Angle.area and time.

area
How do we calculate the rpm at which an engine can develop its maximum power?

At each crankshaft revolution we need a certain amount of exhaust port area that has to be open
during a certain amount of time, so all burnt gases can leave the cylinder.
After this, we need a certain amount of transfer port area that has to be open during a certain
amount of time, so the fresh mixture can flow from the crankcase into the cylinder.
The port areas depend on the heights and widths of the ports.
The available time during which the ports are open, depends on their timing angle, divided by the
engine rpm: when the crankshaft turns twice as fast, the available time is halved.

If the crankshaft turns too fast for the available port areas, the ports will close again before
sufficient exhaust gas has been removed and substituted by fresh mixture;
the engine runs out of breath.

Blowdown angle.area
The exhaust gases must leave the cylinder before the transfer ports start to open; otherwise a part
of the exhaust gas would flow into the transfer ducts.
The exhaust port area above the transfer ports, multiplied by the port timing angle during which this
area is open, is called the blowdown angle.area.

The blowdown angle.area is not simply the total blowdown area multiplied by the total blowdown
angle. It is the sum of a lot of small area steps, multiplied by the time during which each of these
steps is open.

For example, let us assume that the exhaust port is a simple rectangle, 40 mm wide, that it opens
1 mm further for each degree of crankshaft rotation, and that the total blowdown angle, from the
point where the exhaust port is beginning to open till the point were the transfer ports are beginning
to open, is 30°.
Then the first degree of exhaust opening will open an area of 40 mm wide x 1 mm high = 40 mm²,
and this area will be open during the whole 30° of blowdown period. That first area thus has an
angle.area of 30° x 40 mm² = 1200°mm².

When the crankshaft rotates 1 degree further, an additional area of 40 mm² is opened. This second
area will be open during 29°, so its angle.area is 29° x 40 mm² = 1160°mm².

Repeat this calculation for each crank degree until the end of the blowdown phase, and add all the
angle.area values; this will give you the total blowdown angle.area.

In reality this calculation is complicated by the fact that not every degree of crank rotation gives the
same port height difference, and even more complicated by the fact that the exhaust port is not a
simple rectangle. But you will understand the principle of angle.area.
Transfer angle.area
The transfer port area, multiplied by the port timing angle during which this area is open, is called
the transfer angle.area.
As an example, let's assume a transfer port with a timing of 130°.
When you turn the crank 1° past the point where the transfer port begins to open, a certain area of
the port, say A1, will be exposed. I don't know or care what that area is, that is for you to measure.
This area A1 will be open for 130°. The angle.area for this area A1 is = 130 x A1.
Turn the crank another 1° and an additional area, A2, will be opened.
This additional area A2 will be open for 128°. The angle.area for this area is = 128 x A2.
The next degree of crank rotation will open Area A3 which will be open for 126° and its angle.area
will be 126 x A3.
Keep going like this until Bottom Dead Center. Then add up all the angle.areas that you calculated.
The total sum is the angle.area for that transfer port.

Repeat this calculation for the other transfer ports and add all their transfer angle.areas together.
This will give you the total transfer angle.area.

Exhaust timing
The exhaust port timing should be about 190°. Explaining the reason, known as wave
superposition, would make this angle.area story too long, but you can find the explanation in my
post, called '180°-resonance'
and also on
http://www.pit-lane.biz/t117p246-gp125-all-that-you-wanted-to-know-on-aprilia-rsa-125-and-more-
by-mr-jan-thiel-and-mr-frits-overmars-part-1-locked
and on 
http://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/forums/showthread.php/86554-ESE-s-works-engine-tuner?
p=1130172752#post1130172752

Transfer timing
The transfer port timing should be about 130°. Any higher, and the blowdown angle, that starts
when the exhaust ports begin to open, and ends when the transfer ports begin to open, would
become too small.
Because the transfer timing is more or less fixed, we try to make the total transfer port width as big
as possible: almost the total cylinder circumference of a modern competition engine is occupied by
transfer ports.

Specific Time.Area
When we have established the values for blowdown angle.area and transfer angle.area, we can
divide these values by the engine rpm.
That gives us the blowdown time.area and the transfer time.area.
And when we divide those time.areas by the volume of the cylinder plus the combustion chamber,
we find the Specific Time.Areas, usually abbreviated to STA.

A modern competition two-stroke engine should have a blowdown STA of 8,72°mm² per cc per
1000 rpm, and a transfer STA of 66,16°mm² per cc per 1000 rpm.

You can find some more information about the subject here:
http://www.pit-lane.biz/t3173p816-gp125-all-that-you-wanted-to-know-on-aprilia-rsa-125-and-more-
by-mr-jan-thiel-and-mr-frits-overmars-part-2-locked
The picture below shows the blowdown angle.area and the transfer angle.area of the Aprilia
RSA125.
If you divide these values by the 124,8 cc cylinder capacity plus the 8,6 cc combustion chamber
volume, and by the 12.500 rpm at which this engine develops its maximum torque, you will find
the optimum specific time.areas for blowdown (8,72°mm² per cc per 1000 rpm) and for transfer
(66,16°mm² per cc per 1000 rpm).

Your engine should meet these same specific time.area values, so if you know its angle.areas,
its cylinder capacity and its combustion chamber volume, you can calculate the optimum rpm of
maximum torque.

It may be necessary to raise the exhaust timing beyond 190° in order to get the required blowdown
angle.area for the rpm that has been determined by the transfers (this is the reason for the RSA’s
202° exhaust timing).