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*3645684800*

P
Z X

string

s t
peg
r
q P

object

F q F r F s F t
wall wall
gas molecule gas molecule

before hitting the wall after hitting the wall

P P P P
mm
500

from 400
gas supply

300

200

100

mercury
0

6.0 cm

X
Z
4.0 cm Y 8.0 cm
air

syringe piston
835

830
internal
energy 825
/ kJ
820

815

810

805

800

795
0 20 40 60 80 100
temperature / °C

boiling water

Bunsen burner
melting ice heating water
60! 60!
air air
dilute concentrated
sugar sugar
40! 35!
solution solution

screen
image

lens

candle
X Y
coil
+ + +

– – –
core
P Q R

iron
nails

+ + +

– – –

P Q R
metal spheres

negatively –

charged rod –
– X Y

insulating stand insulating stand

I R t
V

E IR E IV E IRt E IVt
R

8.0 Ω

Y
P

electromagnet coil

soft iron

switch

V
+ –
A B
peaks peaks
voltage V voltage V

0 0
0 time t 0 time t
zeros zeros

C D
peaks peaks
voltage V voltage V
zeros

0 0
0 time t 0 time t

zeros peaks

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