.03? 3,605 4-!\!
1,08 13 0,885 2,381 2,914 3,998
1,17 14 a,871 1.647 2,911 3,889
15 0.8?0 1.626 2,243 ?,e'q. 3,352 3.784
16 0,862 1.605 2.246 2,198 3.274 3,685
1.4i r7 0.855 1,585 2,210 3.199 3,589
1,50 18 0,84? 1,566 2.17 4 2,690 3,127 3,498
1,58 19 0,840 1.547 2,140 2,639 3.058 3.410
1.6i 20 0.833 1.528 2.106 2.589 2,991 3,326
2.08 25 0.800 1,440 2,362 2,689 2,951
2,50 30 0.769 1.361 1,816 2,166 2,436 2,643
0,7 41 1.289 ..l,qq6 1.997 2.220 2,385
3,33 40 0,'114 1,589 1.84e 2.035 2,168
3.75 45 0,690 1,165 ,l4eq 1.720 1,416 1,983
4,17 50 0,667 1.111 1,407 1,605 1,737 1,824
5,00 60 0.625 1,016 7,260 1.412 r.508 L,567
5.83 70 0.588 0.934 1,138 1,258 1,328 1,369
6.6',7 80 0.556 0.864 1,036 1,131 1.184 1,213

Vi dq t6c tinh kinh doanh m6i nem ldi 10 triQu. CB m6i ndm ldy loi niuAn
ndy cho ngan heng vay. Vdi lai sodL l,qnl^etn, sau 3 nam, sd ti6n rit ra chi tddng
ddong vdi giri tri hi6n tai le: P = A + kA = 10 tdAu x 2,283 = 22,8fIi'u.
 IF

104 (xlr pHi s,{y

7.13.2. Sudt n0i hoan

t= sudt loi nhuan n6i rai; tidng Anh: Internal Rate of Return, vi61 tdt IRR)
Einlt ngllta: IRii la mfc lai sudt ma trong m6t thdi gian du kidn nha:t dinh
ta,ng thu bnng tirlg chi. Vi6t dang c6ng thfc (Thu va Chi;6u qui vd gi6
tri hi6n
ta i):

tThu-tChi =0
Bd xdc dinh IRR, cdn thay thd tht? sd nhidu ldn mdi ra kdt quri (cd thd ]dm
nhar,h hon v6i beng tinh tr6n mey vi tinh).
Vi du: Yii mdy siy tinh SHG,S
CltiDd.uTu = 43 tri6u d; Tudi tho crla thidt bi 5 nam.
=
TdngcltiM6iNdm = 35,28 trieu d (= chi phi sa'y 44,1 d&g * 800 000 kg/nem)
TdngThuhISiNdm = 64,0 rrieu d (= thu 5Zo cia 800 000kg Lia s6.y * 1600 d.r kg)

- ?huLali M6iNdnt 28,72 tti6u (= 64,0 - 35,28 )

" Thii lAn 1 v6i inn = 107o :

tThuLo.i = 28,72 x 3,791= 108,87 triAu Gra Ber1e 7.4 vdi i = 10, N = 5) .

LChiDduTu = 43,0 tri6u .

,l'ltuLii - r.ClLiDd.uTu = 108,87 - 43.0 = 6b.87 rriOu >> O .
Vay phai ih& vdi i ldn hon.
. Th& Idn 2 vrli IRR = 707a :

LTtLuLai - Lchibaurt - eB,I2 x 1,g28) - 43,0 = - 4,86 < O

Vay ph6i thu vdi ipp trong kho6ng tOVa \d i OVo, nhrrng gdn phia 7 OEa hor\.
. Thrl 16n 3 vdi ian = 607o:
ZTltuld.i - LCltiDd.uTu = 129,72 x 1,808) - 49,0 = 0,31 >0=0
1'riy IRR = 609/0 (Ndu rin}l todn blng c6ng thfc: IRR 60,4qo)
=
Y ngi-,,a, 1.16, phaii vay ngdn hang 43 tri6u dd d{u i,rr mriy sd'y, v6i ldi su6lt
60%hdm, thl sau 5 ndm kinh doanh, \,a tre no ngen hing, ngudi chrl coi nhrr hu6,
ki6ng 16 kl6ng ldi. Ndu vay vdi lai sua'r thdp hdn 602./nam, thi ddu tr_r m6y sdy
v6n c6 ldi.
Chtdng 8

KHUYEN NONG VA PHAT TRIEN

MAY SAY O VIET NAM
(IVINH HQA TAI DbNG BANG SONG COU LONG)

8.1. DATviN Di
Trong sin xudt n6ng nghi6p, vi6c cd gi6i h6a dd thay thd ddn srlc lao tlQng
chan tay cia con ogudi li didu tdt yO'u, sdm mu6n gi c0ng phdi ddn. Vi dq d Ddng
bhng Sang Cirr.r Long (DBSCL) nem 1997, ti lC ldm ddt blng mriy ci;:hidm hon
80-ea, dip l6a biing mdy hAu nhr-r 10070; trudc day 50 nem, hai khau ndy hoan toan
td thi
c6ng. Nhrhg sJ dung mriy sdy iua ddn 199? chi mdi kloang 97a (B[1g t.1 y5
8.1). Vl sao co gidi h6a kh6u sd-y chQm tr6 hon cac khiru khac ? Vrii cdc loi ich kinh
td cua s,A'y blog m6y, Iem thd nao dd nha$ ch6ng ph6t tridn n.l.y "t'y ? C6 phrii
chi Ii vdn dC ky thuat ? Ha5r cin y6'u td nio kh6c 6nh hudng ? Vi6n cenh phAt
tridn m6y sdy 3 ViQt Nam trong 10 nem tdi nhu thd nAo ?
Ching ta c6 thd phAn ndo gi6i t15p c6c vdn d6 tr6n qua nghiOn cLiu trddng
hdp a DBSCL, ti al6 r(t ra m6t sd kini nghi6m 6p dung cho cdc ving khdc.
B.ing 8. 1: Sd lddng mriy sdy 3 DBSCL, 1997

Tinh
56' hidrs miiy tJac trrgng Si; lnOng may sdy
cdn c6 kui cd 4 tdnlmi)
S6c Trang 550 35 , .t0 1400
Kicn Giang 360 75-20 1800
Cdn Tho 8,10 2400
An Giang = 100 3-4 2400
Ciic tinh khdc = 250 1-3 7000
rdne s& - l50O =g 15Un

