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The Pioneer: Language of justice

It is a long-standing tussle between link language and common language

Language is an emotive issue in India. It was the basis of the reorganisation of the Indian states. The
logic was that people who spoke the same language are better off living in the same State. However,
there are places where people cannot speak their languages. The Supreme Court and the High Courts
are examples where even linguistic chauvinists are expected to follow the court language - English.
Early this year, such a case came before the Gujarat High Court. A journalist, facing contempt
proceedings, addressed the bench in Gujarati. The court asked him to speak only in English. The
contemnor insisted on speaking in the local language, arguing everyone in Gujarat speaks Gujarati.
The bench offered him the services of an interpreter and refused to accept his submissions when he
did not speak English. In its order, the court said “we will not permit the contemnor to address the
court in the language which is not understood by this court”. Article 348(1)(a) provides that the
proceedings before the Supreme Court and High Courts should be conducted in English unless the law
provides otherwise. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh are authorised to use Hindi
in their High Courts. Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Karnataka have sought
permission to use their respective local languages. In 2012 and in 2016, the Chief Justice of India after
extensive deliberations disapproved of the proposals. The official website of the Department of
Justice says “the Government has abided by the decision of the Supreme Court”.

On Saturday, the Prime Minister told a joint conference of Chief Ministers and High Court Chief
Justices that local languages must be used in the courts because “unless the common man
understands the basis of the justice, there is no difference between justice and a Government order”.
The Chief Justice of India said it would happen over some time. Both the Executive and the Judiciary
are aware of two facts. One, under Article 348(2), the Governor of a state may “authorise” the use of
“any other language” in the proceedings of the High Court. Two, the CJI can permit the use of a local
language in a High Court. The problem is that the High Court judges are at present seamlessly
transferred to various states because the language of the courts is English and not the local language
which they may not understand. Secondly, the language of the court, used for articulation and writing
judgements, must be precise, certain and understood by all officers of the courts. Thirdly, the current
system of the higher judiciary is unified by a link language which would stand disrupted by the use of
local languages. And yet, the fact remains that the litigant, the ordinary citizen, has the fundamental
right to “understand” and participate in court proceedings and the judgement delivered. The question
is how to reconcile these issues without either emotion or politics creeping in. [Practice Exercise]

 Red/blue coloring of words in the sentence indicates subject verb relationship; where ‘red’
denotes ‘subject’ and ‘blue’ denotes ‘verb’.

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Vocabulary
1. Long-standing (adjective) – Having existed
or continued for a long time. ऱ समय स
ऱ
2. Tussle (noun) – scuffle, fight, struggle,
skirmish, brawl, स
3. Link language (noun) – A semi-technical
term for a language that allows
communication between groups with no
other common language.
4. Emotive (adjective) – contentious,
emotional; sensitive, delicate म
5. Reorganisation (noun) – The action or
process of changing the way in which
something is organized.
6. Better off (phrasal verb) – In a more
desirable or advantageous position,
especially in financial terms.
7. Linguistic (adjective) – Relating to
language
8. Chauvinist (noun) – someone who has an
unreasonable belief that their own country
or race or language is the best or most
important
9. Contempt proceedings (noun) – Contempt
of court is a legal violation committed by
an individual who disobeys a judge or
otherwise disrupts the legal process in the
courtroom.
10. Address (verb) – talk to, give a talk to, give
an address to, speak to स र
11. Bench (noun) – judges, magistrates,
judiciary
12. Contemnor (noun) – A person who
disobeys or disregards a law, court ruling,
etc.; a person who is in contempt of court.
म
13. Insist (on) (verb) – call for, ask for, request,
press for र
14. Interpreter (noun) – translator,
transcriber, य य र
15. Submission (noun) – proposal, suggestion,
proposition
16. Seek (verb) – ask for, request, solicit, call
on म
17. Deliberation (noun) – discussion, debate,
consultation
18. Disapprove (verb) – reject, refuse, turn
down म र र
19. Abide (by) (verb) – comply with, obey,
observe, follow, keep to, hold to ऱ
र
20. The Executive (noun) – The person or
branch of a government responsible for
putting policies or laws into effect.
य र

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21. The Judiciary (noun) – The judicial 27. Unified (adjective) – Made uniform or
authorities of a country; judges whole; united. ,स ,
collectively.
28. Stand (verb) – Be in a specified state or
22. At present (phrase) – at the moment, just
condition.
now, right now, at this time म समय
म 29. Litigant (noun) – A person involved in a
lawsuit. म म
23. Seamlessly (adverb) – Smoothly and
continuously 30. Deliver (verb) – (of a judge or court) give (a
judgment or verdict)
24. Articulation (noun) – expression, voicing,
utterance, uttering, communication स 31. Reconcile (verb) – settle, resolve, patch up,
sort out, smooth over, iron out, सम
स ऱ
र
25. Precise (adjective) – exact, accurate,
correct, error-free, pinpoint, स 32. Creep in (phrasal verb) – penetrate,
invade, intrude on स
26. Certain (adjective) – unquestionable, sure,
definite, beyond question, not in question,

