1. oktobar 2012.

2.
b)
P(x)=(x-1)(x-3)(x-4)(x-6)+10

P(x)= (x-3)(x-4)(x-6) (x-1)+10 = (x2-7x+6) (x2-7x+12)+10

Uvodimo smjenu t=(x2-7x+6)

⟹ = t(t+6)+10 = t2+6t+10 = t2+6t+9+1= (t+3)2+1

Vratimo smjenu

⟹ (x2-7x+6+3)2+1= (x2-7x+9)2+1

(x2-7x+9)2 > 0 ∧ 1 > 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ⟹ P(x) > 0

4.
1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 0 ⋯ 0
𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 ⋯ 0
| 𝑥 ⋯ 0 || =
det Dn= | 0 1 + 𝑥2
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑛𝑥𝑛

1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 0 ⋯ 0
𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 ⋯ 0
=(1 + 𝑥 2 )* || 0 𝑥 1+𝑥 2 ⋯ 0 || –x*
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 2 (𝑛−1)𝑥(𝑛−1)
𝑥 0 0 ⋯ 0
2
𝑥 1+𝑥 𝑥 ⋯ 0
|0 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 ⋯ 0 || = =(1 +
|
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 2 (𝑛−1)𝑥(𝑛−1)
 1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 0 ⋯ 0
𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 ⋯ 0
2 | 𝑥 ⋯ 0 || – x2 *
𝑥 )* | 0 1 + 𝑥2
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 2 (𝑛−1)𝑥(𝑛−1)
1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 0 ⋯ 0
2
𝑥 1+𝑥 𝑥 ⋯ 0
| 𝑥 ⋯ 0 ||
*| 0 1 + 𝑥2
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 2 (𝑛−2)𝑥(𝑛−2)

Dn=(1 + 𝑥 2 ) *Dn-1 - x2 *Dn-2

Za x2≠ 1 , x ≠ ±𝟏

Dn-(1 + 𝑥 2 ) *Dn-1 + x2 *Dn-2=0

r2-(1 + 𝑥 2 ) *r + x2 =0

1+𝑥 2 ±√(1+𝑥 2 )2 −4𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 ±√1+2𝑥 2 +𝑥 4 −4𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 ±√(1−𝑥 2 )2 1+𝑥 2 ±(1−𝑥 2 )
r1,2= = = =
2 2 2 2

1+𝑥 2 +1−𝑥 2
r1= =1
2

1+𝑥 2 −(1−𝑥 2 ) 1+𝑥 2 −1+𝑥 2

r2 = = = x2
2 2

Dn=c1 * r1n - c2 r2n

Dn=c1 * 1 - c2 * x 2n

n=1 D1 = 1+x2

D1 = c1 * 1 + c2 * x 2 => c1 * 1 + c2 * x 2 = 1+x2

n=2 D1 = (1+x2)2-x2

D1 = c1 * 1 + c2 * x 4 => c1 * 1 + c2 * x 4 = (1+x2)2-x2

c1 * 1 + c2 * x 2 = 1+x2
c1 * 1 + c2 * x 4 = (1+x2)2 - 𝑥 2

c1 * 1 + c2 * x 2 = 1+x2

c1 * 1 + c2 * x 4 = 1 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2

c1 = 1+ x2 - c2 * x 2

c1 * 1 + c 2 * x 4 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 1

1 + x2 - c2 * x 2 + c2 * x 4 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 1

- c2 * x 2 + c2 * x 4 = 𝑥 4

c2 (x 4 + x 2) = 𝑥 4
𝑥4 𝑥2
c2 = =
𝑥 4 −𝑥 2 𝑥 2 −1

𝑥2 𝑥4 (1+𝑥 2 )(𝑥 2 −1)−𝑥 4 𝑥 2 −1+𝑥 4 −𝑥 2 −𝑥 4

c1 = 1+ x2 - x 2* = 1+ x2 - = =
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −1

1
c1 =
1−𝑥 2

1 𝑥2 1 𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑛 1+𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑛 1+𝑥 2(𝑛+1)