8.2. euA TRiNH pIIr{T TRriN u.,{y siy d orscr

Ti xda, EBSCL chi tr6ng m6t vu lia thu hoaih trong mia ndng. Chi ddn
kloring 19?0, cr)ng vdi cu6c "c6ch mang xanh" trAn thd gidi dda c6c gidng lia ng6n
ngey neng sua't cao 5p dung vdo s6n xudt, d DBSCL mdi bdt ddu th6m m6t vu lia
thl1 hai thu hoach trong mia mua (vu hd - thu). Sin lddng lia hd - rhu cAng t5ng,
cbLng thdy 16 su hao hut sau thu hoqch, vii nhu cdu v6 srl dung m6y sdy dd sdy hat
ngdy ceng tang. Md ti qu6 trinh phdt tidn m6y sdy sau dAy dr/a t.6n quan sdt cia
ngLldi vi6t khi nghi6n cfu vd m5y sdy, c6c bdo c6o cia cAc tinh trong ving, vd 2
cu6c di6u tra vd m6y sdy crla tinh Cdn Thd vd S6c Trdrg ndm 1997. C6 thd tam
ehia thdnh 4 thdi kj nhd sau:
 F
I
l

106 riJlniri NoNG vA i,ilir rRIiN MAr s-iy d \4Lr NAM

Hinh 8.2: "Mt|1 sdy Phti ?]6.n", 1992

Kd Snc/I, 1983
8.2.i. Tr: 1982 ddrr 1986
M6u m6y s{r-vi ngsng Cdu tiAn dudc l6p ddt tai huyCn I(d Sdch (S6c Trdng)
n[.n 1983 (Hinh 8.1). Suu d5, khoing t0 mdy (neng sudt 2, A,4,6, 8 tdn/m6) aludc
16p ddi tai 6 Tinh khdc trong ving veo thdi ki ndy. C6c m6y ney dudc thi6't kd
drra rheo kinh nghiarc nttdc ngcai, nghla la, 16p lna dAy 45 - iO ern, y6i dm do ddu
ln 22 - 24%. ThL': td, Iia hb - thu k}Ii thu hoach c6 dm d6 cao hon nhido,26 - 347o.
lid.t qud ld dm d6 sau sa'y kh6ng ddng C6u, c6 thd ch6nh t6dn 4 - I7o ndu chi d6o
trQn m6t tdn. Ngodi ra }i d6't trdu dnng giri ngang kid phdc tap trong chei tao va
v{n hinh. Dii c6 k}ruy6t didm, cdc m6y nay da fi, gidi thi6u dddc cho n6ng dan
rhng "c6 thd sdy bing mdy". Thuc su, ciic kh6ch hdng (6 DBSCL ciing nhu midn
D6ng Nam BO) tirn d6D vdi nhe nghian cfulsen xudt sau khi bi hao hut qu6 n6ng
nd, khoring 20 - 60% vu thu hoach.
a.2.2. Tn 1986 ddn 1991 " 92
r\6ng dAn vd thd cd khi 6 cdc huy6n Kd Sdch vd Mi T6 (S6c Treng) b{t dau
chd tao theo rniu vd cei tidn ddn ddn. Xe Ph[ Tam (M, Td) de di ddu phong trdo
lb s;i'v gia c6ng, vdi khoeng 30 md;, siy vio nnm 1991, gi6i quydt hoan toan cho
2400 hecta lia ha - thu ctia xii.. Vio thdi didm ndy, udc tinh todn DBSCL c6 kho6ng
150 - 200 mdy s{y. Cdng sdc d6Dg g6p cna nhiing n$rdi tho cd k}i niy rdt d6ne
tran Lrong, tuong ).ihg vdi t6n goi ld "mdy s6'y Phd Tam" ho6c .m6y sdy S6c
Trnng . Ctic didm thay ddi, cAi r.idn bao gdm:
. ci;nl b6 diy l6p lna cbn kho:ing 20 ctzt dd rhich llng vdi lda que d6t (ci6
phei trd ie sin s{y r6ng hon, chodn nhidu d6:t dai hdn).
. Ld ddt trdu d.rng ghi nghieng (i tuong tLJ bep dun trau). rat hdp lli vd tien
loi troil8 1:r.!o t6c.
' Ten dung ciic nguyan vAt lieu sin co tai dia phlrdng (c6y trem, ddt bin...)
dd gi6m gid thinh ddu trr.
Tan tait,lit 1980 - 1992, li giai doan n6ng dan tim kidm m6u m6y dd crlu ldy
srin pham, sau d6 ohdn r6ng cr)ng dd crfu s6n luong thu hoach.
 \'IET NAM 107
IGILIYiN NONG !'A PI{AI TRTPN MAY SiY O

8-2.3. TII 1992 ildn 1996 ' 97

Day le thdi ki phdt tridn nhanh cda "mav
siv Phn TAm" 6 irhSp DRSCL' Vi
au o ian to, di6u ito -a' ngnu nhidn 7'22
rIlbv si;v (t'r6n tdng s'i 240 miv vio
;; *;,;; ti.uv noE "a -ai ";, d'-{"-rc lip dat tro s khoing 1ee4 - leeT Neoii
tddne ttl' chi ki6c
;;;;;;; *r;g' cbn c6 "m6u Dai hoc cen rho"g "J'Ift "1:
ii tii"? Jr-t"*t ,Xp ch6p blns vich t6n Yir khur, 96 Xem Bring 8 1' c6 thi! thdv
;td-# # la "6 isoo rrrLv phdtlbtinhi6u hhdng rldu theo 16nh thd TAptrung khoing
iri'"a -rr; so" T.ang. Ng'rq" lai, xa' hoa( huvQn crla c5c linh Lhic khdng
Ng-"v r"vq" vl"h Chau cia Soc Trsoe cins
chi c6 1? m6Y Dr)
;;;&;a; *ra sin xudt vd
;dy da tr6 ndn quen thu6c, kh4ch hdng cd th'i lia chgn
"a.
;;;; t"
nnm I99? dddc t6m tdt a
iJo'i+'ti"i sdv d s6c Trins qua dqidi6'
rrr"r-r mav
Buing 8.2.
Bdng 8.2i sd :t.Llu tti <lidu tra mriy sdy tqi S6c Tring' 1997

iich lna hd - ihu, hecitu

Ina he - thu, tdn
Sd.Ong dan durc Phong lan :