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Practice Exercise
Direction (Q1 – Q3): Select the best express synonym of the given words [Editorial page]
1. Language is an emotive issue in India. It was the basis of the reorganisation of the Indian
states.
A. Emotional
B. Machination
C. Exhaustive
D. Renaissance
E. None of the above
2. The logic was that people who spoke the same language are better off living in the same State.
A. Ideology
B. Vocation
C. Wealthier
D. Diffident
E. None of the above
3. The Supreme Court and the High Courts are examples where even linguistic chauvinists are
expected to follow the court language – English.
A. Mendacious
B. Defame
C. Premise
D. Dialectical
E. None of the above
Direction (Q4 – Q5): Select the appropriate antonym of the given highlighted words
4. The Government has abided by the decision of the Supreme Court
A. Appreciate
B. Flout
C. Cogent
D. Homogenous
E. None of the above
5. The question is how to reconcile these issues without either emotion or politics creeping in.
A. Imperial
B. Genre
C. Disharmonize
D. Extrapolate
E. None of the above
Direction (Q6 – Q10): Improve the bold part in each of the following sentences, if needed.
6. Never the one to mince words when it comes speaking his mind, the captain criticised the
hectic schedule of his team.
A. comes to speaking
B. comes and speaks
C. comes to speak

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D. No improvement
7. The Indians are far more transparent than the Americans,
A. farther
B. further more
C. greater
D. No improvement
8. He will not be joining the rat race, which starts around this time every year as the board exams
draw close.
A. draw to close
B. drawing a closure
C. draw a closer
D. No improvement
9. He came despite of his busy schedule.
A. nevertheless
B. but for
C. in spite of
D. No improvement
10. Last evening I went to the optician and bought spectacles.
A. a spectacle
B. two spectacles
C. a pair of spectacles
D. No improvement.
11. Which among the following will be the Fourth sentence of the paragraph after the
rearrangement? [Answer]
P. While an early harvest agreement on trade had to be shelved — the plan was to announce it
by Easter (April) this year —
Q. After two last-minute cancellations due to waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2021,
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson was in Delhi last week, committing to more cooperation
with India on trade, defence, combating climate change and cyber security
R. It is not clear whether the respective trade delegations are on track for the final agreement,
but Mr. Johnson sounded optimistic, with India fast-tracking its FTAs with the UAE and
Australia.
S. Of concern to the U.K. is the lifting of Indian tariffs on Scotch whisky, which might make some
headway, as India has accepted lower tariffs on Australian wine and the U.K. seems more
flexible in increasing visas to Indian professionals
T. Mr. Johnson and Prime Minister Narendra Modi said they have pushed a deadline to
complete the full FTA by October-end or Deepavali, with a view to doubling bilateral trade by
2030.
U. But it was a visit surprisingly short on actual agreements.
A. T B. U C. Q D. R E. P

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Cloze test based on Editorial: - Ramping up supply [Answer]

Less than a month after the Centre revised its vaccination policy and took ………12…….. the
responsibility of vaccine procurement from the States, old worries of a supply …………13……… appear
to have……………14……………. The Centre’s CoWIN database shows that the weekly pace of vaccination
has declined to nearly 60% of what was seen in the week after June 21, causing several States,
particularly in South India, to complain of a shortage. On June 21, the first day of the new policy, 91
lakh doses were administered and until June 27, it was about 4 crore. The period July 5-11 saw only
2.3 crore vaccine doses………15………………. The Centre’s move to take over vaccine administration
followed a chaotic April-May when the second wave roiled India with unprecedented ferocity.

