Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• DISASTROUS FAILURES
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2005 2006
https://www.slideshare.net/FrancoBontempi/robustezza-strutturale-113343022
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2005
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DISASTROUS FAILURES
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1
Can an airplane crash
because it has punctured a tire?
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Es.: genetics
2
How will this bridge die?
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alm%C3%B6_Bridge
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3
Minnesota I-35W Bridge
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I-35W Bridge
Downtown
District
28/06/2022
Source: Google Earth
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Bridge Scheme (2)
The fixed bearing assemblies were located at piers 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, and 13.
Expansion (sliding) bearings were used at the south and north abutments and at piers 2, 4, 10, and 11.
Expansion roller bearings were used at piers 5, 6, and 8.
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+
The fixed bearing assemblies were located at piers 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, and 13.
Expansion (sliding) bearings were used at the south and north abutments and at piers 2, 4, 10, and 11.
Expansion roller bearings were used at piers 5, 6, and 8.
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+
The fixed bearing assemblies were located at piers 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, and 13.
Expansion (sliding) bearings were used at the south and north abutments and at piers 2,
4, 10, and 11.
Expansion roller bearings were used at piers 5, 6, and 8.
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Failure
level
2007
1998 modification
Critical load (not scaled)
Original
design
Upper bound of load
Instantaneous load
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HIDDEN ERRORS
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Investigation
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NTSB
NTSB TT
TT
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15/67
Sub-structured model
FORWARD
ANALYSIS
BACK
ANALYSIS
26/67
FHWA GUIDELINES, (2009) After this tragedy, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) focused its attention on all the 465 steel deck
truss bridges present in the National Bridge Inventory [NTSB, 2008].
RESISTANCE OF FASTENERS
üPLATE BEARING RESISTANCE AT FASTENERS “The term “fracture critical” indicates that if one main component of a bridge fails, the entire
structure could collapse. Therefore, a fracture critical bridge is a steel structure that is designed with
little or no-load path redundancy. Load path redundancy is a characteristic of the design that allows
http://bridges.transportation.org/Documents/FHWA-IF-09 014LoadRatingGuidanceandExamplesforGussetsFebruary2009rev3.pdf
the bridge to redistribute load to other structural members on the bridge if any one member loses
capacity. “
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I-35W SAINT ANTHONY FALLS BRIDGE (September 2008)
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http://www.startribune.com/new-35w-bridge-already-is-
aging/268746561/
Opening day was six years ago, and the I-35W bridge is needing repairs — some that come
from our harsh winters, but some from improper installations.
Es.
4
Examples
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Es.
For six days in January 1998, freezing rain coated
Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick with 7-11
cm (3-4 in) of ice. Trees and hydro wires fell and
utility poles and transmission towers came
down causing massive power outages, some for
as long as a month. It was the most expensive
natural disaster in Canada. According to
Environment Canada, the ice storm of 1998
directly affected more people than any other
previous weather event in Canadian history.
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https://californiawaterblog.com/2
016/05/01/the-collapse-of-water-
exports-los-angeles-1914/
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Es.
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Es.
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http://urbanplanet.info/architecture/par
is-air-terminal-collapse-report-france/
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Es.
Es.
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Critical Node
Seismic Action
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Structure / Infrastructure
FAR FIELD ZONE
Structural
OBJECT EXCHAGE ZONE System
STRUCTURE
Also if artificial,
Local / Punctual these systems
Scale need to have
necessarily
evolutive soundness,
ecological coherence
Global / Regional and sustainability
Scale characteristics
Infrastructural
NET INFRASTRUCTURE System
Node Congestion
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(0,62) (28.5,62)
(53,56)
(0,54)
(63,45)
(92,34)
(92,32)
(0,29)
(92,29)
(0,0) (92,0)
System with Element connected in Series System with Element connected in Parallel
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Es.