Tmns s lli Dons dan chl dem lua 'lr snv'

don tra loi rans 'phdr rbt hon l-oar oans sv- '^':
D linorg
lc nons dAn tra ldi ring"sa'v tdt hdo phdi' 7"
61

TIms sd 148 nons dan chi Phdi l6a

11 t4-.0.g aa" t.a toi "ens "pl'di tdi hdn hoic liang s':v"
% :

10 rang
n6ns dan rra 1.,i hd" phdt"
!av,!dt,h 10

. do'n 199?l
Sd chi rnay sa'y d*rcallng ]]ia :

f-.' t"r auj" t;t ,l6t xLh. 1L'q{ 't I tLI

T! dl! r"'n8 199'1 .9114 L

fr
lE ma! sa\ duoc laD
te. u -ay la dan (sav sia 7' ; 5'I
59
"t "dy "ons
chu m6Y siY in chil nha
'ons), 37i
l;tr
T] rq "1, .uy *t tu bo vnn '16u tu. i : 22
le chn a.iy say c6 mrqn tG!,!C4Lbi!e
I

S'.j.gal,"n au"g -av sa.v'ddn ii" lsir gra c'rs), 1996 :

tc i5
sd nsdv sn duns mev sdllqi4tlqi}4Jl ch'|l har'grio
ec 1!q-]

Cdc mdy sdy tr6n rluoc chdp nhan vi da giei

quydt v{n d6 chi phi s6'v 16
i.."g-"i fta"g chuc m6v sdv khd'c dddc gi6i thi6u iron thi triidng Chi phr vdn
sa)

kfri tirdp,"rrong dan chdp nh{n duoc, md chi miv sdy cing c6 iai dd 1dy lai
"frat
ddututrongl - 3 nam.
'ThUc td' c6
Vdn d6 thdi sg crla m6y sdv trnh vi ngang Id chrit |uqng sd1'
gitr nhiQt dQ sdv 40 - 45"C:
nhidu tniy sa'y S6c Trang" "tdt", nghia ld quat dri gi6,
kdt qui li xay dat tj' lQ gao nguy6n cao Nhung cing c6 ktr6ng "miv
it s61v S6c
gdv gao nhi6u So
t.i""*:;"erl ngrrla ta q"uqt vdu, nhiot dQ sdv 50' 60"C' ldm
.i"i-, -a, "taf' ra 45 kg gao ngrryon/100 kg lLia' vi mdy "xdu" cho ra
"ay "fto
 108 KHUyiN NONG vA pHAr rRrdN MAy siy o 1,,16r NAr,I

35 kg gao nguy6n/100 kg lia; n6'u tinh to6n vdi thdi gid 1997, thi
Ciri 2 16 lda nay
xem nhu chOnh lech tudng dudng 60 d,hg. Thdc td, thLrdng l6i thu mua lia crlng
da
mua ch6nh l6ch gid gdn nhLr vav.
Che't ludng sa'y nhLr n6u tr6n cong anh hrrdng ddn tidn d6 phrit tridn crla mdy
sdy, nhdt ld khi lddng gao xudt khdu cria Vi6t Nam ngay cdng teng, ddi hdi lra
dem xay it bi g6y gqo, kh6ng bi 6m kh6i Id, dm d6 d6ng ddu... T6n tai cJa nhidu
m6y sdy do dan td chd la quat chi dudc chA'tao theo kinh nghiem, kldng di luong
gi6 hodc kh6ng di 6p sudt dd th6ng srlc cen cta mot l6p lia ddy khoring 30 cm;
tht c td cdc mdy sa'y chi hoat d6ng v6i l6p tia 15 - 20 cm. V6 ;1ldt If thuydt, cdn ldp
lt_a dri ddy dd 6p sudt unh ddy khi sa'y xuy6n ddu qua khdi hat va thodt l6n
tron,
dd l6a kh6 ddu. M thd, tuy ddn van tidp tuc xay thAm ld sdy, da h6t lo v6 hao hut
sd ludng, thi cdng ngdy cdng bfc x6c v6 m6t..crla 6i,,mrli, 1e chit lLrdng say.

