4/25/2023

oblique/conceptual translation (adaptation, amplification, compensation, equivalence,

explication, modulation, omission, and transposition
direct/literal translation techniques (calque, loan, and literal translation)
Translate tast this christmas pudding
Borrowing: prueba este christmas pudding
Adaptation: prueba esta rosca de reyes
Explanation: prueba esta dulce navideno hucho frutas confitada y conac
Literal translation: prueba este pudin de navidad
Generalization: prueba esta dulce
Reduction: prueba esto.

4/24/2023
Speech repertoire- spectrum of lang varieties that a speaker controls when communicaqting in
diff domains or areas of activity that require the use of diff semantic fields and registers
Role- relationship of speakers in conversational exchanges– dictates the register or style of
language that is used
Cognate- formal equivalent- ranch vs rancho
If an expert witness is not called, the interpreter may be expected to explain cultural implications
of an important word– interpreters should not take it upon themselves to do so
Cultural allusions
Culturally influenced linguistic response
Cultural sensitivity, linguistic impartiality, lifelong learning
Speaker meaning- literal and nonliteral- in everyday comm meaning is more often expressed
nonliterally or indirectly than in a straightforward and direct way
Metaphors
Idioms
With a metaphor it is obiovus that the expression is not intended in its literal meaning but idioms
proverbs and compounds may have both a literal and non literal meaning
Idioms and proverbs are expressions whose unitary meaning is not a function of their individual
component parts and their grammatical relationship– breaking down “in a flash” or “out of the
blue” into component parts to decipher their meaning does not help bc the unitary meaning does
not equal the sum of its parts
Lexemic idioms- correlate with basic parts of speech
- Verbal- gotten away with it= no one knew what he did
- Nominal- piece of cake= it was easy
- Adjectival- plain vanilla= ordinary
- adverbial - in a flash= immediately
Phraseological idioms (turns of phrase)- to be up the creek= in a predicament; to fish or curt
bait= do something ot give up
proverb - a short succinct statement of general truth that compresses common experience int
memorable ling form
Sarcasm- usually attached to negative or even hurtful intentions
Irony- not a personal attack

4/20/2023
Semantics- how linguistic units establish reference and meaning in a language
Linguistic meaning- nuances of words, lexical variation, semantic fields, and social and regional
varieties of language
Speaker meaning- nonliteral meaning, metaphor, idioms, irony, sarcasm, and conversational
intent
Paralinguistic features- gestures, body language, and proxemics
context - a network of linguistic and nonlinguistic elements that contribute to the sense of
utterances
Denotation- referential meaning- real life entities or concepts words point to
Connotations- conceptions of word meanings determined by past experiences, lifestyle, and way
of looking at things

3/27/2023
Topics for presentation
- Prisons during covid https://www.prisonpolicy.org/virus/
- https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/2021.html
-
- Policies on abortions

3/23/2023
Operation Streamline
- Launched in texas in 2005
- “Zero-tolerance” policy against undoc migrants
- Requires federal criminal prosecution and imprisonment of all unlawful border crossers
- Criminal prosecution and potential prison sentences as well as deportation
- Federal courts
Due process
- Operation streamline raises qs about constitutionally protected due process, as a result en
masse hearings and limited time w lawyers
-

3/21/2023
El dia que nos fuimos- the day we left
Mi papa nos llevó a estacion del autobuses- my dad drove us to the bus station
Esa fue la última vez que yo hablé con el.- that was the last time I talked to him
Desde/A partir de que nos salimos/fuimos de la casa, el me seguia encomendaba a en los manos
de Dios.

2/28/2023
- El primero estrofa es en reverso. En ingles, lo empieza con la importancia de la dignidad
intrinseca y los derechos iguales e inalienables en relacion a justica y paz en el mundo.
En Espanol, el estrofa empieza con “la justicia y la paz en el mundo tienen por base..”.