12. A. Out B. Over

C. Down D. After

13. A. Bane B. Abash

C. Constraint D. Inordinate

14. A. Implemented B. Resurfaced

C. Admonished D. Reprehensible

15. A. Dispensed B. Decadent

C. Hiatus D. Solicitous

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Answers
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. E 8. E 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. C
14. B 15. A [Practice Exercise] [Cloze test]
Explanations
6. (C) ‘comes speaking’ के बदले ‘comes to speak’ का प्रयोग होगा क्योंकक 'come + to + V1 का
प्रयोग होता है ; जैसे-
i. She came to help you.
7. (E) No correction required.
NOTE:- Comparative Degree के पहले 'far' या 'much' या 'very much' का प्रयोग होता है; जैस-े
i. He is far better than you.
ii. She is much more beautiful than her elder sister.
iii. Hari is very much wiser than you.
8. (E) No correction required.
NOTE:- 'draw near/close’ का अर्थ है ‘नजदीक आना’;
जैस-े
i. Diwali is drawing close/near.
9. (C) 'despite of' के बदले 'in spite of' का प्रयोग होगा, क्योंकक ‘despite' = 'in spite of’(के
बावजूद)।
10. (C) 'spectacles' के बदले 'a pair of spectacles' का प्रयोग होगा क्योंकक 'spectacles' का अर्थ
'चश्मा' होता है ककन्तु 'spectacles' को नहीीं गगना जाता है बल्कक इसके 'pair' को गगना जाता है; जैस-े

i. I do not use spectacles.

ii. I have bought a pair of spectacles.
11. QUPTRS
After two last-minute cancellations due to waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in early
2021, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson was in Delhi last week, committing to
more cooperation with India on trade, defence, combating climate change and cyber
security. But it was a visit surprisingly short on actual agreements. While an early
harvest agreement on trade had to be shelved — the plan was to announce it by
Easter (April) this year — Mr. Johnson and Prime Minister Narendra Modi said they
have pushed a deadline to complete the full FTA by October-end or Deepavali, with a
view to doubling bilateral trade by 2030. It is not clear whether the respective trade
delegations are on track for the final agreement, but Mr. Johnson sounded optimistic,
with India fast-tracking its FTAs with the UAE and Australia. Of concern to the U.K. is

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the lifting of Indian tariffs on Scotch whisky, which might make some headway, as
India has accepted lower tariffs on Australian wine and the U.K. seems more flexible
in increasing visas to Indian professionals.
12. Take over (phrasal verb) – assume responsibility of, take control of, take charge of.
म र ऱ , य र
13. Constraint (noun) – restriction, limitation, restraint.
14. Resurface (verb) – reappear, reemerge, return,. रस , रस
15. Dispense (verb) – Distribute, pass round, pass out, hand out
Explanation in English
6. (C) 'comes to speak' will be used instead of 'comes speaking' because 'come + to +
V1' is used; like-
i. She came to help you
7. (E) No correction required.
NOTE:- 'far' or 'much' or 'very much' is used before the comparative degree; like-
i. He is far better than you.
ii. She is much more beautiful than her elder sister.
iii. Hari is very much wiser than you.
8. (E) No correction required.
NOTE:- 'draw near/close' means 'to come near';
like-
i. Diwali is drawing close/near.
9. (C) 'in spite of' will be used instead of 'despite of', because 'despite' = 'in spite of'
10. (C) 'spectacles' shall be substituted with 'a pair of spectacles' because 'spectacles'
means 'specs' but 'spectacles' are not counted but 'pair' thereof; As-
i. I do not use spectacles.
ii. I have bought a pair of spectacles.

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Explanation of other important words

Sr.NO Words Meanings
Q1 Machination noun Scheming Activity for an evil ऱ
purpose
Exhaustive adjective Thorough; rigorous; complete; स , ,म
painstaking
Renaissance noun A rebirth or revival र ऱ
Q2 Ideology noun A system of social or political र र
ideas
Vocation noun An occupation, a job , र

Diffident adjective Timid; lacking in self confidence स , य ,

मऱ

Q3 Mendacious adjective Lying; dishonest म य

Defame verb To libel or slander; to ruin the म र

good name of
Premise noun An assumption; the basis for
conclusion
Q4 Appreciate verb To increase in value सर

Cogent adjective Powerfully convincing स, य

Homogeneous adjective Uniform; made entirely of one सम , समरस, स
thing
Q5 Imperial adjective Like an emperor or an empire , र य-स

Genre noun Type or category, especially of art ऱ,

or writing
Extrapolate verb To project or deduce from म र ,
something known; to infer
र
Q13 Bane noun Poison; torment; cause of harm र, ऱ ,

Abash verb To make ashamed; to embarrass ऱ र , रम

Inordinate adjective Excessive; unreasonable सम य
Q14 Implement verb To carry out य र
Admonish verb To scold gently; to warn ,

Reprehensible adjective Worthy of blame or censure य य य

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Q15 Decadent adjective Decaying or declared, especially , ऱ

in terms of morals
Hiatus noun A break or interruption, often , रम
from work
Solicitous adjective Eager and attentive, often to the ऱ, स और
point of hovering; anxiously
स
caring or attentive

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