Dn= 2
- x 2n * = + = =
1−𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2

1+𝑥 2(𝑛+1)
= 1+x2+x4+x6+ ⋯ +x2n čime smo dokazali da važi uslov za x ≠ ±1.
1−𝑥 2

Za x2 = 1 , x = ±𝟏

1 + ±12 ±1 0 ⋯ 0
±1 1 + ±12 ±1 ⋯ 0
| ⋯ 0 | =
det Dn= | 0 ±1 1 + ±12 |
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1 + ±12
𝑛𝑥𝑛
2 ±1 0 ⋯ 0
±1 2 ±1 ⋯ 0
| 0 ±1 2 ⋯ 0|
| |
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 2 𝑛𝑥𝑛
dokazujemo indukcijom

det D1=2

det D2=2*2-1*1=3

pretpostavimo da vazi za neko n=k-2 i n=k-1 : det Dk-2=k-1, det Dk-1=k,

dokazimo da vazi i za n=k, tj. da je det Dk=k+1,

2 ±1 0 ⋯ 0 2 ±1 0 ⋯ 0
±1 2 ±1 ⋯ 0 ±1 2 ±1 ⋯ 0
|
det Dk= | 0 ±1 2 ⋯ 0| = 2* | 0 ±1 2 ⋯ 0||
| | -
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 2 𝑘𝑥𝑘 0 0 0 ⋯ 2 (𝑘−1)𝑥(𝑘−1)
±1 ±1 0 ⋯ 0
0 2 ±1 ⋯ 0
(±1)* | 0 ±1 2 ⋯ 0||
| =
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 2 (𝑘−1)𝑥(𝑘−1)
2 ±1 0 ⋯ 0
±1 2 ±1 ⋯ 0
2*|| 0 ±1 2 ⋯ 0|| -(±1) ∗
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 2 (𝑘−1)𝑥(𝑘−1)
2 ±1 0 ⋯ 0
±1 2 ±1 ⋯ 0
(±1)*| 0 ±1 2 ⋯ 0||
| = 2* Dk-1 - (±1) ∗ (±1) ∗ Dk-2 = 2* Dk-1
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 2 (𝑘−2)𝑥(𝑘−2)
- 1 ∗ Dk-2 = 2* k - 1 ∗ (k-1) = 2k – k + 1 = k+1

Dokazana indukcija.

(±1)+ (±1)2+(±1)4+(±1)6+ ⋯ +(±1)2n = 1+1+1+1+ ⋯ +1= n+1

Relacija 1+x2+x4+x6+ ⋯ +x2n važi i za x = ±1

5. a)
17 −10 −5
A = [ 45 −18 −15]
−30 20 12
17 − 𝜆 −10 −5
(A - 𝜆 ∙ I) = | 45 −18 − 𝜆 −15 | = (17 − 𝜆)( −18 − 𝜆)( 12 − 𝜆) –
−30 20 12 − 𝜆
- 4500 – 4500 – 150(−18 − 𝜆) + 300(17 − 𝜆) + 450 (2 − 𝜆) = −𝜆3 + 𝜆2 + 8𝜆-12=
= ( 𝜆 − 2)( - 𝜆2 – 𝜆 + 6) = ( 𝜆 − 2) ( 𝜆 − 2) ( 𝜆 + 3)

Za 𝜆 = −3
9
− 𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝐼𝑣
4
3 20 −10 −5
20 −10 −5 2𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣
0 − 2 − 4 2∗𝐼 𝑣 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣
5 15
[ 45 −25 −15] → →
−30 20 15 15
[0 −5 − 2 ]

20 −10 −5
5 15 5 15 3
[0 −2 − 4 ] − x2 =
2 4
x2 ⟹ x2 = - x3
2
0 0 0
1
20 x1= 5x3 + 10 x2 ⟹ x1 = - x3
2

1 1
x1 − x3 −
2 2
L ([x2 ]) = L ([ − 3 x ]) = L ([ − 3 ])
x3 2 3 2
x3 1
Za 𝜆 = 2
−3𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝐼𝑣
15 −10 −5 2𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 15 −10 −5
[ 45 −30 −15] → [0 0 0]
−30 20 10 0 0 0
2x2 +x3
15 x1= 5x3 + 10 x2 ⟹ x1 =
3
 2x2 +x3 2x 1 2 1
x1 2 x
3 3 3 3 3 3
L ([x2 ]) = L ([ x2 ]) = L ([ x ] , [ 0 ]) = L ([ 1 ] , [ 0 ])
x3 2
x 3 0 x3 0 1
1 −3𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝐼𝑣
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
− − 2
− 𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 −
2 3 3 2𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 2 3 3 3
2 3 3
[− 1 0] → 0 −1 −1 → 0 −1 −1
3
2 4 5 1
1 0 1 [ 0 3 3 ] [0 0 3 ]

- vektori su linearno nezavisni ⟹ može se dijagonalizovati.