2/22/2023
Study Guide Review
Session 6-Languages and Dialects
- Language-latin lingua (tongue)
- The system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to
each other.
- No need for mutual intelligibility
- Dialect- latin dialectus
- a regional variety of a lanaguge distinguished by features of vocab, grammar, and
pronunciation
- must be mutual intelligibility
Spanish dialects- EE.UU., mexicano, caribeno, andino, rioplatense, eurepeo/castellano
English dialects- canadian, american, african, australian, british
Session 8- Translation & Interpretation
translation - written process, time, total preservation of content, master of terminology and
culture
Interpretation- oral process, no time, not total preservation of content, master of terminology and
culture
3 types- 1.consecutive interpretation 2. Simultaneous interpretation 3. Sight translation
Consecutive interpretation- interpreter speaks after the speaker
Simultaneous interpretation- interpreter speaks at the same time
Sight translation- interpreter reads and speaks at the same time
Session 9- Social Justice through Language Access
1. Social Justice & Diversity
- State or principle that promotes equality
- Promotes that every single person– regardless of their race, national origin, social class,
or the language they speak– has a voice and an opportunity to live meaningfully
LEP individuals
 - Limited english proficiency
- People that speak limited english in a limited way or dont speak it at all
Monolingual English perspective in the U.S.
- Its so deep-rooted in public thought that discriminatory laws are passed
2. Language Acces and the Law
Due process
- Constitutional guarantee that all legal proceedings will be fair
- It gives everyone the opportunity to defend themselves, by being heard
- Protection to the government does not take away anyone’s rights to liberty, life, and
property
- It supports and promotes that our constitutional rights are respected and upheld, for
everyone.
Language access
- Can be achieved through translation and interpretation services
- Does not offer LEPs any advantage over English speakers
- But grants them the opportunity for a fair legal process
The right to an interpreter is guaranteed by the Constitution
- Fourth Amendment- protection from unlawful search and seizure
- Fifth- right to due process and against self-incrimination
- Sixth- right to a speedy trial and cause of the accusation, to confront the adverse
witnesses, to have an attorney, to obtain witnesses in the defense’s favor
- Fourteenth- application of the Bill of rights to the states
3. Language Laws
Title VI
- Civil Rights Act
- Federal law passed in 1964, as a result of civil rights movement
- This law is mostly known bc it enforces the constitutional right to vote for everyone
- This law protects ppl, especially minorities, from discrimination based on race, skin
color, and the language they speak
- No one receiving federal services or financial assistance should be discriminated against
based on their race, color, or national origin. If an agency is found in violation of Title Vi,
that agency may lose its federal funding. National origin includes non-English speakers
- Failure to provide meaningful language access is a form of national origin discrimination
- Everyone should be able to access public services, regardless of the language they speak
Court Interpreters Act of 1978
- Federal law signed by President Carter in 1978 that orders the use of court interpreters tin
federal court proceedings
- It requires that interpreters undergo a certification examination
Exectuive Order 13166
- Signed in law by Clinton in 2000
 - Named “Improving Access to Services for Persons with LEP”
- It requires all agencies (including local and state agencies) receiving federal finding to
provide meaningful access to LEP individuals
- So that they have a full access to public services
- It enforces the protections of Title Vi, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of
national origin
Lack of adequate court interpretation services
- It denies LEP defendants access to the constitutioal right of due process
- defendant: a person accused in a criminal case; being charged with a crime
Session 10- Court Interpreters
Role of court interpretor
- Communicaton facilitators
- bridges of communications
- Bridge linguistic and cultural gaps
- Accurate communicators
- speak in the first person
- provide correct and appropriate renditions from one language to the other
- no adaptations of the message- don't add or omit anything or provide additional
comments or explanations
- Neutral agent
- are almost invisible
- neutral
- remain in the role as communicators
- don't share personal opinions
- allow LEPs to have a voice
- Exceptions
- depending on the situation, court interpreters may step out od their role as
interpreters when children, elderly, and mentally ill people get confused by the interpreter
use of the first person
- may break duty of confidentiality in situations where it would be ethically
correct to break it
Session 11- Code of Ethics for Court Interpreters
1. Accuracy and Completeness
- Interpreters shall render a complete and accurate interpretation or sight
translation, without altering, omitting, or adding anything to what is stated or
written, and without explanation
2. Professional Demeanor
- Interpreters shall conduct themselves in a manner consistent with the dignity of
the court and shall be as unobstrusive as possible
3. Confidentiality
 - Interpreters shall protect the confidentiality of all privileged and other confidential
information
4. Restriction of Public Comment
- Interpreters shall not publicly discuss, report, or offer an opinion concerning a
matter in which they are or have been engaged, even when that information is not
privileged or required by law to be confidential
5. Scope of Practice
- Interpreters shall limit themselves to interpreting or translating, and shall not give
legal advice, express personal opinions to individuals for whom they are
interpreting, or engage in any other activities which may be construed to
constitute a service other than interpreting or translating while serving as an
interpreter
6. Assessing and Reporting Impediments to Performance
- Interpreters shall assess at all times their ability to deliver their services, When
interpreters have any reservation about their ability to satisfy an assignment
competently, they shall immediately convey that reservation to the appropriate
judicial authority.