28/06/2022 Structural Robustness of Bridges and Viaducts 139 28/06/2022 Structural Robustness of Bridges and Viaducts 140
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STRUCTURAL ROBUSTNESS
Structural Integrity Limit States
System
D
NET Maximum
Rare
Infrastructural INTEGRITY
System
Accidental
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Structural Robustness of Bridges and Viaducts 146
Structural Integrity
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Structural Robustness
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Structural Robustness: Intensity Feature Level of Structural Failures
less robust
Verification Format
Usual ULS & SLS
RELIABILITY
STRUCTURAL QUALITY
AVAILABILITY 1st level:
Material
ATTRIBUTES MAINTAINABILITY Point
SAFETY
configuration
INTEGRITY Structural Element
Damaged
Element Section
NEGATIVE CAUSE
Nominal FAULT
it is a defect and represents a
potential cause of error, active or dormant
configuration 4th level: Structural Robustness
THREATS the system is in an incorrect state:
ERROR it may or may not cause failure
Structural
permanent interruption of a system ability
System Assessment
FAILURE to perform a required function
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“IMPLOSION”
OF THE
STRUCTURE
NO SWAY is a process in which
objects are destroyed by
collapsing on themselves
“EXPLOSION”
OF THE
SWAY STRUCTURE
is a process
NOT CONFINED
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• Property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain • Ability of a computer, machine, electronic system or network
defects safely until repair can be effected. to maintain limited functionality even when a large portion
• The approach to engineering design to account for damage of it has been destroyed or rendered inoperative. The
tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in purpose of graceful degradation is to prevent catastrophic
any structure and such flaws propagate with usage. failure.
• In engineering, structure is considered to be damage tolerant • Ideally, even the simultaneous loss of multiple components
if a maintenance program has been implemented that will does not cause downtime in a system with this feature.
result in the detection and repair of accidental damage, • In graceful degradation, the operating efficiency or speed
corrosion and fatigue cracking before such damage reduces declines gradually as an increasing number of components
the residual strength of the structure below an acceptable fail.
limit.
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Dependability - Fidatezza
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5
Design for Robustness
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Design Strategy #2: SEGMENTATION
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Es. Es.
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https://www.venezuelatu
ya.com/occidente/puente
rafaelurdanetaeng.htm
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http://www.aukevisser.nl/others/id1337.htm
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6
Progressive collapse
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Cascade Effect / Chain Reaction Runaway: Progressive Collapse
• A cascade effect is an inevitable and sometimes unforeseen
chain of events due to an act affecting a system. effect
• In biology, the term cascade refers to a process that, once
started, proceeds stepwise to its full, seemingly inevitable,
conclusion. decomposability
• A chain reaction is the cumulative effect produced when course predictability
one event sets off a chain of similar events.
• It typically refers to a linked sequence of events where the
time between successive events is relatively small.
time
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Zipping Like Collapse Long span suspension bridges
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Progressive collapse
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2002
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2) Preferential direction for the collapse propagation: to the higher damage sensibility of
the bridge central zone counterpoises a lower acceleration of the collapse progression
triggered by central ruptures, with respect to that one triggered by lateral ruptures.
This effect is due to the particular configuration of the structural system that requires a
growing hanger length from the centre to the sides of the bridge: when a chain rupture
trigger, the ultimate elongation required to the hangers adjoining the failed ones increases 3) Qualitative measure that could possibly lead the collapse to an halt: in the case of a
as the collapse propagates (because the unsupported deck length also increases). 3) Qualitative
central rupture ameasure that could
closer increment in possibly leadofthe
the section thecollapse
hangersto(that
an halt: in the
remain case the
instead of a
If the initial damage occurs at mid-span, it involves the shortest hangers and the collapse central
same forrupture a closer
about 5/6 increment
of the in the
span length) section
could of the
possibly hangers
provide for(that remainstandstill.
a collapse instead theIn
propagation is partially slowed down from the growing element ductility of sideward same
the forofabout
case 5/6rupture
a chain of the span length)
triggered in acould possibly
lateral zone theprovide for a collapse
preferential standstill.
direction showedIn
hangers. On the contrary, a more intense initial damage is required sideways to trigger the caseprogressive
by the of a chain rupture
collapsetriggered in a lateral
would probably make zone
lessthe preferential
effective such adirection
measure.showed by
chain ruptures, but then the hanger breakdowns speeds up when moving toward the the progressive collapse would probably make less effective such a measure.
centre, where the hanger length decreases.
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Es.