Tdm td.t, d6\ 1996 - 199?, s6r tudng m6y sdy kh6 nhi6u, gi6 c;i vi chi phi siy
phn hgp nhdng c[ng chi ddp (tr,g go/o nhu cdu m6y sdy d DBSCL, phan bt kh6n;
d6u trong ving, chA't luong sdy cdn dlioc neng cao hdn_
8.2.4. T1l 1996 ddn nay
Ti nem 1993, Khoa Cd khi - C6ng ngh6 Trddng Daj hoc N6ng L6m Tp. H6
Chi Mi4h da trd lai nghi6n cdu mdy sdy vi ngang theo hlidng cai tidn chA,t lLrong
sdy n}lrr dd n6r.r tr6n. K61 qud nghi6n crlu vdi nhi6u khrio nghtdm kiri co bdn,
kdt
hdp vdi lilng dung trong sin xudt, lb cac miu may sdy 4 va g tdnh6. (Xem chdong
3). Dic didm co ben ld quat hi6u sud't cao, di tddng gi6 va 6p sua-t d6 sdy ldp
l ta
30 cm. Lttong gi6 d6i ddo ndy cho ph6p sa'y kla rA't d6t vdi thdi gian kh6ng qud
8
gid me nhi6t d6 vdn kh6ng vLrot qu6 45"C. Dey td "bi quydt,, dd dat ri tC gao
nguyon ve ri 16 hat ndy mam cao so vdi phoi n6ng tdt.
Nan1 1996 - 1999, da chuydn giao c6ng ngh6 ch6'tao quat niy vd qui trinh
kldo nghiom cho 8 cd sA, trong d6 10 co sA d DBSCL.
Ngodi ra. m6t s6-crii tidn khric vd budng sdy vA ld d6,t d6 dem lai k6i qu6
sdy
ddu, trdu chdy tri6t dd, hat kh6ng rim kldi, tan tro duoc ldng t6t. Chi vdi
m6t 1dn
dio tr6n, sai bi6t dm d6 gina cec didm trong kh6'i I(a kh6ng vlrot qud 2y..
?rong 2 nam 1996 - 1997, da 16p dat khoeng 20 mriy SHG-4 d DBSCL trong
tiing sd hon 50 mey trong ca nddc. Hau hdt c6c kldc\ hang d6u la.y tai vdn ddu tu
trong I - 2 n5m. Tdt ce ddu hdi ldng vdi ch{t ludng hat sd'y, ddu klang dinn,tdi
tdt hon phoi".
Td thdng 4 - 1998, trong khu6n khd tin dung clia Du aII do td chLtc DANIDA
(Dan Mach) tdl fta "Phdt tridn Sau thu lrcach od Ch€i bidn
hia gao & Cd.n .t tto, S6c
Trd.ng, ud Thai Binh" cdc m6u miiy SHG-4 vd SHG_8 da dudc chon dd I6p det
63
tinh ndy. Tinh ddn cu6'i nam 1999, d Cdn Thd vi S6c ft6ng da lip dudc khoitng
500 m6y vdi tdng gi:i tri khodng 20 tj, ddng, trong d6 hon 2r,i ta *iy e if.,fma.
d
Cdn Tho narg Irc sdy tdng gdp 3 lA:r; u6c lLtong ndm 1999 dA giai quydt ZS - SOf.
=
 KHU'YfN N*oNG vA PEAT T
RITiN vAY s.{a o vIaT NA}I 109
lia hi thu. so vdi = 97a ndm 1997. Dey le m(c teng tflidng chua hA c6 ttll trddrc don
nay. d ci Ddng blng S6ng C&u Long.
Nam 199? - 1998, nhi6u nhd sdn xudt da tham gia currg cdp c6c rndu rndy sdy
tinh theo yOu cau chi phi sdy thdp vd brio dim chdt ldong. Ti6u bidu c6 thd kd: Xi
nghiQp Cd khi ctia C6ng ty Gidng Mi6n Nam, Xl nghidp Cd k}ri NOng Ldong
TP.HCM, C6ng ty Cd khi An Giang. Vi sdn xua't tQp tr"ng, n6n c6c miu ndy thu6c
loai ldp gh6p, c6 le re't phi hop vdi c6c vt)ng thidu n6n ddt, r'i du c6c huyQn ddu
ngudn 6 Arr - Giang, hing ndm d6u bi ngAp lut sau mira thu ho+ch. I{6t sd nhi s6n
xudt kl6c cung c5ip c6c m6y sa'y d6ng tudn hodn, (vi du: C6ng ty Lu.rDg thdc Long
An, Cd sA Thlnh Long TP.HCM) v6i gi6 16 hdn va chdt tLldng dn dinh hon so vdi
tinh hinh chung trd6c day 5 ndm. Ta't ci ddu la nhan td tich cuc cho stt phdt tridn
mdy sdy tdong lai.
8.3. cAc y6u rd irrr rnjdNc ofN euA rRiNH pHrdT rnrdN m(v sAv
Dua vdo kinh nghiQm nghiOn criu vd trida khai m6y sdy tai Trudng Dai hoc
N6ng L6m trong 20 ndm qua, vi nhA't 1A drra vdo kdt quzi Dtr rln DANIDA 3 Cdn
Tho vd S6c Tr6ng, c6 thd sd b0 nhan diQn 4 ydu td enh hdang ddn qud trinh phdt
tridn mdy sdy nhr-t sau:
8.3.1. C6ng nghC
Mriy va c6ng nghQ sdy phii beo dam n5ng sue't, chdt lL.tong, ve hieu qua cho
n6ng sin phdm sau thu hoach dir ld tdm gi6'ng hay xay xdt, di li vu hd - thu hay
vu d6ng xu6n. l,irm sao dd vu ndy sdy, nim tdi vu t6i cdn mu6n siy ntra. Ngugc lai,
na'u lna say vu nay hat bi "rang" (ran cay), bi den rim tro. bi chot mdm thi vu tdi
h6't drim sdy, trd phr mua bao qu.i 1au mdi.lem say
Sa'y ph6i hi6u qu6, nghia li ddng v6'n ddu tu ph6i sinh loi cho tdt ce. Ndi
c6eh kh6c, chi phi sdy phai thdp 6 ml1c n6ng d6n chA'p nhAn dudc, me ch0 1b (chi
ddu trr ) van c6 lri
Vdo m6i thdi didm vd rlia didm cu thd, ph6i c6 s6n cong nghe thich hop d6p
fng y6u cdu. ThAm nf,a, thid., kd phii phi] hdp v6i k}l{ ndng ch6 tqo cia cdc co sd
cd khi dia phuong. Vi du cric mAu m:iy SHG-4 vn SHG-8 eho DBSCL vlo giai doan
1995 - 2005. T6m lai, phei c6 m6u ndy ldm "hai gidng" dd tii d6 nhan rOng ra.

8.3,2. Khuy6-n n6ng

DAy ld ydu td quan trong nhdt. Nhd mdy cs khi ch€i tao, vdn ddu tr-r.. ld cAn
nhfrg kh6ng dli. Vdi c6ng tec sd'y, c6n bQ khuydn n6ng Ii ngudi giip:
- VAn d6ng, tuy6n truy6n vdi n6ng d6n, TRLIdC khi xAy l6p ld sdy.
- Td va-n ky thuat cho n6ng d6n, TRONG khi xAy ldp ld sdy.
- Hu6ng dan srl dung, brio td, SAU khi lb sdy d6 vrin hdnh.
Vai trd crja crin b6 khuydn n6ng cing tdong ttr nhu nhan 'ti6rr Tidp thi +Lil.p
 F