5. b)
I) način
−4𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝐼𝑣 20
𝐼𝐼 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 , 𝑎≠12
1 3 1 4 −7𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 1 3 1 4 𝑎−12 𝑣
4
4 𝑎 10 1 −2𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝑉𝑣 0 𝑎 − 12 6 −15 𝐼𝐼 +
𝑎−12 𝑣
𝐼𝑉𝑣
[ ]→ [ ]→
7 1 17 10 0 −20 10 −18
2 2 4 5 0 −4 2 −3
1 3 1 4
0 𝑎 − 12 6 −15 𝑎−12 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 1 3 1 4
10𝑎 −18𝑎−84 𝑎−12 𝐼𝑉𝑣 0 𝑎 − 12 6 −15
0 0 → [ ]
𝑎−12 𝑎−12 0 0 10𝑎 −18𝑎 − 84
2𝑎 −3𝑎−24 0 0 2𝑎 −3𝑎 − 24
[0 0
𝑎−12 𝑎−12 ]
1
1 3 1 4
−
5
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝑉𝑣 0 𝑎 − 12 6 −15
→ [ ]
0 0 10𝑎 −18𝑎 − 84
0 0 0 3𝑎 − 36
Za a=0
1 3 1 4 36
1 3 1 4
− 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝑉𝑣
0 −12 6 −15 84 0 −12 6 −15
[ ]→ [ ] rank A = 3
0 0 0 −84 0 0 0 −84
0 0 0 −36 0 0 0 0
Za a = 12
 −4𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝐼𝑣
1 3 1 4 −7𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 1 3 1 4
4 12 10 1 −2𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝑉𝑣 0 0 6 −15 𝐼𝐼𝑣 ⇄ 𝐼𝑉𝑣
[ ]→ [ ]→
7 1 17 10 0 −20 10 −18
2 2 4 5 0 −4 2 −3
1 3 1 4 1 3 1 4
0 −4 2 −3 −5𝐼𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 0 −4 2 −3 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 ⇄ 𝐼𝑉𝑣
[ ]→ [ ]→
0 −20 10 −18 0 0 0 −3
0 0 6 −15 0 0 6 −15
1 3 1 4
0 −4 2 −3
[ ] rank A = 4
0 0 6 −15
0 0 0 −3

Za a≠0 i a≠12

rank A = 4

II) način
−2𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝐼𝑣
1 3 1 4 1 3 1 4 −7𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 1 3 1 4
4 𝑎 10 1 𝐼𝐼𝑣 ⇄ 𝐼𝑉𝑣 2 2 4 5 −4𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝑉𝑣 0 −4 2 −3
[ ]→ [ ]→ [ ]
7 1 17 10 7 1 17 10 0 −20 10 −18
2 2 4 5 4 𝑎 10 1 0 𝑎 − 12 6 −15
−5𝐼𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 4
𝑎−12
4
𝐼𝐼𝑣+ 𝐼𝑉𝑣 0 −4 2 −3 𝐼𝐼𝑣 ⇄ 𝐼𝑉𝑣 0 −4 2 −3
→ 0 0 0 −3 → [ 𝑎 ]
𝑎
0 0 −3𝑎 − 24
2
[0 0 −3𝑎 − 24]
2 0 0 0 −3
Za a=0
1 3 1 4 3
1 3 1 4
− 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑣 + 𝐼𝑉𝑣
0 −4 2 −3 24 0 −12 6 −15
[ ]→ [ ] rank A = 3
0 0 0 −24 0 0 0 −24
0 0 0 −3 0 0 0 0

Za a≠0 rank A = 4