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https://www.tuhh.de/sdb/starossek/Ver
oeffentlichungen/Dateien/Progressive%2
0collapse%20of%20bridges%20(Uwe%20
Starossek).pdf
https://www.tuhh.de/sdb/starossek/Veroeffentlichungen/Dateien/Progressive%20collapse%20of%20bridges%20(Uwe%20Starossek).pdf
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Design as Foresight
STRUCTURAL ROBUSTNESS
IN THE GENERAL SENSE
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Evolutive vs Innovative Design (2) Es.: design clima
design
clima
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ATTUALE
Verifiche di sicurezza agli Stati Limite
Stati limite di esercizio Stati limite ultimi
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ALZATO ACCOPPIATO
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ACCOPPIATO ACCOPPIATO
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ACCOPPIATO ACCOPPIATO
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ACCOPPIATO CONTROVENTATO
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HUMAN ERROR
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100% C
Unknown phenomena
% of failure
B B B
Human errors
Known phenomena
Errors by Reason
conoscenza
valutazione
esecuzione
scelta
decisione scelta
decisione
conoscenza
valutazione
esecuzione
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conoscenza
valutazione
conoscenza
valutazione scelta
decisione
scelta
decisione
esecuzione
esecuzione
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Factors (1) Factors (2)
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Errors by Rasmussen
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Judgement Errors
• Context dependence • Conformity
• Contrast effect • The representativeness heuristic
• Recency effect • Law of small numbers
• Halo effect • Hot hand
• Plasticity • Neglecting base rates
• Order effects • Nonregressive prediction
• Pseudo-opinions • Synchronicity
• Vividness • Causalation
• Wishful thinking • Salience
• Anchoring • Minority influence
• Social loafing • Groupthink
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Eccesso di Norme Tecniche
• «Ma un numero di regole eccessivo comporta vari degli inconvenienti
dianzi citati e in particolare:
- l'impoverimento dell'autonomia e della creatività, in quanto l'opera
del progettista è irretita dalle norme;
- la difficoltà di discernere ciò che veramente conta;
- la sensazione di avere, al riparo delle norme, responsabilità assai
alleviate;
- la difficoltà non infrequente di rendersi conto dei ragionamenti che
giustificano certe regole, rischiando di considerare queste alla stregua
di algoritmi, ossia di schemi operativi che, una volta appresi, il
pensiero non è più chiamato a giustificare.»
- Proliferazione delle normative e tecnicismo. Ultima lezione ufficiale del corso di Tecnica delle costruzioni tenuta dal prof.Piero Pozzati
- nell'a.a. 1991-'92, presso la Facoltà di Ingegneria dell'Università di Bologna (3 giugno 1992).
MANAGING
THE UNEXPECTED
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Unexpected events
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Chaos Theory (1) Chaos Theory (2)
• Chaos theory concerns deterministic systems whose
behavior can in principle be predicted. Chaotic systems are • In chaotic systems, the uncertainty in a forecast increases
predictable for a while and then 'appear' to become random. exponentially with elapsed time. Hence, mathematically,
• The amount of time that the behavior of a chaotic system doubling the forecast time more than squares the
can be effectively predicted depends on three things: proportional uncertainty in the forecast. This means, in
qhow much uncertainty can be tolerated in the forecast, practice, a meaningful prediction cannot be made over an
interval of more than two or three times the Lyapunov time.
qhow accurately its current state can be measured,
• When meaningful predictions cannot be made, the system
qand a time scale depending on the dynamics of the system, appears random.
called the Lyapunov time.
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http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec08.html http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec08.html
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Weick and Sutcliffe
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• Mindfulness – a rich awareness of discriminatory • The big difference between functioning in HROs and in other
detail and an enhanced ability to discover and correct organizations is often most evident in the early stages when
errors that could escalate into a crisis. the unexpected gives off only weak signals of trouble.
• By mindful, one also means striving to maintain an • The overwhelming tendency is to respond to weak signals
underlying style of mental functioning that is with a weak response. Mindfulness preserves the capability
distinguished by continuous updating and deepening to see the significance of weak signals and to respond
of increasingly plausible interpretations of the vigorously.
context, what problems define it, and what remedies
it contains.
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Resilience Note
• To be resilient is to be mindful about errors that have • Mindfulness also involves preferences that are diverse; close
already occurred and to correct them before they worsen attention to situations; resilience in the face of events; sensemaking
and cause more serious harm. that shows whether a decision is necessary; people with diverse
interests who debate, speak up, and listen to one another; and
• Resilience encourages people to act while thinking or to act designs that are malleable rather than fixed.
in order to think more clearly. • When you try to move toward mindfulness, there is resistance, partly
• Resilience is about bouncing back from errors and about because of threats to psychology safety.
coping with surprises in the moment. • After all, it’s a whole lot easier to bask in success, keep it simple,
• Achieved through an extensive action repertoire and skills follow routines, avoid trouble, and do an adequate job. I know how to
do those things. But dwell on failure? Question my assumptions?
with improvisation. Linger over details? Fight fires creatively? Ask for help? No thanks. Or
more likely, “You first!”