110 lqruyiN NoNG vA pHAr rRrdN MA]. sAy d vrgr N.4-M

& +HAu mdi vdi cdc mat hdng cdng nghiep 3 Thdn} phd. Tuong iu, thu nhap cia
cric c6n b6 niy c0ng tj 16 vdi s6'mey sdy ("sin phdm") l6p dat dudc.
Kininghiam vd nhAn su crja 2 D,.r rin Cdn Tho vd S6c Tring II6i trOn cing
ddng chd i. Khi kh8i dau, cdc trung tam khuydn n6ng kh6ng co l'., srr cd khi hcic
co khi nODg nghiep; gidi ney d 4hi mdy hode ch6 ndo kh6c. Chi sEn c6 ki su hoec
trung cdp Tr6ng trot, Beo vC thdc veL.., vdi c6ng viec kluyen odng chuyon ngdnh
(gidng, ph6n b6n, ddt, nddc....). H9 kh6rg quen vdi c6c viQc co khi, v6i tri gi6 m6y
m6c kh6 ldn. Nhung thd manh cia ho le ra't gdn gni vdi n6ng dan. Vi vdy, khi sir
dung doi ngl cdn b6 khuy6'n n6ng nay tham 6ia vdo viec tuy6n truyan, xdy 16p mriy
sdy c6 gi6 tri Lln nhdt thi€-t phdi c6 nhihg ldp hua'n luyQn, dio tao lai dd girip ho
thich hop vdi yOu cAu hon.
Thdc t6'd Dd 6n S6c Trang ve Can Thd, da td chrlc ldp dio iao bd sung vd cd
brin co k}li, ldp li thuy6t ve thdc hdnh, kd ci kdm edp va xay lip m6y sd'y. ThAnh
c6ng eLia l6p hudn luyQn dudc thd hien qua con sd ho., g\Vo cia 500 rn6y sdy 16p
det A 2 finh nay via qua ld do 16 c:in b6 khuy€in n6ng ndy thuc hi6n.
Kh6ng phai chi Ia sd ludng, slr ten tam c0a cec edn bO khuy6n n6ng ndy rdt d5ng
bidu dr;ong. Ndng d6n goi 160 ho bdt kd gid g'idc, di vi6c ldn hay nh6. Kh6 c6 nhi siq
xudt nio theo ndi. KA't qua tAt cri c6c m6], Iip dat d6u hoat ddng tdt, dat chdt lddng
sdy, kl6flg truc trlc gi ldn trong mira vu sdy khi ng{n ngui khoeng m6t th,1ng.
Thlrydt phuc n6ng dan chiu ddu tr.r ldp dnt mdy sdy ]d vi6c kh6ng don gi.in.
l{htrng nlm hudc, trong sd cric mdy siy do den tu xay, hidu mriy hoat ddng hh6ng
tdt (lam gay gao, den haL..), n6n chi khi ndo gap Inua bao li6n tuc, kh6ng phdi
ddoc n$ldi n6ng dan mdi dem lia ddn sdy. Khi d6, lia dd gdn l6n m6ng, sA'y cfing
chiing ndng dLtdc chdt tudng. He que ciia cdi vdng ldn qudn gifra chrl mdy sdy Yi
chu hia Id n-rdy chi ddoc su dung 2 tuAn m6i nem, phan 6nh thdi gian "cfu lda",
kh6ng chrlng t6 dudc r,tu didm gio cha't tdsng cao ciia hat do sa'y. Thdi gian sf dung
ngin ldm kh6 thu h6i vdn ddu trr. C6u hdi n6ng ddn lhudng det ra ld: "Chct ld. m6i
n!7m sdy duoc 4 - 5 tudn, tli u6n bd hh6ng may sdy trong gdn 11 thdng, |atn sao
kinh dcanlt c6 tdi dtoc?". TrA ldi cAu niy, dbi h6i c5n b6 khuy€'n n6ng am hidu quri
trinh sdy, ndm v&ng c6c sd liQu kinh td, c6 Linh nghiom I6p dat mdy sdy. td tin
1'di cd sd thdc ti6n, dd truy6n su tin trrdng d6 ddn n6ng dan.

T6m lai, vai trd cria khuydn nOng mziy sa'y cuns kidng khec mdy so vdi ldnh
vdc kh6c nhu trdng trot, bao v6 thuc val .. Cring lim sao cino dd.n hidu bidL dAn n
l.u6ng, un ddn th|c hiAn. Chi kh:ic ld mua mdy sd'y gA 25 - 40 tri6u thi cao hdn
nhiilu so vdi vii trdm ngdn d6ng rnua gidng, thud'c trir s6u... Vi thd, can ydu td thr?
ba ld tin dung.
8.3.3. Tin dung
Vi6c phd bidn m1y sdy 3 Cdn Tho vd S6c Trtrng c6 thuan ldi la quy tin dung
kh{ Idn. Chinh ph0 Dan Nlach tdi rrd cho m6i rinh 1,2 triQu USD (= 17 ti ddng) dd
llm vdn quay yang cho n6ng dan vay lim miy sdy. NgAn hdng N6ng nghi6p ve
 I(xultN NONG vA Prua rRI6N rvGY siY d UET NAM lll
Ph6t tridn Ndng ih6n quen ly qui tin dqng niv v6 m{i nghiQp vg (thdm dinh hd
so, phdt vay, thu nd...). NOng dan nhen vdn vay vdi mot sd di6u L6n lnr dai nhu

. Giam thd chdp (vi du: vay 40 trieu, thd ch5lp t hecta, thav vi 5 hecta nhu
qui dinh hi6n naY).
. Ldi sudt tha'p; vao nem 1998 td o,8%/thdnB, bbng v6i lai sudt cho r'$Jdi
nghEo, hdi thdp hdn so vdi lai sudt cta cdc ng6n hdng thudng mai'
. Han ki. r'ay ddi hon (2 - 3 nam, thav 1i 6 thdng hodc 1 nam nhrr qui dinh
hi6n naY).
Chinh vi6c td nguyan xin vay tir n6ng dan dd Um lb sdv phdn nALo n6i l6n su
rhanh cdng cia chuong tnnh lin dung nay
T6m tdt, tin riung Id ydu td h6 trq dd nong den tin tu6ng viro lo4i c6ng nghC
dtroc khuv6n n6ng.