2/13/2023
Profession of Court Interpretation
certified interpreters create the opportunity for meaningful communication that allows LEP
persons to exercise their inalienable constitutional rights

court interpretation has become the most vital and well regarded form of interpreting practice in
the U.S. and is considered an area of employment with greater potential for growth than many
other employment sectors, as documented in the Occupational Outlook Handbook

Medical interpreting is equally critical, but has not yet garnered the professional standing it
merits

Ignorance about the high-level skills and advanced learning required for proficient interpreter
services leads other professionals, as well as the general public who rely on the interpreter to
“not value the interpreting service nearly as much as a patient values his health or a legal client
his freedom

The goal of court interpreting is to produce a legal equivalent (González, 1987b), which is a
linguistically true and legally appropriate interpretation of statements spoken or read in court
from the second language into English, or vice versa.

Legal equivalence is the distinguishing characteristic of court interpreting and sets it apart from
all other branches of interpretation–“Interpreters must be able to translate with exactitude...while
accurately reflecting a speaker’s nuances and level of formality.... The interpretation cannot be
summary or convey only the gist of the original source message”

The only exception to this standard is for interpreters of languages of limited diffusion (LLDs) in
which the linguistic distance between the source language (SL) and English is too great for
simultaneous interpretation or because the LLD interpreter is a novice

meaningful legal equivalence– It is important to note that this goal is not a replacement of legal
equivalence but simply a refinement that takes into consideration the comprehension of the
listener. Title VI requires interpreters to produce
a message that abides by all accuracy standards but also assists the LEP listener to achieve
meaningful comprehension.

“incremental intervention”-- which focuses attention on subject comprehension

interpreters are obliged to mirror the voice of the defendant or witness by transferring the
message from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL), exactly as it was originally
spoken, or as exactly as the TL allows in a manner that conveys true meaning to the listener. The
true message often lies in how something is said rather than in what is said
Conceptual verbatim equivalent– entails the preservation of the form and content of the linguistic
and paralinguistic elements of a discourse, including all of the pauses, hedges, self-corrections,
hesitations, and emotions as they are conveyed through tone of voice, word choice, and
intonation. This concept is called conservation

dynamic equivalence–the notion that the message should have the same effect on the TL
audience as the message had on the SL audience

Because the interpreter’s version becomes the record, the interpreter must uphold the conceptual
verbatim standard. This means that every concept must be conserved in the interpretation.
Verbatim (word-for-word) interpretation is not the goal of the court interpreter, although it is a
common misconception among laypersons and novice interpreters
Adaptation—the practice of editing an SL message by altering, adding to, or omitting
concepts—is not acceptable in court interpreting. Interpreters must not adapt their renditions in
an attempt to simplify the message or to make the message more palatable to what the listener
wants to hear.

1/19/2023
1 derecho a vida
2 derecho a la asistencia médica
3 prohibicion de a esclavitud
4 derecho de educación
5 a a igualdad ante la ley
6 la libertad de expresión
7 El derecho a votar
8 El derecho a buscar asilo
9 El derecho a la libertad de movimiento y a elegir dónde vivir
10 La libertad religiosa