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Mindlessness (1)
• When people function mindlessly, they don’t understand
either themselves or their environments, but they feel as
though they do.
• A silent contributor to mindlessness is the zeal found in most
firms for planning. Plans act the same way as expectations.
They guide people to search narrowly for confirmation that
the plan is correct.
• Mindlessness is more likely when people are distracted,
hurried, or overloaded.
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Mindlessness (2) Mindless Control Systems
• A tendency toward mindlessness is characterized by a style • It is impossible to manage any organization solely by means
of mental functioning in which people follow recipes, impose of mindless control systems that depend on rules, plans,
old categories to classify what they see, act with some routines, stable categories, and fixed criteria for correct
rigidity, operate on automatic pilot, and mislabel unfamiliar performance.
new contexts as familiar old ones. • No one knows enough to design such a system so that it can
• A mindless mental style works to conceal problems that are cope with a dynamic environment.
worsening. • Instead, designers who want to hold dynamic systems
together must organize in ways that evoke mindful work.
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John Boyd
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2 - Resists
oversimplification 4 - Maintains capabilities for
resilience
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1. Tracks small failures • HROs are distinctive because they are preoccupied
with failure.
2. Resists oversimplification
• They treat any lapse as a symptom that something
3. Remains sensitive to operations may be wrong with the system, something that could
4. Maintains capabilities for resilience have severe consequences if several separate small
5. Takes advantage of shifting locations of errors happened to coincide.
expertise
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Note HRO Principle 2: Reluctance to simplify.
• HROs encourage reporting of errors, they elaborate • Another way HROs manage for the unexpected is by
experiences of a near miss for what can be learned, and they being reluctant to accept simplifications.
are wary of the potential liabilities of success, including • It is certainly true that success in any coordinated
complacency, the temptation to reduce margins of safety, activity requires that people simplify in order to stay
and the drift into automatic processing. focused on a handful of key issues and key indicators.
• They also make a continuing effort to articulate mistakes But it is also true that less simplification allows you to
they don’t want to make and assess the likelihood that see more. HROs take deliberate steps to create more
strategies increase the risk of triggering these mistakes. complete and nuanced pictures of what they face and
who they are as they face it.
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Note Note
• The essence of resilience is therefore the intrinsic ability of • Resilience is a combination of keeping errors small and of
an organization (system) to maintain or regain a dynamically improvising workarounds that allow the system to keep
stable state, which allows it to continue operations after a functioning.
major mishap and/or in the presence of a continuous stress. • Both pathways to resilience demand deep knowledge of the
technology, the system, one’s coworkers, and most of all,
• HROs develop capabilities to detect, contain, and bounce oneself.
back from those inevitable errors that are part of an • HROs put a premium on training, personnel with deep and
indeterminate world. varied experience, and skills of recombination and making do
• The hallmark of an HRO is not that it is error-free but that with whatever is at hand. They imagine worst-case
errors don’t disable it. conditions and practice their own equivalent of fire drills.
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Unpleasant Feelings
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Alertness Expectations and Planning
• The tendencies to seek confirmation and avoid • If you understand the problems that expectations create, you
disconfirmation are well-honed, well-practiced human understand the problems that plans create. And you may
tendencies. begin to understand why a preoccupation with plans and
• That’s why HROs have to work so hard and so continuously planning makes it that much harder for you to act mindfully.
to override these tendencies and remain alert. And that’s • By contrast, mindfulness is essentially a preoccupation with
why you may have to work just as hard. updating. It is grounded in an understanding that knowledge
• All of us face an ongoing struggle for alertness because we and ignorance grow together.
face an ongoing preference for information that confirms.
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Start Finally
• In each of these three cases, the surprise starts with an
expectation. • If you are slow to realize that things are not the way you
• Presumably, if you hold these expectations, you look for expected them to be, the problem worsens and becomes
evidence that confirms them rather than evidence that harder to solve and gets entangled with other problems.
disconfirms them. • When it finally becomes clear that your expectation is
• If you find confirming evidence, this “proves” that your wrong, there may be few options left to resolve the problem.
hunches about the world are accurate, that you are in • In the meantime, efficiency and effectiveness have declined,
control, that you know what’s up, and that you are safe. the system is now vulnerable to further collapse, and safety,
• The continuing search for confirming evidence postpones reputations, and production are in jeopardy.
your realization that your model has its limits.
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Imaginations WTC
• A significant goal of HROs is to increase their understanding
of the third form of the unexpected and to expand
knowledge of “the imagined deemed possible.”