CAu h6i d ra lA ndu chuong trinh giam hao hgt sau thLr hoqch nhd 6 Can
Tho va S6c Trdng dudc m0 rQng cho todn Ddng bdng s6ng Cilu Long tt.i hu!
<tQng udn d ddu ?
a) C6 thd tim ngudn viQn tro bd sung. Nhung nhd vav ddi h6i nhidu thdi gian,
dd khzio s:it, thudng thuydJ.... ve cung chi gidi hen cho mot vei tinh mi th6i.
b) \t vAy, v6'n nEi c mdi ld chinh 56 10 - 15 tl d6ng cho mot tinh kh6ng
l'-r.

phii li ldn ddi vdi ngen sdch trung Lrdng hoic dia phuong, khi co quan tiri
chinh bi6'r ch6c v6 hi6u qud cira ddng v6n ddu tLt.
c) Vdn nQi lqc ld chinh, vi mQt tinh tiAu bidu c6 500000 tdn lia hi thu. ndu
hao hut 10% ld khoing 80 ti
d6ng/nnm. Chd 10 ti
ngoai vien qua 1 ndm Id
ti
mit 80 trong ndm d6!
viCt Nam dang xudt hhdu 3,5 - 4 tr'|u tdn gao mdi ndm' tlru od hltoiLng 1 ti
USD = 11 000 tj ding. Chi cdn 0,57o cia sii nav td dtZ dd gidi quldt dut di€m lno
h.ut sau thu lnach lia mia mta cho toan DBSCL !

8.3.4, Chinh sich vlr quln lf

Day ld ydu td bao triim ta't ce. Ba ydu td tran chi phSl huv t6c dung v6i mat
chinh s6ch rldng bQ vi quen li tdt. Quydt tam giai quydt vdn d6 hao hgt sau thu
hoach ddqc nhdt tri cao ti Trung ddng, Tinh vd c6c Ban Ngdnh li6n quan (Nong
nghiQp, Khoa hoc, Tdi chdnh, NgAn hdng..). Cq thd h6a bAng nhfing quvdt dinh,
vdn ban hrdng din, tii chfc bO mdy thuc hien... Dd 6n 6 CAn Tho vi S6c Trang c6
dugc thenh c6ng cdn€i ld nhd srr chi dao, h6 tro, tii chic chet ch6 cia c6c cdp chinh
quy6n.
112 KI]rxiN N6^-c vA pnAT Tl{6N Miy siy d trET
^-aM

s.,1. euAN nriiM vA vriN c,&rrrr pnAr rnrix m{y s.{v d odNc si,Nc
SONG CIJTI LoNG
V6i c6c tnr didm v0 kt thuat vd krnh td cria mriy sdy nhrr dd trinh bny, va'o d6
1Adinl, hrrdng thd neo, bi6n ph6p thd ndo dd nhanh ch6ng ph0 ddy mriy sdy cho
mot virng kinh td ?
Bing quarl sdt va theo C6i m6y sdy trong 15 nam qua, bbng tham khrio tii
li6u va kinh ghi6m d cdc nudc, chrlng ta c6 thd n6u dugc mOt "li thuyet" vd qua
lrlnh phat tripn miy say. ThUc re, iong hdp mot viic phfc rap td mqt vung rong
i,in nhd DBSCL kh6ng qua m61. thi nghiom khoa hoc (rdt kh6l) qua 1a tham vong.
Cior In "gii thut dt" cnng d[oc. Didm chinh ld c6 m6t k]tung sr.tdn dd ddi chi6'u vdi
;hdc td, va ldm co sd cho cdc quydt dinh qu6n ii. T6m tdt, "li thuydt" (hay gie
ihuydt) cho ring, xudt ph6t tit mor tinh thd hao hut sau thu hoach nghiem trong,
con dudng phet tridn m6y sdy phai trai qua 4 giai doan:

Giai dog,n I: Mriy sdy b6t dau 3 h6 n6ng dan, dang thdt vong vi tim kidm
mot cdi gi d6 dd crlu ldy mia meng cia ho. Mdy s6'y tioh c6 vA thich hdp nhit, vi
don gien, via tdm vdi k}le ndng cd khi han chd cria ho. Ho sdy hia nhi, sau d6 sdy
cho hdng x6m, c6 thu chi phi; trl d6 c6 mot it loi nhuan.
Vdo thdi di6m so kl6i nAy, th6i dQ crla chri nid mriy xay li ding dung, vi lia
hd kha,ng phai id tii san cria ho, vd vi chua th6.v dudc sdy c6 loi gi cho ho.
Giai doan II: Caing ngdy cing nhi6u n6ng dan xat' iip ld sdy dd gia c6ng
kidm ldi. Chri mriy xay th6'y la ho cing c6 ihd kinh doanh sdy cld thu loi. Cl giai
doan ndy, cdc mdy sdy "don 16" d n6ng dan crjng tdn tai vdi mdy sdy 6 c6c nhA
mdy xay hoac cia cric thudng 16i mua lia ddt da sai vn bdn lda kh6.
Giai alodn III. Cdng ngdy edng nhidu chrl m6y xay xAy 16p ld sdy, nAn ho
canh tranh nhau dd mua duroc iia udt. Cid gia c6ng sd1, trd nOn 16 hon, vi ch0 mriy
xay tim lsi nhuan trong c6ng tloan xay xiit, hon la c6ng doao sdy. C6c m6y sA'y
"don le" cria n6ng dAn ddn ddn mdt thi phdn sdy. N6ng ddn tr6ng lia b6n l[a udt
ma khdng bi thi6t thdi gi.
Giai doqn I7: Hdu hdt cdc m6y s6iy tinh ldc niy dd nIm d nha mdy xay.
Chri mriy--<ay btit diiu tirn kidm mdt miu m6y c6 mfc d6 ki thuet hdi phfc t4p hon,
dd thay thd cdi m6y siy tinh dang chorln nhidu da't vi si dung nhi6u lao d6ng.
Loai mdy siy "mdi" nay vAn cbn bi chi ph6'i bdi mLtc chi phi sa'y'chdp nhAn ddoc,
nghia lA cbn gidi han bdi gid nhan c6ng the'p. Chua phrii ld mriy sdy td- dong h6a
nhLr d Au Mj-. Tam goi d6 lir May stiy Gd , 1V. Ddn ddn, may sd1 Gd . IV sC tt|
n6n hiAn dai nhtr 6 Au My.
Bdn giai doan tr6n le phd bidn. Da xdy ra 6 Mj vi Nh6t vdi thAp kj trrrdc
dAy. Dang, xdy ra 6 cdc noi dang phdt tridn, kd c6 Ddng bbng s6ng Ctu Long. Y
nghia lar O m6i giai doan, phai c6 m6t mfc dO kt thuet phn hop. Cao qu6 hay thdp
qu5 d6u kh6ng duoc ch6p nhAn. d giai doan I, mQt mdy sa'y thdp 1i6n tuc cnng thdt
 KHL.YeN NoNG vA PTiAT TEIEN MAY SAY d VIBT NA\f 113
bai nhu mdt mdy sdy vi ngang d giai dcal1 IV.
V6y, ri dr.r nhr.r Cdn Tho 7d S6c Treng dang 6 giai iloan ndo? Cau t.e ldi Ie
tr)y dia didm. Phd bidn Id giai doan II, khi m6y siy ddn 16 vd m6y sd.y d nii mrly
xay cing t6n tai. Ctng 6 2 ilia phuc,ng ndy, vAn t6n tai hai thdi cuc kh6c D: giai
doan I tai vdi lang xa chLra c6 m6t mdy sdy (hoac ret rt); ve giai doan III d vai xa
ml hdu nhu cdc mriy sdy hoat,l6ng hi6u que tai c6c nhe rndy xay, cdn cric mriy sdy
ddn 16 thi caig thu hep pham vi hoat d6ng. Bfc tranh niy hodn toan khdc vdi nam
1993, kli cii ri Crin Tho vi Sdc Trdng d€u 6 giai doan I.
Vin dung "li thuy6t', vd qui trinh phdt tridn mriy :Ay rrhu tr6n, c6 thd ph6c
hoa vi6n cdnh phrit tri6'n tr,rng tlidrg iai nhli sau:
M6y s;A'y trnh vi ngang ducrc gioi thi6u 1.do n6m 1998 _ 2000 phdi c6 tinh canh
tranh cao, cri v6 chi phi s6iy vd chA't lrrong sdy; c6c mdu mdy sa,y SHG_a va SHC-S
cia Khoa Cd kii COng ngh6 Dai hoc N6ng Lam ld m6t vi dU.
Mriy sdy tioh vi ngang sO xong nhi6m vu lich sr? cria n6 veo khoeng nem 2004
- 2010 tny dia phudng. \4 v6y, dn n6 dang la giei ph6p cd han, ciing
cdn luu f ring
cdc Xa dang 6 giai doan III, d.1e m6v sdy vi ngang vio khoring
ndm 2002 s6 ld lac

ViCc cha'p nhan m6r m6 hinh md1, sdy m6r (.may sdy Gd - IV) li
m6t qud
trinh IAu ddi vd ph[c tap M v6y, ngay ndm 2000, vdi kidu m6y siy rion ti6,n hdn
piai dudc gidi thi6u. Con dr.rdng phdt tridn cia md3, sdy Grl -iV cung sa qua cac
chang nhd d moi noi: nghidn cfu thidt kd fng dung, thi nghi6m,
.irat th,t,
",ir,
xudr ioat nh6, vd sdn xudt hdng loat. Tit c,i C6u tdn thdi glan ve hhdng "ar,
c6 ngo tzit.
didm, dinh hudng vd vi6a canh tren cci thd ddoc iham khuio d6 ph6t
^ Quan
tridn m6y sA'y trong didu ki6n nddc ra. May say phat tricn U.,,,,:rf
fe
an cfr;"1.
ddn, do dAn, ve vi dan. Vai tr6 chti dao ti ngudi dan. Nhe nudc "f_rai
ve caJdri ta
trd ki thuat vd cho vay v6'n ft dai. Ily vong la sE som tdng kir drrdc
c6c kinh
nghi6m dd phd bidn m6 hinh phdt tridn 6 nhrlng noi khric.
8.5. x6T LUAN

- Gizim hao hut sen ldong n6ng san, gin chit luong vd nang cao gi6 td n6ng
sen sau thu hoach... vdrr D va'n d6 thdi sLI clia cdclrtirrg
n6ig nghi€p d
Ddng bing s6ng Cr?u Long va cja c6 nu6c, van ie n6i to cia "arr.,;it
f,a"g *ijJ aa"
trdng Lia, bdp, ddu, ci phO... m6i nem khi thu hoach vdo mtra mud. Crl vdi"o"g
m6i bdn
,]l "lf nhiAt ddt' tA cenh rdong cric ddng h9t l6n m6ng b6n canh rgddi n6ng
-,hif
d6n kh6c khodi chd h6m sau mong c6 nIng dd cfu sdn phdmi
Gidi phdp ki thuat cho vdn di tru6c mdt da c6 sdn, tfc le m6y
sd.y tinh vi
'Viar.,
ngang. U! didm vd k, thudt vd kinh td cria sd,y rndy
da duoc nf,ir, #.
vd srr tidn h6a cria mdy niy cing c6 thd thdy a,-io". COrrg
,t6c iU Orra, ",irrl,
,U_,
la nd luc tiing hdp dd gi6i quy6t drit diem vrin d6, la khJ.i aOng"a.r-i",
voi k! hoacl, cu thd
dLing vdi qui ' rat phdi rrien.
 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