• The commission’s report contains this striking
assertion:
• HRO principles steer people toward mindful practices that
encourage imagination. “Imagination is not a gift usually associated with
• The crucial nature of imagination is reflected in the report of bureaucracies. ... It is therefore crucial to find a way of
the commission investigating the terrorist attacks on routinizing, even bureaucratizing the exercise of
September 11, 2001. It found shortfalls in imagination prior imagination. Doing so requires more than finding an
to the collapse of the twin towers. expert who can imagine that aircraft could be used as
weapons.”
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Alertness Trivialize
• It takes more than a shrewd expert to forestall the • People sometimes inadvertently trivialize the importance of
unexpected in most situations. imagination. For example, these days we keep hearing the
• It takes mindful practices that encourage imagination, foster hollow maxim “Expect the unexpected.” That well-meaning
enriched expectations, raise doubts about all expectations, sentiment assumes that people can live their lives while
increase the ability to make novel sense of small assuming that their expectations are misleading.
interruptions in expectations, and facilitate learning that • The problem is, they can’t afford to. They live, instead, as if
intensifies and deepens alertness. their expectations are basically correct and as if there is little
that can surprise them. To do otherwise would be to forgo
any feeling of control or predictability.
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Virginity Leemers
• You’ll probably know when something unexpected happens
• Once you’ve accepted an anomaly or something less than because you’ll feel surprised, puzzled, or anxious. Aviators
perfect, you know, you’ve given up your virginity. You can’t call these feelings leemers (probably derived from leery), the
go back. You’re at the point that it’s very hard to draw the feeling that something is not quite right, but you can’t put
line. You know, next time they say it’s the same problem, it’s your finger on it. Trust those feelings. They are a solid clue
just eroded 5 mils more. Once you accepted it, where do you that your model of the world is in error.
draw the line? Once you’ve done it, it’s very difficult to go • More important, try to hold on to those feelings and resist
back now and get very hard-nosed and say I’m not going to the temptation to gloss over what has just happened and
accept that. treat it as normal. In that brief interval between surprise and
successful normalizing lies one of your few opportunities to
discover what you don’t know.
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• This is one of those rare moments when you can significantly • If you update and differentiate the labels you impose on the
improve your understanding. world, the unexpected will be spotted earlier and dealt with
• If you wait too long, normalizing will take over, and you’ll be more fully and sustained high performance will be more
convinced that there is nothing to learn. assured.
• Most opportunities for learning come in the form of brief • Reliability is a dynamic event and gets compromised by
moments. distraction and ignorance.
• And one of the best moments for learning, a moment of the • Mindfulness is about staying attuned to what is happening
unexpected, is also one of the shortest-lived moments. and about a deepening grasp of what those events mean.
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Importance of Doctrine
• When you think about mindful culture as a means to manage
the unexpected, keep the following picture of culture in front
of you.
• Culture is about the assumptions that influence the people
who manage the unexpected. Culture can hold large systems
together. Culture is unspoken, implicit, taken for granted. You
feel culture when what you do feels appropriate or
Culture inappropriate. You feel the unexpected when something
surprises you.
• Culture produces simultaneous centralization-
decentralization by binding people to a small set of core
values and allowing them discretion over everything else.
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James Reason
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Robustezza strutturale
https://www.stradeeautostrade.it/ponti-e-viadotti/i- https://www.stradeeautostrade.it/ponti-e-viadotti/i-
concetti-elementari-alla-base-della-robustezza-strutturale- concetti-elementari-alla-base-della-robustezza-strutturale-
di-ponti-e-viadotti-prima-parte/ di-ponti-e-viadotti-seconda-parte/
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https://www.slideshare.net/FrancoBontempi/la-valutazione-
https://www.slideshare.net/FrancoBontempi/lineeguida
analitica-della-sicurezza-e-della-robustezza-di-ponti-e-
viadotti-123599445
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https://www.slideshare.net/franco_bontempi_org_didattica/
structural-robustness-against-accidents
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCW3IyXTBJVIiS6OZeSdIN7g
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Structural Robustness
of Bridges and Viaducts
Franco Bontempi
Professore Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni
Docente di TEORIA E PROGETTO DI PONTI – GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDI STRUTTURE
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA LA SAPIENZA
Via Eudossiana 18 - 00184 Roma – ITALIA
franco.bontempi@uniroma1.it
28/06/2022 https://fr.linkedin.com/in/francobontempi
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