Ti6ng Viet
1. CAC BAO CAO v THoNG TIN tai HEi ng.hi "Phdi ..d! Da bdo quan hbng
,AI/c" do \P HOi d6ng Bo trudng td chfc tai TP. H6 Chi Minh, th6ng 3-1984.
2. LE vAN BAN, BULN. I{tiNG, P.H. HIIiN. 1997 . Ong durtg m<iy "stiy rdt 16"
SRR dd sdy lia uii ccic r6ng sdtt hitac. Beo cdo tai Hoi nghi Khoa hQc CAng
nghe & Mdi trudng, tsdri Tre, ngiy 25-26 12 ll99i.
3. DOAN PHfi CIJdNG. 1996. Mo hinh h6a qu.a trinh sdy lqt ban mdy sdy
'SlfB 1". Lu6n:in th?e si, Trddng Dai hoc N6ng Lim ?P H6 Chi Minh.
4. LE VAN TIIAIiH. i998. So sanL dnh httlng gita phoi od sdy lna ddn ti l?
gao ngulan ffang ra! chd. Dd 6n Phet tridn sau thu hoqch vi chd bidn lia geo
C6n Tho.
5. NeuYEN vAN NcAu. H.A. DilNG, P.H. HIiN. 1998. Pl$ bidn may sdy sdn
lLhd.ng d.d x6a bd hao h.u.t sau thu lLoach nd gia tdng ldi trlc sdn xudt lia d
D6ng bang S6ng Cftu Long @hd.n tich hini ngltiltn budc ddu & tinh Cdn ?hat.
Bli tirh bay iai HOi thio: "C6c bi6n phip gidm chi phi s6n xuit Lia nhiim gia
tdng ldi tfc cho ngvdi n6ng dan", Sd Khoa hoc C6ng nghQ vd MAi tnJdng Can
Thd . ngay 29-12 -1998.
6. NGuYjiN HUNC TAM. 1995. Anh. krldng Ludrg gi6 oa nhiet d6 sdv ddn aic
chi ti.?u LdnL oiac c a mdy sdy UAF'PhilRice liip ddt tai Pltilippines. LttQrt An
thac s], Tl'tia,ng Dai hoc NOng Lam TP H6 Chi Minh.
?. NGUYIiN V.tN XfrAN. $95. TiLidt ltd r:hd tao ti th,ing d.dt triiu di sdr luo.
Luan 6n thsc si, Tr(a,ng Dai hoc Na)ng Lam TP H6 Chi lij.h.
8. PIIAN1 NCOC TOAN & PHAN TAT E-{C. 1993. Kht hQu Vi6t Narn. Nxb Khoa
hoc & Ki thuet.
9. PHAI{ ilIfiU HI6N. 1987. Mrly sdy hat cho uq hb-thu & cdc tlnll phia Nant.
Tap chi KHKT N6ng NghiQp sd 6-1987, 86 N6ng nghi6p, Hi n6i.
10, PHAN IIIfU HIF)N, T.VINH, N.H,TAM, N.V,XUAN, I,,V.RAN, P.T.ANII. 1996,
Tai li,u hhuydn n6ng: Itldt sii hdt qtLd rtng dung mat' siiy h(1t d Viat Ndm.
Trdu'ng Dai hoc Nong Lam TP Hd (lhi Minh.
11.PHAN llliltl HIEN. il4dl sdy hat uit chdt luong lia goo o Ding bdng S6ng
Ctu Lang: qua triDll ua ti.3n cdnlt phat bian. Beo ceo tai ll6i nghi Khoa hoc
COng ngh6 vd MOi trudng c6c Tinh Ddng bing S6ng Ciru Long tdn ihf 15, Ca
Mau ngdy 24 & 25-9-1998, vn tai HQi nghi "Gidng IUa DBSCL" IAn II, S6c
Trnng.9-9-1998.
12. sd NoNG NGI{IEP 1,n PTNT cAN THO. 1998. Bcto cdo tdnE hdl oA diAu ffa
mdy sdy t:d tin.h hinh. sdy l a d Tinh Cdn Tlo
13. sd NONC NGI{lliP vd PTNT Soc TRANG. 1998. Bdo cao tdng hop cidu tra
phoi sa1, luo tot Tlnh Soc Trdng.
1,1. TONG CUC THONG KE. 7997. Nian gidm thdng ha 1996. Nxb Thdng k6, Hd
NOi.
 TAI Ll6U THAM xltAo I15
Tidng Arl.
15. ASAX {Aroerican Sotrety ol' A grictrltural Engineers).lggb. yearbook 1gg4.
16. tsEAGLE E. C. 1978. Rice htish cont'ersion to enp_rgy.FAO Agyicultural Services
Bulletin N' 31, Rome.
17. BROOKER D. B., F. W. BAKKER-ARKEMA, C W IIAIL. 1s92. Dryins and.
storage of grains atid oilseeds, AVI P,,rtrl. Van Nostranil Reinhold. New york.
18. CI{AII{P ts.R., E. HIGHLEY (Edsl. 1985 . PresertitLg
?rain qual.it! br- aeration
and in-st(,re drying. Prcc Int. Seminar, Kualar Lumpur (ACIAR proceedings
N'15 )
19. De GARMO Fl.P.. W.G SttLLTrv'AN, J.A. BONTADELLL t988. Engiaeering
ecoaoay, 8d edition. I{acmiltan Publ. Co., New york, [I.S.A.
20. De PADIIA D.B. A rice dryer for the /arm. Department of Agricultural
Engineering, U.P. College of Ag"icultule, Los-Banos, philippines.
21.ECKB. 1973. Fans: Deslgn s ond operation ofce trifuEal, a*ial
flow, and, cross-
flou: fans- Pergamon Press, Oxford, Engletnd.
22. GHERZOI. A.P.. V.P. SA.\IOCHETOV. .1960. Grein. dryins and gro.in
d.ryers.
Translated from 1958 Rr.rssian edition. Isracl program for Scientiflc Translation.
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1978, pp429-430.
25. JAPANESE MINISTRY OF TRADE AND INDIISTRY. 1g68. Japanese
Industt.iclL Staitddrds: Testing methods for fans and blowers. Tokyo,
Japan.
26.JINDAI J.K, MARTINEZ A.C, LE-VAN_DIEP. tgg}. AIT drying simulation
(CompiLed program and. Help
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Thailand,
27. JULIANO B.O. (Ed). 1985. Rice: Chemiltry arLd technoLog.r,. AACC, USA.
:8. JUSTICE O.L., L.N. BASS. 1928. principles and practices of
seed. storage.
USDA Agr.iculture Handbook N"506.
2]. KIM K,S,, M,G, SLI}I, B.C, KII,I, J,H. RHIM, II.S, CHEIT}H,
W,
MUEHLBAUER, T.W. KWON. 1g1g. An ambient-air in-storage pad.d.!
dlting
system for Karean farms. Ar{A Journal, Vol_ 20, No.2,pp.2}_29.
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G-R. QUICK, A.M.
MAZA-REDO. 1992. Lou-temperahze drting of pad.d,jt und.er
hu'mid trapical
cond.itions- 14: Proc. International. Agr. Eng. Confercnce, Z-10
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 t-

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Champ, B.R, and E. Highley (eds). Posthavest technology for agricultural
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Highley, G.I. Johnson (Eds). Drying in Asio. ACIAR Procceedings N' 71,
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 MAY SAY HAT O VIET NAM

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